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Ahmed A, Bibi A, Valoti M, Fusi F. Perivascular Adipose Tissue and Vascular Smooth Muscle Tone: Friends or Foes? Cells 2023; 12:cells12081196. [PMID: 37190105 DOI: 10.3390/cells12081196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) is a specialized type of adipose tissue that surrounds most mammalian blood vessels. PVAT is a metabolically active, endocrine organ capable of regulating blood vessel tone, endothelium function, vascular smooth muscle cell growth and proliferation, and contributing critically to cardiovascular disease onset and progression. In the context of vascular tone regulation, under physiological conditions, PVAT exerts a potent anticontractile effect by releasing a plethora of vasoactive substances, including NO, H2S, H2O2, prostacyclin, palmitic acid methyl ester, angiotensin 1-7, adiponectin, leptin, and omentin. However, under certain pathophysiological conditions, PVAT exerts pro-contractile effects by decreasing the production of anticontractile and increasing that of pro-contractile factors, including superoxide anion, angiotensin II, catecholamines, prostaglandins, chemerin, resistin, and visfatin. The present review discusses the regulatory effect of PVAT on vascular tone and the factors involved. In this scenario, dissecting the precise role of PVAT is a prerequisite to the development of PVAT-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amer Ahmed
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Aasia Bibi
- Nanotechnology Institute, CNR-NANOTEC, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Massimo Valoti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Fabio Fusi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
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2
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Endothelial and Vascular Smooth Muscle Dysfunction in Hypertension. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 205:115263. [PMID: 36174768 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The development of essential hypertension involves several factors. Vascular dysfunction, characterized by endothelial dysfunction, low-grade inflammation and structural remodeling, plays an important role in the initiation and maintenance of essential hypertension. Although the mechanistic pathways by which essential hypertension develops are poorly understood, several pharmacological classes available on the clinical settings improve blood pressure by interfering in the cardiac output and/or vascular function. This review is divided in two major sections. The first section depicts the major molecular pathways as renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS), endothelin, nitric oxide signalling pathway and oxidative stress in the development of vascular dysfunction. The second section describes the role of some pharmacological classes such as i) RAAS inhibitors, ii) dual angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors, iii) endothelin-1 receptor antagonists, iv) soluble guanylate cyclase modulators, v) phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors and vi) sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors in the context of hypertension. Some classes are already approved in the treatment of hypertension, but others are not yet approved. However, due to their potential benefits these classes were included.
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Shen L, Dashwood MR, Casale C, Orie NN, Evans IM, Sufi P, Gray R, Mohamed-Ali V. Depot- and diabetes-specific differences in norepinephrine-mediated adipose tissue angiogenesis, vascular tone, collagen deposition and morphology in obesity. Life Sci 2022; 305:120756. [PMID: 35780713 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Norepinephrine (NE) is a known regulator of adipose tissue (AT) metabolism, angiogenesis, vasoconstriction and fibrosis. This may be through autocrine/paracrine effects on local resistance vessel function and morphology. The aims of this study were to investigate, in human subcutaneous and omental adipose tissue (SAT and OAT): NE synthesis, angiogenesis, NE-mediated arteriolar vasoconstriction, the induction of collagen gene expression and its deposition in non-diabetic versus diabetic obese subjects. MATERIALS AND METHODS SAT and OAT from obese patients were used to investigate tissue NE content, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) density, angiogenesis including capillary density, angiogenic capacity and angiogenic gene expression, NE-mediated arteriolar vasoconstriction and collagen deposition. KEY FINDINGS In the non-diabetic group, NE concentration, TH immunoreactivity, angiogenesis and maximal vasoconstriction were significantly higher in OAT compared to SAT (p < 0.05). However, arterioles from OAT showed lower NE sensitivity compared to SAT (10-8 M to 10-7.5 M, p < 0.05). A depot-specific difference in collagen deposition was also observed, being greater in OAT than SAT. In the diabetic group, no significant depot-specific differences were seen in NE synthesis, angiogenesis, vasoconstriction or collagen deposition. SAT arterioles showed significantly lower sensitivity to NE (10-8 M to 10-7.5 M, p < 0.05) compared to the non-diabetic group. SIGNIFICANCE SAT depot in non-diabetic obese patients exhibited relatively low NE synthesis, angiogenesis, tissue fibrosis and high vasoreactivity, due to preserved NE sensitivity. The local NE synthesis in OAT and diabetes desensitizes NE-induced vasoconstriction, and may also explain the greater tissue angiogenesis and fibrosis in these depots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Shen
- Rayne Building, University College London, London, UK.
| | | | - Carlo Casale
- Rayne Building, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nelson N Orie
- Royal Free Campus, University College London, London, UK; Anti-Doping Lab Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ian M Evans
- Cancer Stem Cell Team, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | | | - Rosaire Gray
- Rayne Building, University College London, London, UK; Whittington Hospital, London, UK
| | - Vidya Mohamed-Ali
- Royal Free Campus, University College London, London, UK; Anti-Doping Lab Qatar, Doha, Qatar
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Kagota S, Futokoro R, McGuire JJ, Maruyama-Fumoto K, Shinozuka K. Modulation of Vasomotor Function by Perivascular Adipose Tissue of Renal Artery Depends on Severity of Arterial Dysfunction to Nitric Oxide and Severity of Metabolic Parameters. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12070870. [PMID: 35883426 PMCID: PMC9312868 DOI: 10.3390/biom12070870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) enhances vascular relaxation of mesenteric arteries in SHRSP.Z-Leprfa/IzmDmcr rats (SPZF), a metabolic syndrome model. We investigated and compared the effects of PVAT on the renal artery in SPZF with those on SHR/NDmcr-cp rats (CP). Renal arteries with and without PVAT were isolated from 23-week-old SPZF and CP. The effects of PVAT on acetylcholine- and nitroprusside-induced relaxation were examined using bioassays with phenylephrine-contracted arterial rings. Acetylcholine-induced relaxations without PVAT in SPZF and CP were 0.7- and 0.5-times lower in females than in males, respectively. In the presence of PVAT, acetylcholine-induced relaxations increased 1.4- and 2-times in male and female CP, respectively, but did not differ in SPZF. Nitroprusside-induced relaxation with and without PVAT was 0.7-times lower in female than in male SPZF but did not differ in CP. Angiotensin-II type-1 receptor (AT1R)/AT1R-associated protein mRNA ratios were lower in CP than in the SPZF and negatively correlated with the difference in arterial relaxation with and without PVAT. The effects of renal artery PVAT differed between the SPZF and CP groups. Higher levels of enhanced AT1R activity in SPZF PVAT may drive these differences by impairing the vascular smooth muscle responses to nitric oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Kagota
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women’s University, Nishinomiya 663 8179, Japan; (R.F.); (K.M.-F.); (K.S.)
- Institute for Bioscience, Mukogawa Women’s University, Nishinomiya 663 8179, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-798-45-9944
| | - Risa Futokoro
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women’s University, Nishinomiya 663 8179, Japan; (R.F.); (K.M.-F.); (K.S.)
| | - John J. McGuire
- Departments of Medical Biophysics, Physiology & Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada;
| | - Kana Maruyama-Fumoto
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women’s University, Nishinomiya 663 8179, Japan; (R.F.); (K.M.-F.); (K.S.)
| | - Kazumasa Shinozuka
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women’s University, Nishinomiya 663 8179, Japan; (R.F.); (K.M.-F.); (K.S.)
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Amer A, Fabio F, Valoti M. Perivascular Adipose Tissue Modulates the Effects of Flavonoids on Rat Aorta Rings: Role of Superoxide Anion and β3 Receptors. Pharmacol Res 2022; 180:106231. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Wang Z, Lu H, Garcia-Barrio M, Guo Y, Zhang J, Chen YE, Chang L. RNA sequencing reveals perivascular adipose tissue plasticity in response to angiotensin II. Pharmacol Res 2022; 178:106183. [PMID: 35306139 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Most blood vessels are surrounded by perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT), which is a unique adipose tissue that plays critical roles in vascular physiology and pathophysiology. PVAT displays regional differences that impact vascular homeostasis. Angiotensin II (Ang II) is the main biologically active component of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), which has been extensively studied in vascular biology. However, the effects of Ang II on PVAT are less explored and remain to be elucidated. In this study, we systematically investigated the regional heterogeneity of three portions of aortic PVAT, i.e., ascending thoracic aortic PVAT (ATA-PVAT), descending thoracic aortic PVAT (DTA-PVAT) and abdominal aortic PVAT (AA-PVAT), and their responses to 7-day Ang II infusion using RNA sequencing. We found that AA-PVAT is clearly distinguished from both ATA-PVAT and DTA-PVAT, with significantly down-regulated oxidative phosphorylation and up-regulated inflammatory response pathways. Furthermore, AA-PVAT expresses lower levels of brown adipocyte marker genes, such as Ucp1, Cidea, Cox8b, Dio2 and Pgc1α, but expresses higher levels of proinflammatory genes, such as Ccl2, Il1β and Tnfα, and components of the RAAS, including Agt, Ace and Agtr1a. Ang II infusion significantly down-regulated oxidative phosphorylation in all regions of aortic PVAT and significantly up-regulated inflammatory response specifically in ATA-PVAT and DTA-PVAT. Moreover, ATA-PVAT was most responsive to Ang II induced inflammation. We further used CDGSH iron-sulfur domain-containing protein 1 (a.k.a. mitoNEET) transgenic mice that exhibit enhanced brown adipose tissue (BAT)-like phenotype in aortic PVAT, as indicated by elevated expression levels of brown adipocyte marker genes, and found that the enhanced BAT-like phenotype of aortic PVAT could counterbalance Ang II induced inflammatory and oxidative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenguo Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
| | - Haocheng Lu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
| | - Minerva Garcia-Barrio
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
| | - Yanhong Guo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
| | - Y Eugene Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
| | - Lin Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
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Perivascular Adipose Tissue Inflammation: The Anti-Inflammatory Role of Ghrelin in Atherosclerosis Progression. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12073307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) and its adipokines engage in bidirectional crosstalk with the vascular wall. Atherosclerosis disrupts this interaction through inflammation, rupture-prone plaques, and subsequent thrombosis. The cardioprotective effects of ghrelin are in contradiction to its adipogenic properties. The concurrent research of anti-/pro-atherogenic mechanisms of ghrelin and PVAT-derived adipokines provides a better understanding of atherosclerosis progression in metabolic disorders. In-depth coverage of the characteristic features of PVAT concerning vascular dysfunction, with a survey of ghrelin-induced anti-inflammatory effects on adipose tissue macrophage infiltration and the inhibitory activity of ghrelin on the proinflammatory adipokine secretion, show that the impact of ghrelin on the endothelial function should be studied in relation to PVAT.
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Balakumar P, Handa S, Alqahtani A, Alqahtani T, Khan NA, LakshmiRaj RS, Thangathirupathi A, Sundram K, Shenoy V. Unraveling the Differentially Articulated Axes of the Century-Old Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System: Potential Therapeutic Implications. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2022; 22:246-253. [PMID: 35143015 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-022-09724-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Among numerous choices in cardiovascular therapies used for the management of hypertension and heart failure, drugs affecting the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) hold substantial therapeutic roles. Therapies aimed at modifying the RAAS and its overactivation are employed for the management of various insidious disorders. In the pharmacologic perspective, RAAS is one of the frequently manipulated systems for the management of hypertension, heart failure, myocardial infarction, and renal disease. The RAAS pharmacologic interventions principally include the ACE inhibitors, the angiotensin II-AT1 receptor blockers, the mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, and the direct renin inhibitors. In addition, therapeutic implication of ACE2/angiotensin (1-7)/Mas receptor activation using various ligands is being explored owing to their anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic, vasodilatory, and cardiovascular defensive roles. Moreover, being considered as the counter-regulatory arm of AT1 receptor, the potential role of AT2 receptor activation using selective AT2 receptor agonist is currently investigated for its efficacy in pulmonary complications. As an important regulator of fluid volume, blood pressure, and cardiovascular-renal function, the RAAS has been documented as a diversified intricate system with several therapeutic possibilities coupled with their fundamental structural and functional modulatory roles in cardiovascular, renal, and other systems. The RAAS possesses a number of regulatory, deregulatory, and counter-regulatory axes of physiopathologic importance in health and disease. The counter-regulatory arms of the RAAS might play an essential role in mitigating cardiovascular, renal, and pulmonary pathologies. In light of this background, we sought to explore the classical and counter-regulatory axes/arms of the RAAS and their imperative roles in physiologic functions and disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pitchai Balakumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Pannai College of Pharmacy, Dindigul, Tamil Nadu, 624005, India.
| | | | - Ali Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Guraiger, 62529, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Taha Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Guraiger, 62529, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Noohu Abdulla Khan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Guraiger, 62529, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - R Sulochana LakshmiRaj
- Department of Pharmacology, Pannai College of Pharmacy, Dindigul, Tamil Nadu, 624005, India
| | - A Thangathirupathi
- Department of Pharmacology, Pannai College of Pharmacy, Dindigul, Tamil Nadu, 624005, India
| | - Karupiah Sundram
- Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Semeling, 08100, Bedong, Malaysia
| | - Vinayak Shenoy
- College of Pharmacy, California Health Sciences University, Clovis, CA, 93612, USA
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Balakumar P, Jagadeesh G. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system: A century-old diversified system with several therapeutic avenues. Pharmacol Res 2021; 174:105929. [PMID: 34740819 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pitchai Balakumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Pannai College of Pharmacy, Dindigul 624005, India.
| | - Gowraganahalli Jagadeesh
- Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Office of Cardiology, Hematology, Endocrinology, and Nephrology, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
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