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Zhang A, Cong L, Nan C, Zhao Z, Liu L. 3D biological scaffold delivers Bergenin to reduce neuroinflammation in rats with cerebral hemorrhage. J Transl Med 2024; 22:946. [PMID: 39420402 PMCID: PMC11484212 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05735-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 10/03/2024] [Indexed: 10/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a severe form of stroke characterized by high incidence and mortality rates. Currently, there is a significant lack of effective treatments aimed at improving clinical outcomes. Our research team has developed a three-dimensional (3D) biological scaffold that incorporates Bergenin, allowing for the sustained release of the compound. METHODS This 3D biological scaffold was fabricated using a combination of photoinitiator, GEMA, silk fibroin, and decellularized brain matrix (dECM) to encapsulate Bergenin through advanced 3D bioprinting techniques. The kinetics of drug release were evaluated through both in vivo and in vitro studies. A cerebral hemorrhage model was established, and a 3D biological scaffold containing Bergenin was transplanted in situ. Levels of inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and apoptosis were quantified. The neurological function of rats with cerebral hemorrhage was assessed on days 1, 3, and 5 using the turning test, forelimb placement test, Longa score, and Bederson score. RESULTS The 3D biological scaffold incorporating Bergenin significantly enhances the maintenance of drug concentration in the bloodstream, leading to a marked reduction in inflammatory markers such as IL-6, iNOS, and COX-2 levels in a cerebral hemorrhage model, primarily through the inhibition of the NF-κB pathway. Additionally, the scaffold effectively reduces the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) in primary cultured astrocytes, which in turn decreases the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inhibits IL-6 production induced by hemin. Subsequent experiments reveal that the 3D biological scaffold containing Bergenin promotes the activation of the Nrf-2/HO-1 signaling pathway, both in vivo and in vitro, thereby preventing cell death. Moreover, the application of this 3D biological scaffold has been demonstrated to improve drug retention in the bloodstream. CONCLUSION This strategy effectively mitigates inflammation, oxidative stress, and cell death in rats with cerebral hemorrhage by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway while concurrently activating the Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aobo Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, China
| | - Lulu Cong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, China
| | - Chengrui Nan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, China
| | - Zongmao Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, China
| | - Liqiang Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, China.
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Xu D, Bi S, Li J, Ma S, Yu ZA, Wang Y, Chen H, Zhan J, Song X, Cai Y. Legumain-Guided Ferulate-Peptide Self-Assembly Enhances Macrophage-Endotheliocyte Partnership to Promote Therapeutic Angiogenesis After Myocardial Infarction. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2402056. [PMID: 39252665 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202402056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Revised: 08/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
Promoting angiogenesis and modulating the inflammatory microenvironment are promising strategies for treating acute myocardial infarction (MI). Macrophages are crucial in regulating inflammation and influencing angiogenesis through interactions with endothelial cells. However, current therapies lack a comprehensive assessment of pathological and physiological subtleties, resulting in limited myocardial recovery. In this study, legumain-guided ferulate-peptide nanofibers (LFPN) are developed to facilitate the interaction between macrophages and endothelial cells in the MI lesion and modulate their functions. LFPN exhibits enhanced ferulic acid (FA) aggregation and release, promoting angiogenesis and alleviating inflammation. The multifunctional role of LFPN is validated in cells and an MI mouse model, where it modulated macrophage polarization, attenuated inflammatory responses, and induces endothelial cell neovascularization compare to FA alone. LFPN supports the preservation of border zone cardiomyocytes by regulating inflammatory infiltration in the ischemic core, leading to significant functional recovery of the left ventricle. These findings suggest that synergistic therapy exploiting multicellular interaction and enzyme guidance may enhance the clinical translation potential of smart-responsive drug delivery systems to treat MI. This work emphasizes macrophage-endothelial cell partnerships as a novel paradigm to enhance cell interactions, control inflammation, and promote therapeutic angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delong Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology and Laboratory of Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Shenghui Bi
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Jiejing Li
- Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology and Laboratory of Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Shaodan Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology and Laboratory of Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Ze-An Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology and Laboratory of Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Yenan Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology and Laboratory of Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Huiming Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology and Laboratory of Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Jie Zhan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medical Diagnostics, Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Rapid Diagnostic Biosensors, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Single Cell Technology and Application, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Xudong Song
- Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology and Laboratory of Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Yanbin Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology and Laboratory of Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China
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Zhao C, Sun L, Zhang Y, Shu X, Hu Y, Chen D, Zhang Z, Xia S, Yang H, Bao X, Li J, Xu Y. Thymol improves ischemic brain injury by inhibiting microglia-mediated neuroinflammation. Brain Res Bull 2024; 215:111029. [PMID: 39009094 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2024.111029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microglia-mediated inflammation is a critical factor in the progression of ischemic stroke. Consequently, mitigating excessive microglial activation represents a potential therapeutic strategy for ischemic injury. Thymol, a monophenol derived from plant essential oils, exhibits diverse beneficial biological activities, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, with demonstrated protective effects in various disease models. However, its specific effects on ischemic stroke and microglial inflammation remain unexplored. METHODS Rodent transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) model was established to simulate ischemic stroke. TTC staining, modified neurological function score (mNSS), and behavioral tests were used to assess the severity of neurological damage. Then immunofluorescence staining and cytoskeleton analysis were used to determine activation of microglia. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was utilized to induce the inflammatory response of primary microglia in vitro. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), western blot, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were performed to exam the expression of inflammatory cytokines. And western blot was used to investigate the mechanism of the anti-inflammatory effect of thymol. RESULTS In this study, we found that thymol treatment could ameliorate post-stroke neurological impairment and reduce infarct volume by mitigating microglial activation and pro-inflammatory response (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α). Mechanically, thymol could inhibit the phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), sink serine/threonine kinase (Akt), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), thereby suppressing the activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated that thymol could reduce the microglial inflammation by targeting PI3K/Akt/mTOR/NF-κB signaling pathway, ultimately alleviating ischemic brain injury. These findings suggest that thymol is a promising candidate as a neuroprotective agent against ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210008, China; Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Liang Sun
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210008, China; Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210008, China; Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Xin Shu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210008, China; Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yujie Hu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China; Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Institute of Translational Medicine for Brain Critical Diseases, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Duo Chen
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210008, China; Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China; Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Institute of Translational Medicine for Brain Critical Diseases, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Shengnan Xia
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China; Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Institute of Translational Medicine for Brain Critical Diseases, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Haiyan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Xinyu Bao
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China; Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Institute of Translational Medicine for Brain Critical Diseases, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Jingwei Li
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210008, China; Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yun Xu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210008, China; Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China; Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Institute of Translational Medicine for Brain Critical Diseases, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China; Nanjing Neurology Medical Center, Nanjing 210008, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China.
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Zhang Y, Zhang C, Yi X, Wang Q, Zhang T, Li Y. Gabapentinoids for the treatment of stroke. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:1509-1516. [PMID: 38051893 PMCID: PMC10883501 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.387968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Gabapentinoid drugs (pregabalin and gabapentin) have been successfully used in the treatment of neuropathic pain and in focal seizure prevention. Recent research has demonstrated their potent activities in modulating neurotransmitter release in neuronal tissue, oxidative stress, and inflammation, which matches the mechanism of action via voltage-gated calcium channels. In this review, we briefly elaborate on the medicinal history and ligand-binding sites of gabapentinoids. We systematically summarize the preclinical and clinical research on gabapentinoids in stroke, including ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage, seizures after stroke, cortical spreading depolarization after stroke, pain after stroke, and nerve regeneration after stroke. This review also discusses the potential targets of gabapentinoids in stroke; however, the existing results are still uncertain regarding the effect of gabapentinoids on stroke and related diseases. Further preclinical and clinical trials are needed to test the therapeutic potential of gabapentinoids in stroke. Therefore, gabapentinoids have both opportunities and challenges in the treatment of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Chenyu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xiaoli Yi
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Tiejun Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yuwen Li
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
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Zhang N, Zhang S, Dong X. Plant-derived bioactive compounds and their novel role in central nervous system disorder treatment via ATF4 targeting: A systematic literature review. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 176:116811. [PMID: 38795641 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) disorders exhibit exceedingly intricate pathogenic mechanisms. Pragmatic and effective solutions remain elusive, significantly compromising human life and health. Activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) participates in the regulation of multiple pathophysiological processes, including CNS disorders. Considering the widespread involvement of ATF4 in the pathological process of CNS disorders, the targeted regulation of ATF4 by plant-derived bioactive compounds (PDBCs) may become a viable strategy for the treatment of CNS disorders. However, the regulatory relationship between PDBCs and ATF4 remains incompletely understood. Here, we aimed to comprehensively review the studies on PDBCs targeting ATF4 to ameliorate CNS disorders, thereby offering novel directions and insights for the treatment of CNS disorders. A computerized search was conducted on PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases to identify preclinical experiments related to PDBCs targeting ATF4 for the treatment of CNS disorders. The search timeframe was from the inception of the databases to December 2023. Two assessors conducted searches using the keywords "ATF4," "Central Nervous System," "Neurological," "Alzheimer's disease," "Parkinson's Disease," "Stroke," "Spinal Cord Injury," "Glioblastoma," "Traumatic Brain Injury," and "Spinal Cord Injury." Overall, 31 studies were included, encompassing assessments of 27 PDBCs. Combining results from in vivo and in vitro studies, we observed that these PDBCs, via ATF4 modulation, prevent the deposition of amyloid-like fibers such as Aβ, tau, and α-synuclein. They regulate ERS, reduce the release of inflammatory factors, restore mitochondrial membrane integrity to prevent oxidative stress, regulate synaptic plasticity, modulate autophagy, and engage anti-apoptotic mechanisms. Consequently, they exert neuroprotective effects in CNS disorders. Numerous PDBCs targeting ATF4 have shown potential in facilitating the restoration of CNS functionality, thereby presenting expansive prospects for the treatment of such disorders. However, future endeavors necessitate high-quality, large-scale, and comprehensive preclinical and clinical studies to further validate this therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, the Seventh Clinical College of China Medical University, No. 24 Central Street, Xinfu District, Fushun, Liaoning 113000, China
| | - Shun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, China
| | - Xiaoyu Dong
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, China.
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Samsuzzaman M, Subedi L, Hong SM, Lee S, Gaire BP, Ko EJ, Choi JW, Seo SY, Kim SY. A Synthetic Derivative SH 66 of Homoisoflavonoid from Liliaceae Exhibits Anti-Neuroinflammatory Activity against LPS-Induced Microglial Cells. Molecules 2024; 29:3037. [PMID: 38998988 PMCID: PMC11243437 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29133037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Naturally occurring homoisoflavonoids isolated from some Liliaceae plants have been reported to have diverse biological activities (e.g., antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-angiogenic effects). The exact mechanism by which homoisoflavonones exert anti-neuroinflammatory effects against activated microglia-induced inflammatory cascades has not been well studied. Here, we aimed to explore the mechanism of homoisoflavonoid SH66 having a potential anti-inflammatory effect in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-primed BV2 murine microglial cells. Microglia cells were pre-treated with SH66 followed by LPS (100 ng/mL) activation. SH66 treatment attenuated the production of inflammatory mediators, including nitric oxide and proinflammatory cytokines, by down-regulating mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling in LPS-activated microglia. The SH66-mediated inhibition of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome complex and the respective inflammatory biomarker-like active interleukin (IL)-1β were noted to be one of the key pathways of the anti-inflammatory effect. In addition, SH66 increased the neurite length in the N2a neuronal cell and the level of nerve growth factor in the C6 astrocyte cell. Our results demonstrated the anti-neuroinflammatory effect of SH66 against LPS-activated microglia-mediated inflammatory events by down-regulating the NLRP3 inflammasome complex, with respect to its neuroprotective effect. SH66 could be an interesting candidate for further research and development regarding prophylactics and therapeutics for inflammation-mediated neurological complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Samsuzzaman
- College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea; (M.S.); (L.S.); (S.-M.H.); (S.L.); (B.P.G.); (E.-J.K.); (J.-W.C.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Lalita Subedi
- College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea; (M.S.); (L.S.); (S.-M.H.); (S.L.); (B.P.G.); (E.-J.K.); (J.-W.C.)
| | - Seong-Min Hong
- College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea; (M.S.); (L.S.); (S.-M.H.); (S.L.); (B.P.G.); (E.-J.K.); (J.-W.C.)
| | - Sanha Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea; (M.S.); (L.S.); (S.-M.H.); (S.L.); (B.P.G.); (E.-J.K.); (J.-W.C.)
| | - Bhakta Prasad Gaire
- College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea; (M.S.); (L.S.); (S.-M.H.); (S.L.); (B.P.G.); (E.-J.K.); (J.-W.C.)
| | - Eun-Ji Ko
- College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea; (M.S.); (L.S.); (S.-M.H.); (S.L.); (B.P.G.); (E.-J.K.); (J.-W.C.)
| | - Ji-Woong Choi
- College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea; (M.S.); (L.S.); (S.-M.H.); (S.L.); (B.P.G.); (E.-J.K.); (J.-W.C.)
| | - Seung-Yong Seo
- College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea; (M.S.); (L.S.); (S.-M.H.); (S.L.); (B.P.G.); (E.-J.K.); (J.-W.C.)
| | - Sun-Yeou Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea; (M.S.); (L.S.); (S.-M.H.); (S.L.); (B.P.G.); (E.-J.K.); (J.-W.C.)
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Zhao Q, Chen L, Zhang X, Yang H, Li Y, Li P. β-elemene promotes microglial M2-like polarization against ischemic stroke via AKT/mTOR signaling axis-mediated autophagy. Chin Med 2024; 19:86. [PMID: 38879549 PMCID: PMC11179363 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-024-00946-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resident microglia- and peripheric macrophage-mediated neuroinflammation plays a predominant role in the occurrence and development of ischemic stroke. Microglia undergo polarization to M1/M2-like phenotype under stress stimulation, which mediates intracellular inflammatory response. β-elemene is a natural sesquiterpene and possesses potent anti-inflammatory activity. This study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory efficacy and mechanism of β-elemene in ischemic stroke from the perspective of balancing microglia M1/M2-like polarization. METHODS The middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model and photothrombotic stroke model were established to explore the regulation effect of β-elemene on the cerebral ischemic injury. The LPS and IFN-γ stimulated BV-2 cells were used to demonstrate the anti-inflammatory effects and potential mechanism of β-elemene regulating M1/M2-like polarization in vitro. RESULTS In C57BL/6 J mice subjected to MCAO model and photothrombotic stroke model, β-elemene attenuated neurological deficit, reduced the infarction volume and neuroinflammation, thus improving ischemic stroke injury. β-elemene promoted the phenotype transformation of microglia from M1-like to M2-like, which prevented neurons from oxygen and glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) injury by inhibiting inflammatory factor release, thereby reducing neuronal apoptosis. Mechanically, β-elemene prevented the activation of TLR4/NF-κΒ and MAPK signaling pathway and increased AKT/mTOR mediated-autophagy, thereby promoting M2-like polarization of microglia. CONCLUSIONS These results indicated that β-elemene improved cerebral ischemic injury and promoted the transformation of microglia phenotype from M1-like to M2-like, at least in part, through AKT/mTOR-mediated autophagy. This study demonstrated that β-elemene might serve as a promising drug for alleviating ischemic stroke injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, #639 Longmian Dadao, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Lu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, #639 Longmian Dadao, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, #639 Longmian Dadao, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Hua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, #639 Longmian Dadao, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, #639 Longmian Dadao, Nanjing, 211198, China.
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, #639 Longmian Dadao, Nanjing, 211198, China.
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Qin W, Shang Q, Shen G, Li B, Zhang P, Zhang Y, Zhao W, Chen H, Liu H, Xie B, Zhang Z, Ren H, Jiang X. Restoring bone-fat equilibrium: Baicalin's impact on P38 MAPK pathway for treating diabetic osteoporosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 175:116571. [PMID: 38677248 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetes can lead to a disorder of bone-fat balance, a significant cause of osteoporosis due to changes in environmental factors. Baicalin (Bai), an active ingredient of Scutellaria baicalensis, has been confirmed to possess antioxidant, hypoglycemic, and anti-osteoporotic effects. However, a comprehensive understanding of Bai's influence on diabetic osteoporosis (DOP), including its effects and underlying mechanisms, remains elusive. This study investigated Bai's impact on the bone-fat equilibrium in rats with DOP. The results indicated that Bai alleviated bone damage in DOP by promoting osteogenesis and inhibiting adipogenesis. Concurrently, through bioinformatics analysis, it was suggested that Bai's mechanism of action might involve the P38-MAPK pathway. In vitro, Bai was found to enhance the development of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) towards osteogenic lineages while suppressing their differentiation towards adipogenic lineages. It was discovered that Bai's promotion of BMSC osteogenic differentiation depends on the P38-MAPK pathway. Additionally, the synergistic effect mediated by Bai and P38-MAPK inhibitor suppressed BMSC adipogenic differentiation. Our research indicates that the P38-MAPK pathway play a role in Bai's effects on the osteogenic-adipogenic differentiation of BMSCs, showcasing the potential for DOP treatment. This study highlights Bai's ability to regulate the equilibrium between bone and fat, presenting a novel approach to adressing DOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weicheng Qin
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China; Lingnan Medical Research Center of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Qi Shang
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China; Lingnan Medical Research Center of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Gengyang Shen
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510260, China; Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510260, China
| | - Bing Li
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China; The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530000, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China; Lingnan Medical Research Center of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Yuzhuo Zhang
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510260, China; Department of Integrated traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510260, China
| | - Wenhua Zhao
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510260, China; Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510260, China
| | - Honglin Chen
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China; Lingnan Medical Research Center of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Huiwen Liu
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China; Lingnan Medical Research Center of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Bin Xie
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China; Lingnan Medical Research Center of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Zhida Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Affiliated TCM Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510130, China.
| | - Hui Ren
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510260, China; Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510260, China.
| | - Xiaobing Jiang
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510260, China; Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510260, China.
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Xie Y, Sun G, Tao Y, Zhang W, Yang S, Zhang L, Lu Y, Du G. Current advances on the therapeutic potential of scutellarin: an updated review. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2024; 14:20. [PMID: 38436812 PMCID: PMC10912075 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-024-00441-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Scutellarin is widely distributed in Scutellaria baicalensis, family Labiatae, and Calendula officinalis, family Asteraceae, and belongs to flavonoids. Scutellarin has a wide range of pharmacological activities, it is widely used in the treatment of cerebral infarction, angina pectoris, cerebral thrombosis, coronary heart disease, and other diseases. It is a natural product with great research and development prospects. In recent years, with in-depth research, researchers have found that wild scutellarin also has good therapeutic effects in anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidation, anti-virus, treatment of metabolic diseases, and protection of kidney. The cancer treatment involves glioma, breast cancer, lung cancer, renal cancer, colon cancer, and so on. In this paper, the sources, pharmacological effects, in vivo and in vitro models of scutellarin were summarized in recent years, and the current research status and future direction of scutellarin were analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Xie
- Beijing City Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Screening Research, National Center for Pharmaceutical Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Guotong Sun
- Pharmaceutical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Yue Tao
- Beijing City Key Laboratory of Polymorphic Drugs, Center of Pharmaceutical Polymorphs, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Beijing City Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Screening Research, National Center for Pharmaceutical Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Shiying Yang
- Beijing City Key Laboratory of Polymorphic Drugs, Center of Pharmaceutical Polymorphs, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Beijing City Key Laboratory of Polymorphic Drugs, Center of Pharmaceutical Polymorphs, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Yang Lu
- Beijing City Key Laboratory of Polymorphic Drugs, Center of Pharmaceutical Polymorphs, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Guanhua Du
- Beijing City Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Screening Research, National Center for Pharmaceutical Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
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10
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Chen R, Zhu H, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Wang J, Huang Y, Gu L, Li C, Xiong X, Jian Z. Targeting Microglia/Macrophages Notch1 Protects Neurons from Pyroptosis in Ischemic Stroke. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1657. [PMID: 38137105 PMCID: PMC10741505 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13121657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The immune-inflammatory cascade and pyroptosis play an important role in the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI). The maintenance of immune homeostasis is inextricably linked to the Notch signaling pathway, but whether myeloid Notch1 affects microglia polarization as well as neuronal pyroptosis in CIRI is not fully understood. This study was designed to clarify the role of myeloid Notch1 in CIRI, providing new therapeutic strategies for ischemic stroke. METHODS AND RESULTS Myeloid-specific Notch1 knockout (Notch1M-KO) mice and the floxed Notch1 (Notch1FL/FL) mice were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). After 3 days of CIRI, we evaluated the neurological deficit score and cerebral infarction volume. Immunofluorescence staining was used to detect the expression of Notch1 and microglial subtype markers. Cerebral infiltrating macrophages were detected by flow cytometry. RT-qPCR was used to detect pro-inflammatory cytokines. Western blot was used to detect the expression of pyroptosis related proteins. The Notch1-siRNA transfected BV2 cells were co-cultured with HT22 cells to investigate the potential mechanisms by which microglial Notch1 affects neuronal pyroptosis induced by anoxia/reoxygenation in vitro. We found that Notch1 was activated in cerebral microglia/macrophages after CIRI. Myeloid Notch1 deficiency decreased the cerebral infarct volume (24.17 ± 3.29 vs. 36.17 ± 2.27, p < 0.001), neurological function scores (2.33 ± 0.47 vs. 3.17 ± 0.37, p < 0.001) and the infiltration of peripheral monocytes/macrophages (3.26 ± 0.53 vs. 5.67 ± 0.57, p < 0.01). Strikingly, myeloid-specific Notch1 knockout alleviated pyroptosis. Compared with microglia M1, increased microglia M2 were detected in the ischemic penumbra. In parallel in vitro co-culture experiments, we found that Notch1 knockdown in microglial BV2 cells inhibited anoxia/reoxygenation-induced JAK2/STAT3 activation and pyroptosis in hippocampal neuron HT22 cells. CONCLUSIONS Our findings elucidate the underlying mechanism of the myeloid Notch1 signaling pathway in regulating neuronal pyroptosis in CIRI, suggesting that targeting myeloid-specific Notch1 is an effective strategy for the treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430064, China; (R.C.); (H.Z.); (Z.W.); (Y.Z.); (Y.H.); (X.X.)
| | - Hua Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430064, China; (R.C.); (H.Z.); (Z.W.); (Y.Z.); (Y.H.); (X.X.)
| | - Zhihui Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430064, China; (R.C.); (H.Z.); (Z.W.); (Y.Z.); (Y.H.); (X.X.)
| | - Yonggang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430064, China; (R.C.); (H.Z.); (Z.W.); (Y.Z.); (Y.H.); (X.X.)
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Anesthesia, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430064, China;
| | - Yingao Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430064, China; (R.C.); (H.Z.); (Z.W.); (Y.Z.); (Y.H.); (X.X.)
| | - Lijuan Gu
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430064, China;
| | - Changyong Li
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China;
| | - Xiaoxing Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430064, China; (R.C.); (H.Z.); (Z.W.); (Y.Z.); (Y.H.); (X.X.)
| | - Zhihong Jian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430064, China; (R.C.); (H.Z.); (Z.W.); (Y.Z.); (Y.H.); (X.X.)
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11
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Liu J, Chen J, Zhang J, Fan Y, Zhao S, Wang B, Wang P. Mechanism of Resveratrol Improving Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Regulating Microglial Function Through microRNA-450b-5p/KEAP1/Nrf2 Pathway. Mol Biotechnol 2023; 65:1498-1507. [PMID: 36656498 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-022-00646-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in the M1/M2 polarization phenotype significantly affect disease progression. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory protective effects of resveratrol (Res) have been demonstrated. This paper tested the hypothesis that Res could protect against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CI/RI) by modulating microglial polarization via the miR-450b-5p/KEAP1/Nrf2 pathway. Rats were first treated with Res and adenovirus that interfered with miR-450b-5p or KEAP1, and then established a middle cerebral artery occlusion-reperfusion model using modified nylon sutures. Rats were then evaluated for neurological and behavioral functions, and markers of M2 microglia were detected by immunofluorescence staining. Additionally, the signature patterns of miR-450b-5p, KEAP1, and Nrf2 were determined. The collected data demonstrated that Res exerted neuroprotective effects in CI/RI by promoting microglial M2 polarization. Additionally, Res could regulate the Nrf2 pathway by targeting KEAP1 by up-regulating miR-450b-5p. Up-regulating miR-450b-5p or down-regulating KEAP1 could further promote the protective effect of Res, while down-regulating miR-450b-5p or up-regulating KEAP1 worked oppositely. Our study demonstrates that Res exerts neuroprotective effects on microglial M2 polarization through the miR-450b-5p/KEAP1/Nrf2 pathway during CI/RI.
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Affiliation(s)
- JiaHui Liu
- Department of Neurology, Inner Mongolia Baotou Central Hospital, No. 61 Ring Roads, Donghe District, Baotou, 014040, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - JinYu Chen
- Department of Neurology, Inner Mongolia Baotou Central Hospital, No. 61 Ring Roads, Donghe District, Baotou, 014040, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - JinFeng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Inner Mongolia Baotou Central Hospital, No. 61 Ring Roads, Donghe District, Baotou, 014040, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yu Fan
- Department of Neurology, Inner Mongolia Baotou Central Hospital, No. 61 Ring Roads, Donghe District, Baotou, 014040, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - ShiJun Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Inner Mongolia Baotou Central Hospital, No. 61 Ring Roads, Donghe District, Baotou, 014040, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - BaoJun Wang
- Department of Neurology, Inner Mongolia Baotou Central Hospital, No. 61 Ring Roads, Donghe District, Baotou, 014040, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Po Wang
- Department of Neurology, Inner Mongolia Baotou Central Hospital, No. 61 Ring Roads, Donghe District, Baotou, 014040, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China.
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12
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Li X, Yang X, Lu H, Wang W, Cai L, Chen J, Wang Y. Calycosin attenuates the inflammatory damage of microglia induced by oxygen and glucose deprivation through the HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2023; 55:1415-1424. [PMID: 37528661 PMCID: PMC10520471 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2023125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke seriously threatens human life and health worldwide, but only very few effective stroke medicines are currently available. Our previous studies have indicated that the phytoestrogen calycosin exerts neuroprotective effects in cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury rats. Therefore, the objective of this study is to further explore the protective effect of calycosin on inflammatory injury in microglia after oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) and to clarify whether its protective effect is related to the HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. Here, the OGD/R model of rodent microglia is established in vitro to simulate cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Through the CCK-8 test, ELISA, qRT-PCR, and western blot analysis, we find that the activity of microglia is decreased, the expressions of HMGB1 and TLR4 and the phosphorylation of NF-κB (p-NF-κB) are increased, and the releases of the inflammatory factors IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α are increased after OGD/R. Pretreatment with calycosin could ameliorate these states, increase cell viability, reduce HMGB1, TLR4 and p-NF-κB expression, and reduce inflammatory cytokine production. In addition, the effect of calycosin is similar to that of TAK-242 (an inhibitor of TLR4), and the effect of the combined treatment is better than that of the single treatment. The results indicate that calycosin protects microglia from OGD/R injury and reduces the inflammatory response. Calycosin might alleviate cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by inhibiting the HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental RegulationGuilin Medical UniversityGuilin541199China
| | - Xin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental RegulationGuilin Medical UniversityGuilin541199China
| | - Huiling Lu
- Department of Pathology and PhysiopathologyGuilin Medical UniversityGuilin541199China
| | - Wenbo Wang
- Department of NeurosurgeryNanxishan Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous RegionGuilin541002China
| | - Le Cai
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental RegulationGuilin Medical UniversityGuilin541199China
| | - Jian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental RegulationGuilin Medical UniversityGuilin541199China
| | - Yong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental RegulationGuilin Medical UniversityGuilin541199China
- Department of PhysiologyGuilin Medical UniversityGuilin541199China
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Sherawat K, Mehan S. Tanshinone-IIA mediated neuroprotection by modulating neuronal pathways. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 396:1647-1667. [PMID: 37010572 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02476-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
The progression of neurological diseases is mainly attributed to oxidative stress, apoptosis, inflammation, and trauma, making them a primary public concern. Since no drugs can stop these neurological disorders from happening, active phytochemical intervention has been suggested as a possible treatment. Among the several phytochemicals being studied for their potential health advantages, tanshinone-IIA (Tan-IIA ) stands out due to its wide range of therapeutic effects. Tan-IIA, derived from the Salvia miltiorrhiza plant, is a phenanthrenequinone. The pharmacological characteristics of Tan-IIAagainst various neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric illnesses have led researchers to believe that the compound possesses neuroprotective potential. Tan-IIA has therapeutic potential in treating neurological diseases due to its capacity to cross the blood-brain barrier and its broad range of activities. In treating neurological disorders, Tan-IIA has been shown to have neuroprotective effects such as anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, BBB protectant, and antioxidant properties. This article concisely summarises the latest scientific findings about the cellular and molecular aspects of Tan-IIA neuroprotection in relation to various neurological diseases. The results of preclinical studies on Tan-IIA provide insight into its potential application in future therapeutic development. This molecule rapidly establishes as a prominent bioactive compound for clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajal Sherawat
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Sidharth Mehan
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India.
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14
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Xia Q, Mao M, Zhan G, Luo Z, Zhao Y, Li X. SENP3-mediated deSUMOylation of c-Jun facilitates microglia-induced neuroinflammation after cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury. iScience 2023; 26:106953. [PMID: 37332598 PMCID: PMC10272502 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidences have implicated that SENP3 is a deSUMOylase which possesses neuronal damage effects in cerebral ischemia. However, its role in microglia remains poorly understood. Here, we found that SENP3 was upregulated in the peri-infarct areas of mice following ischemic stroke. Furthermore, knockdown of SENP3 significantly inhibits the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in microglial cells. Mechanistically, SENP3 can bind and then mediated the deSUMOylation of c-Jun, which activated its transcriptional activity, ultimately followed by the activation of MAPK/AP-1 signaling pathway. In addition, microglia-specific SENP3 knockdown alleviated ischemia-induced neuronal damage, and markedly diminished infract volume, ameliorated sensorimotor and cognitive function in animals subjected to ischemic stroke. These results indicated SENP3 functions as a novel regulator of microglia-induced neuroinflammation by activating the MAPK/AP-1 signaling pathway via mediating the deSUMOylation of c-Jun. Interventions of SENP3 expression or its interaction with c-Jun would be a new and promising therapeutic strategy for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Geriatric Anesthesia and Perioperative Brain Health, and Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Anesthesia, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Meng Mao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450007, China
| | - Gaofeng Zhan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Geriatric Anesthesia and Perioperative Brain Health, and Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Anesthesia, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Zhenzhao Luo
- Department of Medical Laboratory, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yin Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xing Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Geriatric Anesthesia and Perioperative Brain Health, and Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Anesthesia, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
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15
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Liu T, Bai M, Liu M, Li T, Liao Y, Zhao C, Yao M, Wang J, Wen A, Ding Y. Novel synergistic mechanism of 11-keto-β-boswellic acid and Z-Guggulsterone on ischemic stroke revealed by single-cell transcriptomics. Pharmacol Res 2023:106803. [PMID: 37230158 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Although strides have been made, the challenge of preventing and treating ischemic stroke continues to persist globally. For thousands of years, the natural substances Frankincense and Myrrh have been employed in Chinese and Indian medicine to address cerebrovascular diseases, with the key components of 11-keto-β-boswellic acid (KBA) and Z-Guggulsterone (Z-GS) being the active agents. In this study, the synergistic effect and underlying mechanism of KBA and Z-GS on ischemic stroke were examined using single-cell transcriptomics. Fourteen cell types were identified in KBA-Z-GS-treated ischemic penumbra, and microglia and astrocytes account for the largest proportion. They were further re-clustered into six and seven subtypes, respectively. GSVA analysis reflected the distinct roles of each subtype. Pseudo-time trajectory indicated that Slc1a2 and Timp1 were core fate transition genes regulated by KBA-Z-GS. In addition, KBA-Z-GS synergistically regulated inflammatory reactions in microglia and cellular metabolism and ferroptosis in astrocytes. Most notably, we established an innovative drug-gene synergistic regulation pattern, and genes regulated by KBA-Z-GS were divided into four categories based on this pattern. Finally, Spp1 was demonstrated as the hub target of KBA-Z-GS. Taken together, this study reveals the synergistic mechanism of KBA and Z-GS on cerebral ischemia, and Spp1 may be the synergistic target for that. Precise drug development targeting Spp1 may offer a potential therapeutic approach for treating ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianlong Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China; Department of Pharmacy, The 940th Hospital Joint Logistics Support Forces of PLA, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Min Bai
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Minna Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The 940th Hospital Joint Logistics Support Forces of PLA, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Tian Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yucheng Liao
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Chao Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Minna Yao
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Jingwen Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
| | - Aidong Wen
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
| | - Yi Ding
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
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Zhou P, Yan B, Wei B, Fu L, Wang Y, Wang W, Zhang L, Mao Y. Quercetin-solid lipid nanoparticle-embedded hyaluronic acid functionalized hydrogel for immunomodulation to promote bone reconstruction. Regen Biomater 2023; 10:rbad025. [PMID: 37077623 PMCID: PMC10110271 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbad025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone defects are a persistent challenge in clinical practice. Although repair therapies based on tissue-engineered materials, which are known to have a crucial role in defective bone regeneration, have gathered increased attention, the current treatments for massive bone defects have several limitations. In the present study, based on the immunomodulatory inflammatory microenvironment properties of quercetin, we encapsulated quercetin-solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) in a hydrogel. Temperature-responsive poly(ε-caprolactone-co-lactide)-b-poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(ε-caprolactone-co-lactide) modifications were coupled to the main chain of hyaluronic acid hydrogel, constructing a novel, injectable bone immunomodulatory hydrogel scaffold. Extensive in vitro and in vivo data showed that this bone immunomodulatory scaffold forms an anti-inflammatory microenvironment by decreasing M1 polarization, while elevating the M2 polarization. Synergistic effects on angiogenesis and anti-osteoclastic differentiation were observed. These findings further proved that administering quercetin SLNs encapsulated in a hydrogel can aid bone defect reconstruction in rats, providing new insights for large-scale bone defect repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinghui Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233004, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, China
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233004, China
| | - Bomin Yan
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233004, China
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233004, China
| | - Bangguo Wei
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233004, China
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233004, China
| | - Liangmin Fu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233004, China
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233004, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233004, China
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233004, China
| | - Wenrui Wang
- School of Life Science, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research, Bengbu Medical University, Anhui 233030, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233004, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, China
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233004, China
| | - Yingji Mao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233004, China
- School of Life Science, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, China
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233004, China
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Liu T, Su K, Cai W, Ao H, Li M. Therapeutic potential of puerarin against cerebral diseases: From bench to bedside. Eur J Pharmacol 2023:175695. [PMID: 36977450 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of cerebral diseases is rapidly increasing worldwide, and they have become an important challenge for modern medicine. Most of the available chemical drugs used in the treatment of cerebral diseases are highly toxic and single-targeted. Therefore, novel drugs from natural resources have attracted much attention for their potential to manage cerebral diseases. Puerarin is a natural isoflavone isolated from the roots of Pueraria species such as P. lobata (Willd) Ohwi, P. thomsonii, and P. mirifica. Several authors have reported the beneficial effects of puerarin in cerebral ischemic disease, intracerebral hemorrhage, vascular dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, depression, anxiety, and traumatic brain injury. This review summarizes the brain pharmacokinetics, brain drug delivery system, clinical use (in cerebral diseases), toxicity, and the adverse clinical reactions of puerarin. We have systematically presented the pharmacological actions and the molecular mechanisms of puerarin in various cerebral diseases to provide a direction for future research on the therapeutic use of puerarin in cerebral diseases.
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18
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Chen S, Wang L, Yuan Y, Wen Y, Shu S. Electroacupuncture regulates microglia polarization via lncRNA-mediated hippo pathway after ischemic stroke. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2023:1-17. [PMID: 36760060 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2023.2177046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Microglia polarization and microglia-mediated inflammation play a crucial role in the development of ischaemic brain injury. Electroacupuncture (EA) has the function of anti-inflammatory, which has been thoroughly validated and utilized to treat ischemic brain damage. The fundamental mechanism by which EA alleviates ischemic brain damage by decreasing microglia polarization and microglia-mediated inflammation, however, remains unknown. In the current study, the activation of microglia and inflammatory cytokines was analyzed to confirm the anti-inflammatory function of EA in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rats. Whole-transcriptome sequencing was used to examine the differentially expressed lncRNAs in the control, MCAO, and MCAO +EA groups. Our findings demonstrated that EA treatment reduced microglia activation and inflammatory cytokine production. In addition, there are 44 lncRNAs were found significantly different in three groups, and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway of the predicted targets of these lncRNAs suggested that the Hippo pathway may contribute to the development of ischaemic brain injury and to the anti-inflammatory function of EA. Moreover, our data showed that lncRNA TCONS_00022826 (Lnc826) was upregulated in MCAO group, whereas blocked by EA treatment. Furthermore, in vitro OGD cell model data showed that Lnc826 promoted M1 polarization of microglia by regulating the Hippo pathway. Our data suggested that regulating microglia polarization via Lnc826-mediated hippo pathway is a possible mechanism of the EA treatment on ischemic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenxu Chen
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of TCM, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Linmei Wang
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Yuan
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Acupuncture and Tuina, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai China
| | - Yunfan Wen
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shi Shu
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Hou Y, Zhang Y, Jiang S, Xie N, Zhang Y, Meng X, Wang X. Salidroside intensifies mitochondrial function of CoCl 2-damaged HT22 cells by stimulating PI3K-AKT-MAPK signaling pathway. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 109:154568. [PMID: 36610162 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salidroside (Sal), an active component from Rhodiola crenulata, has been confirmed to exert neuroprotective effects against hypoxia. However, its molecular mechanisms of intensifying mitochondrial function still largely unknown. In the present study, we aimed to explore the mechanisms by which Sal heightened mitochondrial function in CoCl2-induced HT22 hypoxic injury. METHODS The hypoxic condition of HT22 cells was performed by CoCl2 stimulus. We then investigated the effects of Sal on the viability of hypoxic HT22 cells by cell counting kit-8. The contents of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release in cultured supernatant were detected by using commercial biochemical kit. Superoxide free radical scavenging activity, total antioxidant capacity assay kit with ferric reducing ability of plasma and 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) methods were employed to detect the free radical scavenging ability and antioxidant capacity of Sal. Meanwhile, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), Ca2+ and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were determined by corresponding specific labeled probes. Mitochondrial morphology was tested by Mito-tracker green with confocal microscopy. Hoechst 33342 and Annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide staining were also employed to evaluate the effect of Sal on cell apoptosis. Oxygen consumption rate (OCR), real-time ATP production and proton efflux rate were measured using a Seahorse analyzer. Additionally, the potential interactions of Sal with PI3K-AKT signaling pathway-related proteins were predicted and tested by molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation (MDS) and localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) techniques, respectively. Furthermore, the protein levels of p-PI3K, PI3K, p-AKT, AKT, p-JNK, JNK, p-p38 and p38 were estimated by western blot analysis. RESULTS Sal alleviated CoCl2-induced hypoxic injury in HT22 cells as evidenced by increased cell viability and decreased LDH release. In vitro antioxidant test confirmed that Sal had marvelous antioxidant abilities. The protected mitochondrial function by Sal treatment was illustrated by the decrease of ROS, Ca2+, mitochondrial fragment and the increase of MMP. In addition, Sal ameliorated the apoptosis of HT22 cells by decreasing Hoechst 33342 positive cells and the rate of apoptotic cells. Enhancement of energy metabolism in HT22 by Sal was demonstrated by increased OCR, real-time ATP generation and proton efflux rate. The molecular docking confirmed the potential binding of Sal to PI3K, AKT and CaMK II proteins with calculated binding energy of -1.32, -4.21 and -4.38 kcal/mol, respectively. The MDS test revealed the average hydrogen bond of complex Sal-PI3K and Sal-AKT were 0.79 and 4.46, respectively. The results of LSPR verified the potential binding of Sal to proteins PI3K, AKT and HIF-1α with affinity values of 5.20 × 10 - 3, 2.83 × 10 - 3 and 3.97 × 10 - 3 KD, respectively. Western blot analysis further argued that Sal consolidated the levels of p-PI3K and p-AKT. Meanwhile, Sal could downregulate the proteins expression of p-JNK and p-p38. CONCLUSION Collectively, our findings suggested that Sal can intensify mitochondrial function of CoCl2-simulated hypoxia injury in HT22 cells by stimulating PI3K-AKT-MAPK signaling pathway. Sal is a potential agent for mitochondrial protection against hypoxia with the underlying molecular mechanisms of energy metabolism being further elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Yating Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Shengnan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Na Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Xianli Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
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20
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Qin J, Ma Z, Chen X, Shu S. Microglia activation in central nervous system disorders: A review of recent mechanistic investigations and development efforts. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1103416. [PMID: 36959826 PMCID: PMC10027711 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1103416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the principal resident immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS) and play important roles in the development of CNS disorders. In recent years, there have been significant developments in our understanding of microglia, and we now have greater insight into the temporal and spatial patterns of microglia activation in a variety of CNS disorders, as well as the interactions between microglia and neurons. A variety of signaling pathways have been implicated. However, to date, all published clinical trials have failed to demonstrate efficacy over placebo. This review summarizes the results of recent important studies and attempts to provide a mechanistic view of microglia activation, inflammation, tissue repair, and CNS disorders.
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Genipin Attenuates Diabetic Cognitive Impairment by Reducing Lipid Accumulation and Promoting Mitochondrial Fusion via FABP4/Mfn1 Signaling in Microglia. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 12:antiox12010074. [PMID: 36670935 PMCID: PMC9854533 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12010074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of genipin (GEN) on the microglia of diabetic cognitive impairment and explore its potential mechanism. Diabetic mice were induced by STZ/HFD, while GEN was intragastrically and intraventricularly treated. The human microglia cell HMC3 was induced by LPS/HG/PA. As a result, GEN attenuated diabetic symptoms and diabetic cognitive impairment-related behavior in novel object recognition, Morris water maze and passive avoidance tests. GEN inhibited M1 microglia polarization, lipid accumulation, oxidative stress and promoted mitochondrial fusion via FABP4/Mfn1. FABP4 overexpression, Mfn1 overexpression, selective FABP4 inhibitor BMS, and Mfn1 SiRNA were employed for investigating the mechanism. The inhibitory effect of GEN on ROS may be associated with NOX2 signaling and the translocation of p47phox/p67phox to the cell membrane. With the ROS scavenger NAC, it was proved that ROS participated in GEN-mediated inflammation and lipid accumulation. GEN inhibited the phosphorylation and nucleus translocation of NF-κB. GEN inhibited the ubiquitination of Mfn1, which was mediated by the E3 ligase Hrd1. GEN also enhanced microglia phagocytosis. Molecular docking predicted that GEN may interact with FABP4 by hydrogen bond at the S53 and R78 residues. In conclusion, GEN attenuated diabetic cognitive impairment by inhibiting inflammation, lipid accumulation and promoting mitochondrial fusion via FABP4/Mfn1 signaling.
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22
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Zhao D, Du B, Xu J, Xie Q, Lu Z, Kang Y. Baicalin promotes antibacterial defenses by modulating mitochondrial function. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 621:130-136. [PMID: 35820283 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.06.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Natural flavonoids, such as baicalin, have been extensively studied for their role in bacterial infection. However, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. We demonstrated that baicalin coordinates mitochondrial function and dynamics to promote antibacterial response. Baicalin protected against Staphylococcus aureus infections and alleviates inflammatory responses in vivo and in vitro. An increase in mitochondrial mass and elevated expression of factors regulating mitochondrial fission and fusion were observed in baicalin-treated macrophages. Baicalin induced Drp1-dependent biogenesis, which contributes to the generation of additional mitochondria. Baicalin improved the mitochondrial membrane potential, ATP levels, and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) production. Importantly, the inhibition of mitochondrial function by rotenone or MitoTEMPO suppressed the antimicrobial activity of baicalin in macrophages. We conclude that baicalin can regulate immune responses during S. aureus infection by improving mitochondrial function and dynamics, implying that it is a promising therapeutic agent for controlling infection and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjiu Zhao
- Hangzhou Key Lab of Inflammation and Immunoregulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China
| | - Binhao Du
- Hangzhou Key Lab of Inflammation and Immunoregulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China
| | - Jihao Xu
- Hangzhou Key Lab of Inflammation and Immunoregulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China
| | - Qinzi Xie
- Hangzhou Key Lab of Inflammation and Immunoregulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China
| | - Zhe Lu
- Hangzhou Key Lab of Inflammation and Immunoregulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China
| | - Yanhua Kang
- Hangzhou Key Lab of Inflammation and Immunoregulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China.
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23
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Zhao C, Chen Q, Li W, Zhang J, Yang C, Chen D. Multi-functional platelet membrane-camouflaged nanoparticles reduce neuronal apoptosis and regulate microglial phenotype during ischemic injury. APPLIED MATERIALS TODAY 2022; 27:101412. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apmt.2022.101412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyue Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
- Changchun Children's Hospital, 1321Beian Road, Changchun, Jilin 130051, China
| | | | | | | | - Chunrong Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Dawei Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
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Epigallocatechin Gallate Protects against Hypoxia-Induced Inflammation in Microglia via NF-κB Suppression and Nrf-2/HO-1 Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23074004. [PMID: 35409364 PMCID: PMC8999549 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23074004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-induced neuroinflammation in stroke, neonatal hypoxic encephalopathy, and other diseases subsequently contributes to neurological damage and neuronal diseases. Microglia are the primary neuroimmune cells that play a crucial role in cerebral inflammation. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) has a protective antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects against neuroinflammation. However, the effects of EGCG on hypoxia-induced inflammation in microglia and the underlying mechanism remain unclear. In this study, we investigated whether EGCG might have a protective effect against hypoxia injury in microglia by treatment with CoCl2 to establish a hypoxic model of BV2 microglia cells following EGCG pre-treatment. An exposure of cells to CoCl2 caused an increase in inflammatory mediator interleukin (IL)-6, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression, which were significantly ameliorated by EGCG via inhibition of NF-κB pathway. In addition, EGCG attenuated the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α and the generation of ROS in hypoxic BV2 cells. Furthermore, the suppression of hypoxia-induced IL-6 production by EGCG was mediated via the inhibition of HIF-1α expression and the suppression of ROS generation in BV2 cells. Notably, EGCG increased the Nrf-2 levels and HO-1 levels in the presence of CoCl2. Additionally, EGCG suppressed hypoxia-induced apoptosis of BV2 microglia with cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and caspase-3. In summary, EGCG protects microglia from hypoxia-induced inflammation and oxidative stress via abrogating the NF-κB pathway as well as activating the Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway.
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25
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Zhu Y, Sun Y, Hu J, Pan Z. Insight Into the Mechanism of Exercise Preconditioning in Ischemic Stroke. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:866360. [PMID: 35350755 PMCID: PMC8957886 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.866360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise preconditioning has attracted extensive attention to induce endogenous neuroprotection and has become the hotspot in neurotherapy. The training exercise is given multiple times before cerebral ischemia, effectively inducing ischemic tolerance and alleviating secondary brain damage post-stroke. Compared with other preconditioning methods, the main advantages of exercise include easy clinical operation and being readily accepted by patients. However, the specific mechanism behind exercise preconditioning to ameliorate brain injury is complex. It involves multi-pathway and multi-target regulation, including regulation of inflammatory response, oxidative stress, apoptosis inhibition, and neurogenesis promotion. The current review summarizes the recent studies on the mechanism of neuroprotection induced by exercise, providing the theoretical basis of applying exercise therapy to prevent and treat ischemic stroke. In addition, we highlight the various limitations and future challenges of translational medicine from fundamental study to clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhan Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhejiang Rongjun Hospital, Jiaxing, China
| | - Yulin Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhejiang Rongjun Hospital, Jiaxing, China
| | - Jichao Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhejiang Rongjun Hospital, Jiaxing, China
| | - Zhuoer Pan
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhejiang Rongjun Hospital, Jiaxing, China
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26
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Huang P, Wan H, Shao C, Li C, Zhang L, He Y. Recent Advances in Chinese Herbal Medicine for Cerebral Ischemic Reperfusion Injury. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:688596. [PMID: 35111041 PMCID: PMC8801784 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.688596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemic reperfusion injury (CI/RI) is a critical factor that leads to a poor prognosis in patients with ischemic stroke. It is an extremely complicated pathological process that is clinically characterized by high rates of disability and mortality. Current available treatments for CI/RI, including mechanical and drug therapies, are often accompanied by significant side effects. Therefore, it is necessary to discovery new strategies for treating CI/RI. Many studies confirm that Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) was used as a potential drug for treatment of CI/RI with the advantages of abundant resources, good efficacy, and few side effects. In this paper, we investigate the latest drug discoveries and advancements on CI/RI, make an overview of relevant CHM, and systematically summarize the pathophysiology of CI/RI. In addition, the protective effect and mechanism of related CHM, which includes extraction of single CHM and CHM formulation and preparation, are discussed. Moreover, an outline of the limitations of CHM and the challenges we faced are also presented. This review will be helpful for researchers further propelling the advancement of drugs and supplying more knowledge to support the application of previous discoveries in clinical drug applications against CI/RI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haitong Wan
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chongyu Shao
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chang Li
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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27
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Ghimire S, Subedi L, Acharya N, Gaire BP. Moringa oleifera: A Tree of Life as a Promising Medicinal Plant for Neurodegenerative Diseases. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:14358-14371. [PMID: 34843254 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c04581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Moringa oleifera, popularly known as a miracle tree or tree of life, has been extensively used as a functional food and nutritional asset worldwide. Ethnomedicinal and traditional uses of M. oleifera indicate that this plant might have a pleiotropic therapeutic efficacy against most human ailments. In fact, M. oleifera is reported to have several pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, antidiabetic, antipyretic, antiulcer, antispasmodic, antihypertensive, antitumor, hepatoprotective, and cardiac stimulant properties. Recently, a few experimental studies reported the neuroprotective effects of M. oleifera against Alzheimer's disease, dementia, Parkinson's disease, stroke, and neurotoxicity-related symptoms. In addition, several neuroprotective phytochemicals have been isolated from M. oleifera, which signifies that it can have promising neuroprotective effects. Therefore, this review aimed to explore the current updates and future prospective of neuroprotective efficacies of M. oleifera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurav Ghimire
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Neurodegenerative Diseases (IMN), University of Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Lalita Subedi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Neurology, Shock Trauma and Anesthesiology Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Namrata Acharya
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bhakta Prasad Gaire
- Department of Anesthesiology and Neurology, Shock Trauma and Anesthesiology Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
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28
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Subahar R, Susanto L, Aidilla R, Aulia AP, Yulhasri Y, Winita R, Lubis NS, Sari IP. In vitro experiments of Pediculus humanus capitis ( Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) resistance to permethrin and 6-paradol in East Jakarta: Detoxification enzyme activity and electron microscopic changes in lice. Vet World 2021; 14:3065-3075. [PMID: 35017857 PMCID: PMC8743776 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.3065-3075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Pediculus humanus capitis, the human head louse, remains a global health problem. This study evaluated the resistance of head lice to permethrin and 6-paradol mediated by in vitro detoxification enzyme activity experiments and to describe physical changes in the lice using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Materials and Methods: The adult stages of P. h. capitis were collected from patients exposed to 1% permethrin and three different concentrations of 6-paradol (0.00005%, 0.0001%, and 0.00015%) using a filter paper diffusion bioassay. Healthy P. h. capitis adults served as the control. The in vitro bioassays were conducted after 10, 20, 30, and 60 min of exposure. The activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and oxidase were analyzed. Physical changes in the lice were analyzed using SEM. Results: Permethrin and 6-paradol exhibited low toxicity against the lice. At 60 min, 1% permethrin had killed 36.7% of the lice present, while 6-paradol had killed 66.7-86.7%. Permethrin induced significantly elevated AChE, GST, and oxidase activity; 6-paradol also caused significantly elevated AChE, GST, and oxidase activity. Permethrin did not cause any ultrastructural morphological changes on the lice, while 6-paradol severely damaged the head, thorax, respiratory spiracles, and abdomen of the dead lice. Conclusion: This in vitro experimental of P. h. capitis is the first study to report P. h. capitis in East Jakarta shows complete resistance to permethrin and 6-paradol, and to describe the associated increase in AChE, GST, and oxidase activity. It was observed that 6-paradol severely damaged the head, thorax, respiratory spiracles, and abdomen of the dead lice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizal Subahar
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jl. Salemba 6, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
| | - Lisawati Susanto
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jl. Salemba 6, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
| | - Rachmanin Aidilla
- Medical Doctor Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jl. Salemba 4, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
| | - Annisa Putri Aulia
- Medical Doctor Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jl. Salemba 4, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
| | - Yulhasri Yulhasri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jln. Salemba Raya 4, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
| | - Rawina Winita
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jl. Salemba 6, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
| | - Nadar S Lubis
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jl. Salemba 6, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
| | - Ika Puspa Sari
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jl. Salemba 6, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
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Ran Y, Qie S, Gao F, Ding Z, Yang S, Tian G, Liu Z, Xi J. Baicalein ameliorates ischemic brain damage through suppressing proinflammatory microglia polarization via inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB and STAT1 pathway. Brain Res 2021; 1770:147626. [PMID: 34418356 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Microglial polarization mediated neuroinflammation plays an important role in the pathological process of stroke. The aim of this study is to determine whether baicalein indirectly ameliorates neuronal injury through modulating microglial polarization after stroke and if so, then by what mechanism. The effects of baicalein on microglial polarization were revealed through the middle cerebral artery occlusion mouse model (MCAO, n = 6), the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) + interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) induced neuroinflammatory microglia model (BV2, n = 3), respectively. Mice were treated with baicalein (100 mg/kg, i.g.) after reperfusion, and followed by daily administrations for 3 days. Results showed that the infarct volumes at 3 d in vehicle and baicalein-treated MCAO mice were 91.18 ± 4.02% and 55.36 ± 4.10%. Baicalein improved sensorimotor functions (p < 0.01) after MCAO. Real-time PCR revealed that baicalein decreased proinflammatory markers expression (p < 0.05), while elevated the anti-inflammatory markers (p < 0.05) in vivo and in vitro. Both western blot and immunofluorescent staining further confirmed that baicalein reduced proinflammatory marker CD16 levels (p < 0.01) and enhanced anti-inflammatory marker CD206 or Arg-1 levels (p < 0.05). Notably, baicalein suppressed the release of proinflammatory cytokines (p < 0.05) and nitric oxide (NO, p < 0.001). Mechanistically, baicalein prevented increases in TLR4 protein levels (p < 0.001), the phosphorylation of IKBα and p65 (p < 0.01), and the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 (p < 0.05). The NF-κB inhibitor, BAY 11-7085, enhanced the inhibitory effect of baicalein on the proinflammatory microglial polarization. Baicalein also inhibited the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1, p < 0.001). A microglia-neuron co-culture system revealed that baicalein driven neuroprotection against OGD induced neuronal damage through modulating microglial polarization (p < 0.05). Baicalein indirectly ameliorates neuronal injury after stroke by polarizing microglia toward the anti-inflammatory phenotype via inhibition of the TLR4/NF-κB pathway and down-regulation of phosphorylated STAT1, suggesting that baicalein might serve a potential therapy for stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Ran
- Department of Rehabilitation, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Xixiazhuang, Badachu Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100144, PR China
| | - Shuyan Qie
- Department of Rehabilitation, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Xixiazhuang, Badachu Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100144, PR China
| | - Fuhai Gao
- Department of Rehabilitation, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Xixiazhuang, Badachu Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100144, PR China
| | - Zitong Ding
- Department of Rehabilitation, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Xixiazhuang, Badachu Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100144, PR China
| | - Shuiqing Yang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Xixiazhuang, Badachu Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100144, PR China
| | - Guiqin Tian
- Department of Rehabilitation, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Xixiazhuang, Badachu Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100144, PR China
| | - Zongjian Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Xixiazhuang, Badachu Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100144, PR China.
| | - Jianing Xi
- Department of Rehabilitation, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Xixiazhuang, Badachu Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100144, PR China.
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Abstract
Cerebral ischemia represents the third cause of death and the first cause of disability in adults. This process results from decreasing cerebral blood flow levels as a result of the occlusion of a major cerebral artery. This restriction in blood supply generates low levels of oxygen and glucose, which leads to a decrease in the energy metabolism of the cell, producing inflammation, and finally, neurological deterioration. Currently, blood restoration of flow is the only effective approach as a therapy in terms of ischemic stroke. However, a significant number of patients still have a poor prognosis, probably owing to the increase in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during the reperfusion of damaged tissue. Oxidative stress and inflammation can be avoided by modulating mitochondrial function and have been identified as potential targets for the treatment of cerebral ischemia. In recent years, the beneficial actions of flavonoids and polyphenols against cerebrovascular diseases have been extensively investigated. The use of resveratrol (RSV) has been shown to markedly decrease brain damage caused by ischemia in numerous studies. According to in vitro and in vivo experiments, there is growing evidence that RSV is involved in several pathways, including cAMP/AMPK/SIRT1 regulation, JAK/ERK/STAT signaling pathway modulation, TLR4 signal transduction regulation, gut/brain axis modulation, GLUT3 up-regulation inhibition, neuronal autophagy activation, and de novo SUR1 expression inhibition. In this review, we summarize the recent outcomes based on the neuroprotective effect of RSV itself and RSV-loaded nanoparticles in vitro and in vivo models focusing on such mechanisms of action as well as describing the potential therapeutic strategies in which RSV plays an active role in cases of ischemic brain injury.
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Microglia as the Critical Regulators of Neuroprotection and Functional Recovery in Cerebral Ischemia. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:2505-2525. [PMID: 34460037 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01145-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Microglial activation is considered as the critical pathogenic event in diverse central nervous system disorders including cerebral ischemia. Proinflammatory responses of activated microglia have been well reported in the ischemic brain and neuroinflammatory responses of activated microglia have been believed to be the potential therapeutic strategy. However, despite having proinflammatory roles, microglia can have significant anti-inflammatory roles and they are associated with the production of growth factors which are responsible for neuroprotection and recovery after ischemic injury. Microglia can directly promote neuroprotection by preventing ischemic infarct expansion and promoting functional outcomes. Indirectly, microglia are involved in promoting anti-inflammatory responses, neurogenesis, and angiogenesis in the ischemic brain which are crucial pathophysiological events for ischemic recovery. In fact, anti-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors produced by microglia can promote neuroprotection and attenuate neurobehavioral deficits. In addition, microglia regulate phagocytosis, axonal regeneration, blood-brain barrier protection, white matter integrity, and synaptic remodeling, which are essential for ischemic recovery. Microglia can also regulate crosstalk with neurons and other cell types to promote neuroprotection and ischemic recovery. This review mainly focuses on the roles of microglia in neuroprotection and recovery following ischemic injury. Furthermore, this review also sheds the light on the therapeutic potential of microglia in stroke patients.
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Subedi L, Gaire BP. Neuroprotective Effects of Curcumin in Cerebral Ischemia: Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:2562-2572. [PMID: 34251185 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite being a major global health concern, cerebral ischemia/stroke has limited therapeutic options. Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is the only available medication to manage acute ischemic stroke, but this medication is associated with adverse effects and has a narrow therapeutic time window. Curcumin, a polyphenol that is abundantly present in the rhizome of the turmeric plant (Curcuma longa), has shown promising neuroprotective effects in animal models of neurodegenerative diseases, including cerebral ischemia. In the central nervous system (CNS), neuroprotective effects of curcumin have been experimentally validated in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and cerebral ischemia. Curcumin can exert pleiotropic effects in the postischemic brain including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, vasculoprotective, and direct neuroprotective efficacies. Importantly, neuroprotective effects of curcumin has been reported in both ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke models. A broad-spectrum neuroprotective efficacy of curcumin suggested that curcumin can be an appealing therapeutic strategy to treat cerebral ischemia. In this review, we aimed to address the pharmacotherapeutic potential of curcumin in cerebral ischemia including its cellular and molecular mechanisms of neuroprotection revealing curcumin as an appealing therapeutic candidate for cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalita Subedi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Neurology, Shock Trauma and Anesthesiology Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Bhakta Prasad Gaire
- Department of Anesthesiology and Neurology, Shock Trauma and Anesthesiology Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
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Girnar GA, Mahajan HS. Cerebral ischemic stroke and different approaches for treatment of stroke. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-021-00289-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Cerebral ischemia can be considered a lethal disease as it is a leading cause of death worldwide with no prompt line of treatment. The factors which make this disease more fatal are failure of drugs while crossing BBB, very low availability of the drug in the brain, inefficiency of drug molecule in the clinical studies, limited availability of clinical data, lack of awareness about this disease, and many more.
Main body
This review focuses on reasons and mechanisms of stroke, classification of brain ischemia; it also reveals the current scenario of stroke in India. Very few drugs are effective for the treatment of stroke. This compilation furnishes conventional and recent treatments of stroke along with their hurdles like the gap between preclinical and clinical studies. This review also suggests effective routes of administration of drugs for the treatment of brain ischemia specifically nose-to-brain route and effectiveness of different dosage forms precisely nanoformulations, as the most effective dosage form.
Conclusion
By following different guidelines and treatments, the risk of brain ischemia can be minimized as well as some advanced techniques for the treatment of this disease proving their efficiency. One of the important aspects in the success of the treatment for this disease is the route of administration of the drug. Among all routes, intranasal drug delivery presents a potential approach and is supposed to be the next-generation therapy for brain disorders. The nose-to-brain route is very effective, and it shows some promising results in case of stroke treatment. The strategy is still under investigation despite various successful lab-scale studies; there are numerous challenges to reach the product in the market. Research is going on to get a better understanding of this strategy. We believe that detailed studies to resolve pitfalls will lead to the successful development of an intranasal formulation for the management of ischemic brain injury such as stroke.
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Zheng Y, Zhou Z, Han F, Chen Z. Special issue: Neuroinflammatory pathways as treatment targets in brain disorders autophagic regulation of neuroinflammation in ischemic stroke. Neurochem Int 2021; 148:105114. [PMID: 34192589 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite the high lethality and increasing prevalence, effective therapy for ischemic stroke is still limited. As a crucial pathophysiological mechanism underlying ischemic injury, neuroinflammation remains a promising target for novel anti-ischemic strategies. However, the potential adverse effects limit the applications of traditional anti-inflammatory therapies. Recent explorations into the mechanisms of inflammation reveal that autophagy acts as a critical part in inflammation regulation. Autophagy refers to the hierarchically organized process resulting in the lysosomal degradation of intracellular components. Autophagic clearance of intracellular danger signals (DAMPs) suppresses the inflammation activation. Alternatively, autophagy blunts inflammation by removing either inflammasomes or the transcriptional modulators of cytokines. Interestingly, several compounds have been proved to alleviate neuroinflammatory responses and protect against ischemic injury by activating autophagy, highlighting autophagy as a promising target for the regulation of ischemia-induced neuroinflammation. Nonetheless, the molecular mechanism underlying autophagic regulation of neuroinflammation in the central nervous system is less clear and further explorations are still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanrong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhuchen Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feng Han
- Key Lab of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Drug Target and Drug Discovery Center, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.
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Franco R, Lillo A, Rivas-Santisteban R, Reyes-Resina I, Navarro G. Microglial Adenosine Receptors: From Preconditioning to Modulating the M1/M2 Balance in Activated Cells. Cells 2021; 10:1124. [PMID: 34066933 PMCID: PMC8148598 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal survival depends on the glia, that is, on the astroglial and microglial support. Neurons die and microglia are activated not only in neurodegenerative diseases but also in physiological aging. Activated microglia, once considered harmful, express two main phenotypes: the pro-inflammatory or M1, and the neuroprotective or M2. When neuroinflammation, i.e., microglial activation occurs, it is important to achieve a good M1/M2 balance, i.e., at some point M1 microglia must be skewed into M2 cells to impede chronic inflammation and to afford neuronal survival. G protein-coupled receptors in general and adenosine receptors in particular are potential targets for increasing the number of M2 cells. This article describes the mechanisms underlying microglial activation and analyzes whether these cells exposed to a first damaging event may be ready to be preconditioned to better react to exposure to more damaging events. Adenosine receptors are relevant due to their participation in preconditioning. They can also be overexpressed in activated microglial cells. The potential of adenosine receptors and complexes formed by adenosine receptors and cannabinoids as therapeutic targets to provide microglia-mediated neuroprotection is here discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Franco
- CiberNed, Network Research Center, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Spanish National Health Institute Carlos III, 28034 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandro Lillo
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Rafael Rivas-Santisteban
- CiberNed, Network Research Center, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Spanish National Health Institute Carlos III, 28034 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irene Reyes-Resina
- CiberNed, Network Research Center, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Spanish National Health Institute Carlos III, 28034 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Navarro
- CiberNed, Network Research Center, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Spanish National Health Institute Carlos III, 28034 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
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Subedi L, Gaire BP. Tanshinone IIA: A phytochemical as a promising drug candidate for neurodegenerative diseases. Pharmacol Res 2021; 169:105661. [PMID: 33971269 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tanshinones, lipophilic diterpenes isolated from the rhizome of Salvia miltiorrhiza, have diverse pharmacological activities against human ailments including neurological diseases. In fact, tanshinones have been used to treat heart diseases, stroke, and vascular diseases in traditional Chinese medicine. During the last decade, tanshinones have been the most widely studied phytochemicals for their neuroprotective effects against experimental models of cerebral ischemia and Alzheimer's diseases. Importantly, tanshinone IIA, mostly studied tanshinone for biological activities, is recently reported to attenuate blood-brain barrier permeability among stroke patients, suggesting tanshinone IIA as an appealing therapeutic candidate for neurological diseases. Tanshinone I and IIA are also effective in experimental models of Parkinson's disease, Multiple sclerosis, and other neuroinflammatory diseases. In addition, several experimental studies suggested the pleiotropic neuroprotective effects of tanshinones such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and BBB protectant further value aiding to tanshinone as an appealing therapeutic strategy in neurological diseases. Therefore, in this review, we aimed to compile the recent updates and cellular and molecular mechanisms of neuroprotection of tanshinone IIA in diverse neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalita Subedi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Neurology, Shock Trauma and Anesthesiology Research Center, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bhakta Prasad Gaire
- Department of Anesthesiology and Neurology, Shock Trauma and Anesthesiology Research Center, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Li S, Sun X, Bi L, Tong Y, Liu X. Research Progress on Natural Product Ingredients' Therapeutic Effects on Parkinson's Disease by Regulating Autophagy. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2021; 2021:5538200. [PMID: 33981351 PMCID: PMC8088354 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5538200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease in middle-aged and older adults. Abnormal proteins such as α-synuclein are essential factors in PD's pathogenesis. Autophagy is the main participant in the clearance of abnormal proteins. The overactive or low function of autophagy leads to autophagy stress. Not only is it difficult to clear abnormal proteins but also it can cause damage to neurons. In this article, the effects of natural products ingredients, such as salidroside, paeoniflorin, curcumin, resveratrol, corynoxine, and baicalein, on regulating autophagy and protecting neurons were discussed in detail to provide a reference for the research and development of drugs for the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sicong Li
- School of Pharmacy, Peking University Health Science Centre, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Bi
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yujia Tong
- Institute of Medical Information, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
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