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Guo Z, Yue N, Chen M, Li J, Lv R, Wang J, Liu T, Huang J, Gao S, Li Y, Yuan B, Wang J, Kang L, Ji B, Xin W. Purinergic Receptor Antagonists Inhibit Hemolysis Induced by Clostridium perfringens Alpha Toxin. Pathogens 2024; 13:454. [PMID: 38921752 PMCID: PMC11206506 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13060454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin (CPA), which causes yellow lamb disease in sheep and gas gangrene and food poisoning in humans, is produced by all types of C. perfringens and is the major virulence determinant of C. perfringens type A. CPA induces hemolysis in many species, including humans, murines, sheep and rabbits, through its enzymatic activity, which dissolves the cell membrane. Recent studies have shown that some pore-forming toxins cause hemolysis, which is achieved by the activation of purinergic receptors (P2). However, the relationship between P2 receptors and non-pore-forming toxin hemolysis has not been investigated. In the present study, we examined the function of P2 receptors in CPA toxin hemolysis and found that CPA-induced hemolysis was dependent on P2 receptor activation, and this was also true for Staphylococcus aureus β-Hemolysin, another non-pore-forming toxin. Furthermore, we use selective P2 receptor antagonists to demonstrate that P2X1 and P2X7 play important roles in the hemolysis of human and murine erythrocytes. In addition, we found that redox metabolism was mainly involved in CPA-induced hemolysis using metabolomic analysis. We further demonstrate that CPA activates P2 receptors and then activates NADPH oxidase through the PI3K/Akt and MEK1/ERK1 pathways, followed by the production of active oxygen to induce hemolysis. These findings contribute to our understanding of the pathological effects of CPA, clarify the relationship between P2 activation and non-pore-forming toxin-induced hemolysis, and provide new insights into CPA-induced hemolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zishuo Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, AMMS, Beijing 100071, China; (Z.G.); (N.Y.); (M.C.); (J.L.); (R.L.); (J.W.); (T.L.); (J.H.); (S.G.); (Y.L.); (B.Y.); (J.W.)
- Emergency Department, 96605 Army Hospital of the People’s Liberation Army, Jilin 134000, China
| | - Nan Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, AMMS, Beijing 100071, China; (Z.G.); (N.Y.); (M.C.); (J.L.); (R.L.); (J.W.); (T.L.); (J.H.); (S.G.); (Y.L.); (B.Y.); (J.W.)
| | - Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, AMMS, Beijing 100071, China; (Z.G.); (N.Y.); (M.C.); (J.L.); (R.L.); (J.W.); (T.L.); (J.H.); (S.G.); (Y.L.); (B.Y.); (J.W.)
| | - Jiaxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, AMMS, Beijing 100071, China; (Z.G.); (N.Y.); (M.C.); (J.L.); (R.L.); (J.W.); (T.L.); (J.H.); (S.G.); (Y.L.); (B.Y.); (J.W.)
| | - Ruomei Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, AMMS, Beijing 100071, China; (Z.G.); (N.Y.); (M.C.); (J.L.); (R.L.); (J.W.); (T.L.); (J.H.); (S.G.); (Y.L.); (B.Y.); (J.W.)
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, AMMS, Beijing 100071, China; (Z.G.); (N.Y.); (M.C.); (J.L.); (R.L.); (J.W.); (T.L.); (J.H.); (S.G.); (Y.L.); (B.Y.); (J.W.)
| | - Tingting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, AMMS, Beijing 100071, China; (Z.G.); (N.Y.); (M.C.); (J.L.); (R.L.); (J.W.); (T.L.); (J.H.); (S.G.); (Y.L.); (B.Y.); (J.W.)
| | - Jing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, AMMS, Beijing 100071, China; (Z.G.); (N.Y.); (M.C.); (J.L.); (R.L.); (J.W.); (T.L.); (J.H.); (S.G.); (Y.L.); (B.Y.); (J.W.)
| | - Shan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, AMMS, Beijing 100071, China; (Z.G.); (N.Y.); (M.C.); (J.L.); (R.L.); (J.W.); (T.L.); (J.H.); (S.G.); (Y.L.); (B.Y.); (J.W.)
| | - Yanwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, AMMS, Beijing 100071, China; (Z.G.); (N.Y.); (M.C.); (J.L.); (R.L.); (J.W.); (T.L.); (J.H.); (S.G.); (Y.L.); (B.Y.); (J.W.)
| | - Bing Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, AMMS, Beijing 100071, China; (Z.G.); (N.Y.); (M.C.); (J.L.); (R.L.); (J.W.); (T.L.); (J.H.); (S.G.); (Y.L.); (B.Y.); (J.W.)
| | - Jinglin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, AMMS, Beijing 100071, China; (Z.G.); (N.Y.); (M.C.); (J.L.); (R.L.); (J.W.); (T.L.); (J.H.); (S.G.); (Y.L.); (B.Y.); (J.W.)
| | - Lin Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, AMMS, Beijing 100071, China; (Z.G.); (N.Y.); (M.C.); (J.L.); (R.L.); (J.W.); (T.L.); (J.H.); (S.G.); (Y.L.); (B.Y.); (J.W.)
| | - Bin Ji
- Department of Disease Control, The Affiliated Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi 214101, China
| | - Wenwen Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, AMMS, Beijing 100071, China; (Z.G.); (N.Y.); (M.C.); (J.L.); (R.L.); (J.W.); (T.L.); (J.H.); (S.G.); (Y.L.); (B.Y.); (J.W.)
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Yin Y, Xu X, Li D, Yao B, Wang H, Zhao L, Wang H, Dong J, Zhang J, Peng R. Role of Cx43 in iPSC-CM Damage Induced by Microwave Radiation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12533. [PMID: 37628714 PMCID: PMC10454302 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The heart is one of the major organs affected by microwave radiation, and these effects have been extensively studied. Previous studies have shown that microwave-radiation-induced heart injury might be related to the abnormal expression and distribution of Cx43. In order to make the research model closer to humans, we used iPSC-CMs as the cell injury model to investigate the biological effect and mechanism of iPSC-CM injury after microwave radiation. To model the damage, iPSC-CMs were separated into four groups and exposed to single or composite S-band (2.856 GHz) and X-band (9.375 GHz) microwave radiation sources with an average power density of 30 mW/cm2. After that, FCM was used to detect cell activity, and ELISA was used to detect the contents of myocardial enzymes and injury markers in the culture medium, and it was discovered that cell activity decreased and the contents increased after radiation. TEM and SEM showed that the ultrastructure of the cell membrane, mitochondria, and ID was damaged. Mitochondrial function was aberrant, and glycolytic capacity decreased after exposure. The electrical conduction function of iPSC-CM was abnormal; the conduction velocity was decreased, and the pulsation amplitude was reduced. Wb, qRT-PCR, and IF detections showed that the expression of Cx43 was decreased and the distribution of Cx43 at the gap junction was disordered. Single or composite exposure to S- and X-band microwave radiation caused damage to the structure and function of iPSC-CMs, primarily affecting the cell membrane, mitochondria, and ID. The composite exposure group was more severely harmed than the single exposure group. These abnormalities in structure and function were related to the decreased expression and disordered distribution of Cx43.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jing Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Ruiyun Peng
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
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Deng Y, Zhou M, Zhao X, Xue X, Liao L, Wang J, Li Y. Immune response studies based on P2X7 receptors: A Mini-Review. Curr Pharm Des 2022; 28:993-999. [PMID: 35100953 DOI: 10.2174/1381612828666220131091325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation, as a complex immunopathological process, is the organism's natural defense response to the organism against harmful, foreign, and destructive immune or non-immune factors. It is the main pathological form of various diseases, such as tumors, neurodegenerative diseases, periodontitis, alcoholic steatohepatitis, asthma, and other diseases. The P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) is widely distributed in vivo and up--regulated in various inflammatory pathological states. Studies have shown that milder chronic inflammation is related to a deficiency or inhibition of P2X7R, which is an indispensable part of the pro-inflammatory mechanism in vivo. P2X7R, a unique subtype of seven purinergic P2X receptors, is an ATP-gated nonselective cationic channel. P2X7R will promote the influx of Ca2+ and the outflow of K+ after being stimulated. The influx of Ca2+ is essential for activating the body's innate immune response and inducing the production of inflammatory factors. This paper reviews the regulation of P2X7R on inflammation from the perspectives of innate immunity and adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Deng
- State Key laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu 611137, China
- School of pharmacy, Chengdu university of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
- Key laboratory of standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Mengting Zhou
- State Key laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu 611137, China
- School of pharmacy, Chengdu university of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
- Key laboratory of standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Xingtao Zhao
- State Key laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu 611137, China
- School of pharmacy, Chengdu university of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
- Key laboratory of standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Xinyan Xue
- State Key laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu 611137, China
- School of pharmacy, Chengdu university of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
- Key laboratory of standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Li Liao
- State Key laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu 611137, China
- School of pharmacy, Chengdu university of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137,
- Key laboratory of standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu 611137, China
- School of pharmacy, Chengdu university of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
- Key laboratory of standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Yunxia Li
- State Key laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu 611137, China
- School of pharmacy, Chengdu university of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
- Key laboratory of standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 611137, China
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King DR, Sedovy MW, Leng X, Xue J, Lamouille S, Koval M, Isakson BE, Johnstone SR. Mechanisms of Connexin Regulating Peptides. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910186. [PMID: 34638526 PMCID: PMC8507914 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Gap junctions (GJ) and connexins play integral roles in cellular physiology and have been found to be involved in multiple pathophysiological states from cancer to cardiovascular disease. Studies over the last 60 years have demonstrated the utility of altering GJ signaling pathways in experimental models, which has led to them being attractive targets for therapeutic intervention. A number of different mechanisms have been proposed to regulate GJ signaling, including channel blocking, enhancing channel open state, and disrupting protein-protein interactions. The primary mechanism for this has been through the design of numerous peptides as therapeutics, that are either currently in early development or are in various stages of clinical trials. Despite over 25 years of research into connexin targeting peptides, the overall mechanisms of action are still poorly understood. In this overview, we discuss published connexin targeting peptides, their reported mechanisms of action, and the potential for these molecules in the treatment of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Ryan King
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA; (D.R.K.); (M.W.S.); (X.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Meghan W. Sedovy
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA; (D.R.K.); (M.W.S.); (X.L.); (S.L.)
- Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health Graduate Program, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Xinyan Leng
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA; (D.R.K.); (M.W.S.); (X.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Jianxiang Xue
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; (J.X.); (B.E.I.)
| | - Samy Lamouille
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA; (D.R.K.); (M.W.S.); (X.L.); (S.L.)
- Center for Vascular and Heart Research, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
| | - Michael Koval
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
| | - Brant E. Isakson
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; (J.X.); (B.E.I.)
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Scott R. Johnstone
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA; (D.R.K.); (M.W.S.); (X.L.); (S.L.)
- Center for Vascular and Heart Research, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
- Correspondence:
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