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Oladeji OS, Odelade KA, Mahal A, Obaidullah AJ, Zainul R. Systematic appraisals of naturally occurring alkaloids from medicinal plants. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024:10.1007/s00210-024-03126-3. [PMID: 38767672 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-03126-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Alkaloids are a complex class of biologically active compounds with a broad spectrum of health-related applications. Particularly the alkaloids of indole, steroidal, terpenoids, isoquinoline, and bisbenzylisoquinoline have been extensively investigated. Ultimately, substantial advancement has been highlighted in the investigation of chemical constituents and the therapeutic benefits of plant alkaloids, particularly during the last ten years. A total of 386 alkaloids have been isolated from over 40 families, including Apocynaceae, Annonaceae, Rubiaceae, Menispermaceae, Ranunculaceae, Buxaceae, Papaveraceae, Magnoliaceae, Rutaceae and Phyllanthaceae. This paper will investigate several alkaloids that have been isolated from botanical medicines as well as offer an in-depth analysis of their cytotoxic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwole Solomon Oladeji
- Natural Products Research Unit, Department of Physical Sciences, College of Pure and Applied Sciences, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, PMB 1001, Nigeria
- Landmark University Sustainable Development Goals III (SDG 3), Good Health and Well-Being, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, PMB 1001, Nigeria
| | | | - Ahmed Mahal
- Department of Medical Biochemical Analysis, College of Health Technology, Cihan University-Erbil, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Ahmad J Obaidullah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rahadian Zainul
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Padang, Padang, Indonesia.
- Center for Advanced Material Processing, Artificial Intelligence, and Biophysics Informatics (CAMBIOTICS), Universitas Negeri Padang, Padang, Indonesia.
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2
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Shahcheraghi SH, Alimardani M, Lotfi M, Lotfi M, Uversky VN, Guetchueng ST, Palakurthi SS, Charbe NB, Hromić-Jahjefendić A, Aljabali AAA, Gadewar MM, Malik S, Goyal R, El-Tanani M, Mishra V, Mishra Y, Tambuwala MM. Advances in glioblastoma multiforme: Integrating therapy and pathology perspectives. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 257:155285. [PMID: 38653089 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Glioblastoma, a highly lethal form of brain cancer, is characterized by its aggressive growth and resistance to conventional treatments, often resulting in limited survival. The response to therapy is notably influenced by various patient-specific genetic factors, underscoring the disease's complexity. Despite the utilization of diverse treatment modalities such as surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, many patients experience local relapse, emphasizing the critical need for improved therapeutic strategies to effectively target these formidable tumors. Recent years have witnessed a surge in interest in natural products derived from plants, particularly alkaloids, for their potential anticancer effects. Alkaloids have shown promise in cancer chemotherapy by selectively targeting crucial signaling pathways implicated in tumor progression and survival. Specifically, they modulate the NF-κB and MAPK pathways, resulting in reduced tumor growth and altered gene expression across various cancer types. Additionally, alkaloids exhibit the capacity to induce cell cycle arrest, further impeding tumor proliferation in several malignancies. This review aims to delineate recent advances in understanding the pathology of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and to explore the potential therapeutic implications of alkaloids in managing this deadly disease. By segregating discussions on GBM pathology from those on alkaloid-based therapies, we provide a structured overview of the current challenges in GBM treatment and the promising opportunities presented by alkaloid-based interventions. Furthermore, we briefly discuss potential future directions in GBM research and therapy beyond alkaloids, including emerging treatment modalities or areas of investigation that hold promise for improving patient outcomes. In conclusion, our efforts offer hope for enhanced outcomes and improved quality of life for GBM patients through alkaloid-based therapies. By integrating insights from pathology and therapeutic perspectives, we underscore the significance of a comprehensive approach in addressing this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Hossein Shahcheraghi
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran; Infectious Diseases Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi Hospital, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Maliheh Alimardani
- Medical Genetics Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Malihe Lotfi
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Marzieh Lotfi
- Abortion Research Center, Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Stephanie Tamdem Guetchueng
- Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Ministry of Scientific Research and Innovation, PO Box 6163, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Sushesh Shrivastsa Palakurthi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel School Of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA
| | - Nitin B Charbe
- Center for Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Altijana Hromić-Jahjefendić
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, International University of Sarajevo, Hrasnicka cesta 15, Sarajevo 71000, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Alaa A A Aljabali
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Manoj M Gadewar
- Department of Pharmacology, School of medical and allied sciences, K.R. Mangalam University, Gurgaon, Haryana 122103, India
| | - Sumira Malik
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Jharkhand, Ranchi, India
| | - Rohit Goyal
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology & Management Sciences, Solan, India
| | - Mohamed El-Tanani
- Ras Al Khaimah Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Vijay Mishra
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India
| | - Yachana Mishra
- Department of Zoology, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India
| | - Murtaza M Tambuwala
- Ras Al Khaimah Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates; Lincoln Medical School, Brayford Pool Campus, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7TS, UK.
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Zhang Q, Jiang Q, Sa K, Liang J, Sun D, Li H, Chen L. Research progress of plant-derived natural alkaloids in central nervous system diseases. Phytother Res 2023; 37:4885-4907. [PMID: 37455555 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) disease is one of the most important causes of human death. Because of their complex pathogenesis, more and more attention has been paid to them. At present, drug treatment of the CNS is the main means; however, most drugs only relieve symptoms, and some have certain toxicity and side effects. Natural compounds derived from plants can provide safer and more effective alternatives. Alkaloids are common nitrogenous basic organic compounds found in nature, which exist widely in many kinds of plants and have unique application value in modern medicine. For example, Galantamine and Huperzine A from medicinal plants are widely used drugs on the market to treat Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, the main purpose of this review is to provide the available information on natural alkaloids with the activity of treating central nervous system diseases in order to explore the trends and perspectives for the further study of central nervous system drugs. In this paper, 120 alkaloids with the potential effect of treating central nervous system diseases are summarized from the aspects of sources, structure types, mechanism of action and structure-activity relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Zhang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qinghua Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Kuiru Sa
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Junming Liang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Dejuan Sun
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hua Li
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lixia Chen
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
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Song J, Zhang B, Li M, Zhang J. The current scenario of naturally occurring indole alkaloids with anticancer potential. Fitoterapia 2023; 165:105430. [PMID: 36634875 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2023.105430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Naturally occurring indole alkaloids are ubiquitously present in nature and possess extensive biological properties and structural diversity. Mechanistically, naturally occurring indole alkaloids have the potential to inhibit cancer cell proliferation, arrest cell cycle and induce apoptosis. Accordingly, naturally occurring indole alkaloids exhibit promising activity against both drug-sensitive and drug-resistant cancers including multidrug-resistant forms. Therefore, naturally occurring indole alkaloids constitute an important source of anticancer drug leads and candidates. The goal of this review is to highlight the current scenario of naturally occurring indole alkaloids with anticancer potential, covering articles published from 2018 to present. The names, sources, and antiproliferative activity are discussed to continuously open up a map for the remarkable exploration of more effective candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juntao Song
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Zibo 148 Hospital, Zibo 255300, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Emergency Department, People's Hospital of Zhoucun District, Zibo 255300, China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, People's Hospital of Zhoucun District, Zibo 255300, China
| | - Jinbiao Zhang
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Zibo 148 Hospital, Zibo 255300, China.
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Liao S, Yuk N, Kim YJ, Xu H, Li X, Wang L, Liu Y, Jung HJ. Novel terpestacin derivatives with l-amino acid residue as anticancer agents against U87MG-derived glioblastoma stem cells. Bioorg Chem 2023; 132:106392. [PMID: 36709667 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Based on the natural product terpestacin, seventeen derivatives (1-17) with various l-amino acid side chains were designed and synthesized. Their anticancer activities against U87MG-derived glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) were evaluated, and compounds 5, 11, 13 and 15 showed strong abilities to inhibit the proliferation (IC50 = 2.8-6.9 μM) and tumorsphere formation of GSCs. Besides, compounds 13 and 15 could effectively induce apoptosis and significantly inhibit the invasion of GSCs (95 and 97 % inhibition, respectively, at 2.5 μM). The levels of CD133 marker in GSCs also decreased in dose-dependent manners after the treatment of these active compounds. Compared to terpestacin and the positive control A1938, our derivatives showed stronger activities and compounds 13 and 15 are promising candidates for further development as anticancer agents by targeting GSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengrong Liao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, Research Center for Marine Microbes, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Nayeong Yuk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Biotechnology, Genome-Based BioIT Convergence Institute, Sun Moon University, Asan 31460, Korea
| | - Yu Jin Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Biotechnology, Genome-Based BioIT Convergence Institute, Sun Moon University, Asan 31460, Korea
| | - Huayan Xu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xiaolin Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, Research Center for Marine Microbes, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, Joint International Research Laboratory of Synthetic Biology and Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center of Biopharmaceuticals, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yonghong Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, Research Center for Marine Microbes, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Hye Jin Jung
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Biotechnology, Genome-Based BioIT Convergence Institute, Sun Moon University, Asan 31460, Korea.
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Zhao MX, Cai J, Yang Y, Xu J, Liu WY, Akihisa T, Li W, Kikuchi T, Feng F, Zhang J. Traditional uses, chemical composition and pharmacological activities of Alstonia R. Br. (Apocynaceae): A review. ARAB J CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2023.104857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
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Yang Y, Chen Y, Wu JH, Ren Y, Liu B, Zhang Y, Yu H. Targeting regulated cell death with plant natural compounds for cancer therapy: A revisited review of apoptosis, autophagy-dependent cell death, and necroptosis. Phytother Res 2023; 37:1488-1525. [PMID: 36717200 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Regulated cell death (RCD) refers to programmed cell death regulated by various protein molecules, such as apoptosis, autophagy-dependent cell death, and necroptosis. Accumulating evidence has recently revealed that RCD subroutines have several links to many types of human cancer; therefore, targeting RCD with pharmacological small-molecule compounds would be a promising therapeutic strategy. Moreover, plant natural compounds, small-molecule compounds synthesized from plant sources, and their derivatives have been widely reported to regulate different RCD subroutines to improve potential cancer therapy. Thus, in this review, we focus on updating the intricate mechanisms of apoptosis, autophagy-dependent cell death, and necroptosis in cancer. Moreover, we further discuss several representative plant natural compounds and their derivatives that regulate the above-mentioned three subroutines of RCD, and their potential as candidate small-molecule drugs for the future cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanmei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jun Hao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yueting Ren
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Temerity Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Haiyang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
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Qin R, You FM, Zhao Q, Xie X, Peng C, Zhan G, Han B. Naturally derived indole alkaloids targeting regulated cell death (RCD) for cancer therapy: from molecular mechanisms to potential therapeutic targets. J Hematol Oncol 2022; 15:133. [PMID: 36104717 PMCID: PMC9471064 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-022-01350-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulated cell death (RCD) is a critical and active process that is controlled by specific signal transduction pathways and can be regulated by genetic signals or drug interventions. Meanwhile, RCD is closely related to the occurrence and therapy of multiple human cancers. Generally, RCD subroutines are the key signals of tumorigenesis, which are contributed to our better understanding of cancer pathogenesis and therapeutics. Indole alkaloids derived from natural sources are well defined for their outstanding biological and pharmacological properties, like vincristine, vinblastine, staurosporine, indirubin, and 3,3′-diindolylmethane, which are currently used in the clinic or under clinical assessment. Moreover, such compounds play a significant role in discovering novel anticancer agents. Thus, here we systemically summarized recent advances in indole alkaloids as anticancer agents by targeting different RCD subroutines, including the classical apoptosis and autophagic cell death signaling pathways as well as the crucial signaling pathways of other RCD subroutines, such as ferroptosis, mitotic catastrophe, necroptosis, and anoikis, in cancer. Moreover, we further discussed the cross talk between different RCD subroutines mediated by indole alkaloids and the combined strategies of multiple agents (e.g., 3,10-dibromofascaplysin combined with olaparib) to exhibit therapeutic potential against various cancers by regulating RCD subroutines. In short, the information provided in this review on the regulation of cell death by indole alkaloids against different targets is expected to be beneficial for the design of novel molecules with greater targeting and biological properties, thereby facilitating the development of new strategies for cancer therapy.
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Wang ZW, Zhang JP, Wei QH, Chen L, Lin YL, Wang YL, An T, Wang XJ. Rupestrisine A and B, two novel dimeric indole alkaloids from Alstonia rupestris. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Phytomedicines Targeting Cancer Stem Cells: Therapeutic Opportunities and Prospects for Pharmaceutical Development. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14070676. [PMID: 34358102 PMCID: PMC8308767 DOI: 10.3390/ph14070676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of small subpopulations of cells within tumor cells are known as cancer stem cells (CSCs). These cells have been the reason for metastasis, resistance with chemotherapy or radiotherapy, and tumor relapse in several types of cancers. CSCs underwent to epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and resulted in the development of aggressive tumors. CSCs have potential to modulate numerous signaling pathways including Wnt, Hh, and Notch, therefore increasing the stem-like characteristics of cancer cells. The raised expression of drug efflux pump and suppression of apoptosis has shown increased resistance with anti-cancer drugs. Among many agents which were shown to modulate these, the plant-derived bioactive agents appear to modulate these key regulators and were shown to remove CSCs. This review aims to comprehensively scrutinize the preclinical and clinical studies demonstrating the effects of phytocompounds on CSCs isolated from various tumors. Based on the available convincing literature from preclinical studies, with some clinical data, it is apparent that selective targeting of CSCs with plants, plant preparations, and plant-derived bioactive compounds, termed phytochemicals, may be a promising strategy for the treatment of relapsed cancers.
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Yuan HL, Zhao YL, Qin XJ, Liu YP, Yang XW, Luo XD. Diverse isoquinolines with anti-inflammatory and analgesic bioactivities from Hypecoum erectum. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 270:113811. [PMID: 33444717 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.113811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Hypecoum erectum has been used extensively in folk medicine to treat inflammation, fever, and pain. However, few investigations have been carried out on the biological activities related to its traditional use. The chemical constituents of this plant along with their anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects have yet to be revealed. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to support the traditional use of H. erectum by first assessing its anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects and then investigating its chemical constituents to identify any anti-inflammatory and/or analgesic compounds. MATERIAL AND METHODS The in vivo anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of the MeOH extract (ME), total alkaloid (AL), and non-alkaloid (Non-AL) fractions of H. erectum at doses of 200, 100, and 50 mg/kg and four major constituents (20, 21, 22, and 27) at doses of 100 and 50 mg/kg delivered via intragastrical administration were evaluated using carrageenan-induced paw edema and acetic acid-stimulated writhing animal models. A phytochemical study of the bioactive (AL) fraction was conducted using various chromatographic techniques, and the structures of the obtained isoquinolines were identified by multiple spectroscopic analyses and quantum chemical computations. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory activities of all the isolates were assessed in vitro based on the suppression of lipopolysaccharide-activated inflammatory mediators (COX-2, IL-1β, and TNF-α) in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. RESULTS At the dose of 200 mg/kg, the three fractions (ME, AL, and Non-AL) of H. erectum ameliorated the paw edema by carrageenan-stimulated and reduced the number of writhing by acetic acid-induced in mice compared to the model group, with the AL fraction showing the most potent effects. Subsequent phytochemical investigation of the AL fraction led to the isolation of six new isoquinoline alkaloids (1-6) as well as 23 known analogues (7-29). However, compared to common isoquinolines, compounds 1-4 possess an additional nitrogen atom, while compound 5 has two additional nitrogen atoms. These additional atoms enrich the diversity of natural isoquinoline alkaloids. Further pharmacological evaluation in vivo revealed that the four major constituents (20, 21, 22, and 27) significantly relieved paw edema at 100 mg/kg, while protopine (20) and oxyhydrastinin (27) remarkably decreased the number of writhing at 100 mg/kg. In addition, most of the isolates displayed anti-inflammatory effects, as indicated by the inhibition of inflammatory mediators (COX-2, IL-1β, and/or TNF-α) in vitro at a treatment concentration of 5 μg/mL. trans-benzindenoazepines (13), protopine (20), and 1,3,6,6-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahyboisoquiolin-8-one (25) showed comparable anti-inflammatory activity to dexamethasone by inhibiting the secretion of IL-1β. CONCLUSIONS This investigation validated the traditional use of H. erectum by assessing its anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. Phytochemical investigation revealed the diversity and novelty of the natural isoquinoline alkaloids in H. erectum. Four major isoquinolines were identified as the bioactive constituents of H. erectum. The findings provide scientific justification to support the traditional application of H. erectum for treating inflammatory and pain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Lian Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincical Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, PR China
| | - Yun-Li Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincical Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, PR China
| | - Xu-Jie Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, PR China
| | - Ya-Ping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, PR China.
| | - Xing-Wei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, PR China.
| | - Xiao-Dong Luo
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincical Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, PR China.
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12
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Niu HT, Liu Y, Wang YZ, Tian Y, Yang M, Jiang HS. Columbamine-Mediated PTEN/AKT Signal Pathway Regulates the Progression of Glioma. Cancer Manag Res 2021; 13:489-497. [PMID: 33500662 PMCID: PMC7826076 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s286866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose At present, comprehensive therapy has been widely used in the treatment of glioma, but the curative effect is not good, and the survival rate of patients is low. Therefore, it is crucial to explore further the regulatory mechanism of the occurrence and development of glioma and find potential therapeutic targets. We aimed to investigate the columbamine (a tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloid derived from the rhizome of Chinese herbal medicine Rhizoma Coptidis) on glioma progression. Methods MTT, clone formation assay, wound healing assay, and transwell assay were performed to detect the cell viability, proliferation, migration, and invasion ability. Flow cytometry, TUNEL, and Western blot were used to identify the apoptosis level in glioma cells. PTEN inhibitor (SF1670) and AKT activator (SC79) were used to explore the mechanism of columbamine on glioma cell progression. Results Columbamine inhibits proliferation, migration, invasion, and induces apoptosis in glioma cell lines (SHG44 and U251). Columbamine prevents phosphorylation of AKT and promotes the expression of PTEN. Blocking PTEN level or inducing phosphorylation of AKT attenuates columbamine function on SHG44 cells proliferation, metastasis, and apoptosis. Conclusion In this research, we find that columbamine could inhibit proliferation and metastasis of glioma cell lines, and promote apoptosis of glioma cell lines via regulating PTEN/AKT signal pathway. It provides a new theoretical basis for the development of anti-glioma drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Tao Niu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei 061000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei 061000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Zhou Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei 061000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Tian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei 061000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei 061000, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Sheng Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei 061000, People's Republic of China
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13
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Li Y, Zhang ZX, Huang GH, Xiang Y, Yang L, Pei YC, Yang W, Lv SQ. A systematic review of multifocal and multicentric glioblastoma. J Clin Neurosci 2021; 83:71-76. [PMID: 33358091 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2020.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Multiple glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is classified as multifocal and multicentric GBM according to whether there is communication between the lesions. Multiple GBM is more genetically heterogeneous, aggressive and resistant to chemoradiotherapy than unifocal GBM, and has a worse prognosis. There is no international consensus on the treatment of multiple GBM. This review discusses some paradigms of multiple GBM and focuses on the heterogeneity spread pathway, imaging diagnosis, pathology, molecular characterization and prognosis of multifocal and multicentric GBM. Several promising therapeutic methods of multiple GBM are also recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, PR China
| | - Zuo-Xin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, PR China
| | - Guo-Hao Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, PR China
| | - Yan Xiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, PR China
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, PR China
| | - Yu-Chun Pei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, PR China
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, PR China
| | - Sheng-Qing Lv
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, PR China.
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14
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Yuan HL, Zhao YL, Qin XJ, Liu YP, Yu HF, Zhu PF, Jin Q, Yang XW, Luo XD. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of Neolamarckia cadamba and its bioactive monoterpenoid indole alkaloids. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 260:113103. [PMID: 32569718 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Neolamarckia cadamba has been used traditionally to treat inflammation, fever, and pruritus in the Dai ethnopharmacy in Yunnan province, P.R. China. However, according to literature survey, the action basis of anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of this plant were rarely reported, which accounts for the original intentions of this investigation. AIM OF THE STUDY The study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic action of methanolic extract (ME), ethyl acetate (EA), and aqueous (AQS) fractions of N. cadamba and further explore the accurate compounds responsible for the activities of EA fraction. MATERIALS AND METHODS The in vivo anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of ME, EA, and AQS fractions at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg and two major constituents (compounds 5 and 7) at 50 and 100 mg/kg via intragastrically administrated, respectively, were evaluated by carrageenan-induced paw edema and acetic acid-stimulated writhing animal models. Aspirin (ASP) was used as the positive control at the dose of 200 mg/kg. The monoterpenoid indole alkaloids (MIAs) in EA fraction were phytochemically studied utilizing chromatographic techniques, and their structures and absolute configurations were established on the basis of multiple spectroscopic analyses and quantum computational chemistry method. Moreover, the in vitro anti-inflammatory activities of all the isolates were assessed by suppressing releases of LPS-activated inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-1β, and COX-2) in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells at a concentration of 10 μg/mL. Dexamethasone (DXM) was used as the positive control. RESULTS Three fractions (ME, EA, and AQS) significantly ameliorated the paw edema caused by carrageenan and reduced the number of writhing induced by acetic acid in comparison to the control group at the doses of 200 and/or 400 mg/kg (in vivo). Subsequent phytochemical investigation of EA fraction led to the structural characterization of four new monoterpenoid indole alkaloids, neocadambines A-D (1-4), as well as eight known analogues (5-12). Neocadambine A possesses a novel 14-nor-MIA skeleton that could be derived from the corynantheine-type MIAs via oxidative cleavage of C3-C14 bond and subsequently degradation of C14. Moreover, the structure of a bioactive known MIA, cadambine acid (6), was reassigned by analysis of its NMR spectroscopic data. Further biological assays revealed that the major constituent 3β-dihydrocadambine (7) significantly relieved the paw edema and decreased the number of writhing at 100 mg/kg in vivo. In addition, most of the isolates displayed remarkable in vitro anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the secretion of aforementioned inflammatory mediators (COX-2, IL-1β, and TNF-α) at a concentration of 10 μg/mL, and compounds 4, 7, and 9 showed better anti-inflammatory effects than that of positive control, dexamethasone. CONCLUSIONS This study further validated the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of N. cadamba, and revealed that monoterpenoid indole alkaloids could partly contribute to the efficacy of this ethnodrug. The major constituent 3β-dihydrocadambine (7) showed significant anti-inflammatory activities both in vitro and in vivo, which suggested that it could be a promising anti-inflammatory lead compound. Our findings provided scientific justification to support the traditional application of N. cadamba for treating inflammatory and nociceptive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Lian Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Li Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu-Jie Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Ping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao-Fei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei-Feng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiong Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing-Wei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiao-Dong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Xu D, Xu Z. Indole Alkaloids with Potential Anticancer Activity. Curr Top Med Chem 2020; 20:1938-1949. [DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200622150325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Indole alkaloids, which are abundant in nature, are a significant source of pharmacologically
active compounds. Indole alkaloids have the potential to exert anticancer activity via various antiproliferative
mechanisms, and some of them, such as Vinblastine and Vincristinem, have already used in clinics
or under clinical evaluations for the treatment of cancers. Therefore, indole alkaloids occupy an important
position in the discovery of novel anticancer agents. This review emphasizes the recent development
of indole alkaloids as potential anticancer agents, their structure-activity relationship, and
mechanisms of action covering the articles published from 2015 to 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Zhi Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China
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16
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Wei X, Qin XJ, Jin Q, Yu HF, Ding CF, Khan A, Liu YP, Xia C, Luo XD. Indole alkaloids with self-activated sp2 C H bond from Alstonia scholaris. Tetrahedron Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.151894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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17
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Wei X, Yang J, Dai Z, Yu HF, Ding CF, Khan A, Zhao YL, Liu YP, Luo XD. Antitumor pyridine alkaloids hybrid with diverse units from Alangium chinense. Tetrahedron Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2019.151502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Qi SG, Quan LQ, Cui XY, Li HM, Zhao XD, Li RT. A natural compound obtained from Valeriana jatamansi selectively inhibits glioma stem cells. Oncol Lett 2019; 19:1384-1392. [PMID: 32002029 PMCID: PMC6960388 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.11239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is one of the most malignant tumors with very poor prognosis. Glioma stem cells (GSCs) occupy a small proportion in glioma, but they are closely associated with radiotherapy and chemotherapy resistance, promoting tumor angiogenesis, hypoxia response, invasion and recurrence. Therefore, GSCs have become a new target for tumor treatment and are used in drug screening. Rupesin E is a natural compound obtained from Valeriana jatamansi, and its antitumor activity has not been reported. In the present study, the antitumor activity of rupesin E was investigated, and the results demonstrated that it inhibited the proliferation of GSCs (GSC-3#, GSC-12#, GSC-18#) with the IC50 values of 7.13±1.41, 13.51±1.46 and 4.44±0.22 µg/ml, respectively. In addition, immunofluorescence cell staining and flow cytometry techniques demonstrated that rupesin E inhibited GSC proliferation and induced apoptosis. Furthermore, rupesin E inhibited the ability of GSC colony formation, indicating its antitumor activity against GSCs in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Gang Qi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, P.R. China
| | - Li-Qiu Quan
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Yue Cui
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Mei Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| | - Xu-Dong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, P.R. China
| | - Rong-Tao Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
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19
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Li R, Zi MJ, Gou ZP, Zhao YL, Zhang WT, Lu F, Cao WY, Zhao YP, Li QN, Zhao Y, Wang SG, Gao HY, Sun MY, Luo XD, Xiong ZL, Gao R. Pharmacokinetics and safety evaluation in healthy Chinese volunteers of alkaloids from leaf of Alstonia scholaris: A multiple doses phase I clinical trial. PHYTOMEDICINE 2019; 61:152828. [PMID: 31055046 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2019.152828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alstonia scholaris (Apocynaceae) was reported to be a rich source of indole alkaloids, which exhibited remarkably bioactivities. The leaf of A. scholaris has been used in 'dai' ethno-medicine for treatment of respiratory diseases, and the defined indole alkaloids from leaf of A. scholaris has been registered as investigational new botanical drug (No. 2011L01436) and was approved for phase I/II clinical trials by China Food and Drug Administration (CFDA). PURPOSE The aim of the trial is to evaluate the safety and explore the relationship of dosing frequency and pharmacokinetics after oral administration of capsule of alkaloids from leaf of A. scholaris (CALAS) at different doses. METHODS In this randomized, open-labelled, single-center clinical trial, the safety and pharmacokinetics of CALAS were assessed in eligible healthy Chinese volunteers after oral administration of different doses. Each volunteer (n = 10 per group) received single dose of CALAS from 20 mg, 40 mg, 80 mg to 120 mg orally. The pharmacokinetics of CALAS was investigated in healthy Chinese subjects' plasma by a fully-validated LC-MS/MS method. Safety was assessed biochemically and clinically throughout the study, and drug re-excitation research was conducted to verify the correlation between investigational product and minor adverse events. The trial was registered on August 26, 2015 (http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=11736), number ChiCTR-IPR-15006976. RESULTS 40 subjects completed the study, and as a result, vallesamine had the highest concentration in plasma of healthy volunteers, and the AUC exposure level in each compounds in turn is vallesamine > scholaricine > 19-epischolaricine > picrinine. For the safety evaluation of CALAS, two cases of minor adverse events were observed during the trial, but the drug re-excitation research indicated that these two adverse events were related to the individual's physiological variation. CONCLUSION Pharmacokinetic characteristics of each ingredient showed different patterns. 19-epischolaricine, vallesamine and picrinine were match to the linear pharmacokinetic characteristics, but scholaricine conformed to the characteristics of nonlinear pharmacokinetics. The CALAS was safe in healthy subjects under the current dose regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medicine Science, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Ming-Jie Zi
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medicine Science, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Zhong-Ping Gou
- Institute of Drug Clinical Trials, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yun-Li Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650201, China
| | - Wan-Tong Zhang
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medicine Science, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Fang Lu
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medicine Science, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Wei-Yi Cao
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medicine Science, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Ying-Pan Zhao
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medicine Science, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Qing-Na Li
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medicine Science, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medicine Science, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Shu-Ge Wang
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medicine Science, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Hong-Yang Gao
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medicine Science, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Ming-Yue Sun
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medicine Science, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650201, China.
| | - Zhi-Li Xiong
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110016, China.
| | - Rui Gao
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medicine Science, Beijing, 100091, China.
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