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Adibifard A, Bozorgi M, Kolangi F, Enayati A, Daneshfard B, Gorji N, Memariani Z. Effects of Pistacia genus on gastrointestinal tract disorders: A systematic and comprehensive review. Fitoterapia 2024; 176:106038. [PMID: 38801894 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2024.106038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) disorders characterized by persistent and recurrence gastrointestinal symptoms are prevalent. The genus Pistacia is widely emphasized as the relief of gastrointestinal diseases in traditional medicine. This review aimed to investigate the latest evidence on the effect of the Pistacia genus on GI tract disorders. The systematic search was performed following to PRISMA guidelines. The databases PubMed and Scopus were searched from 1980 to 2022 with restrictions to the original studies. Electronic databases were searched in title/abstract, using the keywords relevant to GI tract disorders. Forty-eight studies were included in this review following the inclusion criteria. Fifteen and 22 studies were clinical and animal studies, respectively, of which 6 clinical and 13 animal studies were on Inflammatory Bowel diseases. Seven clinical studies were on functional GI disorders. The most pieces of evidence from animal and clinical studies were on the intestinal inflammation and peptic ulcer affecting the inflammation as well as oxidative stress through different mechanistic pathways. The most referred active phytochemicals seem to be terpenoid compounds. Various in vitro studies have also shown the inhibitory activity of the different plant parts of Pistacia herbs on several GI tract cancer cells. Available scientific evidence supports the effects of various components of Pistacia genus plants in the field of GI tract diseases, especially digestive inflammations. Further studies are required to systematically evaluate the natural products of the genus Pistacia, particularly in the context of digestive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Adibifard
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Mahbubeh Bozorgi
- Department of Traditional Medicine, School of Persian Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Kolangi
- Counseling and Reproductive Health Research Centre, Department of Persian Medicine, School of Persian Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Ayesheh Enayati
- Ischemic Disorders Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Babak Daneshfard
- Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Persian Medicine Network (PMN), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; Canadian College of Integrative Medicine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Narjes Gorji
- Traditional Medicine and History of Medical Sciences Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Zahra Memariani
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
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2
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Davila MM, Papada E. The Role of Plant-Derived Natural Products in the Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease-What Is the Clinical Evidence So Far? Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1703. [PMID: 37629560 PMCID: PMC10455079 DOI: 10.3390/life13081703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), including Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), are a major healthcare challenge worldwide. Disturbances in the immune system and gut microbiota followed by environmental triggers are thought to be part of the aetiological factors. Current treatment for IBD includes corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, and other biologic agents; however, some patients are still unresponsive, and these are also linked to high financial load and severe side effects. Plant-derived natural products are rich in phytochemicals and have been used as healing agents in several diseases since antiquity due to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties, as well as gut microbiota modulation. Numerous in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that phytochemicals act in key pathways that are associated with the pathogenesis of IBD. It is also reported that the use of plant-derived natural products as complementary treatments is increasing amongst patients with IBD to avoid the side effects accompanying standard medical treatment. This review summarises the relevant evidence around the use of plant-derived natural products in the management of IBD, with specific focus on the clinical evidence so far for Curcumin, Mastiha, Boswellia serrata, and Artemisia absinthium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Efstathia Papada
- Division of Medicine, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, UK
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3
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Ottria R, Xynomilakis O, Casati S, Abbiati E, Maconi G, Ciuffreda P. Chios Mastic Gum: Chemical Profile and Pharmacological Properties in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: From the Past to the Future. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12038. [PMID: 37569412 PMCID: PMC10419108 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Chios mastic gum, the product of the tree Pistacia lentiscus var. Chia, has been used for more than 2500 years in traditional Greek medicine for treating several diseases, thanks to the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of its components. Despite the long-time use of mastic in gastroenterology and in particular in chronic-inflammation-associated diseases, to date, the literature lacks reviews regarding this topic. The aim of the present work is to summarize available data on the effects of P. lentiscus on inflammatory bowel disease. A comprehensive review of this topic could drive researchers to conduct future studies aimed at deeply investigating P. lentiscus effects and hypothesizing a mechanism of action. The present review, indeed, schematizes the possible bioactive components of mastic gum. Particular care is given to P. lentiscus var. Chia medicaments' and supplements' chemical compositions and their pharmacological action in inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Ottria
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milan, Italy; (O.X.); (S.C.); (G.M.); (P.C.)
| | - Ornella Xynomilakis
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milan, Italy; (O.X.); (S.C.); (G.M.); (P.C.)
| | - Silvana Casati
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milan, Italy; (O.X.); (S.C.); (G.M.); (P.C.)
| | - Ezio Abbiati
- Phytoitalia S.r.l., Via Gran Sasso, 37, Corbetta, 20011 Milan, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Maconi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milan, Italy; (O.X.); (S.C.); (G.M.); (P.C.)
- Gastroenterology Unit, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Pierangela Ciuffreda
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milan, Italy; (O.X.); (S.C.); (G.M.); (P.C.)
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4
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Mavroudi A, Hadjimbei E, Giannakou K, Chrysostomou S. The Effect of Mastic Chios Supplementation in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Literature Review. J Med Food 2023; 26:215-223. [PMID: 37001176 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2022.0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mastic Chios is a natural treasure of Greece that offers many potential benefits in various disorders due its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This systematic review aimed to investigate the effect of Mastic Chios supplementation in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). A systematic search was conducted following PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines across PubMed/Medline and EBSCO databases until February 2023. Clinical studies that examined individuals of any age being diagnosed with IBD as well as preclinical studies using animals with experimental colitis were considered eligible for inclusion. Studies included were assessed for methodological quality. Eight articles were eligible for inclusion, with seven conducted in Greece and one study in Iran. Most of the studies were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and one was a pilot study. The intervention period varied between 3 and 7 days for animal studies and 4 weeks to 6 months for human studies. Mastic Chios supplementation varied between 2.2 and 2.8 g/day for clinical studies. The majority of studies concluded that Mastic Chios has significant antioxidant and inflammatory effects in IBD. This systematic review suggests that Mastic Chios may have a positive effect on the regulation and management of IBD. However, more high-quality clinical trials are needed to provide reliable and concrete conclusions about the effectiveness of Mastic Chios in this population. Such studies will further support the use of Mastic Chios as a reliable therapeutic option for IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Mavroudi
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Elena Hadjimbei
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Konstantinos Giannakou
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Stavri Chrysostomou
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Kaliora AC. Nutrition in inflammatory bowel diseases; Is there a role? Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2023; 62-63:101827. [PMID: 37094912 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2023.101827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Nutrition is of paramount importance not only for healthy individuals, but all the more for the ones with pathologies interlinked with the diet. In that light, diet, when used accordingly can act in a protective manner in inflammatory bowel diseases. The interplay of diet and IBD is not thoroughly defined, and guidelines are a work in progress. However, significant knowledge has been gained with regard to foods and nutrients that may exacerbate or alleviate the core symptoms. Patients with IBD restrict from their diet a plethora of foods often arbitrary, thus depriving themselves from valuable constituents. Careful navigation into the newfound field of genetic variants and personalization of diet should be employed with avoidance of the Westernized diet, processed foods and additives, and focus on a holistic approach with a balanced diet rich in bioactive compounds in order to improve the quality of life of these patients and address diet-related deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andriana C Kaliora
- Human Nutrition and Foods, Department of Dietetics-Nutrition Science, School of Health and Education Sciences, Harokopio University, 70 El. Venizelou Ave., 17676, Athens, Greece.
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Pleurotus eryngii Chips-Chemical Characterization and Nutritional Value of an Innovative Healthy Snack. Foods 2023; 12:foods12020353. [PMID: 36673445 PMCID: PMC9858173 DOI: 10.3390/foods12020353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, as the pandemic has reshaped snacking behaviors, and consumers have become more health-conscious, the need for the incorporation of "healthy snacking" in our diets has emerged. Although there is no agreed-upon definition of "healthy snacking", dietary guidelines refer to snack foods with high nutritional and biological value. The aim of this study was to chemically characterize and determine the nutritional value of an innovative UVB-irradiated and baked snack from Pleurotus eryngii mushrooms. P. eryngii is an edible mushroom native to the Mediterranean basin. We applied proximate composition, amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, and macro and trace elements analyses. Also, we computed indices to assess the nutritional quality of food, and we evaluated the sensory characteristics of the mushroom snack. We found high nutritional, consumer, and biological values for the snack. More specifically it was low in calories, high in fibre and protein, low in lipids, without added sugars, and high in ergosterol and beta-glucans. Additionally, it had some vitamins and trace elements in significant quantities. Its NRF9.3 score was considerably high compared to most popular snacks, and the snack exhibited high hypocholesterolemic and low atherogenic and thrombogenic potentials. In conclusion, as a result of UVB-irradiation and baking of P. eryngii mushrooms, the snack's nutritional and biological value were not affected; instead, it provided a "healthy snacking" option.
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Amerikanou C, Karavoltsos S, Gioxari A, Tagkouli D, Sakellari A, Papada E, Kalogeropoulos N, Forbes A, Kaliora AC. Clinical and inflammatory biomarkers of inflammatory bowel diseases are linked to plasma trace elements and toxic metals; new insights into an old concept. Front Nutr 2022; 9:997356. [PMID: 36570124 PMCID: PMC9780073 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.997356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic immune-mediated diseases, mainly represented by Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Several environmental factors have been proposed to contribute to disease pathogenesis, amongst which are metals. These can affect the immune system and may be associated with IBD. The aim of the present cross-sectional study was to investigate blood levels of metals in IBD patients and to examine possible associations with clinical and inflammatory disease markers. Methods In total, 76 CD patients, 39 UC patients and 38 healthy controls were included. Blood and stool samples were collected. Metals were quantified in plasma samples using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Results There were more abnormalities of circulating metals in CD than in UC when compared to healthy controls. CD: Concentrations of the essential trace elements zinc and selenium were lower in CD patients than the controls. Chromium was negatively associated with serum IL-6 (Beta: -3.558, p = 0.011), and caesium with fecal calprotectin (Beta: -0.481, p = 0.038) and serum IL-10 (Beta: -1.912, p = 0.050). In contrast, copper was positively associated with C-reactive protein (Beta: 2.548 × 102, p = 0.033). UC: In UC, a negative association of iron with serum myeloperoxidase levels (Beta: -1.270 × 103, p = 0.044) was detected. Thallium, a hazardous metal, however, was positively associated with disease activity (Beta: 3.899, p = < 0.01). Conclusion In conclusion, our study offers new insights into the relations of metals with IBD. Further research should focus on the evaluation of the above associations and potential underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalampia Amerikanou
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece,Charalampia Amerikanou ;
| | - Sotirios Karavoltsos
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Aristea Gioxari
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece,Department of Nutritional Science and Dietetics, University of Peloponnese, Tripolis, Greece
| | - Dimitra Tagkouli
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Sakellari
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Efstathia Papada
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece,Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Kalogeropoulos
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Alastair Forbes
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Andriana C. Kaliora
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece,*Correspondence: Andriana C. Kaliora ;
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8
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An X, Wang J, Yu X, Wu H, Liu W. Two new polypodane-type bicyclic triterpenoids from mastic. OPEN CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/chem-2022-0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Pistacia lentiscus L. is an evergreen shrub belonging to the Anacardiaceae family, cultivated exclusively in the southern area of Chios Island. Mastic gum as a unique natural resin of the tree Pistacia lentiscus L. has been used extensively in functional foods and traditional medicine. The biological properties of Pistacia resins may be influenced by different chemical constituents. Herein the present work is aimed to further explore the diverse triterpenoids of mastic, and evaluate their anti-inflammatory activity. Two undescribed polypodane-type bicyclic triterpenoids were isolated from the Pistacia resins, their structures were elucidated using ultraviolet, infrared, high resolution electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy (HRESIMS), and nuclear magnetic resonance data. LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages were incubated with various concentrations of isolated compounds, and results showed that compounds 1 and 2 inhibited nitric oxide production in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells with IC50 values of 28.1 and 32.6 µM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuerui An
- University and College Key Lab of Natural Product Chemistry and Application in Xinjiang, School of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Yili Normal University , Yining 835000 , China
| | - Junlong Wang
- University and College Key Lab of Natural Product Chemistry and Application in Xinjiang, School of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Yili Normal University , Yining 835000 , China
| | - Xuehui Yu
- University and College Key Lab of Natural Product Chemistry and Application in Xinjiang, School of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Yili Normal University , Yining 835000 , China
| | - Hao Wu
- University and College Key Lab of Natural Product Chemistry and Application in Xinjiang, School of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Yili Normal University , Yining 835000 , China
| | - Wei Liu
- University and College Key Lab of Natural Product Chemistry and Application in Xinjiang, School of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Yili Normal University , Yining 835000 , China
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9
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Overview of Chios Mastic Gum (Pistacia lentiscus) Effects on Human Health. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14030590. [PMID: 35276949 PMCID: PMC8838553 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the remarkable development of the medical industry in the current era, herbal products with therapeutic potentials arise as attractive alternative treatments. Consequently, Chios mastiha, a natural, aromatic resin obtained from the trunk and brunches of the mastic tree, has recently gained increasing scientific interest due to its multiple beneficial actions. Chios mastiha is being exclusively produced on the southern part of Chios, a Greek island situated in the northern Aegean Sea, and its therapeutic properties have been known since Greek antiquity. There is now substantial evidence to suggest that mastiha demonstrates a plethora of favorable effects, mainly attributed to the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties of its components. The main use of mastiha nowadays, however, is for the production of natural chewing gum, although an approval by the European Medicines Agency for mild dyspeptic disorders and for inflammations of the skin has been given. The aim of this article is to summarize the most important data about the therapeutic actions of Chios mastiha and discuss future fields for its medical application.
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Mastiha has efficacy in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases through a microRNA-155 Th17 dependent action. Pharmacol Res 2021; 171:105753. [PMID: 34224858 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mastiha is a natural nutritional supplement with known anti-inflammatory properties. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are immune mediated inflammatory diseases that share common pathophysiological features. Mastiha has shown beneficial effects in both diseases. MicroRNAs have emerged as key regulators of inflammation and their modulation by phytochemicals have been extensively studied over the last years. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate whether a common route exists in the anti-inflammatory activity of Mastiha, specifically through the regulation of miRNA levels. Plasma miR-16, miR-21 and miR-155 were measured by Real-Time PCR before and after two double blinded and placebo-controlled randomized clinical trials with Mastiha. In IBD and particularly in ulcerative colitis patients in relapse, miR-155 increased in the placebo group (p = 0.054) whereas this increase was prevented by Mastiha. The mean changes were different in the two groups even after adjusting for age, sex and BMI (p = 0.024 for IBD and p = 0.042). Although the results were not so prominent in NAFLD, miR-155 displayed a downward trend in the placebo group (p = 0.054) whereas the levels did not changed significantly in the Mastiha group in patients with less advanced fibrosis. Our results propose a regulatory role for Mastiha in circulating levels of miR-155, a critical player in T helper-17 (Th17) differentiation and function.
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Chemical Profiling of Pistacia lentiscus var. Chia Resin and Essential Oil: Ageing Markers and Antimicrobial Activity. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9030418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Chios Mastic Gum (CMG) and Chios Mastic Oil (CMO) are two unique products of the tree Pistacia lentiscus var. Chia, cultivated exclusively on the Greek island of Chios. In the present study, the method proposed by the European Pharmacopoeia for mastic identification was employed using HPTLC together with an in-house method. A GC-MS methodology was also developed for the chemical characterization of CMOs. α-Pinene and β-myrcene were found in abundance in the fresh oils; however, in the oil of the aged collection, oxygenated monoterpenes and benzenoids such as verbenone, pinocarveol, and α-campholenal were found at the highest rates. Additionally, the antimicrobial activity of Chios Mastic Gums (CMGs) with their respective Chios Mastic Oils (CMOs) was evaluated, with growth tests against the fungi Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans, Mucor circinelloides, and Rhizopus oryzae, and the bacteria Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis, with the samples exhibiting a moderate activity. To our knowledge, this is the first time that an HPTLC method is proposed for the analysis of mastic and its essential oil and that a standardized methodology is followed for the distillation of CMO with a parallel assessment of the ageing effect on the oil’s composition.
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Liu W, Gao J, Li M, Aisa HA, Yuan T. Tirucallane triterpenoids from the mastic (Pistacia lentiscus) and their anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activities. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 182:112596. [PMID: 33321444 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phytochemical investigation of mastic, a resin produced by Pistacia lentiscus, led to the isolation and identification of 16 tirucallane triterpenoids, 13 (1-13) of which are undescribed. Their structures and absolute configurations were elucidated based on the analysis of spectroscopic data and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compounds 12 and 13 are unusual 7(8 → 9)abeo-tirucallane triterpenoids. Anti-inflammatory assays indicated that compounds 7, 8, 14, and 16 exhibited stronger inhibitory NO production activities (IC50 = 7.7-13.4 μM) than that of the positive control dexamethasone (IC50 = 19.5 μM). In addition, compound 1 showed comparable cytotoxic activity against HepG2 cells to that of doxorubicin (IC50 = 4.92 VS 1.34 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry of Arid Zone, and State Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, People's Republic of China; The Laboratory of Effective Substances of Jiangxi Genuine Medicinal Materials, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Gao
- The Laboratory of Effective Substances of Jiangxi Genuine Medicinal Materials, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, People's Republic of China
| | - Miaomiao Li
- The Laboratory of Effective Substances of Jiangxi Genuine Medicinal Materials, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, People's Republic of China
| | - Haji Akber Aisa
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry of Arid Zone, and State Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tao Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry of Arid Zone, and State Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, People's Republic of China; The Laboratory of Effective Substances of Jiangxi Genuine Medicinal Materials, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Tagkouli D, Kaliora A, Bekiaris G, Koutrotsios G, Christea M, Zervakis GI, Kalogeropoulos N. Free Amino Acids in Three Pleurotus Species Cultivated on Agricultural and Agro-Industrial By-Products. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25174015. [PMID: 32887476 PMCID: PMC7504736 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25174015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated the feasibility of employing by-products of the olive and wine sectors for the production of Pleurotus mushrooms with enhanced functionalities. In this work we investigated the influence of endogenous and exogenous factors on free amino acids (FAAs) profile of Pleurotus ostreatus, P. eryngii and P. nebrodensis mushrooms produced on wheat straw (WS), alone or mixed with grape marc (GM), and on by-products of the olive industry (OL). Overall, 22 FAAs were determined in substrates and mushrooms, including all the essential amino acids, the neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and ornithine. On a dry weight (dw) basis, total FAAs ranged from 17.37 mg/g in P. nebrodensis to 130.12 mg/g in P. ostreatus samples, with alanine, leucine, glutamine, valine and serine predominating. Similar distribution patterns were followed by the monosodium glutamate (MSG)-like, sweet and bitter FAAs. Significant differences in FAAs level were observed among the species examined and among the cultivation substrates used. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) performed on the entire FAAs profile of six Pleurotus strains, clearly separated P. ostreatus from P. eryngii and P. nebrodensis, in accordance to their phylogenetic affinity. This is the first report of FAAs in P. nebrodensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Tagkouli
- Department of Dietetics-Nutrition, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University of Athens, El. Venizelou 70, Kallithea, 17676 Athens, Greece; (D.T.); (A.K.); (M.C.)
| | - Andriana Kaliora
- Department of Dietetics-Nutrition, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University of Athens, El. Venizelou 70, Kallithea, 17676 Athens, Greece; (D.T.); (A.K.); (M.C.)
| | - Georgios Bekiaris
- Laboratory of General and Agricultural Microbiology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece; (G.B.); (G.K.)
| | - Georgios Koutrotsios
- Laboratory of General and Agricultural Microbiology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece; (G.B.); (G.K.)
| | - Margarita Christea
- Department of Dietetics-Nutrition, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University of Athens, El. Venizelou 70, Kallithea, 17676 Athens, Greece; (D.T.); (A.K.); (M.C.)
| | - Georgios I. Zervakis
- Laboratory of General and Agricultural Microbiology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece; (G.B.); (G.K.)
- Correspondence: (G.I.Z.); (N.K.); Tel.: +30-210-5294341 (G.I.Z.); +30-210-9549251 (N.K.)
| | - Nick Kalogeropoulos
- Department of Dietetics-Nutrition, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University of Athens, El. Venizelou 70, Kallithea, 17676 Athens, Greece; (D.T.); (A.K.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence: (G.I.Z.); (N.K.); Tel.: +30-210-5294341 (G.I.Z.); +30-210-9549251 (N.K.)
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Pachi VK, Mikropoulou EV, Gkiouvetidis P, Siafakas K, Argyropoulou A, Angelis A, Mitakou S, Halabalaki M. Traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Chios mastic gum (Pistacia lentiscus var. Chia, Anacardiaceae): A review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 254:112485. [PMID: 32092498 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Chios mastic gum constitutes a unique Greek product, produced exclusively in the southern part of the island of Chios. References about its use from local populations for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders or as a cosmetic agent can even be encountered in ancient texts of Galen, Theophrastus and Dioscorides. Nowadays, this versatile resin has been rediscovered, not only as a traditional remedy and aromatic agent, but as a potent phytotherapeutic product with various biological properties. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of this study is to quote the summation of the ethnopharmacology, phytochemical profile and pharmacological properties of the resin of Pistacia lentiscus var. Chia and thus provide the scientific community with a summary of the research conducted so far. Furthermore, perspectives and uses are being discussed and studied so as to broaden the field of its applications. MATERIALS AND METHODS A comprehensive review of the literature on Pistacia lentiscus var. Chia was performed using as resources scientific databases such as Scopus, Sciencedirect, Pubmed and Web of science, studies and traditional books provided by the Chios Mastiha Growers Association as well as PhD and Master' s theses. RESULTS Chios mastic gum has been used as a traditional medicine over the last 2500 years. More than 120 chemical compounds have been identified in the resin and the major components are a natural polymer, acidic and neutral triterpenes and volatile secondary metabolites. Several plant extracts and compounds have been studied for their antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-ulcer, anti-diabetic, cardioprotective and anti-cancer properties in vitro and in vivo. Clinical interventions and trials have also showed the therapeutic potential of Chios mastic gum. In 2015 Pistacia lentiscus L., resin (mastic) was recognized as a herbal medicinal product with traditional use by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) with two therapeutic indications (mild dyspeptic disorders & skin inflammation/healing of minor wounds). Over the last years, Chios mastic gum is widely involved in medicinal products, food supplements and cosmetics and has become object of study, also in the field of Pharmacotechnology. CONCLUSIONS Chios mastic's beneficial properties have been demonstrated in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders, wound healing, skin inflammations, plasma lipid and blood sugar reduction and oral care. These properties are attributed to triterpenes and volatile compounds. However, because of the resin's chemical complexity and the lack of commercial standards for its main compounds, there is a notable gap in literature concerning the biological evaluation of CMG's isolated components. Therefore, future research should focus on the development of efficient extraction, isolation and analysis techniques in order to unravel CMG's full pharmacological potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki K Pachi
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni V Mikropoulou
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Petros Gkiouvetidis
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Siafakas
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Argyropoulou
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Apostolis Angelis
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Sofia Mitakou
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Halabalaki
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece.
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Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Mastiha: A Review of Preclinical and Clinical Studies. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8070208. [PMID: 31284520 PMCID: PMC6681034 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8070208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays both scientists and consumers have an increasing interest for natural products as preventing and healing factors without side effects. Mastiha, is a natural product of the Mediterranean basin with several health benefits as investigated the last decades. The present review summarises the research evidence from preclinical and clinical studies regarding the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of Mastiha. MEDLINE, COHRANE and search terms “Mastiha”, “Mastic gum”, “Chios mastic” and “Pistacia lentiscus” were used. We limited our search by selecting only articles written in English literature, published between 2003 and 2019 that were experimental studies on Mastiha resinous exudate (review articles and individual case reports were excluded). Additional searches were performed using “oxidative stress” and “inflammation”. A total of 19 studies met our criteria and were included in this review. Currently, there are more preclinical than clinical data available. Taken all together, the antioxidant potential of Mastiha is most probably owed to the inhibition of protein kinase, while its anti-inflammatory capacity may be the result of the inhibition of NF-κB activation. Further clinical studies in large populations are necessary.
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