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Ma Z, Chang R, Zhu L, Zhu D, Deng Y, Guo X, Cheng Z, Chen X. Metabolic Engineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum for Highly Efficient Production of Ectoine. ACS Synth Biol 2024; 13:2081-2090. [PMID: 38607270 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.4c00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Ectoine is a compatible solute that functions as a cell protector from various stresses, protecting cells and stabilizing biomolecules, and is widely used in medicine, cosmetics, and biotechnology. Microbial fermentation has been widely used for the large-scale production of ectoine, and a number of fermentation strategies have been developed to increase the ectoine yield, reduce production costs, and simplify the production process. Here, Corynebacterium glutamicum was engineered for ectoine production by heterologous expression of the ectoine biosynthesis operon ectBAC gene from Halomonas elongata, and a series of genetic modifications were implemented. This included introducing the de3 gene from Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) to express the T7 promoter, eliminating the lysine transporter protein lysE to limit lysine production, and performing a targeted mutation lysCS301Y on aspartate kinase to alleviate feedback inhibition of lysine. The new engineered strain Ect10 obtained an ectoine titer of 115.87 g/L in an optimized fed-batch fermentation, representing the highest ectoine production level in C. glutamicum and achieving the efficient production of ectoine in a low-salt environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Ma
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Renjie Chang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Linjiang Zhu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Dianhao Zhu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Yanfeng Deng
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Xinying Guo
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Ziyi Cheng
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Xiaolong Chen
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
- Quzhou Eco-Industrial Innovation Institute, Zhejiang University of Technology, Quzhou 324003, PR China
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Li JM, Lin N, Zhang Y, Chen X, Liu Z, Lu R, Bian F, Liu H, Pflugfelder SC, Li DQ. Ectoine protects corneal epithelial survival and barrier from hyperosmotic stress by promoting anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-37. Ocul Surf 2024; 32:182-191. [PMID: 38490477 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2024.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore novel role and molecular mechanism of a natural osmoprotectant ectoine in protecting corneal epithelial cell survival and barrier from hyperosmotic stress. METHODS Primary human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) were established from donor limbus. The confluent cultures in isosmolar medium were switched to hyperosmotic media (400-500 mOsM), with or without ectoine or rhIL-37 for different time periods. Cell viability and proliferation were evaluated by MTT or WST assay. The integrity of barrier proteins and the expression of cytokines and cathepsin S were evaluated by RT-qPCR, ELISA, and immunostaining with confocal microscopy. RESULTS HCECs survived well in 450mOsM but partially damaged in 500mOsM medium. Ectoine well protected HCEC survival and proliferation at 500mOsM. The integrity of epithelial barrier was significantly disrupted in HCECs exposed to 450mOsM, as shown by 2D and 3D confocal immunofluorescent images of tight junction proteins ZO-1 and occludin. Ectoine at 5-20 mM well protected these barrier proteins under hyperosmotic stress. The expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 were dramatically stimulated by hyperosmolarity but significantly suppressed by Ectoine at 5-40 mM. Cathepsin S, which was stimulated by hyperosmolarity, directly disrupted epithelial barrier. Interestingly, anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-37 was suppressed by hyperosmolarity, but restored by ectoine at mRNA and protein levels. Furthermore, rhIL-37 suppressed cathepsin S and rescued cell survival and barrier in HCECs exposed to hyperosmolarity. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate that ectoine protects HCEC survival and barrier from hyperosmotic stress by promoting IL-37. This provides new insight into pathogenesis and therapeutic potential for dry eye disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Miao Li
- Ocular Surface Center, Cullen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Na Lin
- Ocular Surface Center, Cullen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Ocular Surface Center, Cullen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Ocular Surface Center, Cullen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Zhao Liu
- Ocular Surface Center, Cullen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Rong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Fang Bian
- Ocular Surface Center, Cullen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Haixia Liu
- Allergan, An AbbVie Company, Irvine, CA, 92612, USA
| | - Stephen C Pflugfelder
- Ocular Surface Center, Cullen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - De-Quan Li
- Ocular Surface Center, Cullen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Chen J, Qiao D, Yuan T, Feng Y, Zhang P, Wang X, Zhang L. Biotechnological production of ectoine: current status and prospects. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2024; 69:247-258. [PMID: 37962826 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-023-01105-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Ectoine is an important natural secondary metabolite in halophilic microorganisms. It protects cells against environmental stressors, such as salinity, freezing, drying, and high temperatures. Ectoine is widely used in medical, cosmetic, and other industries. Due to the commercial market demand of ectoine, halophilic microorganisms are the primary method for producing ectoine, which is produced using the industrial fermentation process "bacterial milking." The method has some limitations, such as the high salt concentration fermentation, which is highly corrosive to the equipment, and this also increases the difficulty of downstream purification and causes high production costs. The ectoine synthesis gene cluster has been successfully heterologously expressed in industrial microorganisms, and the yield of ectoine was significantly increased and the cost was reduced. This review aims to summarize and update microbial production of ectoine using different microorganisms, environments, and metabolic engineering and fermentation strategies and provides important reference for the development and application of ectoine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an, 237012, China
- Anhui Engineering Research Center for Eco-Agriculture of Traditional Chinese Medicine, West Anhui University, Lu'an, 23702, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry, Ministry of Natural Resources, State Oceanic Administration & Second Institute of Oceanography, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Deliang Qiao
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an, 237012, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluationand, Improvement of Traditional Chinese Medicine, West Anhui University, Lu, 237012, China
| | - Tao Yuan
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an, 237012, China
| | - Yeyuan Feng
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an, 237012, China
| | - Pengjun Zhang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an, 237012, China
| | - Xuejun Wang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an, 237012, China
| | - Li Zhang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an, 237012, China.
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluationand, Improvement of Traditional Chinese Medicine, West Anhui University, Lu, 237012, China.
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Hu M, Zhu J, Peng G, Lu W, Wang H, Xie Z. IMOVNN: incomplete multi-omics data integration variational neural networks for gut microbiome disease prediction and biomarker identification. Brief Bioinform 2023; 24:bbad394. [PMID: 37930027 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbad394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome has been regarded as one of the fundamental determinants regulating human health, and multi-omics data profiling has been increasingly utilized to bolster the deep understanding of this complex system. However, stemming from cost or other constraints, the integration of multi-omics often suffers from incomplete views, which poses a great challenge for the comprehensive analysis. In this work, a novel deep model named Incomplete Multi-Omics Variational Neural Networks (IMOVNN) is proposed for incomplete data integration, disease prediction application and biomarker identification. Benefiting from the information bottleneck and the marginal-to-joint distribution integration mechanism, the IMOVNN can learn the marginal latent representation of each individual omics and the joint latent representation for better disease prediction. Moreover, owing to the feature-selective layer predicated upon the concrete distribution, the model is interpretable and can identify the most relevant features. Experiments on inflammatory bowel disease multi-omics datasets demonstrate that our method outperforms several state-of-the-art methods for disease prediction. In addition, IMOVNN has identified significant biomarkers from multi-omics data sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyi Hu
- School of Artificial Intelligence and Computer Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jinlin Zhu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | | | - Wenwei Lu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Hongchao Wang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhenping Xie
- School of Artificial Intelligence and Computer Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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Hamamah S, Amin A, Al-Kassir AL, Chuang J, Covasa M. Dietary Fat Modulation of Gut Microbiota and Impact on Regulatory Pathways Controlling Food Intake. Nutrients 2023; 15:3365. [PMID: 37571301 PMCID: PMC10421457 DOI: 10.3390/nu15153365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a multifactorial disease that continues to increase in prevalence worldwide. Emerging evidence has shown that the development of obesity may be influenced by taxonomic shifts in gut microbiota in response to the consumption of dietary fats. Further, these alterations in gut microbiota have been shown to promote important changes in satiation signals including gut hormones (leptin, ghrelin, GLP-1, peptide YY and CCK) and orexigenic and anorexigenic neuropeptides (AgRP, NPY, POMC, CART) that influence hyperphagia and therefore obesity. In this review, we highlight mechanisms by which gut microbiota can influence these satiation signals both locally in the gastrointestinal tract and via microbiota-gut-brain communication. Then, we describe the effects of dietary interventions and associated changes in gut microbiota on satiety signals through microbiota-dependent mechanisms. Lastly, we present microbiota optimizing therapies including prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics and weight loss surgery that can help restore beneficial gut microbiota by enhancing satiety signals to reduce hyperphagia and subsequent obesity. Overall, a better understanding of the mechanisms by which dietary fats induce taxonomical shifts in gut microbiota and their impact on satiation signaling pathways will help develop more targeted therapeutic interventions in delaying the onset of obesity and in furthering its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevag Hamamah
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (S.H.); (A.A.); (A.L.A.-K.); (J.C.)
| | - Arman Amin
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (S.H.); (A.A.); (A.L.A.-K.); (J.C.)
| | - Abdul Latif Al-Kassir
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (S.H.); (A.A.); (A.L.A.-K.); (J.C.)
| | - Judith Chuang
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (S.H.); (A.A.); (A.L.A.-K.); (J.C.)
| | - Mihai Covasa
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (S.H.); (A.A.); (A.L.A.-K.); (J.C.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Biological Science, University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania
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Associations Between the Gut Microbiota, Urinary Metabolites, and Diet in Women During the Third Trimester of Pregnancy. Curr Dev Nutr 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cdnut.2022.100025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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Ma Z, Wu C, Zhu L, Chang R, Ma W, Deng Y, Chen X. Bioactivity profiling of the extremolyte ectoine as a promising protectant and its heterologous production. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:331. [PMID: 36311375 PMCID: PMC9606177 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03370-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectoine is a compatible solutes that is diffusely dispersed in bacteria and archaea. It plays a significant role as protectant against various external pressures, such as high temperature, high osmolarity, dryness and radiation, in cells. Ectoine can be utilized in cosmetics due to its properties of moisturizing and antiultraviolet. It can also be used in the pharmaceutical industry for treating various diseases. Therefore, strong protection of ectoine creates a high commercial value. Its current market value is approximately US$1000 kg-1. However, traditional ectoine production in high-salinity media causes high costs of equipment loss and wastewater treatment. There is a growing attention to reduce the salinity of the fermentation broth without sacrificing the production of ectoine. Thus, heterologous production of ectoine in nonhalophilic microorganisms may represent the new generation of the industrial production of ectoine. In this review, we summarized and discussed the biological activities of ectoine on cell and human health protection and its heterologous production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Ma
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 People’s Republic of China
| | - Chutian Wu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 People’s Republic of China
| | - Linjiang Zhu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 People’s Republic of China
| | - Renjie Chang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 People’s Republic of China
| | - Weilin Ma
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanfeng Deng
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaolong Chen
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 People’s Republic of China
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Zeng F, Zhu Y, Zhang D, Zhao Z, Li Q, Ma P, Zhang G, Wang Y, Wu S, Guo S, Sun G. Metagenomic analysis of the soil microbial composition and salt tolerance mechanism in Yuncheng Salt Lake, Shanxi Province. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1004556. [PMID: 36225369 PMCID: PMC9549588 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1004556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The soil in Yuncheng Salt Lake has serious salinization and the biogeographic environment affects the composition and distribution of special halophilic and salt-tolerant microbial communities in this area. Therefore, this study collected soils at distances of 15, 30, and 45 m from the Salt Lake and used non-saline soil (60 m) as a control to explore the microbial composition and salt tolerance mechanisms using metagenomics technology. The results showed that the dominant species and abundance of salt-tolerant microorganisms changed gradually with distance from Salt Lake. The salt-tolerant microorganisms can increase the expression of the Na+/H+ antiporter by upregulating the Na+/H+ antiporter subunit mnhA-G to respond to salt stress, simultaneously upregulating the genes in the betaine/proline transport system to promote the conversion of choline into betaine, while also upregulating the trehalose/maltose transport system encode genes to promote the synthesis of trehalose to resist a high salt environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifeng Zeng
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yonghong Zhu
- Cotton Research Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Shanxi, China
| | - Dongling Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zengqiang Zhao
- Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation, Xinjiang, China
| | - Quansheng Li
- Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation, Xinjiang, China
| | - Panpan Ma
- Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation, Xinjiang, China
| | - Guoli Zhang
- Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shenjie Wu
- Cotton Research Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Shanxi, China
| | - Sandui Guo
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guoqing Sun
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Guoqing Sun,
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Merckx C, Zschüntzsch J, Meyer S, Raedt R, Verschuere H, Schmidt J, De Paepe B, De Bleecker JL. Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Ectoine in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: Comparison with Taurine, a Supplement with Known Beneficial Effects in the mdx Mouse. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179567. [PMID: 36076964 PMCID: PMC9455265 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is a debilitating muscle disorder that condemns patients to year-long dependency on glucocorticoids. Chronic glucocorticoid use elicits many unfavourable side-effects without offering satisfying clinical improvement, thus, the search for alternative treatments to alleviate muscle inflammation persists. Taurine, an osmolyte with anti-inflammatory effects, mitigated pathological features in the mdx mouse model for DMD but interfered with murine development. In this study, ectoine is evaluated as an alternative for taurine in vitro in CCL-136 cells and in vivo in the mdx mouse. Pre-treating CCL-136 cells with 0.1 mM taurine and 0.1 mM ectoine prior to exposure with 300 U/mL IFN-γ and 20 ng/mL IL-1β partially attenuated cell death, whilst 100 mM taurine reduced MHC-I protein levels. In vivo, histopathological features of the tibialis anterior in mdx mice were mitigated by ectoine, but not by taurine. Osmolyte treatment significantly reduced mRNA levels of inflammatory disease biomarkers, respectively, CCL2 and SPP1 in ectoine-treated mdx mice, and CCL2, HSPA1A, TNF-α and IL-1β in taurine-treated mdx mice. Functional performance was not improved by osmolyte treatment. Furthermore, ectoine-treated mdx mice exhibited reduced body weight. Our results confirmed beneficial effects of taurine in mdx mice and, for the first time, demonstrated similar and differential effects of ectoine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Merckx
- Department of Neurology, Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jana Zschüntzsch
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Meyer
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Robrecht Raedt
- 4BRAIN, Department Head and Skin, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hanne Verschuere
- Unit of Molecular Signaling and Cell Death, Center for Inflammation Research, Flemish Institute for Biotechnology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jens Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Neurology and Pain Treatment, Immanuel Klinik Rüdersdorf, University Hospital of the Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, 15562 Rüdersdorf bei Berlin, Germany
- Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, 15562 Rüdersdorf bei Berlin, Germany
| | - Boel De Paepe
- Department of Neurology, Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Correspondence:
| | - Jan L. De Bleecker
- Department of Neurology, Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Haifer C, Luu LDW, Paramsothy S, Borody TJ, Leong RW, Kaakoush NO. Microbial determinants of effective donors in faecal microbiota transplantation for UC. Gut 2022; 72:gutjnl-2022-327742. [PMID: 35879048 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2022-327742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has variable efficacy in treating UC. Recently, oral lyophilised FMT was found to induce remission in patients with UC, with one donor having 100% efficacy compared with a second donor (36% efficacy). We characterised differences in the gut microbiota of these two donors with the aim of improving FMT donor selection. DESIGN Faecal samples from the two donors were collected over a period of 44 (donor 1) or 70 (donor 2) weeks. The microbiome and metabolome were profiled using shotgun metagenomics and untargeted metabolomics RESULTS: Gut microbiome long-term stability was highly evident in the effective donor. Donor microbiota species evenness was a robust feature associated with clinical efficacy across two clinical trials of FMT in UC, leading to increased donor species engraftment in patients. Alpha diversity and beta diversity of donor gut microbiotas significantly differed. 90 bacterial species and one archaeon were differentially abundant between donors, 44 of which were >0.1% in relative abundance. 17/44 species were enriched in the effective donor, 11 of which (64.7%) were assembled into high-quality genomes that were prevalent (≥75% samples) in that donor, and six showed evidence of engraftment in patients. Taxonomic differences between donors translated to substantial microbial functional differences that were validated using metabolomics. CONCLUSION Donor microbiota stability and species evenness were identified as novel metrics that were associated with therapeutic efficacy in UC, beyond individual microbial species or metabolites. These metrics may represent community resilience that translates to better engraftment in the host. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ACTRN12619000611123.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Haifer
- Concord Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Gastroenterology, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Laurence Don Wai Luu
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sudarshan Paramsothy
- Concord Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Rupert W Leong
- Concord Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nadeem O Kaakoush
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Meyer RK, Bime MA, Duca FA. Small intestinal metabolomics analysis reveals differentially regulated metabolite profiles in obese rats and with prebiotic supplementation. Metabolomics 2022; 18:60. [PMID: 35871176 PMCID: PMC10234511 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-022-01920-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Obesity occurs partly due to consumption of a high-fat, high-sugar and low fiber diet and is associated with an altered gut microbiome. Prebiotic supplementation can reverse obesity and beneficially alter the gut microbiome, evidenced by previous studies in rodents. However, the role of the small intestinal metabolome in obese and prebiotic supplemented rodents has never been investigated. OBJECTIVES To investigate and compare the small intestinal metabolome of healthy and obese rats, as well as obese rats supplemented with the prebiotic oligofructose (OFS). METHODS Untargeted metabolomics was performed on small intestinal contents of healthy chow-fed, high fat diet-induced obese, and obese rats supplemented with oligofructose using UPLC-MS/MS. Quantification of enterohepatic bile acids was performed with UPLC-MS to determine specific effects of obesity and fiber supplementation on the bile acid pool composition. RESULTS The small intestinal metabolome of obese rats was distinct from healthy rats. OFS supplementation did not significantly alter the small intestinal metabolome but did alter levels of several metabolites compared to obese rats, including bile acid metabolites, amino acid metabolites, and metabolites related to the gut microbiota. Further, obese rats had lower total bile acids and increased taurine-conjugated bile acid species in enterohepatic circulation; this effect was reversed with OFS supplementation in high fat-feeding. CONCLUSION Obesity is associated with a distinct small intestinal metabolome, and OFS supplementation reverses some metabolite levels that were altered in obese rats. Future research into the effects of specific metabolites identified in this study will provide deeper insight into the mechanism of fiber supplementation on improved body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K Meyer
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, University of Arizona, ACBS Building, 1117 E Lowell Street, Tucson, AZ, 85711, USA
| | - Megan A Bime
- KEYS Program, BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA
| | - Frank A Duca
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA.
- Department of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA.
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Sattar OIA, Abuseada HH, Emara MS, Rabee M. Green Electrochemical and Chromatographic Quantifications of the Extremolyte Ectoine in Halophilic Bacterial Cultures and Related Pharmaceutical Preparations. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 213:114680. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Topical Ectoine Application in Children and Adults to Treat Inflammatory Diseases Associated with an Impaired Skin Barrier: A Systematic Review. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2022; 12:295-313. [PMID: 35038127 PMCID: PMC8850511 DOI: 10.1007/s13555-021-00676-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Inflammatory skin diseases are a significant burden on affected patients. Inflammation is caused by various stress factors to the epidermis resulting in, e.g., dryness, redness, and pruritus. Emollients are used in basic therapy to restore the natural skin barrier and relieve symptoms. A systematic review was performed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ectoine-containing topical formulations in inflammatory skin diseases characterized by an impaired skin barrier. Methods A systematic review was carried out in PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and Microsoft Academic up to October 2021. Inclusion criteria were ectoine-containing topical formulations (creams, emollients) used for (adjuvant) therapy of inflammatory skin diseases. Clinical studies of any design published in any language were included. Results A total of 230 references were screened for eligibility, of which six were selected for inclusion in the review (five studies on atopic dermatitis and one study on prevention and management of retinoid dermatitis). The application of topical formulations containing 5.5–7.0% ectoine positively influenced skin dryness and, consequently, pruritus and dermatitis-specific scores in patients with atopic dermatitis. Especially in infants and children, who belong to the most frequently affected group, the formulations were well-tolerated when applied for up to 4 weeks. In studies where ectoine was used as an adjuvant therapy, application was associated with a decreased need for pharmacological therapy and also improved the effectiveness of, e.g., topical corticosteroids. In patients undergoing isotretinoin therapy, ectoine was as effective as dexpanthenol in reducing retinoid dermatitis or improving symptoms. Conclusion Ectoine is an effective natural substance with an excellent tolerability and safety profile, representing a beneficial alternative as basic therapy or to increase the efficacy of the pharmacological treatment regimen for patients with inflammatory skin diseases, including infants and children.
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Kang S, Kim K, Jun SH, Lee S, Kim J, Shin JG, Kim Y, Kim M, Park SG, Kang NG. Anti-Irritant Strategy against Retinol Based on the Genetic Analysis of Korean Population: A Genetically Guided Top-Down Approach. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13122006. [PMID: 34959288 PMCID: PMC8706521 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinol, one of the most powerful cosmetic materials for anti-aging supported by a solid scientific background, exhibits a wide range of type and severity of irritation while showing limited user compliance. The lack of understanding of the mechanism of retinol-induced irritation has been the main hurdle in the development of anti-irritation strategies. Here, we identified 30 genetic markers related to the susceptibility to retinol-induced irritation in the Korean population. Based on the genetic analysis, a novel formula against retinol-induced irritation was developed, which mitigated the molecular pathogenesis—as indicated by the genetic markers—of the retinol-induced irritation. In human tests, this formula effectively decreased retinol-induced irritation. Furthermore, a polygenic risk score model for irritation was constructed and validated. Our comprehensive approach for the analysis of retinol-induced irritation will not only aid the development of anti-irritation strategies to ensure higher user compliance but also contribute to improving the current knowledge about the biological effects of retinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Seung-Hyun Jun
- Correspondence: (S.-H.J.); (N.-G.K.); Tel.: +82-2-6980-1239 (S.-H.J.); +82-2-6980-1533 (N.-G.K.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nae-Gyu Kang
- Correspondence: (S.-H.J.); (N.-G.K.); Tel.: +82-2-6980-1239 (S.-H.J.); +82-2-6980-1533 (N.-G.K.)
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Frikha-Dammak D, Ayadi H, Hakim-Rekik I, Belbahri L, Maalej S. Genome analysis of the salt-resistant Paludifilum halophilum DSM 102817 T reveals genes involved in flux-tuning of ectoines and unexplored bioactive secondary metabolites. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 37:178. [PMID: 34549358 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-021-03147-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Paludifilum halophilum DSM 102817T is the first member of the genus Paludifilum in the Thermoactinomycetaceae family. The thermohalophilic bacterium was isolated from the solar saltern of Sfax, Tunisia and was shown to be able to produce ectoines with a relatively high-yield and to cope with salt stress conditions. In this study, the whole genome of P. halophilum was sequenced and analysed. Analysis revealed 3,789,765 base pairs with an average GC% content of 51.5%. A total of 3775 genes were predicted of which 3616 were protein-coding genes and 73 were RNA genes. The genes encoding key enzymes for ectoines (ectoine and hydroxyectoine) synthesis (ectABCD) were identified from the bacterial genome next to a gene cluster (ehuABCD) encoding a binding-protein-dependent ABC transport system responsible for ectoines mobility through the cell membrane. With the aid of KEGG analysis, we found that the central catabolic network of P. halophilum comprises the pathways of glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and pentose phosphate. In addition, anaplerotic pathways replenishing oxaloacetate and glutamate synthesis from central metabolism needed for high ectoines biosynthetic fluxes were identified through several key enzymes. Furthermore, a total of 18 antiSMASH-predicted putative biosynthetic gene clusters for secondary metabolites with high novelty and diversity were identified in P. halophilum genome, including biosynthesis of colabomycine-A, fusaricidin-E, zwittermycin A, streptomycin, mycosubtilin and meilingmycin. Based on these data, P. halophilum emerged as a promising source for ectoines and antimicrobials with the potential to be scaled up for industrial production, which could benefit the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donyez Frikha-Dammak
- Laboratoire de Biodiversité Marine et Environnement (LR18ES30), Faculté des Sciences de Sfax, Université de Sfax, BP 1171, 3000, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Houda Ayadi
- Laboratoire de Biodiversité Marine et Environnement (LR18ES30), Faculté des Sciences de Sfax, Université de Sfax, BP 1171, 3000, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Imen Hakim-Rekik
- Unité de Génomique Fonctionnelle et Physiologie des Plantes, Université de Sfax, Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Sfax, BP 1175, 3000, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Lassaad Belbahri
- Laboratory of Soil Biology, University of Neuchatel, 11 Rue Emile Argand, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Sami Maalej
- Laboratoire de Biodiversité Marine et Environnement (LR18ES30), Faculté des Sciences de Sfax, Université de Sfax, BP 1171, 3000, Sfax, Tunisia.
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The Effectiveness of the Bacteria Derived Extremolyte Ectoine for the Treatment of Allergic Rhinitis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:5562623. [PMID: 34159193 PMCID: PMC8187048 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5562623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Nonpharmacological therapies with a good tolerability and safety profile are of interest to many patients with allergic rhinitis, as a relevant proportion of them have reservations about guideline-concordant pharmacological therapies due to their local irritations and side effects. Ectoine is a bacterial-derived extremolyte with an ability to protect proteins and biological membranes against damage caused by extreme conditions of salinity, drought, irradiation, pH, and temperature. Evidence from preclinical and clinical studies attests its effectiveness in the treatment of several inflammatory diseases, including allergic rhinitis. In this review, we analyzed 14 recent clinical trials investigating ectoine nasal spray in patients with allergic rhinitis and/or conjunctivitis, including sensitive patient groups like children or pregnant women. Some studies investigated monotherapy with ectoine; others investigated combination therapy of ectoine and an antihistamine or a corticosteroid. Analysis of the study results demonstrated that patients with mild-to-moderate symptoms of allergic rhinitis can be successfully treated with ectoine-containing nasal spray. When applied as monotherapy, ectoine exerted noninferior effects compared to first-line therapies such as antihistamines and cromoglicic acid. Using ectoine as an add-on therapy to antihistamines or intranasal glucocorticosteroids accelerated symptom relief by days and improved the level of symptom relief. Importantly, concomitant treatment with ectoine was proven beneficial in a group of difficult-to-treat patients suffering from moderate-to-severe rhinitis symptoms. Taken together, the natural substance ectoine represents a viable alternative for allergic rhinitis and conjunctivitis patients who wish to avoid local reactions and side effects associated with pharmacological therapies.
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Bilstein A, Heinrich A, Rybachuk A, Mösges R. Ectoine in the Treatment of Irritations and Inflammations of the Eye Surface. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:8885032. [PMID: 33628826 PMCID: PMC7889333 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8885032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The ocular surface is facing various unspecific stress factors resulting in irritation and inflammation of the epithelia, causing discomfort to the patients. Ectoine is a bacteria-derived extremolyte with the ability to protect proteins and biological membranes from damage caused by extreme environmental conditions like heat, UV-light, high osmolarity, or dryness. Evidence from preclinical and clinical studies attest its effectiveness in treating several epithelium-associated inflammatory diseases, including the eye surface. In this review, we analysed 16 recent clinical trials investigating ectoine eye drops in patients with allergic conjunctivitis or with other unspecific ocular inflammations caused by e.g. ophthalmic surgery. Findings from these studies were reviewed in context with other published work on ectoine. In summary, patients with irritations and unspecific inflammations of the ocular surface have been treated successfully with ectoine-containing eye drops. In these patients, significant improvement was observed in ocular symptoms of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, postoperative secondary dry eye syndrome, or ocular reepithelisation after surgery. Using ectoine as an add-on therapy to antihistamines, in allergy patients accelerated symptom relief by days, and its use as an add-on to antibiotics resulted in faster wound closure. Ectoine is a natural substance with an excellent tolerability and safety profile thus representing a helpful alternative for patients with inflammatory irritation of the ocular surface, who wish to avoid local reactions and side effects associated with pharmacological therapies or wish to increase the efficacy of standard treatment regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anna Rybachuk
- Bogomolets National Medical University, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tarasa Shevchenko Blvd, 13, Kiev, Ukraine 01601
- State Institution “O.S. Kolomiychenko Institute of Otolaryngology of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine”, Zoolohichna St, 3, Kiev, Ukraine 03057
| | - Ralph Mösges
- Institute of Medical Statistics and Computational Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
- CRI Ltd., Genter Str. 7, 50672 Cologne, Germany
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18
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Rasteniene A, Gruskiene R, Sereikaite J. Interaction of ectoine and hydroxyectoine with protein: fluorescence study. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-021-01527-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Bethlehem L, van Echten-Deckert G. Ectoines as novel anti-inflammatory and tissue protective lead compounds with special focus on inflammatory bowel disease and lung inflammation. Pharmacol Res 2020; 164:105389. [PMID: 33352226 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The compatible solute ectoine is one of the most abundant and powerful cytoprotectant in the microbial world. Due to its unique ability to stabilize biological membranes and macromolecules it has been successfully commercialized as ingredient of various over-the-counter drugs, achieving primarily epithelial protection. While trying to elucidate the mechanism of its cell protective properties in in-vitro studies, a significant anti-inflammatory effect was documented for the small molecule. The tissue protective potential of ectoine considerably improved organ quality during preservation. In addition, ectoine and derivatives have been demonstrated to significantly decrease inflammatory cytokine production, thereby alleviating the inflammatory response following organ transplantation, and launching new therapeutic options for pathologies such as Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). In this review, we aim to summarize the knowledge of this fairly nascent field of the anti-inflammatory potential of diverse ectoines. We also point out that this promising field faces challenges in its biochemical and molecular substantiations, including defining the molecular mechanisms of the observed effects and their regulation. However, based on their potent cytoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and non-toxic properties we believe that ectoines represent promising candidates for risk free interventions in inflammatory pathologies with steeply increasing demands for new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Bethlehem
- Institute for Microbiology & Biotechnology, University Bonn, Germany.
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20
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Bethlehem L, Moritz KD. Boosting Escherichia coli's heterologous production rate of ectoines by exploiting the non-halophilic gene cluster from Acidiphilium cryptum. Extremophiles 2020; 24:733-747. [PMID: 32699914 PMCID: PMC7445199 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-020-01188-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The compatible solutes ectoine and hydroxyectoine are synthesized by many microorganisms as potent osmostress and desiccation protectants. Besides their successful implementation into various skincare products, they are of increasing biotechnological interest due to new applications in the healthcare sector. To meet this growing demand, efficient heterologous overproduction solutions for ectoines need to be found. This study is the first report on the utilization of the non-halophilic biosynthesis enzymes from Acidiphilium cryptum DSM 2389T for efficient heterologous production of ectoines in Escherichia coli. When grown at low salt conditions (≤ 0.5% NaCl) and utilizing the cheap carbon source glycerol, the production was characterized by the highest specific production of ectoine [2.9 g/g dry cell weight (dcw)] and hydroxyectoine (2.2 g/g dcw) reported so far and occurred at rapid specific production rates of up to 345 mg/(g dcw × h). This efficiency in production was related to an unprecedented carbon source conversion rate of approx. 60% of the theoretical maximum. These findings confirm the unique potential of the here implemented non-halophilic enzymes for ectoine production processes in E. coli and demonstrate the first efficient heterologous solution for hydroxyectoine production, as well as an extraordinary efficient low-salt ectoine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Bethlehem
- Institute for Microbiology and Biotechnology, University Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 168, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Katharina D Moritz
- Institute for Microbiology and Biotechnology, University Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 168, 53115, Bonn, Germany
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High ectoine production by an engineered Halomonas hydrothermalis Y2 in a reduced salinity medium. Microb Cell Fact 2019; 18:184. [PMID: 31655591 PMCID: PMC6815383 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-019-1230-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As an attracted compatible solute, 1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2-methyl-4-pyrimidinecarboxylic acid (ectoine) showed great potentials in various field. However, lower productivity and high saline medium seriously hinder its wide applications. Results The entire ectoine metabolism, including pathways for ectoine synthesis and catabolism, was identified in the genome of an ectoine-excreting strain Halomonas hydrothermalis Y2. By in-frame deletion of genes encoding ectoine hydroxylase (EctD) and (or) ectoine hydrolase (DoeA) that responsible for ectoine catabolism, the pathways for ectoine utilization were disrupted and resulted in an obviously enhanced productivity. Using an optimized medium containing 100 g L−1 NaCl in a 500-mL flask, the double mutant of Y2/ΔectD/ΔdoeA synthesized 3.13 g L−1 ectoine after 30 h cultivation. This is much higher than that of the wild type strain (1.91 g L−1), and also exceeds the production of Y2/ΔectD (2.21 g L−1). The remarkably enhanced accumulation of ectoine by Y2/ΔectD/ΔdoeA implied a critical function of Doe pathway in the ectoine catabolism. Furthermore, to reduce the salinity of fermentation medium and overcome the wastewater treatment difficulty, mutants that lacking key Na+/H+ antiporter, Mrp and (or) NhaD2, were constructed based on strain Y2/ΔectD/ΔdoeA. As a result, the Mrp-deficient strain could synthesize equal amount of ectoine (around 7 g L−1 or 500 mg (g DCW) −1) in the medium containing lower concentration of NaCl. During a fed-batch fermentation process with 60 g L−1 NaCl stress, a maximum 10.5 g L−1 ectoine was accumulated by the Mrp-deficient strain, with a specific production of 765 mg (g DCW)−1 and a yield of 0.21 g g−1 monosodium glutamate. Conclusion The remarkably enhanced production of ectoine by Y2/ΔectD/ΔdoeA implied the critical function of Doe pathway in the ectoine catabolism. Moreover, the reduced salinity requirement of Mrp-deficient strain implied a feasible protocol for many compatible solute biosynthesis, i.e., by silencing some Na+/H+ antiporters in their halophilic producers and thus lowering the medium salinity.![]()
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Brands S, Schein P, Castro-Ochoa KF, Galinski EA. Hydroxyl radical scavenging of the compatible solute ectoine generates two N-acetimides. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 674:108097. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2019.108097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Al‐Kishali HA, Abd El Fattah MA, Mohammad WA, El‐Abhar HS. Cilostazol against 2,4,6‐trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid‐induced colitis: Effect on tight junction, inflammation, and apoptosis. JGH Open 2019; 3:281-289. [PMID: 31406920 PMCID: PMC6684512 DOI: 10.1002/jgh3.12148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Background Aim Methods Results Conclusion
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiba A Al‐Kishali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of PharmacyCairo UniversityCairoEgypt
| | - Mai A Abd El Fattah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of PharmacyCairo UniversityCairoEgypt
| | | | - Hanan S El‐Abhar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of PharmacyCairo UniversityCairoEgypt
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Dao VA, Overhagen S, Bilstein A, Kolot C, Sonnemann U, Mösges R. Ectoine lozenges in the treatment of acute viral pharyngitis: a prospective, active-controlled clinical study. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2019; 276:775-783. [PMID: 30739176 PMCID: PMC6411829 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-019-05324-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Acute pharyngitis is an uncomfortable disorder mostly caused by viruses and for which antibiotics are unwarranted. This study compared lozenges containing ectoine, a natural extremolyte, with hyaluronic acid lozenges and hypertonic saline gargle for symptomatic treatment of acute viral pharyngitis. METHODS This prospective, controlled clinical study, recruited 90 patients with moderate-to-severe pharyngitis symptoms who chose to use either ectoine (n = 35), hyaluronic acid (n = 35), or saline gargle (n = 20). Patients applied their 7-day treatment from the inclusion visit (V1) until the end-of-study visit (V2). Patients' pharyngitis symptoms, general health, general treatment effectiveness and tolerability, and patient compliance were assessed by investigators and patients. RESULTS The sum score for three primary symptoms (pain on swallowing, urge to cough, and hoarseness) decreased by 79.5% (ectoine), 72.2% (hyaluronic acid), and 44.8% (saline gargle). Both lozenges were significantly superior to saline gargle (P < 0.05). Regarding general health improvement, ectoine was significantly superior to saline gargle (72.5% vs. 45.2%, P < 0.05), but hyaluronic acid (63.3%) was not. At V2, 65.7% of patients receiving ectoine reported "very good" general health vs. 48.6% of those receiving hyaluronic acid and 20.0% using saline gargle. Ectoine was significantly superior (P < 0.05) to both hyaluronic acid and saline gargle in terms of tolerability and patient compliance. No patients taking ectoine reported unpleasant sensations while applying their treatment, whereas almost half of patients using hyaluronic acid lozenges and saline gargle did. CONCLUSION Treatment with ectoine lozenges significantly relieves moderate-to-severe symptoms of acute viral pharyngitis and is more effective and tolerable than treatments with hyaluronic acid lozenges and hypertonic saline gargle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van-Anh Dao
- CRI-Clinical Research International Ltd., Cologne, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Uwe Sonnemann
- Private Health Centre, Institute for ENT Elmshorn, Elmshorn, Germany
| | - Ralph Mösges
- CRI-Clinical Research International Ltd., Cologne, Germany
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Homoectoine Protects Against Colitis by Preventing a Claudin Switch in Epithelial Tight Junctions. Dig Dis Sci 2019; 64:409-420. [PMID: 30269272 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-018-5309-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are multifactorial disorders affecting millions of people worldwide with alarmingly increasing incidences every year. Dysfunction of the intestinal epithelial barrier is associated with IBD pathogenesis, and therapies include anti-inflammatory drugs that enhance intestinal barrier function. However, these drugs often have adverse side effects thus warranting the search for alternatives. Compatible solutes such as bacterial ectoines stabilize cell membranes and proteins. AIM To unravel whether ectoine (1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2-methyl-4-pyrimidinecarboxylic acid) and homoectoine (4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-2-methyl-1H-(1,3)-diazepine-4-carboxylic acid), a synthetic derivative of ectoine, have beneficial effects during dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. METHODS/RESULTS We found that the disease activity index was significantly reduced by both ectoines. DSS-induced edema formation, epithelial permeability, leukocyte recruitment and tissue damage were reduced by ectoine and homoectoine, with the latter having stronger effects. Interestingly, the claudin switch usually observed during colitis (decreased expression of claudin-1 and increased expression of the leaky claudin-2) was completely prevented by homoectoine, whereas ectoine only reduced claudin-2 expression. Concomitantly, only homoectoine ameliorated the drop in transepithelial electrical resistance induced by IFN-γ and TNF-α in Caco-2 cells. Both ectoines inhibited loss of ZO-1 and occludin and prevented IFN-γ/TNF-α-induced increased paracellular flux of 4 kDa FITC-dextran in vitro. Moreover, both ectoines reduced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress during colitis. CONCLUSION While both ectoine and homoectoine have protective effects on the epithelial barrier during inflammation, only homoectoine completely prevented the inflammatory claudin switch in tight junctions. Thus, homoectoine may serve as diet supplement in IBD patients to reach or extend remission.
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Bownik A, Ślaska B, Szabelak A. Protective effects of compatible solute ectoine against ethanol-induced toxic alterations in Daphnia magna. J Comp Physiol B 2018; 188:779-791. [PMID: 29948158 PMCID: PMC6132719 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-018-1165-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ectoine (ECT) is a compatible solute synthesized mostly by halophilic microorganisms subjected to various stressful factors. Its protective properties in bacteria and some populations of isolated cells subjected to different stressors are reported; however, little is known on its effects against a commonly used compound, ethanol (ETH). The purpose of our study was to determine the effects of ETH alone (at 20 and 60 g/L) and in the combination with various concentrations of ECT (5, 10, and 25 mg/L) at various times of exposure on behavioural, physiological, and biochemical parameters of a model invertebrate Daphnia magna. In the present study, we determined the following parameters: immobilisation, heart rate, thoracic limb movement, catalase (CAT) activity, and nitric oxide species (NOx) level. Our study revealed that both concentrations of ETH alone induced immobilisation and decrease of swimming velocity, heart rate, and thoracic limb activity; however, catalase activity and NOx levels were increased. On the other hand, the animals exposed to the combinations of ETH + ECT showed a reduced immobilisation and alleviated inhibition of heart rate and thoracic limb activity, lower increase of CAT activity, and NOx level when compared to the crustaceans subjected to ETH alone. The most distinct alleviation of toxic effects was noted in the combinations in which the highest concentration of ECT were used. The results suggest that ETH may induce oxidative stress in daphnids and attenuating effects of ECT probably result from its antioxidative properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Bownik
- Institute of Biological Basis of Animal Production, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Brygida Ślaska
- Institute of Biological Basis of Animal Production, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950, Lublin, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Szabelak
- Institute of Biological Basis of Animal Production, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950, Lublin, Poland
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Boroujeni MB, Nayeri H. Stabilization of bovine lactoperoxidase in the presence of ectoine. Food Chem 2018; 265:208-215. [PMID: 29884374 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.05.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Lactoperoxidase (LPO) is a heme peroxidase with various applications in industry and medicine. In this study, the effects of ectoine, as a compatible solute, on the structure, thermal stability, thermodynamic parameters, activity, and stability of LPO have been investigated. The results showed that the catalytic activity of LPO was improved by increasing ectoine concentration. The UV-visible absorption spectroscopy and FTIR spectra studies indicated that ectoine could bind to the LPO spontaneously. Moreover, ectoine increased the enzyme Tm and Gibbs free energy. The fluorescence measurements showed that LPO fluorescence was quenched in the presence of ectoine. The quenching mechanism was probably a static quenching by forming a ground state complex. The thermodynamic parameters indicated that hydrogen bonding and Vander Waals forces played a key role in the LPO-ectoine interaction process. The findings suggest that ectoine could be used as a lactoperoxidase stabilizing agent for industrial or medical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marziyeh Borjian Boroujeni
- Department of Biochemistry, Falavarjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, P.O.Box 81465-1148, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hashem Nayeri
- Department of Biochemistry, Falavarjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, P.O.Box 81465-1148, Isfahan, Iran.
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Dao VA, Bilstein A, Overhagen S, Géczi L, Baráth Z, Mösges R. Effectiveness, Tolerability, and Safety of Ectoine-Containing Mouthwash Versus Those of a Calcium Phosphate Mouthwash for the Treatment of Chemotherapy-Induced Oral Mucositis: A Prospective, Active-Controlled, Non-interventional Study. Oncol Ther 2018; 6:59-72. [PMID: 32700140 PMCID: PMC7360009 DOI: 10.1007/s40487-018-0060-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Oral mucositis is a frequent complication of cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Ectoine is a natural extremolyte that can stabilize biological membranes and counteract inflammatory reactions. This study investigated ectoine-containing mouthwash for the prophylaxis and the treatment of oral mucositis. Its effectiveness, tolerability, and safety were compared to those of the local standard-of-care calcium phosphate mouthwash. Methods This prospective, active-controlled, observational study was conducted in two study centers in Hungary from January 2016 to October 2017. Sixty patients undergoing chemotherapy were to be recruited and allocated to one of three treatment arms: prophylactic treatment with ectoine (20 patients), active treatment with ectoine (20 patients), or calcium phosphate (20 patients). The study lasted 21 days, comprising four visits on day 0, day 7, day 14, and day 21. Results In all, 45 patients were included in the study (prophylactic ectoine, 10 patients; active ectoine, 20 patients; calcium phosphate, 15 patients). In the prophylactic ectoine group, few mucositis symptoms of mild or moderate severity occurred throughout the study. In the active ectoine and the calcium phosphate groups, symptoms of mild and moderate severity at inclusion were reduced significantly after 14 days of treatment and were mostly resolved at the end of the study. The difference between the active ectoine and the calcium phosphate groups was not significant. According to patients’ assessments, ectoine mouthwash was more effective and tolerable than calcium phosphate mouthwash. Conclusions Ectoine mouthwash is safe, well tolerated, and effective for the active treatment of oral mucositis following chemotherapy. Its effectiveness is comparable to that of calcium phosphate. Patients prefer ectoine mouthwash to calcium phosphate mouthwash. Trial Registration Number NCT02816515. Funding Bitop AG (Dortmund, Germany). Plain Language Summary Plain language summary available for this article. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s40487-018-0060-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. Oral mucositis is the inflammation of the mucosa of the oral cavity. It is a frequent complication of cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Approximately 20–40% of patients undergoing chemotherapy suffer from oral mucositis. It is very painful, impairs eating, drinking, and quality of life. One of the most effective yet simple measures to prevent and treat oral mucositis is oral care with mouthwash. Ectoine is a natural substance that was discovered in halophilic (salt-loving) bacteria. Ectoine can protect these bacteria against dehydration because it can attract water molecules and strengthen biological membranes. Ectoine is used to treat many diseases caused by allergens, UV light, air pollution, heat, and dryness. Ectoine (Ectoin®) mouthwash is produced by bitop AG (Dortmund, Germany) to treat dry mouth and other symptoms of inflamed oral mucosa. This study investigated ectoine mouthwash for the treatment of oral mucositis following chemotherapy. It was compared to the local standard-of-care calcium phosphate mouthwash. One group of patients was treated with ectoine mouthwash and the other with calcium phosphate mouthwash. After 14 days, mucositis symptoms were substantially reduced in both groups. After 21 days, all patients were almost cured of oral mucositis. Additionally, after the treatment, patients rated how effective and tolerable the treatment was. Here, more patients treated with ectoine rated their treatment as effective and tolerable than those treated with calcium phosphate. This study shows that ectoine mouthwash is tolerable and effective for the treatment of mucositis. Patients preferred ectoine mouthwash to calcium phosphate mouthwash.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Anh Dao
- CRI - Clinical Research International Ltd., Genter Str. 7, 50672, Cologne, Germany
| | | | | | - Lajos Géczi
- Department of Oncological Internal Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology "C", National Institute of Oncology Hungary, Budapest, 1026, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Baráth
- National Korányi Institute of TB and Pulmonology, Budapest, 1121, Hungary
| | - Ralph Mösges
- CRI - Clinical Research International Ltd., Genter Str. 7, 50672, Cologne, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Statistics and Computational Biology, University of Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
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Refaat R, Sarhan D, Kotb M, El-Abd E, El-Bassiouni E. Post-irradiation protective effects of ectoine on brain and testicles in male mice. Pharmacol Rep 2018; 70:304-308. [PMID: 29477038 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Revised: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study aimed to investigate the possible post-irradiation protective effects of ectoine on CNS and testes of male mice. METHODS The study included thirty male Swiss albino mice (20-22 gm). Mice were divided into five groups (six each); controls (injected intraperitoneally with 0.2ml saline), irradiated group 1 (received six Gy whole body x-irradiation single dose, injected with saline, and sacrificed after one day), irradiated group 2 (x-irradiated, injected with saline, and sacrificed after one week), ectoine group 1 (x-irradiated, injected with 200mg/kg ectoine, and sacrificed after one day), and ectoine group 2 (x-irradiated, injected daily with 200mg/kg ectoine, and sacrificed after one week). IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, PGE2, MDA, GSH, GSSG, and GSH/GSSG ratio were evaluated in CNS and testes. RESULTS IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, PGE2, and MDA are significantly elevated in the CNS and testes of x-irradiated groups when compared with controls. IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and PGE2 significantly elevated at one week than one day while MDA significantly decreased. A significant decrease in the concentration of GSH and in the GSH/GSSG ratios coupled with an opposite effect on GSSG was noted. Ectoine treatment significantly ameliorated the biochemical effects induced by whole body x-irradiation. All the tested parameters tended to go back to near control values. It was noted that the modulating action was dependent on the accumulation of ectoine as it was more effective after repeated administration. CONCLUSION Ectoine has post-irradiation protective effects on CNS and testes via its action on inflammatory and oxidative stress pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowaida Refaat
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute (MRI), Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Dalia Sarhan
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute (MRI), Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Metwali Kotb
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Medical Research Institute (MRI), Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Eman El-Abd
- Radiation Sciences Department, Medical Research Institute (MRI), Alexandria University, Egypt.
| | - Emad El-Bassiouni
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute (MRI), Alexandria University, Egypt.
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Bownik A, Stępniewska Z. Ectoine as a promising protective agent in humans and animals. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2017; 67:260-265. [PMID: 28033102 DOI: 10.1515/aiht-2016-67-2837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectoine is a compatible water molecule-binding solute (osmoprotectant) produced by several bacterial species in response to osmotic stress and unfavourable environmental conditions. This amino acid derivative can accumulate inside cells at high concentrations without interfering with natural processes and can protect the cell against radiation or osmotic stress. This brief review presents the current state of knowledge about the effects of ectoine on animals and focuses on its practical use for enzyme stabilisation, human skin protection, anti-inflammatory treatment, inhibitory effects in neurodegenerative diseases, and other therapeutic potential in human or veterinary medicine.
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Salmannejad F, Nafissi-Varcheh N. Ectoine and hydroxyectoine inhibit thermal-induced aggregation and increase thermostability of recombinant human interferon Alfa2b. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 97:200-207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Jorge CD, Borges N, Bagyan I, Bilstein A, Santos H. Potential applications of stress solutes from extremophiles in protein folding diseases and healthcare. Extremophiles 2016; 20:251-9. [PMID: 27071404 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-016-0828-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Protein misfolding, aggregation and deposition in the brain, in the form of amyloid, are implicated in the etiology of several neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and prion diseases. Drugs available on the market reduce the symptoms, but they are not a cure. Therefore, it is urgent to identify promising targets and develop effective drugs. Preservation of protein native conformation and/or inhibition of protein aggregation seem pertinent targets for drug development. Several studies have shown that organic solutes, produced by extremophilic microorganisms in response to osmotic and/or heat stress, prevent denaturation and aggregation of model proteins. Among these stress solutes, mannosylglycerate, mannosylglyceramide, di-myo-inositol phosphate, diglycerol phosphate and ectoine are effective in preventing amyloid formation by Alzheimer's Aβ peptide and/or α-synuclein in vitro. Moreover, mannosylglycerate is a potent inhibitor of Aβ and α-synuclein aggregation in living cells, and mannosylglyceramide and ectoine inhibit aggregation and reduce prion peptide-induced toxicity in human cells. This review focuses on the efficacy of stress solutes from hyper/thermophiles and ectoines to prevent amyloid formation in vitro and in vivo and their potential application in drug development against protein misfolding diseases. Current and envisaged applications of these extremolytes in neurodegenerative diseases and healthcare will also be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla D Jorge
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República-EAN, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - Nuno Borges
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República-EAN, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Irina Bagyan
- Bitop AG, Stockumer Straße 28, 58453, Witten, Germany
| | | | - Helena Santos
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República-EAN, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
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Bownik A, Stępniewska Z. Ectoine alleviates behavioural, physiological and biochemical changes in Daphnia magna subjected to formaldehyde. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:15549-62. [PMID: 26006078 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4747-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Ectoine (ECT) is produced by halophilic microorganisms in response to various stressful factors. Its protective properties in bacteria and some populations of isolated cells are known; however, no data are available on its protective influence on aquatic invertebrates subjected to a common pollutant, formaldehyde (FA). The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of FA alone (at 20 and 60 mg/L) and in the combination with various concentrations of ECT (5, 10 and 25 mg/L) at various times of exposure on behavioural, physiological and biochemical parameters of Daphnia magna. Specifically, mortality, heart rate, thoracic limb movement, reduced glutathione (GSH)/oxidised glutathione (GSSG) ratio, catalase (CAT) activity and nitric oxide (NOx) levels were determined. The results showed that both concentrations of FA when administered alone induced significant alterations of the determined parameters. On the other hand, animals treated with the combinations of FA + ECT showed decreased mortalities, attenuated inhibition of heart rates and thoracic limb activities, less decreased GSH/GSSG ratios, lower stimulation of CAT activities and NOx levels when compared to the crustaceans subjected to FA alone. The most distinct attenuation of toxic effects was observed in the combinations in which the highest concentrations of ECT were used. The results suggest that oxidative stress induced by FA in daphnids is likely to be alleviated by the antioxidative action of ECT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Bownik
- Department of Physiology and Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Kontstantynów 1 "I", 20-708, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Zofia Stępniewska
- Department of Biochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Kontstantynów 1 "I", 20-708, Lublin, Poland
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Umar S, Hedaya O, Singh AK, Ahmed S. Thymoquinone inhibits TNF-α-induced inflammation and cell adhesion in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts by ASK1 regulation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 287:299-305. [PMID: 26134265 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine produced by monocytes/macrophage that plays a pathological role in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In this study, we investigate the effect of thymoquinone (TQ), a phytochemical found in Nigella sativa, in regulating TNF-α-induced RA synovial fibroblast (RA-FLS) activation. Treatment with TQ (1-5μM) had no marked effect on the viability of human RA-FLS. Pre-treatment of TQ inhibited TNF-α-induced interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-8 production and ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and cadherin-11 (Cad-11) expression in RA-FLS (p<0.01). Evaluation of the signaling events showed that TQ inhibited TNF-α-induced phospho-p38 and phospho-JNK expression, but had no inhibitory effect on NF-κB pathway, in RA-FLS (p<0.05; n=4). Interestingly, we observed that selective down-regulation of TNF-α-induced phospho-p38 and phospho-JNK activation by TQ is elicited through inhibition of apoptosis-regulated signaling kinase 1 (ASK1). Furthermore, TNF-α selectively induced phosphorylation of ASK1 at Thr845 residue in RA-FLS, which was inhibited by TQ pretreatment in a dose dependent manner (p<0.01). Pre-treatment of RA-FLS with ASK1 inhibitor (TC ASK10), blocked TNF-α induced expression of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and Cad-11. Our results suggest that TNF-α-induced ASK1-p38/JNK pathway is an important mediator of cytokine synthesis and enhanced expression of adhesion molecule in RA-FLS and TQ, by selectively inhibiting this pathway, may have a potential therapeutic value in regulating tissue destruction observed in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadiq Umar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University College of Pharmacy, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Omar Hedaya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University College of Pharmacy, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Anil K Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University College of Pharmacy, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Salahuddin Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University College of Pharmacy, Spokane, WA, USA.
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Abdel-Aziz H, Wadie W, Scherner O, Efferth T, Khayyal MT. Bacteria-Derived Compatible Solutes Ectoine and 5α-Hydroxyectoine Act as Intestinal Barrier Stabilizers to Ameliorate Experimental Inflammatory Bowel Disease. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2015; 78:1309-1315. [PMID: 26020571 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Earlier studies showed that the compatible solute ectoine (1) given prophylactically before induction of colitis by 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) in rats prevented histological changes induced in the colon and the associated rise in inflammatory mediators. This study was therefore conducted to investigate whether ectoine (1) and its 5α-hydroxy derivative (2) would also be effective in treating an already established condition. Two days after inducing colitis in rats by instilling TNBS/alcohol in the colon, animals were treated orally once daily for 1 week with either 1 or 2 (50, 100, 300 mg/kg). Twenty-four hours after the last drug administration rats were sacrificed. Ulcerative lesions and colon mass indices were reduced by 1 and 2 in a bell-shaped manner. Best results were obtained with 100 mg/kg ectoine (1) and 50 mg/kg 5α-hydroxyectoine (2). The solutes normalized the rise in myeloperoxidase, TNFα, and IL-1β induced by TNBS but did not affect levels of reduced glutathione or ICAM-1, while reducing the level of fecal calprotectin, an established marker for inflammatory bowel disease. The findings indicate that the naturally occurring compatible solutes ectoine (1) and 5α-hydroxyectoine (2) possess an optimum concentration that affords maximal intestinal barrier stabilization and could therefore prove useful for better management of human inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba Abdel-Aziz
- †Scientific Department, Steigerwald Arzneimittelwerk GmbH, Havelstraße 5, Darmstadt, Germany
- ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Walaa Wadie
- ‡Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Olaf Scherner
- §Research and Development, Bitop AG, Stockumer Straße 28, Witten, Germany
| | - Thomas Efferth
- ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mohamed T Khayyal
- ‡Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, Egypt
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Chen W, Zhang S, Jiang P, Yao J, He Y, Chen L, Gui X, Dong Z, Tang SY. Design of an ectoine-responsive AraC mutant and its application in metabolic engineering of ectoine biosynthesis. Metab Eng 2015; 30:149-155. [PMID: 26051748 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Advanced high-throughput screening methods for small molecules may have important applications in the metabolic engineering of the biosynthetic pathways of these molecules. Ectoine is an excellent osmoprotectant that has been widely used in cosmetics. In this study, the Escherichia coli regulatory protein AraC was engineered to recognize ectoine as its non-natural effector and to activate transcription upon ectoine binding. As an endogenous reporter of ectoine, the mutated AraC protein was successfully incorporated into high-throughput screening of ectoine hyper-producing strains. The ectoine biosynthetic cluster from Halomonas elongata was cloned into E. coli. By engineering the rate-limiting enzyme L-2,4-diaminobutyric acid (DABA) aminotransferase (EctB), ectoine production and the specific activity of the EctB mutant were increased. Thus, these results demonstrated the effectiveness of engineering regulatory proteins into sensitive and rapid screening tools for small molecules and highlighted the importance and efficacy of directed evolution strategies applied to the engineering of genetic components for yield improvement in the biosynthesis of small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Peixia Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jun Yao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yongzhi He
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Lincai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiwu Gui
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China
| | - Zhiyang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Shuang-Yan Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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He YZ, Gong J, Yu HY, Tao Y, Zhang S, Dong ZY. High production of ectoine from aspartate and glycerol by use of whole-cell biocatalysis in recombinant Escherichia coli. Microb Cell Fact 2015; 14:55. [PMID: 25886618 PMCID: PMC4405841 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-015-0238-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recently, the compatible solute 1, 4, 5, 6-tetrahydro-2-methyl-4-pyrimidinecarboxylic acid (ectoine) has attracted considerable interest due to its great potential as a protecting agent. To overcome the drawbacks of high salinity in the traditional bioprocess of ectoine using halophilic bacteria, various attempts have been made to engineer ectoine biosynthesis in nonhalophilic bacteria. Unfortunately, the yields of ectoine in these producers are still low and hardly meet the demands of large scale production. In this paper, the whole-cell biocatalytic process using aspartate and glycerol as substrates was tried for high production of ectoine in nonhalophilic bacteria. Results The ectoine genes ectABC from the halophilic bacterium Halomonas elongata were successfully introduced into Escherichia coli K-12 strain BW25113 under the arabinose-inducible promoter. To our delight, a large amount of ectoine was synthesized and excreted into the medium during the course of whole-cell biocatalysis, when using aspartate and glycerol as the direct substrates. At the low cell density of 5 OD/mL in flask, under the optimal conditions (100 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0), 100 mM sodium aspartate, 100 mM KCl and 100 mM glycerol), the concentration of extracellular ectoine was increased to 2.67 mg/mL. At the high cell density of 20 OD/mL in fermentor, a maximum titre of 25.1 g/L ectoine was achieved in 24 h. Meanwhile, the biomass productivity of ectoine is as high as 4048 mg per gram dry cell weight (g DCW)−1, which is the highest value ever reported. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the same batch of cells could be used for at least three rounds. Finally, a total yield of 63.4 g ectoine was obtained using one litre cells. Conclusion Using aspartate and glycerol as the direct substrates, high production of ectoine was achieved by the whole-cell biocatalysis in recombinant E. coli. Multiple rounds of whole-cell biocatalysis were established to further improve the production of ectoine. Our study herein provided a feasible biosynthesis process of ectoine with potential applications in large-scale industrial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Zhi He
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Jiao Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Hai-Ying Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Yong Tao
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Shan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Zhi-Yang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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Bownik A, Stępniewska Z. Protective effects of ectoine on behavioral, physiological and biochemical parameters of Daphnia magna subjected to hydrogen peroxide. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 170:38-49. [PMID: 25704915 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ectoine (ECT) is an osmoprotectant produced by halophilic microorganisms inducing protective effects against various stressful factors. However, little is known about its influence on aquatic invertebrates subjected to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-a commonly used oxidative disinfectant. Therefore, the aim of our study was to determine the effects of H2O2 alone (at 5 and 10 mg/L) and in the combination with various concentrations of ECT (5, 10 and 25 mg/L) on behavioral, physiological and biochemical parameters of Daphnia magna. The following endpoints were determined: mortality, heart rate, thoracic limb movement, total glutathione (GSH)/oxidized glutathione (GSSG) ratio, catalase (CAT) activity and nitric oxide (NOx) level. The study showed that daphnids exposed to the combination of H2O2+ECT showed decreased mortality, attenuated inhibition of heart rate and thoracic limb activity, less decreased GSH/GSSG ratio, lower stimulation of CAT activity and NOx level when compared to the crustaceans exposed to H2O2 alone. The most pronounced alleviation of toxic effects was observed in the combination of 5 mg/L H2O2+25 mg/L ECT. The results suggest that protective effects of ECT in D. magna subjected to H2O2 may be related to antioxidative properties of the osmoprotectant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Bownik
- Department of Physiology and Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Kontstantynów 1 "I", 20-708 Lublin, Poland
| | - Zofia Stępniewska
- Department of Biochemistry and Enironmental Chemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Kontstantynów 1 "I", 20-708 Lublin, Poland.
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Bownik A, Stępniewska Z, Skowroński T. Effects of ectoine on behavioural, physiological and biochemical parameters of Daphnia magna. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 168:2-10. [PMID: 25460046 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Ectoine (ECT) is a compatible solute produced by soil, marine and freshwater bacteria in response to stressful factors. The purpose of our study was to determine the possible toxic influence of ECT on Daphnia magna. We determined the following endpoints: survival rate during exposure and recovery, swimming performance, heart rate, thoracic limb movement determined by image analysis, haemoglobin level by ELISA assay, catalase and nitric oxide species (NOx) by spectrophotometric methods. The results showed 80% survival of daphnids exposed to 50mg/L of ECT after 24h and 10% after 90h, however lower concentrations of ECT were well tolerated. A concentration-dependent reduction of swimming velocity was noted at 24 and 48h of the exposure. ECT (at 2.5 and 4mg/L) induced an increase of heart rate and thoracic limb movement (at 2.5, 4 and 20mg/L) after 24h. After 10h of the exposure to ECT daphnids showed a concentration-dependent increase of haemoglobin level synthesized and accumulated in the epipodite epithelia. After 24h we noted a concentration-dependent decrease of haemoglobin level and its lowest value was found after 48h of the exposure. ECT at a concentration of 20 and 25mg/L slightly stimulated catalase activity after 24h. NOx level was also increased after 10h of the exposure to 20 and 25mg/L of ECT reaching maximal activity after 24h. Our results suggest that ECT possesses some modulatory potential on the behaviour, physiology and biochemical parameters in daphnids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Bownik
- Department of Physiology and Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Kontstantynow 1 "I", 20-708 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Zofia Stępniewska
- Department of Biochemistry Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Kontstantynow 1 "I", 20-708 Lublin, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Skowroński
- Department of Physiology and Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Kontstantynow 1 "I", 20-708 Lublin, Poland
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Höppner A, Widderich N, Lenders M, Bremer E, Smits SHJ. Crystal structure of the ectoine hydroxylase, a snapshot of the active site. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:29570-83. [PMID: 25172507 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.576769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Ectoine and its derivative 5-hydroxyectoine are compatible solutes that are widely synthesized by bacteria to cope physiologically with osmotic stress. They also serve as chemical chaperones and maintain the functionality of macromolecules. 5-Hydroxyectoine is produced from ectoine through a stereo-specific hydroxylation, an enzymatic reaction catalyzed by the ectoine hydroxylase (EctD). The EctD protein is a member of the non-heme-containing iron(II) and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase superfamily and is evolutionarily well conserved. We studied the ectoine hydroxylase from the cold-adapted marine ultra-microbacterium Sphingopyxis alaskensis (Sa) and found that the purified SaEctD protein is a homodimer in solution. We determined the SaEctD crystal structure in its apo-form, complexed with the iron catalyst, and in a form that contained iron, the co-substrate 2-oxoglutarate, and the reaction product of EctD, 5-hydroxyectoine. The iron and 2-oxoglutarate ligands are bound within the EctD active site in a fashion similar to that found in other members of the dioxygenase superfamily. 5-Hydroxyectoine, however, is coordinated by EctD in manner different from that found in high affinity solute receptor proteins operating in conjunction with microbial import systems for ectoines. Our crystallographic analysis provides a detailed view into the active site of the ectoine hydroxylase and exposes an intricate network of interactions between the enzyme and its ligands that collectively ensure the hydroxylation of the ectoine substrate in a position- and stereo-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Höppner
- From the X-ray Facility and Crystal Farm, Heinrich-Heine-University at Düsseldorf, D-40225 Düsseldorf
| | - Nils Widderich
- the Department of Biology, Laboratory for Microbiology, Philipps-University at Marburg, D-35043 Marburg, the Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Emeritus Group R. K. Thauer, D-35043 Marburg
| | - Michael Lenders
- the Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University at Düsseldorf, D-40225 Düsseldorf, and
| | - Erhard Bremer
- the Department of Biology, Laboratory for Microbiology, Philipps-University at Marburg, D-35043 Marburg, the LOEWE-Center for Synthetic Microbiology, Philipps-University at Marburg, D-35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Sander H J Smits
- the Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University at Düsseldorf, D-40225 Düsseldorf, and
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Piechota-Polanczyk A, Fichna J. Review article: the role of oxidative stress in pathogenesis and treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2014; 387:605-20. [PMID: 24798211 PMCID: PMC4065336 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-014-0985-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we focus on the role of oxidative stress in the aetiology of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and colitis-associated colorectal cancer and discuss free radicals and free radical-stimulated pathways as pharmacological targets for anti-IBD drugs. We also suggest novel anti-oxidative agents, which may become effective and less-toxic alternatives in IBD and colitis-associated colorectal cancer treatment. A Medline search was performed to identify relevant bibliography using search terms including: ‘free radicals,’ ‘antioxidants,’ ‘oxidative stress,’ ‘colon cancer,’ ‘ulcerative colitis,’ ‘Crohn’s disease,’ ‘inflammatory bowel disease.’ Several therapeutics commonly used in IBD treatment, among which are immunosuppressants, corticosteroids and anti-TNF-α antibodies, could also affect the IBD progression by interfering with cellular oxidative stress and cytokine production. Experimental data shows that these drugs may effectively scavenge free radicals, increase anti-oxidative capacity of cells, influence multiple signalling pathways, e.g. MAPK and NF-kB, and inhibit pro-oxidative enzyme and cytokine concentration. However, their anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effectiveness still needs further investigation. A highly specific antioxidative activity may be important for the clinical treatment and relapse of IBD. In the future, a combination of currently used pharmaceutics, together with natural and synthetic anti-oxidative compounds, like lipoic acid or curcumine, could be taken into account in the design of novel anti-IBD therapies.
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Becker J, Schäfer R, Kohlstedt M, Harder BJ, Borchert NS, Stöveken N, Bremer E, Wittmann C. Systems metabolic engineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum for production of the chemical chaperone ectoine. Microb Cell Fact 2013; 12:110. [PMID: 24228689 PMCID: PMC4225761 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-12-110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The stabilizing and function-preserving effects of ectoines have attracted considerable biotechnological interest up to industrial scale processes for their production. These rely on the release of ectoines from high-salinity-cultivated microbial producer cells upon an osmotic down-shock in rather complex processor configurations. There is growing interest in uncoupling the production of ectoines from the typical conditions required for their synthesis, and instead design strains that naturally release ectoines into the medium without the need for osmotic changes, since the use of high-salinity media in the fermentation process imposes notable constraints on the costs, design, and durability of fermenter systems. Results Here, we used a Corynebacterium glutamicum strain as a cellular chassis to establish a microbial cell factory for the biotechnological production of ectoines. The implementation of a mutant aspartokinase enzyme ensured efficient supply of L-aspartate-beta-semialdehyde, the precursor for ectoine biosynthesis. We further engineered the genome of the basic C. glutamicum strain by integrating a codon-optimized synthetic ectABCD gene cluster under expressional control of the strong and constitutive C. glutamicum tuf promoter. The resulting recombinant strain produced ectoine and excreted it into the medium; however, lysine was still found as a by-product. Subsequent inactivation of the L-lysine exporter prevented the undesired excretion of lysine while ectoine was still exported. Using the streamlined cell factory, a fed-batch process was established that allowed the production of ectoine with an overall productivity of 6.7 g L-1 day-1 under growth conditions that did not rely on the use of high-salinity media. Conclusions The present study describes the construction of a stable microbial cell factory for recombinant production of ectoine. We successfully applied metabolic engineering strategies to optimize its synthetic production in the industrial workhorse C. glutamicum and thereby paved the way for further improvements in ectoine yield and biotechnological process optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Becker
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.
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