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Shan Q, Yu W, Xu Q, Liu R, Ying S, Dong J, Bao Y, Lyu Q, Shi C, Xia J, Tang J, Kuang H, Wang K, Tian G, Cao G. Detoxification and underlying mechanisms towards toxic alkaloids by Traditional Chinese Medicine processing: A comprehensive review. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 129:155623. [PMID: 38703661 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alkaloids have attracted enduring interest worldwide due to their remarkable therapeutic effects, including analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor properties, thus offering a rich source for lead compound design and new drug discovery. However, some of these alkaloids possess intrinsic toxicity. Processing (Paozhi) is a pre-treatment step before the application of herbal medicines in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) clinics, which has been employed for centuries to mitigate the toxicity of alkaloid-rich TCMs. PURPOSE To explore the toxicity phenotypes, chemical basis, mode of action, detoxification processing methods, and underlying mechanisms, we can gain crucial insights into the safe and rational use of these toxic alkaloid-rich herbs. Such insights have the great potential to offer new strategies for drug discovery and development, ultimately improving the quality of life for millions of people. METHODS Literatures published or early accessed until December 31, 2023, were retrieved from databases including PubMed, Web of Science, and CNKI. The following keywords, such as "toxicity", "alkaloid", "detoxification", "processing", "traditional Chinese medicine", "medicinal plant", and "plant", were used in combination or separately for screening. RESULTS Toxicity of alkaloids in TCM includes hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, and other forms of toxicity, primarily induced by pyrrolizidines, quinolizidines, isoquinolines, indoles, pyridines, terpenoids, and amines. Factors such as whether the toxic-alkaloid enriched part is limited or heat-sensitive, and whether toxic alkaloids are also therapeutic components, are critical for choosing appropriate detoxification processing methods. Mechanisms of alkaloid detoxification includes physical removal, chemical decomposition or transformation, as well as biological modifications. CONCLUSION Through this exploration, we review toxic alkaloids and the mechanisms underlying their toxicity, discuss methods to reduce toxicity, and unravel the intricate mechanisms behind detoxification. These offers insights into the quality control of herbs containing toxic alkaloids, safe and rational use of alkaloid-rich TCMs in clinics, new strategies for drug discovery and development, and ultimately helping improve the quality of life for millions of people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyuan Shan
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China.
| | - Wei Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China; Clinical Research Unit, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qiongfang Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Ruina Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Shuye Ying
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Jie Dong
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Yini Bao
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Qiang Lyu
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Changcheng Shi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junjie Xia
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Jing Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Haodan Kuang
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Kuilong Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China.
| | - Gang Tian
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China.
| | - Gang Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China.
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Chen Y, Li L, Xu J, Liu Y, Xie Y, Xiong A, Wang Z, Yang L. Mass spectrometric analysis strategies for pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Food Chem 2024; 445:138748. [PMID: 38422865 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) in food and natural preparations have received widespread attention due to their hepatotoxicity, genotoxicity, and embryotoxicity. Mass spectrometry (MS), as a high resolution, high sensitive, and high throughput detection tool, has been the most commonly used technique for the determination of PAs. The continuous advancement of new technologies, methods, and strategies in the field of MS has contributed to the improvement of the analytical efficiency and methodological enhancement of PAs. This paper provides an overview of the structure, toxicity properties and commonly employed analytical methods, focusing on the concepts, advances, and novel techniques and applications of MS-based methods for the analysis of PAs. Additionally, the remaining challenges, future perspectives, and trends for PA detection are discussed. This review provides a reference for toxicological studies of PAs, content monitoring, and the establishment of quality control and safety standards for herbal and food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Chen
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, The Shanghai Key Laboratory for Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Linnan Li
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, The Shanghai Key Laboratory for Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Jie Xu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, The Shanghai Key Laboratory for Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yamin Liu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, The Shanghai Key Laboratory for Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yanqiao Xie
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, The Shanghai Key Laboratory for Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Aizhen Xiong
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, The Shanghai Key Laboratory for Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, The Shanghai Key Laboratory for Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Li Yang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, The Shanghai Key Laboratory for Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Xiong A, Lu L, Jiang K, Wang X, Chen Y, Wang X, Zhang W, Zhuge Y, Huang W, Li L, Liao Q, Yang F, Liu P, Ding L, Wang Z, Yang L. Functional metabolomics characterizes the contribution of farnesoid X receptor in pyrrolizidine alkaloid-induced hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome. Arch Toxicol 2024:10.1007/s00204-024-03762-x. [PMID: 38703205 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03762-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Consumption of herbal products containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) is one of the major causes for hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (HSOS), a deadly liver disease. However, the crucial metabolic variation and biomarkers which can reflect these changes remain amphibious and thus to result in a lack of effective prevention, diagnosis and treatments against this disease. The aim of the study was to determine the impact of HSOS caused by PA exposure, and to translate metabolomics-derived biomarkers to the mechanism. In present study, cholic acid species (namely, cholic acid, taurine conjugated-cholic acid, and glycine conjugated-cholic acid) were identified as the candidate biomarkers (area under the ROC curve 0.968 [95% CI 0.908-0.994], sensitivity 83.87%, specificity 96.55%) for PA-HSOS using two independent cohorts of patients with PA-HSOS. The increased primary bile acid biosynthesis and decreased liver expression of farnesoid X receptor (FXR, which is known to inhibit bile acid biosynthesis in hepatocytes) were highlighted in PA-HSOS patients. Furtherly, a murine PA-HSOS model induced by senecionine (50 mg/kg, p.o.), a hepatotoxic PA, showed increased biosynthesis of cholic acid species via inhibition of hepatic FXR-SHP singling and treatment with the FXR agonist obeticholic acid restored the cholic acid species to the normal levels and protected mice from senecionine-induced HSOS. This work elucidates that increased levels of cholic acid species can serve as diagnostic biomarkers in PA-HSOS and targeting FXR may represent a therapeutic strategy for treating PA-HSOS in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aizhen Xiong
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201210, China.
- Shanghai R & D Center for Standardization of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, 201210, China.
| | - Longhui Lu
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Kaiyuan Jiang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Xiaoning Wang
- E-Institute of Shanghai Municipal Education Committee, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yan Chen
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Xunjiang Wang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing, Affiliated to Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuzheng Zhuge
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing, Affiliated to Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wendong Huang
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Lujin Li
- Center for Drug of Clinical Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Qi Liao
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Ping Liu
- E-Institute of Shanghai Municipal Education Committee, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Lili Ding
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201210, China.
- Shanghai R & D Center for Standardization of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, 201210, China.
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201210, China.
- Shanghai R & D Center for Standardization of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, 201210, China.
| | - Li Yang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201210, China.
- Shanghai R & D Center for Standardization of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, 201210, China.
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Bae WY, Lee DU, Yu HS, Lee NK, Paik HD. Fermentation of Inula britannica using Lactobacillus plantarum SY12 increases of epigallocatechin gallate and attenuates toxicity. Food Chem 2023; 429:136844. [PMID: 37454617 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to increase epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) levels and attenuate the toxicity in Inulabritannica by fermentation using Lactobacillus plantarum SY12. The optimal medium was composed of 10 g of I. britannica, 4 g of xylose, 5 g of soytone, and 5 g of beef extract. The predicted value of EGCG was 237.327 μg/mL. To investigate damage in HepG2 cell lines by I. britannica extracts (IE) or fermented I. britannica extracts (FIE), cell viability, mitochondria membrane potential, the expression of apoptosis and autophagy genes, and chemical composition were measured. FIE increased cell viability, regulation of the gene expression (decreased p53, p62, p-ERK 1/2, and p-p38; increased CDK2 and CDK4) compared with IE. These results were explained by an increase in 1,3-dicaffeoylquinic acid and a decrease in 1-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 1-O-acetylbritannilactone, and ergolide in FIE. In conclusion, these results indicated that fermentation can mitigate the toxicity in I. britannica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Young Bae
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Do-Un Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Hyung-Seok Yu
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Na-Kyoung Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Hyun-Dong Paik
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
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Xu J, Xiong A, Wang X, Yan X, Chen Y, Ye X, Wang Z, Ding L, Yang L. Hyperoside attenuates pyrrolizidine alkaloids-induced liver injury by ameliorating TFEB-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction. Arch Pharm Res 2023; 46:694-712. [PMID: 37733287 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-023-01460-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are potent hepatotoxins that can cause liver damage. Hyperoside (Hyp), a natural flavonoid, can be extracted from medicinal plants. Hyp displays hepatoprotective activity in various liver diseases. However, the potential effect and mechanism of action of Hyp in ameliorating PA-induced liver injury remain obscure. This study aimed to explore the protective effect of Hyp against PA-induced hepatotoxicity and its underlying mechanism. We established an in vitro model of PAs in mouse primary hepatocytes and developed a mouse model of acute PA toxicity to investigate the protective effect of Hyp. We found that Hyp notably attenuated PA-induced hepatotoxicity. RNA-sequencing showed that the beneficial effect of Hyp against PA-induced hepatotoxicity was associated with the transcription factor EB (TFEB)-peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1-α (PGC1α) pathway. Our results confirmed that both the autophagy-lysosomal pathway and mitochondrial biogenesis were induced by Hyp through TFEB nuclear translocation in PA-induced liver injury. Furthermore, we demonstrated that activation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) by MHY 1485 decreased TFEB nuclear translocation and abrogated the protective effect of Hyp against PA-induced liver injury in mice. In contrast, inhibition of mTORC1 activity increased the level of TFEB and reduced hepatotoxicity induced by PAs in mouse livers. Likewise, Hyp-induced TFEB activation was validated in vitro. In conclusion, Hyp can activate the TFEB-mediated autophagy-lysosomal pathway and mitochondrial biogenesis through inhibition of mTORC1 activity, alleviating the liver injury induced by PAs, thus suggesting the potential value of Hyp in the treatment of PA-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Complex Prescriptions, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Cai Lun Road 1200, Zhangjiang, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Shanghai R & D Center for Standardization of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Aizhen Xiong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Complex Prescriptions, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Cai Lun Road 1200, Zhangjiang, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Shanghai R & D Center for Standardization of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xunjiang Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Complex Prescriptions, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Cai Lun Road 1200, Zhangjiang, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Shanghai R & D Center for Standardization of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xing Yan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Complex Prescriptions, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Cai Lun Road 1200, Zhangjiang, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Shanghai R & D Center for Standardization of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yilin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Complex Prescriptions, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Cai Lun Road 1200, Zhangjiang, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Shanghai R & D Center for Standardization of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xuanling Ye
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Complex Prescriptions, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Cai Lun Road 1200, Zhangjiang, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Shanghai R & D Center for Standardization of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Complex Prescriptions, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Cai Lun Road 1200, Zhangjiang, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Shanghai R & D Center for Standardization of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Lili Ding
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Complex Prescriptions, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Cai Lun Road 1200, Zhangjiang, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- Shanghai R & D Center for Standardization of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Li Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Complex Prescriptions, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Cai Lun Road 1200, Zhangjiang, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- Shanghai R & D Center for Standardization of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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Chen Y, Wang WQ, Jia XL, Wang CH, Yang L, Wang ZT, Xiong AZ. Firm evidence for the detoxification of senecionine-induced hepatotoxicity via N-glucuronidation in UGT1A4–humanized transgenic mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 165:113185. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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JIANG KY, ZHANG Y, YE XL, XIONG F, CHEN Y, JIA XL, ZHANG YX, YANG L, XIONG AZ, WANG ZT. Bear bile powder attenuates senecionine-induced hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome in mice. Chin J Nat Med 2022; 20:270-281. [DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(22)60169-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Luo WK, Zhang LL, Yang ZY, Guo XH, Wu Y, Zhang W, Luo JK, Tang T, Wang Y. Herbal medicine derived carbon dots: synthesis and applications in therapeutics, bioimaging and sensing. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:320. [PMID: 34645456 PMCID: PMC8513293 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-01072-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the number of raw material selections for the synthesis of carbon dots (CDs) has grown extensively, herbal medicine as a precursor receives an increasing amount of attention. Compared with other biomass precursors, CDs derived from herbal medicine (HM-CDs) have become the most recent incomer in the family of CDs. In recent ten years, a great many studies have revealed that HM-CDs tend to be good at theranostics without drug loading. However, the relevant development and research results are not systematically reviewed. Herein, the origin and history of HM-CDs are outlined, especially their functional performances in medical diagnosis and treatment. Besides, we sort out the herbal medicine precursors, and analyze the primary synthetic methods and the key characteristics. In terms of the applications of HM-CDs, medical therapeutics, ion and molecular detection, bioimaging, as well as pH sensing are summarized. Finally, we discuss the crucial challenges and future prospects. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Kang Luo
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Liang-Lin Zhang
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhao-Yu Yang
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiao-Hang Guo
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Yao Wu
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- The College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Jie-Kun Luo
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tao Tang
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China.
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Meng X, Li J, Li M, Wang H, Ren B, Chen J, Li W. Traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of the genus Gynura (Compositae): A comprehensive review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 276:114145. [PMID: 33932518 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Gynura cass., belonging to the tribe Senecoineae of the family Compositae, contains more than 40 accepted species as annual or perennial herbs, mainly distributed in Asia, Africa and Australia. Among them, 11 species are distributed in China. Many of the Gynura species have been used as traditional herbal medicines for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, rheumatism, eruptive fever, gastric ulcer, bleeding, abscesses, bruises, burning pains, rashes and herpes zoster infection in tropical Asia countries such as China, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Vietnam. Some of the species have been used as vegetables, tea beverage or ornamental plants by the local people. AIM OF THE STUDY A more comprehensive and in-depth review about the geographical distribution, traditional uses, chemical constituents and pharmacological activities as well as safe and toxicity of Gynura species has been summarized, hoping to provide a scientific basis for rational development and utilization as well as to foster further research of these important medicinal plant resources in the future. MATERIALS AND METHODS A review of the literature was performed based on the existing peer-reviewed researches by consulting scientific databases including Web of Science, PubMed, Elsevier, Google Scholar, SciFinder and China National Knowledge Infrastructure. RESULTS Many of the Gynura species have been phytochemically studied, which led to the isolation of more than 338 compounds including phenolics, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids, cerebrosides, aliphatics and other compounds. Pharmacological studies in vitro and in vivo have also confirmed the various bioactive potentials of extracts or pure compounds from many Gynura plants, based on their claimed ethnomedicinal and anecdotal uses, including antioxidant, anti-inflammation, anticancer, antidiabetic, antihypertension, antibacterial and other activities. However, pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) pose a threat to the medication safety and edible security of Gynura plants because of toxicity issues, requiring the need to pay great attention to this phenomenon. CONCLUSION The traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Gynura species described in this review demonstrated that these plants contain a great number of active constituents and display a diversity of pharmacological activities. However, the mechanism of action, structure-activity relationship, potential synergistic effects and pharmacokinetics of these components need to be further elucidated. Moreover, further detailed research is urgently needed to explain the mechanisms of toxicity induced by PAs. In this respect, effective detoxification strategies need to be worked out, so as to support the safe and reasonable utilization of Gynura plant resources in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuhua Meng
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Jiawei Li
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Mimi Li
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Hongjiang Wang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Bingru Ren
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China.
| | - Weilin Li
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China; Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Forestry College, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
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10
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Tu-San-Qi (Gynura japonica): the culprit behind pyrrolizidine alkaloid-induced liver injury in China. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2021; 42:1212-1222. [PMID: 33154553 PMCID: PMC8285480 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-00553-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Herbs and dietary supplement-induced liver injury (HILI) is the leading cause of drug-induced liver injury in China. Among different hepatotoxic herbs, the pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA)-producing herb Gynura japonica contributes significantly to HILI by inducing hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (HSOS), a liver disorder characterized by hepatomegaly, hyperbilirubinemia, and ascites. In China, G. japonica has been used as one of the plant species for Tu-San-Qi and is often misused with non-PA-producing Tu-San-Qi (Sedum aizoon) or even San-Qi (Panax notoginseng) for self-medication. It has been reported that over 50% of HSOS cases are caused by the intake of PA-producing G. japonica. In this review, we provide comprehensive information to distinguish these Tu-San-Qi-related herbal plant species in terms of plant/medicinal part morphologies, medicinal indications, and chemical profiles. Approximately 2156 Tu-San-Qi-associated HSOS cases reported in China from 1980 to 2019 are systematically reviewed in terms of their clinical manifestation, diagnostic workups, therapeutic interventions, and outcomes. In addition, based on the application of our developed mechanism-based biomarker of PA exposure, our clinical findings on the definitive diagnosis of 58 PA-producing Tu-San-Qi-induced HSOS patients are also elaborated. Therefore, this review article provides the first comprehensive report on 2214 PA-producing Tu-San-Qi (G. japonica)-induced HSOS cases in China, and the information presented will improve public awareness of the significant incidence of PA-producing Tu-San-Qi (G. japonica)-induced HSOS and facilitate future prevention and better clinical management of this severe HILI.
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11
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Ameliorative potential of Operculina turpethum against streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats: biochemical and histopathological studies. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:309. [PMID: 34194901 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02811-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the acute toxicity, antidiabetic potential (in-vitro and in-vivo) of the Operculina turpethum (L.) Silva Manso at fraction level. The plant was fractionated into different fractions, i.e., flavonoid fraction (OTFF), tannin fraction (OTTF), saponin fraction (OTSF). In-vitro alpha-amylase inhibition assay revealed that OTFF was found to be more potent than standard Acarbose. The plant fractions were evaluated by MTT assay at different concentrations ranging from 100 to 1000 µg/ml. All the fractions were further evaluated for their safety profile, and the biochemical, hematology and histopathology result exhibits that the OTFF fraction produces mild toxicity at organ level at a concentration of 2000 mg/kg in albino mice. The in-vivo antidiabetic study was carried out on Sprague-Dawley rats using high-fat diet (HFD) feeding streptozotocin (STZ) diabetic model, and the biochemical, histopathology research findings represent that OTFF at a concentration of 500 mg/kg, p.o. was found to be highly significant among all the fractions and found to be more potent than the standard Acarbose. LC-MS characterization of the bioactive fraction OTFF showed the presence of rutin with m/z 610.52 in 50.50% and Apigenin 7-O-6'' acetyl-glucoside with m/z 475.42 in 24.10%; from molecular docking study, it is predicted that the fraction primarily acts as an alpha-amylase inhibitor and PPAR gamma agonist. In conclusion, the plant's OTFF fraction acts as a potential therapeutic agent for Type II diabetes mellitus.
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12
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Bari MS, Khandokar L, Haque E, Romano B, Capasso R, Seidel V, Haque MA, Rashid MA. Ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, and biological activities of plants of the genus Gynura. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 271:113834. [PMID: 33465439 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.113834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The genus Gynura (Compositae) includes around 46 species and is native to the tropical regions of Southeast Asia, Africa and Australia. Many species within this genus are used in ethnomedicine to treat various disorders including skin diseases, injuries, ulcers, wounds, burns, sores, scalds, as well as for the management of diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, constipation, rheumatism, bronchitis and inflammation. AIM OF THE REVIEW This review is an attempt to provide scientific information regarding the ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacological and toxicological profiles of Gynura species along with the nomenclature, distribution, taxonomy and botanical features of the genus. A critical analysis has been undertaken to understand the current and future pharmaceutical prospects of the genus. MATERIALS & METHODS Several electronic databases, including Google scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, Semantic Scholar, MEDLINE and CNKI Scholar, were explored as information sources. The Plant List Index was used for taxonomical authentications. SciFinder and PubChem assisted in the verification of chemical structures. RESULTS A large number of phytochemical analyses on Gynura have revealed the presence of around 342 phytoconstituents including pyrrolizidine alkaloids, phenolic compounds, chromanones, phenylpropanoid glycosides, flavonoids, flavonoid glycosides, steroids, steroidal glycosides, cerebrosides, carotenoids, triterpenes, mono- and sesquiterpenes, norisoprenoids, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides and proteins. Several in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated the pharmacological potential of Gynura species, including antidiabetic, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antihypertensive and anticancer activities. Although the presence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids within a few species has been associated with possible hepatotoxicity, most of the common species have a good safety profile. CONCLUSIONS The importance of the genus Gynura both as a prominent contributor in ethnomedicinal systems as well as a source of promising bioactive molecules is evident. Only about one fourth of Gynura species have been studied so far. This review aims to provide some scientific basis for future endeavors, including in-depth biological and chemical investigations into already studied species as well as other lesser known species of Gynura.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sazzadul Bari
- Department of Pharmacy, State University of Bangladesh, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Labony Khandokar
- Department of Pharmacy, East West University, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Ehfazul Haque
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Barbara Romano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaele Capasso
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Veronique Seidel
- Natural Products Research Laboratory, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
| | - Md Areeful Haque
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh; Drug & Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Mohammad Abdur Rashid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh.
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13
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Wang X, Zhang W, Yang Y, Chen Y, Zhuge Y, Xiong A, Yang L, Wang Z. Blood microRNA Signatures Serve as Potential Diagnostic Biomarkers for Hepatic Sinusoidal Obstruction Syndrome Caused by Gynura japonica Containing Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:627126. [PMID: 33679405 PMCID: PMC7933570 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.627126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims: The Gynura japonica-induced hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (HSOS) is closely related to pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs), and its prevalence has been increasing worldwide in recent years. However, no effective therapy for PA-induced HSOS in clinics is available, partially due to the failure of quick diagnosis. This study aims to identify blood microRNA (miRNA) signatures as potential biomarkers for PA-induced HSOS in clinics. Methods: The microarray-based miRNA profiling was performed on blood samples of the discovery cohort, which consisted of nine patients with HSOS and nine healthy donors. Differentially expressed miRNAs were further confirmed using a validation cohort, which consisted of 20 independent patients with HSOS. In addition, the rat model was established through the oral administration of the total alkaloid extract from G. japonica to investigate the association of miRNA biomarkers with the progression of HSOS. Bioinformatic analyses, including GO and KEGG enrichment, receiver operating characteristics curve, and correlation analyses were conducted to evaluate the accuracy of the potential miRNA biomarkers. Results: Three miRNAs, namely miR-148a-3p, miR-362-5p, and miR-194-5p, were overexpressed in patients and rats with PA-induced HSOS. These miRNAs were positively related to the severity of liver injury and displayed considerable diagnostic accuracy for patients with HSOS with areas under the curve over 0.87. Conclusion: In summary, this study demonstrated that three miRNAs, hsa-miR-148a-3p, hsa-miR-362-5p, and hsa-miR-194-5p, might serve as potential biomarkers for PA-induced HSOS in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunjiang Wang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai R&D Center for Standardization of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing, Affiliated to Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongfeng Yang
- Department of Liver Disease, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yiran Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing, Affiliated to Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuzheng Zhuge
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing, Affiliated to Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Aizhen Xiong
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai R&D Center for Standardization of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Yang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai R&D Center for Standardization of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai R&D Center for Standardization of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, China
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14
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Tan JN, Mohd Saffian S, Buang F, Jubri Z, Jantan I, Husain K, Mohd Fauzi N. Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Genus Gynura: A Systematic Review. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:504624. [PMID: 33328981 PMCID: PMC7734347 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.504624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Gynura species have been used traditionally to treat various ailments, such as fever, pain, and to control blood glucose level. This systematic review critically discusses studies regarding Gynura species that exhibited antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, thus providing perspectives and instructions for future research of the plants as a potential source of new dietary supplements or medicinal agents. Methods: A literature search from internet databases of PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, e-theses Online Service, and ProQuest was carried out using a combination of keywords such as "Gynura," "antioxidant," "anti-inflammatory," or other related words. Research articles were included in this study if they were experimental (in vitro and in vivo) or clinical studies on the antioxidant or anti-inflammatory effects of Gynura species and if they were articles published in English. Results: Altogether, 27 studies on antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Gynura species were selected. The antioxidant effects of Gynura species were manifested by inhibition of reactive oxygen species production and lipid peroxidation, modulation of glutathione-related parameters, and enzymatic antioxidant production or activities. The anti-inflammatory effects of Gynura species were through the modulation of inflammatory cytokine production, inhibition of prostaglandin E2 and nitric oxide production, cellular inflammatory-related parameters, and inflammation in animal models. The potential anti-inflammatory signaling pathways modulated by Gynura species are glycogen synthase kinase-3, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, PPARγ, MAPK, NF-κB, and PI3K/Akt. However, most reports on antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of the plants were on crude extracts, and the chemical constituents contributing to bioactivities were not clearly understood. There is a variation in quality of studies in terms of design, conduct, and interpretation, and in-depth studies on the underlying mechanisms involved in antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of the plants are in demand. Moreover, there is limited clinical study on antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Gynura species. Conclusion: This review highlighted antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of genus Gynura and supported their traditional uses to treat oxidative stress and inflammatory-related diseases. This review is expected to catalyze further studies on genus Gynura. However, extensive preclinical data need to be generated from toxicity and pharmacokinetic studies before clinical studies can be pursued for their development into clinical medicines to treat oxidative stress and inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiah Ning Tan
- Centre for Drug and Herbal Development, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shamin Mohd Saffian
- Centre for Quality Management of Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Fhataheya Buang
- Centre for Drug and Herbal Development, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zakiah Jubri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ibrahim Jantan
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Khairana Husain
- Centre for Drug and Herbal Development, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Norsyahida Mohd Fauzi
- Centre for Drug and Herbal Development, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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15
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Rapid identification and determination of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in herbal and food samples via direct analysis in real-time mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2020; 334:127472. [PMID: 32721831 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are naturally occurring plant toxins associated with severe liver damage if excessive ingestion. Herein, a novel analytical strategy on utilizing direct analysis in real-time mass spectrometry (DART-MS) was developed, and applied in analysis of six representative PAs. The calibration curves in the range of 10-1000 ng·mL-1 were established, and relative standard deviations (RSDs) were less than 10%. The limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantitation (LOQs) were 0.55-0.85 ng·mL-1 and 1.83-2.82 ng·mL-1, respectively. The feasibility of method was indicated by analysing real samples including Gynura japonica, drug tablets, granules, and fresh cow's milk. Moreover, the results of DART-MS were in good agreement with those observed by high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS), but consumed less time without chromatographic separation. This research provides a facile fashion for safety assessment of herbal and food products containing PAs and presents promising applications in food, pharmaceutical and clinical analysis.
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16
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Wang W, Yang X, Chen Y, Ye X, Jiang K, Xiong A, Yang L, Wang Z. Seneciphylline, a main pyrrolizidine alkaloid in Gynura japonica, induces hepatotoxicity in mice and primary hepatocytes via activating mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 40:1534-1544. [PMID: 32618019 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Herbal drug-induced liver injury has been reported worldwide and gained global attention. Thousands of hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (HSOS) cases have been reported after consumption of herbal medicines and preparations containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs), which are natural phytotoxins globally distributed. And herbal medicines, such as Gynura japonica, are the current leading cause of PA-induced HSOS. The present study aimed to reveal the mechanism underlying the hepatotoxicity of seneciphylline (Seph), a main PA in G. japonica. Results showed that Seph induced severe liver injury through apoptosis in mice (70 mg/kg Seph, orally) and primary mouse and human hepatocytes (5-50 μM Seph). Further research uncovered that Seph induced apoptosis by disrupting mitochondrial homeostasis, inducing mitochondrial depolarization, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) loss, and cytochrome c (Cyt c) release and activating c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). The Seph-induced apoptosis in hepatocytes could be alleviated by Mdivi-1 (50 μM, a dynamin-related protein 1 inhibitor), as well as SP600125 (25 μM, a specific JNK inhibitor) and ZVAD-fmk (50 μM, a general caspase inhibitor). Moreover, the Seph-induced MMP loss in hepatocytes was also rescued by Mdivi-1. In conclusion, Seph induced liver toxicity via activating mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis in mice and primary hepatocytes. Our results provide further information on Seph detoxification and herbal medicines containing Seph such as G. japonica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqian Wang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Chen
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuanling Ye
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kaiyuan Jiang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Aizhen Xiong
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Yang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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17
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Suparmi S, Mulder PPJ, Rietjens IMCM. Detection of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in jamu available on the Indonesian market and accompanying safety assessment for human consumption. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 138:111230. [PMID: 32113951 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence and accompanying risks of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) in Indonesian jamu were evaluated. PAs were detected in 34 out of 35 jamu containing PA-producing botanicals, in the range of 12.3-235,376 μg/kg. A total PA level of 5.9-3,421 μg/kg was found in 17 out of 23 jamu made of non-PA-producing botanicals pointing to contamination with PA-producing plants. Short-time consumption of jamu is unlikely to result in acute toxic effects, although one sample would exceed an intake of 10 μg PA/kg bw/day which may cause hepatic veno-occlusive disease (HVOD) in humans. The risk assessment for the genotoxic and carcinogenic potential of PAs revealed Margin of Exposure (MOE) values below 10,000 for 27 out of all samples analysed (46.6%), indicating a priority for risk management when assuming daily lifelong consumption. Assuming consumption for two weeks every year during a lifetime, and using Haber's rule, 13 out of 35 jamu samples containing PA-producing botanicals (37%) still pose a priority, while the jamu consisting of non-PA-producing botanicals would be of low priority (MOE>10,000). This study provides data that can support risk management actions in Indonesia to minimize the potential health risk for jamu consumers due to the occurrence of toxic PAs in these products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suparmi Suparmi
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Islam Sultan Agung, Jl. Raya Kaligawe KM 4, 50112, Semarang, Indonesia.
| | - Patrick P J Mulder
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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18
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Chen Y, Xiong F, Wang W, Jiang K, Ye X, Deng G, Wang C, Yang L, Xiong A, Wang Z. The long persistence of pyrrolizidine alkaloid-derived pyrrole-protein adducts in vivo: Kinetic study following multiple exposures of a pyrrolizidine alkaloid containing extract of Gynura japonica. Toxicol Lett 2020; 323:41-47. [PMID: 31982501 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Gynura japonica (also named Tusanqi in Chinese) is used as a folk herbal medicine for treating blood stasis or traumatic injury. However, hundreds of hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (HSOS) cases have been reported after consumption of preparations made from G. japonica because it contains large amounts of hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs). To date, blood pyrrole-protein adducts (PPAs) are suggested as biomarkers for the diagnosis of PA-induced HSOS in clinics. However, the concentration of PPAs in the blood is greatly affected by several factors including the amount of PA exposure, herb intake period, and blood sampling time after the last exposure. In present study, the kinetic characters of PPAs in serum and liver as well as other potential target organs were studied systematically and comprehensively following multiple exposures of PAs in G. japonica extract (GJE). As results, PPAs content reached to a plateau both in serum and liver after the mice were treated with GJE for 2 weeks on daily basis. PPAs cleared significantly slower in liver (T1/2ke∼184.6 h, ∼7.7 days) than in serum (T1/2ke∼95.8 h, ∼4.0 days). Although more than 90 % PPAs were removed 2 weeks after the last dosing, PPAs still persisted in the liver until the end of the experiment, i.e. 8 weeks after the last dosing. The results would be of great help for understanding the importance of PPAs for PA-induced toxicity and its detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Fen Xiong
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Weiqian Wang
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Kaiyuan Jiang
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xuanling Ye
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Gang Deng
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Changhong Wang
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China; Shanghai R & D Center for Standardization of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Li Yang
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China; Shanghai R & D Center for Standardization of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Aizhen Xiong
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China; Shanghai R & D Center for Standardization of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China; Shanghai R & D Center for Standardization of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, 201203, China
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19
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Xu J, Wang W, Yang X, Xiong A, Yang L, Wang Z. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids: An update on their metabolism and hepatotoxicity mechanism. LIVER RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2019.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
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