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Yang X, She X, Zhao Z, Ren J, Wang P, Dong H, Zhao QS, Liu J. In vitro and vivo anti-tumor activity and mechanisms of the new cryptotanshinone derivative 11 against hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 971:176522. [PMID: 38522640 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Global burden of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is increasing. Chemotherapy and immunotherapy are the prevailing options for therapy. Developing new therapeutic strategies for HCC patients is still highly desirable. Recent studies demonstrate that cryptotanshinone is capable of inhibiting tumor growth in HCC and induces antitumor immunity in vitro. In our previous research, we discovered a new cryptotanshinone derivative 11 as an effective immunoregulatory enzyme indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) inhibitor. This study aims to evaluate its in vitro and in vivo antitumor activity against hepatocellular carcinoma. 11 displayed robust anti-proliferative activity against HCC cell lines and promoted apoptosis of HCC cell line through the mitochondrial-mediated apoptotic pathway. In H22 tumor-bearing mice models, 11 exhibited significant in vivo anti-tumor activity with different administration routes. And no obvious toxicity was observed. RNA-seq analysis demonstrated the differential expressed genes and alteration of key pathways associated with immune responses after administration of 11. Up-regulation of anti-tumor cytokines and down-regulation of cytokines that promote tumor growth were indicated and further validated. Our study demonstrates that 11 exhibits promising anti-tumor activity both in vitro and in vivo against hepatocellular carcinoma cancer. It is a lead compound for HCC immunotherapy and is worthy for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinni Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Xianlan She
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Zhishuang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jian Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Peiying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Haoqi Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qin-Shi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China.
| | - Jiangxin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China.
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2
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McLean DT, Meudt JJ, Lopez Rivera LD, Schomberg DT, Pavelec DM, Duellman TT, Buehler DG, Schwartz PB, Graham M, Lee LM, Graff KD, Reichert JL, Bon-Durant SS, Konsitzke CM, Ronnekleiv-Kelly SM, Shanmuganayagam D, Rubinstein CD. Single-cell RNA sequencing of neurofibromas reveals a tumor microenvironment favorable for neural regeneration and immune suppression in a neurofibromatosis type 1 porcine model. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1253659. [PMID: 37817770 PMCID: PMC10561395 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1253659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1) is one of the most common genetically inherited disorders that affects 1 in 3000 children annually. Clinical manifestations vary widely but nearly always include the development of cutaneous, plexiform and diffuse neurofibromas that are managed over many years. Recent single-cell transcriptomics profiling efforts of neurofibromas have begun to reveal cell signaling processes. However, the cell signaling networks in mature, non-cutaneous neurofibromas remain unexplored. Here, we present insights into the cellular composition and signaling within mature neurofibromas, contrasting with normal adjacent tissue, in a porcine model of NF1 using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis and histopathological characterization. These neurofibromas exhibited classic diffuse-type histologic morphology and expected patterns of S100, SOX10, GFAP, and CD34 immunohistochemistry. The porcine mature neurofibromas closely resemble human neurofibromas histologically and contain all known cellular components of their human counterparts. The scRNA-seq confirmed the presence of all expected cell types within these neurofibromas and identified novel populations of fibroblasts and immune cells, which may contribute to the tumor microenvironment by suppressing inflammation, promoting M2 macrophage polarization, increasing fibrosis, and driving the proliferation of Schwann cells. Notably, we identified tumor-associated IDO1 +/CD274+ (PD-L1) + dendritic cells, which represent the first such observation in any NF1 animal model and suggest the role of the upregulation of immune checkpoints in mature neurofibromas. Finally, we observed that cell types in the tumor microenvironment are poised to promote immune evasion, extracellular matrix reconstruction, and nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalton T. McLean
- Biotechnology Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Molecular & Environmental Toxicology Program, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Jennifer J. Meudt
- Biomedical & Genomic Research Group, Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Loren D. Lopez Rivera
- Molecular & Environmental Toxicology Program, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Dominic T. Schomberg
- Biomedical & Genomic Research Group, Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Derek M. Pavelec
- Biotechnology Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Tyler T. Duellman
- Biotechnology Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Darya G. Buehler
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Patrick B. Schwartz
- Molecular & Environmental Toxicology Program, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Melissa Graham
- Research Animal Resources and Compliance (RARC), Office of the Vice Chancellor for Research and Graduate Education, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Laura M. Lee
- Research Animal Resources and Compliance (RARC), Office of the Vice Chancellor for Research and Graduate Education, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Keri D. Graff
- Swine Research and Teaching Center, Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Jamie L. Reichert
- Swine Research and Teaching Center, Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Sandra S. Bon-Durant
- Biotechnology Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Charles M. Konsitzke
- Biotechnology Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Sean M. Ronnekleiv-Kelly
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Dhanansayan Shanmuganayagam
- Molecular & Environmental Toxicology Program, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Biomedical & Genomic Research Group, Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
- Center for Biomedical Swine Research and Innovation, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - C. Dustin Rubinstein
- Biotechnology Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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3
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Lara-Vega I, Correa-Lara MVM, Vega-López A. Effectiveness of radiotherapy and targeted radionuclide therapy for melanoma in preclinical mouse models: A combination treatments overview. Bull Cancer 2023; 110:912-936. [PMID: 37277266 DOI: 10.1016/j.bulcan.2023.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma is an aggressive and highly metastatic skin cancer. In recent years, immunotherapy and targeted small-molecule inhibitors have improved the overall survival of patients. Unfortunately, most patients in advanced stages of disease exhibit either intrinsically resistant or rapidly acquire resistance to these approved treatments. However, combination treatments have emerged to overcome resistance, and novel treatments based on radiotherapy (RT) and targeted radionuclide therapy (TRT) have been developed to treat melanoma in the preclinical mouse model, raising the question of whether synergy in combination therapies may motivate and increase their use as primary treatments for melanoma. To help clarify this question, we reviewed the studies in preclinical mouse models where they evaluated RT and TRT in combination with other approved and unapproved therapies from 2016 onwards, focusing on the type of melanoma model used (primary tumor and or metastatic model). PubMed® was the database in which the search was performed using mesh search algorithms resulting in 41 studies that comply with the inclusion rules of screening. Studies reviewed showed that synergy with RT or TRT had strong antitumor effects, such as tumor growth inhibition and fewer metastases, also exhibiting systemic protection. In addition, most studies were carried out on antitumor response for the implanted primary tumor, demonstrating that more studies are needed to evaluate these combined treatments in metastatic models on long-term protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Lara-Vega
- National School of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute, Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, Avenida Wilfrido Massieu s/n, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Mexico City CP 07738, Mexico
| | - Maximiliano V M Correa-Lara
- National School of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute, Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, Avenida Wilfrido Massieu s/n, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Mexico City CP 07738, Mexico
| | - Armando Vega-López
- National School of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute, Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, Avenida Wilfrido Massieu s/n, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Mexico City CP 07738, Mexico.
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Brănişteanu DE, Porumb-Andrese E, Porumb V, Stărică A, Moraru AD, Nicolescu AC, Zemba M, Brănişteanu CI, Brănişteanu G, Brănişteanu DC. New Treatment Horizons in Uveal and Cutaneous Melanoma. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1666. [PMID: 37629523 PMCID: PMC10455832 DOI: 10.3390/life13081666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is a complex and heterogeneous malignant tumor with distinct genetic characteristics and therapeutic challenges in both cutaneous melanoma (CM) and uveal melanoma (UM). This review explores the underlying molecular features and genetic alterations in these melanoma subtypes, highlighting the importance of employing specific model systems tailored to their unique profiles for the development of targeted therapies. Over the past decade, significant progress has been made in unraveling the molecular and genetic characteristics of CM and UM, leading to notable advancements in treatment options. Genetic mutations in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway drive CM, while UM is characterized by mutations in genes like GNAQ, GNA11, BAP1, EIF1AX, and SF3B1. Chromosomal aberrations, including monosomy 3 in UM and monosomy 10 in CM, play significant roles in tumorigenesis. Immune cell infiltration differs between CM and UM, impacting prognosis. Therapeutic advancements targeting these genetic alterations, including oncolytic viruses and immunotherapies, have shown promise in preclinical and clinical studies. Oncolytic viruses selectively infect malignant cells, inducing oncolysis and activating antitumor immune responses. Talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) is an FDA-approved oncolytic virus for CM treatment, and other oncolytic viruses, such as coxsackieviruses and HF-10, are being investigated. Furthermore, combining oncolytic viruses with immunotherapies, such as CAR-T cell therapy, holds great potential. Understanding the intrinsic molecular features of melanoma and their role in shaping novel therapeutic approaches provides insights into targeted interventions and paves the way for more effective treatments for CM and UM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daciana Elena Brănişteanu
- Department of Medical Specialties (III)-Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
- Railway Clinical Hospital, 700506 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Elena Porumb-Andrese
- Department of Medical Specialties (III)-Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
- Railway Clinical Hospital, 700506 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Vlad Porumb
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
- Military Emergency Clinical Hospital “Dr. Iacob Czihac”, 700506 Iasi, Romania
| | | | - Andreea Dana Moraru
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | | | - Mihail Zemba
- Department of Ophthalmology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
| | | | - George Brănişteanu
- “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (C.I.B.); (G.B.)
| | - Daniel Constantin Brănişteanu
- Railway Clinical Hospital, 700506 Iasi, Romania;
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
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Vital PDS, Bonatelli M, Dias MP, de Salis LVV, Pinto MT, Baltazar F, Maria-Engler SS, Pinheiro C. 3-Bromopyruvate Suppresses the Malignant Phenotype of Vemurafenib-Resistant Melanoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415650. [PMID: 36555289 PMCID: PMC9779063 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) BRAF mutations are associated with high mortality and are a substantial factor in therapeutic decisions. Therapies targeting BRAF-mutated tumors, such as vemurafenib (PLX), have significantly improved the overall survival of melanoma patients. However, patient relapse and low response rates remain challenging, even with contemporary therapeutic alternatives. Highly proliferative tumors often rely on glycolysis to sustain their aggressive phenotype. 3-bromopyruvate (3BP) is a promising glycolysis inhibitor reported to mitigate resistance in tumors. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of 3BP as an antineoplastic agent for PLX-resistant melanoma treatment. (2) The effect of 3BP alone or in combination with PLX on viability, proliferation, colony formation, cell death, migration, invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal marker and metabolic protein expression, extracellular glucose and lactate, and reactive species were evaluated in two PLX-resistant melanoma cell lines. (3) 3BP treatment, which was more effective as monotherapy than combined with PLX, disturbed the metabolic and epithelial-mesenchymal profile of PLX-resistant cells, impairing their proliferation, migration, and invasion and triggering cell death. (4) 3BP monotherapy is a potent metabolic-disrupting agent against PLX-resistant melanomas, supporting the suppression of the malignant phenotype in this type of neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik da Silva Vital
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos 14784-400, SP, Brazil
| | - Murilo Bonatelli
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos 14784-400, SP, Brazil
| | - Marina Pereira Dias
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos 14784-400, SP, Brazil
| | - Larissa Vedovato Vilela de Salis
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos 14784-400, SP, Brazil
- Barretos School of Health Sciences Dr. Paulo Prata—FACISB, Barretos 14785-002, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariana Tomazini Pinto
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos 14784-400, SP, Brazil
| | - Fátima Baltazar
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Silvya Stuchi Maria-Engler
- Clinical Chemistry and Toxicology Department, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04023-901, SP, Brazil
| | - Céline Pinheiro
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos 14784-400, SP, Brazil
- Barretos School of Health Sciences Dr. Paulo Prata—FACISB, Barretos 14785-002, SP, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-(17)-3321-3060
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6
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Fujiwara Y, Kato S, Nesline MK, Conroy JM, DePietro P, Pabla S, Kurzrock R. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) inhibitors and cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Treat Rev 2022; 110:102461. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2022.102461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Liu H, Gao H, Chen C, Jia W, Xu D, Jiang G. IDO Inhibitor and Gallic Acid Cross-Linked Small Molecule Drug Synergistic Treatment of Melanoma. Front Oncol 2022; 12:904229. [PMID: 35875081 PMCID: PMC9303008 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.904229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we synthesized a molecule GA-1MT (GM) composed of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) inhibitor (1-methyl-d-tryptophan, 1MT) called NLG8189 and gallic acid (GA) and verified its therapeutic effect on B16F10 melanoma cells and an orthotopic tumor-bearing mouse model. The synthesized molecule GM was analyzed by 1H NMR and mass spectrometry (MS). In addition, we confirmed that GM could mediate the immune response in the B16F10 cell tumor model by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence. The synthesized GM molecule could increase the solubility of 1MT to enhance the drug efficacy and lower costs. Moreover, GM could inhibit melanoma growth by combining 1MT and GA. In vivo experiments showed that GM could effectively inhibit the expression of tyrosinase, regulate the proportion of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and regulatory T cells (Treg cells) in tumors, and significantly suppress melanoma growth. The newly synthesized drug GM could more effectively inhibit melanoma than GA and 1MT alone or in combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Liu
- Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huan Gao
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Wenyu Jia
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Delong Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Guan Jiang
- Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Guan Jiang,
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Kynurenines as a Novel Target for the Treatment of Malignancies. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14070606. [PMID: 34201791 PMCID: PMC8308824 DOI: 10.3390/ph14070606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignancies are unquestionably a significant public health problem. Their effective treatment is still a big challenge for modern medicine. Tumors have developed a wide range of mechanisms to evade an immune and therapeutic response. As a result, there is an unmet clinical need for research on solutions aimed at overcoming this problem. An accumulation of tryptophan metabolites belonging to the kynurenine pathway can enhance neoplastic progression because it causes the suppression of immune system response against cancer cells. They are also involved in the development of the mechanisms responsible for the resistance to antitumor therapy. Kynurenine belongs to the most potent immunosuppressive metabolites of this pathway and has a significant impact on the development of malignancies. This fact prompted researchers to assess whether targeting the enzymes responsible for its synthesis could be an effective therapeutic strategy for various cancers. To date, numerous studies, both preclinical and clinical, have been conducted on this topic, especially regarding the inhibition of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity and their results can be considered noteworthy. This review gathers and systematizes the knowledge about the role of the kynurenine pathway in neoplastic progression and the findings regarding the usefulness of modulating its activity in anticancer therapy.
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Ala M. The footprint of kynurenine pathway in every cancer: a new target for chemotherapy. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 896:173921. [PMID: 33529725 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.173921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of cancers has always been a challenge for physicians. Typically, several groups of anti-cancer medications are needed for effective management of an invasive and metastatic cancer. Recently, therapeutic potentiation of immune system markedly improved treatment of cancers. Kynurenine pathway has an interwoven correlation with immune system. Kynurenine promotes T Reg (regulatory) differentiation, which leads to increased production of anti-inflammatory cytokines and suppression of cytotoxic activity of T cells. Overactivation of kynurenine pathway in cancers provides an immunologically susceptible microenvironment for mutant cells to survive and invade surrounding tissues. Interestingly, kynurenine pathway vigorously interacts with other molecular pathways involved in tumorigenesis. For instance, kynurenine pathway interacts with phospoinosisitide-3 kinase (PI3K), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), Wnt/β-catenin, P53, bridging integrator 1 (BIN-1), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) and collagen type XII α1 chain (COL12A1). Overactivation of kynurenine pathway, particularly overactivation of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) predicts poor prognosis of several cancers such as gastrointestinal cancers, gynecological cancers, hematologic malignancies, breast cancer, lung cancer, glioma, melanoma, prostate cancer and pancreatic cancer. Furthermore, kynurenine increases the invasion, metastasis and chemoresistance of cancer cells. Recently, IDO inhibitors entered clinical trials and successfully passed their safety tests and showed promising therapeutic efficacy for cancers such as melanoma, brain cancer, renal cell carcinoma, prostate cancer and pancreatic cancer. However, a phase III trial of epacadostat, an IDO inhibitor, could not increase the efficacy of treatment with pembrolizumab for melanoma. In this review the expanding knowledge towards kynurenine pathway and its application in each cancer is discussed separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moein Ala
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran.
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10
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Metabolomic Profile and Antioxidant/Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Industrial Hemp Water Extract in Fibroblasts, Keratinocytes and Isolated Mouse Skin Specimens. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10010044. [PMID: 33401488 PMCID: PMC7823476 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Industrial hemp is a multiuse crop whose phytocomplex includes terpenophenolics and flavonoids. In the present study, the phenolic and terpenophenolic compounds were assayed in the water extract of the hemp variety Futura 75. Protective effects were also investigated in human fibroblast and keratinocytes and isolate mouse skin specimens, which were exposed to hydrogen peroxide and/or to the extract (1-500 µg/mL). The results of phytochemical analysis suggested the cannabidiol, cannabidiolic acid and rutin as the prominent phytocompounds. In the in vitro system represented by human keratinocytes and fibroblasts, the hemp extract was found to be able to protect cells from cytotoxicity and apoptosis induced by oxidative stress. Moreover, modulatory effects on IL-6, a key mediator in skin proliferation, were found. In isolated rat skin, the extract reduced hydrogen peroxide-induced l-dopa turnover, prostaglandin-E2 production and the ratio kynurenine/tryptpophan, thus corroborating anti-inflammatory/antioxidant effects. The in silico docking studies also highlighted the putative interactions between cannabidiol, cannabidiolic acid and rutin with tyrosinase and indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase, involved in l-dopa turnover and tryptophan conversion in kynurenine, respectively. In conclusion, the present findings showed the efficacy of hemp water extract as a skin protective agent. This could be partly related to the extract content in cannabidiol, cannabidiolic acid and rutin.
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