1
|
Zhao Q, Li J, Shang Q, Jiang J, Pu H, Fang X, Qin X, Zhou J, Wang N, Wang X, Gu W. Optimization of the Extraction Process and Biological Activities of Triterpenoids of Schisandra sphenanthera from Different Medicinal Parts and Growth Stages. Molecules 2024; 29:2199. [PMID: 38792061 PMCID: PMC11123978 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Schisandra sphenanthera Rehd. et Wils., as a traditional Chinese medicine, has important medicinal value. In the market, the availability of the fruit of S. sphenanthera mainly relies on wild picking, but many canes and leaves are discarded during wild collection, resulting in a waste of resources. The canes and leaves of S. sphenanthera contain various bioactive ingredients and can be used as spice, tea, and medicine and so present great utilization opportunities. Therefore, it is helpful to explore the effective components and biological activities of the canes and leaves to utilize S. sphenanthera fully. In this study, the response surface method with ultrasound was used to extract the total triterpenoids from the canes and leaves of S. sphenanthera at different stages. The content of total triterpenoids in the leaves at different stages was higher than that in the canes. The total triterpenoids in the canes and leaves had strong antioxidant and antibacterial abilities. At the same time, the antibacterial activity of the total triterpenoids against Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was stronger than that against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. This study provides the foundation for the development and utilization of the canes and leaves that would relieve the shortage of fruit resources of S. sphenanthera.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiaorui Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China; (Q.Z.); (J.L.); (Q.S.); (J.J.); (H.P.); (X.F.); (X.Q.); (J.Z.); (N.W.)
| | - Wei Gu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China; (Q.Z.); (J.L.); (Q.S.); (J.J.); (H.P.); (X.F.); (X.Q.); (J.Z.); (N.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Badjakov I, Dincheva I, Vrancheva R, Georgiev V, Pavlov A. Plant In Vitro Culture Factories for Pentacyclic Triterpenoid Production. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 188:17-49. [PMID: 38319391 DOI: 10.1007/10_2023_245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Pentacyclic triterpenoids are a diverse subclass of naturally occurring terpenes with various biological activities and applications. These compounds are broadly distributed in natural plant resources, but their low abundance and the slow growth cycle of plants pose challenges to their extraction and production. The biosynthesis of pentacyclic triterpenoids occurs through two main pathways, the mevalonic acid (MVA) pathway and the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) pathway, which involve several enzymes and modifications. Plant in vitro cultures, including elicited and hairy root cultures, have emerged as an effective and sustainable system for pentacyclic triterpenoid production, circumventing the limitations associated with natural plant resources. Bioreactor systems and controlling key parameters, such as media composition, temperature, light quality, and elicitor treatments, have been optimized to enhance the production and characterization of specific pentacyclic triterpenoids. These systems offer a promising bioprocessing tool for producing pentacyclic triterpenoids characterized by a low carbon footprint and a sustainable source of these compounds for various industrial applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Radka Vrancheva
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Physical Chemistry, University of Food Technologies-Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Vasil Georgiev
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnologies, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Atanas Pavlov
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Physical Chemistry, University of Food Technologies-Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnologies, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chodurek E, Orchel A, Gwiazdoń P, Kaps A, Paduszyński P, Jaworska-Kik M, Chrobak E, Bębenek E, Boryczka S, Kasperczyk J. Antiproliferative and Cytotoxic Properties of Propynoyl Betulin Derivatives against Human Ovarian Cancer Cells: In Vitro Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16487. [PMID: 38003677 PMCID: PMC10671498 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the incidence of ovarian cancer (OC) and the limitations of available therapeutic strategies, it is necessary to search for novel therapeutic solutions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of betulin 1 and its propynoyl derivatives 2-6 against ovarian cancer cells (SK-OV-3, OVCAR-3) and normal myofibroblasts (18Co). Paclitaxel was used as the reference compound. The propynoyl derivatives 2-6 exhibited stronger antiproliferative and cytotoxic activities compared to betulin 1. In both ovarian cancer cell lines, the most potent compound was 28-propynoylbetulin 2. In the case of compound 2, the calculated IC50 values were 0.2 µM for the SK-OV-3 cells and 0.19 µM for the OVCAR-3 cells. Under the same culture conditions, the calculated IC50 values for compound 6 were 0.26 µM and 0.59 µM, respectively. It was observed that cells treated with compounds 2 and 6 caused a decrease in the potential of the mitochondrial membrane and a significant change in cell morphology. Betulin 1, a diol from the group of pentacyclic triterpenes, has a confirmed wide spectrum of biological effects, including a significant anticancer effect. It is characterized by low bioavailability, which can be improved by introducing changes to its structure. The results showed that chemical modifications of betulin 1 only at position C-28 with the propynoyl group (compound 2) and additionally at position C-3 with the phosphate group (compound 3) or at C-29 with the phosphonate group (compound 6) allowed us to obtain compounds with greater cytotoxic activity than their parent compounds, which could be used to develop novel therapeutic systems effective in the treatment of ovarian cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Chodurek
- Department of Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 8 Jedności Str., 41-208 Sosnowiec, Poland; (A.O.); (P.G.); (A.K.); (P.P.); (M.J.-K.); (J.K.)
| | - Arkadiusz Orchel
- Department of Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 8 Jedności Str., 41-208 Sosnowiec, Poland; (A.O.); (P.G.); (A.K.); (P.P.); (M.J.-K.); (J.K.)
| | - Paweł Gwiazdoń
- Department of Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 8 Jedności Str., 41-208 Sosnowiec, Poland; (A.O.); (P.G.); (A.K.); (P.P.); (M.J.-K.); (J.K.)
| | - Anna Kaps
- Department of Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 8 Jedności Str., 41-208 Sosnowiec, Poland; (A.O.); (P.G.); (A.K.); (P.P.); (M.J.-K.); (J.K.)
| | - Piotr Paduszyński
- Department of Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 8 Jedności Str., 41-208 Sosnowiec, Poland; (A.O.); (P.G.); (A.K.); (P.P.); (M.J.-K.); (J.K.)
| | - Marzena Jaworska-Kik
- Department of Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 8 Jedności Str., 41-208 Sosnowiec, Poland; (A.O.); (P.G.); (A.K.); (P.P.); (M.J.-K.); (J.K.)
| | - Elwira Chrobak
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 4 Jagiellońska Str., 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland; (E.C.); (E.B.); (S.B.)
| | - Ewa Bębenek
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 4 Jagiellońska Str., 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland; (E.C.); (E.B.); (S.B.)
| | - Stanisław Boryczka
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 4 Jagiellońska Str., 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland; (E.C.); (E.B.); (S.B.)
| | - Janusz Kasperczyk
- Department of Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 8 Jedności Str., 41-208 Sosnowiec, Poland; (A.O.); (P.G.); (A.K.); (P.P.); (M.J.-K.); (J.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yin X, Xiang Y, Huang F, Chen Y, Ding H, Du J, Chen X, Wang X, Wei X, Cai Y, Gao W, Guo D, Alolga RN, Kan X, Zhang B, Alejo‐Jacuinde G, Li P, Tran LP, Herrera‐Estrella L, Lu X, Qi L. Comparative genomics of the medicinal plants Lonicera macranthoides and L. japonica provides insight into genus genome evolution and hederagenin-based saponin biosynthesis. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2023; 21:2209-2223. [PMID: 37449344 PMCID: PMC10579715 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Lonicera macranthoides (LM) and L. japonica (LJ) are medicinal plants widely used in treating viral diseases, such as COVID-19. Although the two species are morphologically similar, their secondary metabolite profiles are significantly different. Here, metabolomics analysis showed that LM contained ~86.01 mg/g hederagenin-based saponins, 2000-fold higher than LJ. To gain molecular insights into its secondary metabolite production, a chromosome-level genome of LM was constructed, comprising 9 pseudo-chromosomes with 40 097 protein-encoding genes. Genome evolution analysis showed that LM and LJ were diverged 1.30-2.27 million years ago (MYA). The two plant species experienced a common whole-genome duplication event that occurred ∼53.9-55.2 MYA before speciation. Genes involved in hederagenin-based saponin biosynthesis were arranged in clusters on the chromosomes of LM and they were more highly expressed in LM than in LJ. Among them, oleanolic acid synthase (OAS) and UDP-glycosyltransferase 73 (UGT73) families were much more highly expressed in LM than in LJ. Specifically, LmOAS1 was identified to effectively catalyse the C-28 oxidation of β-Amyrin to form oleanolic acid, the precursor of hederagenin-based saponin. LmUGT73P1 was identified to catalyse cauloside A to produce α-hederin. We further identified the key amino acid residues of LmOAS1 and LmUGT73P1 for their enzymatic activities. Additionally, comparing with collinear genes in LJ, LmOAS1 and LmUGT73P1 had an interesting phenomenon of 'neighbourhood replication' in LM genome. Collectively, the genomic resource and candidate genes reported here set the foundation to fully reveal the genome evolution of the Lonicera genus and hederagenin-based saponin biosynthetic pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojian Yin
- Clinical Metabolomics Center, School of Traditional Chinese PharmacyChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design BreedingNortheast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of SciencesChangchunChina
| | - Yaping Xiang
- Clinical Metabolomics Center, School of Traditional Chinese PharmacyChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Feng‐Qing Huang
- Clinical Metabolomics Center, School of Traditional Chinese PharmacyChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yahui Chen
- Clinical Metabolomics Center, School of Traditional Chinese PharmacyChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Hengwu Ding
- The Institute of Bioinformatics, College of Life SciencesAnhui Normal UniversityWuhuChina
| | - Jinfa Du
- Clinical Metabolomics Center, School of Traditional Chinese PharmacyChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xiaojie Chen
- Clinical Metabolomics Center, School of Traditional Chinese PharmacyChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xiaoxiao Wang
- Clinical Metabolomics Center, School of Traditional Chinese PharmacyChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xinru Wei
- Clinical Metabolomics Center, School of Traditional Chinese PharmacyChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yuan‐Yuan Cai
- Clinical Metabolomics Center, School of Traditional Chinese PharmacyChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Wen Gao
- Clinical Metabolomics Center, School of Traditional Chinese PharmacyChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Dongshu Guo
- Provincial Key Laboratory of AgrobiologyJiangsu Academy of Agricultural ScienceNanjingChina
| | - Raphael N. Alolga
- Clinical Metabolomics Center, School of Traditional Chinese PharmacyChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xianzhao Kan
- The Institute of Bioinformatics, College of Life SciencesAnhui Normal UniversityWuhuChina
| | - Baolong Zhang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of AgrobiologyJiangsu Academy of Agricultural ScienceNanjingChina
| | - Gerardo Alejo‐Jacuinde
- Institute of Genomics for Crop Abiotic Stress Tolerance, Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech UniversityLubbockTXUSA
| | - Ping Li
- Clinical Metabolomics Center, School of Traditional Chinese PharmacyChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Lam‐Son Phan Tran
- Institute of Genomics for Crop Abiotic Stress Tolerance, Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech UniversityLubbockTXUSA
| | - Luis Herrera‐Estrella
- Institute of Genomics for Crop Abiotic Stress Tolerance, Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech UniversityLubbockTXUSA
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genomica/ Unidad de Genómica Avanzada del Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPNIrapuatoMexico
| | - Xu Lu
- Clinical Metabolomics Center, School of Traditional Chinese PharmacyChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Lian‐Wen Qi
- Clinical Metabolomics Center, School of Traditional Chinese PharmacyChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Guo Z, Jing Q, Xu Z, Zhang D, Zheng W, Ren F. Corosolic acid-modified lipid nanoparticles as delivery carriers for DNA vaccines against avian influenza. Int J Pharm 2023; 638:122914. [PMID: 37028571 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol (CHOL) is essential for developing lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) for gene delivery because it enhances membrane fusion and improves the delivery efficiency of gene cargos. An attractive pDNA carrier, corosolic acid (CA)-modified lipid nanoparticles (CLNPs), was developed by replacing CHOL in LNPs to deliver pDNA at various ratios of nitrogen groups to phosphate groups (N/P). The resultant CLNPs with a higher CHOL/CA ratio exhibited similar mean particle size, zeta potential, and encapsulation efficiency to those of LNPs. In comparison with LNPs, CLNPs (CHOL:CA ratio = 2:1) achieved increased cellular uptake and enhanced transfection efficacy while maintaining low cytotoxicity. In vivo results from chicken experiments demonstrated that CLNPs encapsulating DNA vaccines against avian influenza at a N/P ratio of 3 could elicit similar-level humoral and cellular immune responses compared with those of LNPs at a higher N/P ratio, thereby suggesting the induction of desirable immune effects using less ionizable lipids. Our study provides a reference for further research on the application of CA in LNPs for gene delivery, and the development of novel delivery systems for DNA vaccines against avian influenza.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyan Guo
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Qiufang Jing
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Zhongyu Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | | | - Wenyun Zheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Fuzheng Ren
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Antimicrobial Potential of Betulinic Acid and Investigation of the Mechanism of Action against Nuclear and Metabolic Enzymes with Molecular Modeling. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12030449. [PMID: 36986372 PMCID: PMC10058483 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12030449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural products have important pharmacological activities. This study sought to investigate the activity of the compound betulinic acid (BA) against different strains of bacteria and fungi. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined and then the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC). After performing the in vitro tests, molecular modeling studies were carried out to investigate the mechanism of action of BA against the selected microorganisms. The results showed that BA inhibited the growth of microbial species. Among the 12 species (Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Candida albicans, C. tropicalis, C. glabrata, Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium citrinum, Trichophyton rubrum, and Microsporum canis) investigated, 9 (75%) inhibited growth at a concentration of 561 µM and 1 at a concentration of 100 µM. In general, the MBC and MFC of the products were between 561 and 1122 μM. In silico studies showed that BA presented a mechanism of action against DNA gyrase and beta-lactamase targets for most of the bacteria investigated, while for fungi the mechanism of action was against sterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51) targets and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR). We suggest that BA has antimicrobial activity against several species.
Collapse
|
7
|
Huang PH, Duan XB, Tang ZZ, Zou ZX, Song WM, Gao G, Li D, Nie FQ, Yan X, Fu YX, Guo R, Xu YY. Betulinaldehyde exhibits effective anti-tumor effects in A549 cells by regulating intracellular autophagy. Sci Rep 2023; 13:743. [PMID: 36639415 PMCID: PMC9839726 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27580-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
It is of great significance to find new effective drugs for an adjuvant therapy targeting lung cancer to improve the survival rate and prognosis of patients with the disease. Previous studies have confirmed that certain Chinese herbal extracts have clear anti-tumor effects, and in our preliminary study, betulinaldehyde was screened for its potential anti-tumor effects. The current study thus aimed to confirm the anti-tumor effect of betulinaldehyde, using in vitro experiments to explore its underlying molecular mechanism. It was found that betulinaldehyde treatment significantly inhibited the viability, proliferation, and migration of A549 cells in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, betulinaldehyde inhibited the activation of Akt, MAPK, and STAT3 signaling pathways in A549 cells in a time-dependent manner. More importantly, betulinaldehyde also decreased the expression level of SQSTM1 protein, increased the expression level of LC3 II, and increased the autophagy flux in A549 cells. The pretreatment of A549 cells with the autophagy inhibitor, 3-methyladenine, could partially negate the anti-tumor effects of betulinaldehyde. These findings suggest that betulinaldehyde could significantly inhibit the oncological activity of A549 cells by regulating the intracellular autophagy level, making it a potentially effective option for the adjuvant therapy used to treat lung cancer in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pan-Hao Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Xiang-Bing Duan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.,Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Zi-Zhao Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Zhen-Xing Zou
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Wen-Min Song
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Ge Gao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.,Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Dai Li
- Phase I Clinical Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410005, Hunan, China
| | - Fang-Qin Nie
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Xin Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Yang-Xia Fu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Ren Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China. .,Center of Clinical Pharmacology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
| | - Yan-Ying Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Li H, Liu Y, Guo S, Shi M, Qin S, Zeng C. Extraction of Ursolic Acid from Apple Peel with Hydrophobic Deep Eutectic Solvents: Comparison between Response Surface Methodology and Artificial Neural Networks. Foods 2023; 12:foods12020310. [PMID: 36673401 PMCID: PMC9858320 DOI: 10.3390/foods12020310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracting ursolic acid (UA) from plant resources using organic solvents is incompatible with food applications. To address this, in this study, 15 edible hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents (HDESs) were prepared to extract UA from apple peel, the extraction conditions were optimized, and the optimization strategies were compared. It was found that the solubility of UA in the HDESs can be 9 times higher than the traditional solvent such as ethanol. The response surface optimization concluded that temperature had the greatest effect on the extraction and the optimized test conditions obtained as follows: temperature of 49 °C, time of 32 min, solid-liquid ratio of 1:16.5 g/mL, respectively. Comparing the response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural networks (ANN), it was concluded that ANN has more accurate prediction ability than RSM. Overall, the HDESs are more effective and environmentally friendly than conventional organic solvents to extract UA. The results of this study will facilitate the further exploration of HDES in various food and pharmaceutical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Li
- Department of Biology and Medicine, College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, No. 1 Nongda Road, Furong District, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yugang Liu
- Department of Biology and Medicine, College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, No. 1 Nongda Road, Furong District, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Shiyin Guo
- Department of Biology and Medicine, College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, No. 1 Nongda Road, Furong District, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Meng Shi
- Department of Biology and Medicine, College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, No. 1 Nongda Road, Furong District, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Si Qin
- Department of Biology and Medicine, College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, No. 1 Nongda Road, Furong District, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Chaoxi Zeng
- Department of Biology and Medicine, College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, No. 1 Nongda Road, Furong District, Changsha 410128, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-18670047526 or +86-13574856475
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Fabroni S, Trovato A, Ballistreri G, Tortorelli SA, Foti P, Romeo FV, Rapisarda P. Almond [ Prunus dulcis (Mill.) DA Webb] Processing Residual Hull as a New Source of Bioactive Compounds: Phytochemical Composition, Radical Scavenging and Antimicrobial Activities of Extracts from Italian Cultivars ('Tuono', 'Pizzuta', 'Romana'). Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28020605. [PMID: 36677662 PMCID: PMC9864005 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study we developed a new extract, by the use of conventional solid-solvent extraction and a food-grade hydroalcoholic solvent, rich in phenolic and triterpenoid components from almon hull to be employed as functional ingredient in food, pharma and cosmetic sectors. Two autochthonous Sicilian cultivars ('Pizzuta' and 'Romana') and an Apulian modern cultivar ('Tuono') have been tested for the production of the extract. Results showed that the two Sicilian varieties, and in particular the 'Romana' one, present the best characteristics to obtain extracts rich in triterpenoids and hydroxycinnamic acids, useful for the production of nutraceutical supplements. About triterpenoids, the performance of the hydroalcoholic extraction process allowed to never go below 46% of recovery for 'Pizzuta' samples, with significantly higher percentages of recovery for 'Tuono' and 'Romana' extracts (62.61% and 73.13%, respectively) while hydroxycinnamic acids were recovered at higher recovery rate (84%, 89% and 88% for 'Pizzuta', 'Romana' and 'Tuono' extracts, respectively). Invitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities exerted by the extracts showed promising results with P. aeruginosa being the most affected strain, inhibited up to the 1/8 dilution with 'Romana' extract. All the three tested extracts exerted an antimicrobial action up to 1/4 dilutions but 'Romana' and 'Pizzuta' extracts always showed the greatest efficacy.
Collapse
|
10
|
Daniellia oliveri (Rolfe) Hutch and Dalziel: Antimicrobial Activities, Cytotoxicity Evaluation, and Phytochemical Identification by GC-MS. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11121699. [PMID: 36551356 PMCID: PMC9774647 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11121699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
During a previous study that identified plants used in traditional medicine in Togo to treat infectious diseases, Daniellia oliveri was specifically reported to treat intertrigo and candidiasis. Consequently, to explore the anti-infective potential of this plant, we investigated the antibacterial and the antifungal activity of the plant's parts, as well as the cytotoxic activities of raw extracts and subsequent fractions, and the chemical composition of the most active fractions. In order to evaluate the antimicrobial activity, MICs were determined using the broth dilution method. Then, the most active fractions were evaluated for cytotoxicity by using normal human cells (MRC-5 cells) via the MTT assay. Finally, the most active and not toxic fractions were phytochemically investigated by GC-MS. Interestingly, all the raw extracts and fractions were active against the bacteria tested, with MICs ranging from 16 µg/mL to 256 µg/mL, while no antifungal activity was observed at 256 µg/mL, the highest tested concentration. Moreover, no toxicity was observed with most of the active fractions. The subsequent chemical investigation of the most interesting fractions led to identifying terpenes, phytosterols, phenolic compounds, and fatty acids as the main compounds. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that D. oliveri possesses valuable antibacterial activities in accordance with traditional use.
Collapse
|
11
|
Cock IE, Baghtchedjian L, Cordon ME, Dumont E. Phytochemistry, Medicinal Properties, Bioactive Compounds, and Therapeutic Potential of the Genus Eremophila (Scrophulariaceae). MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27227734. [PMID: 36431834 PMCID: PMC9697388 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The genus Eremophila (family Scrophulariaceae) consists of approximately 200 species that are widely distributed in the semi-arid and arid regions of Australia. Multiple Eremophila spp. are used as traditional medicines by the First Australians in the areas in which they grow. They are used for their antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antioxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, and cardiac properties. Many species of this genus are beneficial against several diseases and ailments. The antibacterial properties of the genus have been relatively well studied, with several important compounds identified and their mechanisms studied. In particular, Eremophila spp. are rich in terpenoids, and the antimicrobial bioactivities of many of these compounds have already been confirmed. The therapeutic properties of Eremophila spp. preparations and purified compounds have received substantially less attention, and much study is required to validate the traditional uses and to highlight species that warrant further investigation as drug leads. The aim of this study is to review and summarise the research into the medicinal properties, therapeutic mechanisms, and phytochemistry of Eremophila spp., with the aim of focussing future studies into the therapeutic potential of this important genus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian Edwin Cock
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, Griffith University, Brisbane 4127, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-7-3735-7637
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Özdemir Z, Wimmer Z. Selected plant triterpenoids and their amide derivatives in cancer treatment: A review. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2022; 203:113340. [PMID: 35987401 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Medicinal plants have been used to treat different diseases throughout the human history namely in traditional medicine. Most of the plants mentioned in this review article belong among them, including those that are widely spread in the nature, counted frequently to be food and nutrition plants and producing pharmacologically important secondary metabolites. Triterpenoids represent an important group of plant secondary metabolites displaying emerging pharmacological importance. This review article sheds light on four selected triterpenoids, oleanolic, ursolic, betulinic and platanic acid, and on their amide derivatives as important natural or semisynthetic agents in cancer treatment, and, in part, in pathogenic microbe treatment. A literature search was made in the Web of Science for the given key words covering the required area of secondary plant metabolites and their amide derivatives. The most recently published findings on the biological activity of the selected triterpenoids, and on the structures and biological activity of their relevant amide derivatives have been summarized therein. Mainly anti-cancer effects, and, in part, antimicrobial and other effects of the four selected triterpenoids and their amide derivatives have also been reviewed. A comparison of the effects of the parent plant products and those of their amide derivatives has been made.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zulal Özdemir
- University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Technická 5, 16028, Prague 6, Czech Republic; Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Isotope Laboratory, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Zdeněk Wimmer
- University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Technická 5, 16028, Prague 6, Czech Republic; Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Isotope Laboratory, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Orlova A, Kysil E, Tsvetkova E, Meshalkina D, Whaley A, Whaley AO, Laub A, Francioso A, Babich O, Wessjohann LA, Mosca L, Frolov A, Povydysh M. Phytochemical Characterization of Water Avens ( Geum rivale L.) Extracts: Structure Assignment and Biological Activity of the Major Phenolic Constituents. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2859. [PMID: 36365312 PMCID: PMC9658556 DOI: 10.3390/plants11212859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Water avens (Geum rivale L.) is a common Rosaceae plant widely spread in Europe and North America. It is rich in biologically active natural products, some of which are promising as prospective pharmaceuticals. The extracts of water avens are well known for their triterpenoid metabolites and associated anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. However, the polyphenolic profiles of G. rivale L. are still awaiting complete characterization. Accordingly, the contribution of its individual components to the antioxidant, antibacterial and neuroprotective activity of the extracts is still unknown. As this plant can be available on an industrial scale, a better knowledge of its properly-relevant constituents might give access to new highly-efficient pharmaceutical substances and functional products. Therefore, herein we comprehensively characterize the secondary metabolome of G. rivale by ESI-HR-MS, ESI-HR-MSn and NMR spectroscopy with a special emphasis on the polyphenolic composition of its aerial parts. Furthermore, a multilateral evaluation of the antioxidant, neuroprotective and antibacterial properties of the aqueous and ethyl acetate fractions of the total aqueous alcoholic extract as well as individual isolated polyphenols was accomplished. Altogether four phenolic acid derivatives (trigalloyl hexose, caffeoyl-hexoside malate, ellagic acid and ellagic acid pentoside), six flavonoids (three quercetin derivatives, kaempferol and three its derivatives and two isorhamnetin derivatives) and four tannins (HHDP-hexoside, proantocyanidin dimer, pedunculagin I and galloyl-bis-HHDP-hexose) were identified in this plant for the first time. The obtained aqueous and ethyl acetate fractions of the total extract as well as the isolated individual compounds showed pronounced antioxidant activity. In addition, a pronounced antibacterial activity against several strains was proved for the studied fractions (for ethyl acetate fraction the highest activity against E. coli АТСС 25922 and S. aureus strains ATCC 27853 and SG-511 (MIC 15.6 μg/mL) was observed; for aqueous fraction-against Staphylococcus aureus SG-511 (MIC 31.2 μg/mL)). However, the anti-neurodegenerative (neuroprotective) properties could not be found with the employed methods. However, the antibacterial activity of the fractions could not be associated with any of the isolated individual major phenolics (excepting 3-O-methylellagic acid). Thus, the aerial parts of water avens represent a promising source of polyphenolic compounds with antioxidant activity and therefrom derived human health benefits, although the single constituents isolated so far lack a dominant selectively bioactive constituent in the bioassays performed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Orlova
- Laboratory of Cell Regulation, K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, 127276 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elana Kysil
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Elena Tsvetkova
- Department of Biochemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
- Department of General Pathology and Pathological Physiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197022 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Darya Meshalkina
- Department of Biochemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Andrei Whaley
- Department of Pharmacognosy, St. Petersburg State Chemical and Pharmaceutical University, 197022 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anastasiia O. Whaley
- Department of Pharmacognosy, St. Petersburg State Chemical and Pharmaceutical University, 197022 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Annegret Laub
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Antonio Francioso
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Olga Babich
- Institute of Living Systems, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, 236041 Kaliningrad, Russia
| | - Ludger A. Wessjohann
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Luciana Mosca
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrej Frolov
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Maria Povydysh
- Department of Biochemistry, St. Petersburg State Chemical and Pharmaceutical University, 197022 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Milutinović VM, Matić IZ, Stanojković TP, Soković MD, Ćirić AD, Ušjak LJ, Niketić MS, Petrović SD. Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activities of Selected Hieracium L. s. str. (Asteraceae) Extracts and Isolated Sesquiterpene Lactones. Chem Biodivers 2022; 19:e202200326. [PMID: 35621325 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202200326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities were tested for dried MeOH extracts of Hieracium calophyllum (CAL), H. coloriscapum (COL), H. pseudoschenkii (PSE), H. valdepilosum (VAL) and H. glabratum (GLA) herbs (flowering aerial parts), their 2 sesquiterpene lactones (SLs) 8-epiixerisamine A and crepiside E, and dried CH2 Cl2 extract of H. scheppigianum (SCH) herb. In microdilution test, extracts showed activity on all tested microorganisms (8 bacteria, 10 fungi). The best effect was exhibited by SCH and CAL on Salmonella Typhimurium (MIC=1.7-2.5 mg/mL MBC=3.4-5.0 mg/mL), and SCH and VAL on Candida albicans (MIC=2.5 mg/mL MFC=5.0 mg/mL). SLs showed notable effect on all tested fungi Aspergillus ochraceus, Penicillium funiculosum, C. albicans and C. krusei (MIC=0.15-0.4 mg/mL MFC=0.3-0.8 mg/mL). In MTT test, extracts inhibited growth of all tested cancer cells (HeLa, LS174 and A549), with the best effect on HeLa (IC50 =148.1 μg/mL for SCH, and 152.3-303.2 μg/mL for MeOH extracts); both SLs were active against HeLa cells (IC50 =46.2 μg/mL for crepiside E and 103.8 μg/mL for 8-epiixerisamine A). Extracts and SLs showed good safety profile on normal MRC-5 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Violeta M Milutinović
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Z Matić
- Institute of Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Pasterova 14, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tatjana P Stanojković
- Institute of Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Pasterova 14, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marina D Soković
- Mycological Laboratory, Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research 'Siniša Stanković' -, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana D Ćirić
- Mycological Laboratory, Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research 'Siniša Stanković' -, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ljuboš J Ušjak
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marjan S Niketić
- Natural History Museum, Njegoševa 51, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.,Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Kneza Mihaila 35/II, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Silvana D Petrović
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221, Belgrade, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Dat TD, Viet ND, Thanh VH, Linh NTT, Ngan NTK, Nam HM, Phong MT, Hieu NH. Optimization of Triterpenoid Extraction from
Ganoderma lucidum
by Ethanol‐Modified Supercritical Carbon Dioxide andthe Biological Properties of the Extract. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202103444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tran Do Dat
- VNU-HCMC, Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and Petroleum Processing (Key CEPP Lab) Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT) 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10 Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT) 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, Ward 14, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCM), Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc City Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Duc Viet
- VNU-HCMC, Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and Petroleum Processing (Key CEPP Lab) Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT) 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10 Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT) 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, Ward 14, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCM), Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc City Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Vuong Hoai Thanh
- VNU-HCMC, Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and Petroleum Processing (Key CEPP Lab) Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT) 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10 Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT) 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, Ward 14, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCM), Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc City Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Ngo Thi Thuy Linh
- VNU-HCMC, Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and Petroleum Processing (Key CEPP Lab) Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT) 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10 Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT) 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, Ward 14, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCM), Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc City Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Kim Ngan
- VNU-HCMC, Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and Petroleum Processing (Key CEPP Lab) Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT) 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10 Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT) 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, Ward 14, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCM), Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc City Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Hoang Minh Nam
- VNU-HCMC, Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and Petroleum Processing (Key CEPP Lab) Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT) 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10 Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT) 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, Ward 14, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCM), Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc City Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Mai Thanh Phong
- VNU-HCMC, Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and Petroleum Processing (Key CEPP Lab) Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT) 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10 Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT) 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, Ward 14, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCM), Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc City Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Huu Hieu
- VNU-HCMC, Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and Petroleum Processing (Key CEPP Lab) Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT) 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10 Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT) 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, Ward 14, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCM), Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc City Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Widjaya AS, Liu Y, Yang Y, Yin W, Liang J, Jiang Y. Tumor-permeable smart liposomes by modulating the tumor microenvironment to improve the chemotherapy. J Control Release 2022; 344:62-79. [PMID: 35182612 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Low levels of accumulation and permeability in tumors are two primary reasons for the limited efficacy of conventional antineoplastic nanodrugs. In the present study, based on an original corosolic acid liposome (CALP) carrier with the functions of cell penetration, tumor permeability and anti-inflammation developed by our previous work, a versatile PTX/CALP was achieved by CALP loading paclitaxel (PTX). Compared to conventional PTX liposomes (PTX/LP) prepared by cholesterol and phospholipid, PTX/CALP exhibited extremely increasing cellular uptake and cytotoxicity in vitro, and in vivo enhancing the accumulation and permeability of tumor, thus significantly improving the antitumor efficacy. Further evidence indicated that PTX/CALP conspicuously promoted the recruitment of CD8+ T cells as well as reduced the infiltration of regulatory T cells and M2 macrophages into tumor by inducing enhanced immunogenic cell death (ICD) and down-regulating the inflammation level. Therefore, the improvement of efficacy was also attributed to the superiorities of PTX/CALP in modulating the inflammatory and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Overall, the smart PTX liposomes based on the multi-functional CALP carrier without any modification could overcome the harsh tumor biological barriers, enhance the induction of ICD and then achieve satisfactory efficacy, suggesting its promising potentials in industrial transfer and clinical application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andy Samuel Widjaya
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education (Fudan University), Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yunhu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education (Fudan University), Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yueying Yang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education (Fudan University), Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Weiwei Yin
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education (Fudan University), Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jianying Liang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education (Fudan University), Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yanyan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education (Fudan University), Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Camargo KC, de Aguilar MG, Moraes ARA, de Castro RG, Szczerbowski D, Miguel ELM, Oliveira LR, Sousa GF, Vidal DM, Duarte LP. Pentacyclic Triterpenoids Isolated from Celastraceae: A Focus in the 13C-NMR Data. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27030959. [PMID: 35164224 PMCID: PMC8838773 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The Celastraceae family comprises about 96 genera and more than 1.350 species, occurring mainly in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The species of this family stand out as important plant sources of triterpenes, both in terms of abundance and structural diversity. Triterpenoids found in Celastraceae species display mainly lupane, ursane, oleanane, and friedelane skeletons, exhibiting a wide range of biological activities such as antiviral, antimicrobial, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic against various tumor cell lines. This review aimed to document all triterpenes isolated from different botanical parts of species of the Celastraceae family covering 2001 to 2021. Furthermore, a compilation of their 13C-NMR data was carried out to help characterize compounds in future investigations. A total of 504 pentacyclic triterpenes were compiled and distinguished as 29 aromatic, 50 dimers, 103 friedelanes, 89 lupanes, 102 oleananes, 22 quinonemethides, 88 ursanes and 21 classified as others.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Grasiely Faria Sousa
- Correspondence: (G.F.S.); (D.M.V.); (L.P.D.);Tel.: +55-31-3409-5728 (G.F.S.); +55-31-3409-5750 (D.M.V.); +55-31-3409-5722 (L.P.D.)
| | - Diogo Montes Vidal
- Correspondence: (G.F.S.); (D.M.V.); (L.P.D.);Tel.: +55-31-3409-5728 (G.F.S.); +55-31-3409-5750 (D.M.V.); +55-31-3409-5722 (L.P.D.)
| | - Lucienir Pains Duarte
- Correspondence: (G.F.S.); (D.M.V.); (L.P.D.);Tel.: +55-31-3409-5728 (G.F.S.); +55-31-3409-5750 (D.M.V.); +55-31-3409-5722 (L.P.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Khusnutdinova EF, Sinou V, Babkov DA, Kazakova O, Brunel JM. Development of New Antimicrobial Oleanonic Acid Polyamine Conjugates. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11010094. [PMID: 35052971 PMCID: PMC8772916 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11010094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of oleanolic acid derivatives holding oxo- or 3-N-polyamino-3-deoxy-substituents at C3 as well as carboxamide function at C17 with different long chain polyamines have been synthesized and evaluated for antimicrobial activities. Almost all series presented good to moderate activity against Gram-positive S. aureus, S. faecalis and B. cereus bacteria with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values from 3.125 to 200 µg/mL. Moreover, compounds possess important antimicrobial activities against Gram-negative E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. enterica, and EA289 bacteria with MICs ranging from 6.25 to 200 µg/mL. The testing of ability to restore antibiotic activity of doxycycline and erythromycin at a 2 µg/mL concentration in a synergistic assay showed that oleanonic acid conjugate with spermine spacered through propargylamide led to a moderate improvement in terms of antimicrobial activities of the different selected combinations against both P. aeruginosa and E. coli. The study of mechanism of action of the lead conjugate 2i presenting a N-methyl norspermidine moiety showed the effect of disruption of the outer bacterial membrane of P. aeruginosa PA01 cells. Computational ADMET profiling renders this compound as a suitable starting point for pharmacokinetic optimization. These results give confidence to the successful outcome of bioconjugation of polyamines and oleanane-type triterpenoids in the development of antimicrobial agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elmira F. Khusnutdinova
- Ufa Institute of Chemistry UFRC RAS, 71 pr. Oktyabrya, 450054 Ufa, Russia;
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, SSA, MCT, 13385 Marseille, France;
- Correspondence: (E.F.K.); (J.M.B.)
| | - Véronique Sinou
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, SSA, MCT, 13385 Marseille, France;
| | - Denis A. Babkov
- Scientific Center for Innovative Drugs, Volgograd State Medical University, Novorossiyskaya st. 39, 400087 Volgograd, Russia;
| | - Oxana Kazakova
- Ufa Institute of Chemistry UFRC RAS, 71 pr. Oktyabrya, 450054 Ufa, Russia;
| | - Jean Michel Brunel
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, SSA, MCT, 13385 Marseille, France;
- Correspondence: (E.F.K.); (J.M.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Xie W, Hu W, Huang Z, Li M, Zhang H, Huang X, Yao P. Betulinic acid accelerates diabetic wound healing by modulating hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress, inflammation and glucose intolerance. BURNS & TRAUMA 2022; 10:tkac007. [PMID: 35415192 PMCID: PMC8993492 DOI: 10.1093/burnst/tkac007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes significantly delays wound healing through oxidative stress, inflammation and impaired re-epithelialization that lead to defective regulation of the healing process, although the related mechanism remains unclear. Here, we aim to investigate the potential role and mechanism for the beneficial effect of betulinic acid (BA) on diabetic wound healing. METHODS The molecular effect of BA on hyperglycemia-mediated gene expression, oxidative stress, inflammation and glucose uptake was evaluated in endothelial, fibroblast and muscle cells. Burn injury was introduced to streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and BA administration through either an intraperitoneal (IP) or topical (TOP) technique was used for wound treatment. Glucose tolerance was evaluated in both muscle tissue and fibroblasts, while oxidative stress and inflammation were determined in both the circulatory system and in wound tissues. The effect of BA on the wound healing process was also evaluated. RESULTS BA treatment reversed hyperglycemia-induced glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) suppression in both muscle and fibroblast cells. This treatment also partly reversed hyperglycemia-mediated suppression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling and nuclear factor NFκB p65 subunit (NFκB p65) activation in endothelial cells. An in vivo rat study showed that BA administration ameliorated diabetes-mediated glucose intolerance and partly attenuated diabetes-mediated oxidative stress and inflammation in both the circulatory system and wound tissues. BA administration by both IP and TOP techniques significantly accelerated diabetic wound healing, while BA administration by either IP or TOP methods alone had a significantly lower effect. CONCLUSIONS BA treatment ameliorates hyperglycemia-mediated glucose intolerance, endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress and inflammation. Administration of BA by both IP and TOP techniques was found to significantly accelerate diabetic wound healing, indicating that BA could be a potential therapeutic candidate for diabetic wound healing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiguo Xie
- Institute of Burns, Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University (Wuhan Third Hospital), Wuhan, 430060 P.R. China
| | - Weigang Hu
- Institute of Burns, Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University (Wuhan Third Hospital), Wuhan, 430060 P.R. China
| | - Zhuo Huang
- Institute of Burns, Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University (Wuhan Third Hospital), Wuhan, 430060 P.R. China
| | - Min Li
- Institute of Burns, Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University (Wuhan Third Hospital), Wuhan, 430060 P.R. China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518036, P.R. China
| | - Xiaodong Huang
- Institute of Burns, Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University (Wuhan Third Hospital), Wuhan, 430060 P.R. China
| | - Paul Yao
- Institute of Burns, Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University (Wuhan Third Hospital), Wuhan, 430060 P.R. China
- Correspondence.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Giniyatullina GV, Petrova AV, Mustafin AG, Zileeva ZR, Kuzmina US, Vakhitova YV, Kazakova OB. Synthesis and Promising Cytotoxic Activity of Betulonic Acid Modified Derivatives. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202101687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Akhat G. Mustafin
- Ufa Institute of Chemistry UFRC RAS Ufa 71 pr. Oktyabrya 450054 Russian Federation
| | - Zulfia R. Zileeva
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics UFRC RAS Ufa 71 pr. Oktyabrya 450054 Russian Federation
| | - Ulyana Sh. Kuzmina
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics UFRC RAS Ufa 71 pr. Oktyabrya 450054 Russian Federation
| | - Yulia V. Vakhitova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics UFRC RAS Ufa 71 pr. Oktyabrya 450054 Russian Federation
| | - Oxana B. Kazakova
- Ufa Institute of Chemistry UFRC RAS Ufa 71 pr. Oktyabrya 450054 Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Cheesman MJ, Alcorn S, Verma V, Cock IE. An assessment of the growth inhibition profiles of Hamamelis virginiana L. extracts against Streptococcus and Staphylococcus spp. J Tradit Complement Med 2021; 11:457-465. [PMID: 34522640 PMCID: PMC8427463 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal and streptococcal species trigger a wide variety of infections involving epithelial tissues. Virginian witch hazel (WH; Hamamelis virginiana L.; family: Hamamelidaceae) is a plant that has been used traditionally by Native Americans to treat a variety of skin conditions. Extracts from the leaves were examined for their inhibitory effects on these bacterial species. Solvents of different polarity (water, methanol, ethyl acetate, hexane and chloroform) were used to prepare extracts from WH leaves, and the aqueous resuspensions were screened for antibacterial activities using disc diffusion and liquid dilution assays. Extract phytochemical profiles and toxicities were also examined, and combinations of extracts with conventional antibiotics were tested against each bacterial strain. The methanolic and aqueous extracts inhibited the growth of S. oralis, S. pyogenes, S. epidermidis and S. aureus, but not S. mutans. The extracts were especially active against staphylococcal species, with MIC values between 200 and 500 μg/ml. Combinations of active extracts with conventional antibiotics failed to yield beneficial interactions, except for two cases where additive interactions were observed (aqueous WH extract combined with chloramphenicol against S. oralis, and methanolic WH extract combined with ciprofloxacin against S. aureus). Phytochemical assays indicated an abundance of tannins, triterpenoids and phenolics in the water and methanol extracts, with trace amounts of these components in the ethyl acetate extract. Phytochemicals were not detected in hexane and chloroform extracts. Thus, phytochemical abundance in extracts was concordant with antibacterial activities. All extracts were found to be non-toxic in Artemia nauplii assays. These findings indicate the potential for WH leaf extracts for clinical use in treating staphylococcal and streptococcal infections, while substantiating their traditional Native American uses. H. virginiana extracts inhibited the growth of common bacterial skin pathogens. MIC values were determined and indicated strong inhibitory activity. The aqueous extract potentiated the antibacterial activity of chloramphenicol. The methanolic extracts potentiated activity of ciprofloxacin. All extracts were determined to be non-toxic by Artemia nauplii assays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Cheesman
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Quality Use of Medicines Network, Australia
| | - Sean Alcorn
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Quality Use of Medicines Network, Australia
| | - Vishal Verma
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Quality Use of Medicines Network, Australia
| | - Ian E. Cock
- School of Environment and Science, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Australia
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Australia
- Corresponding author. School of Natural Sciences, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Rd, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Triterpenoid-PEG Ribbons Targeting Selectivity in Pharmacological Effects. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9080951. [PMID: 34440155 PMCID: PMC8391127 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9080951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: To compare the effect of selected triterpenoids with their structurally resembling derivatives, designing of the molecular ribbons was targeted to develop compounds with selectivity in their pharmacological effects. (2) Methods: In the synthetic procedures, Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition was applied as a key synthetic step for introducing a 1,2,3-triazole ring as a part of a junction unit in the molecular ribbons. (3) Results: The antimicrobial activity, antiviral activity, and cytotoxicity of the prepared compounds were studied. Most of the molecular ribbons showed antimicrobial activity, especially on Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterococcus faecalis, with a 50–90% inhibition effect (c = 25 µg·mL−1). No target compound was effective against HSV-1, but 8a displayed activity against HIV-1 (EC50 = 50.6 ± 7.8 µM). Cytotoxicity was tested on several cancer cell lines, and 6d showed cytotoxicity in the malignant melanoma cancer cell line (G-361; IC50 = 20.0 ± 0.6 µM). Physicochemical characteristics of the prepared compounds were investigated, namely a formation of supramolecular gels and a self-assembly potential in general, with positive results achieved with several target compounds. (4) Conclusions: Several compounds of a series of triterpenoid molecular ribbons showed better pharmacological profiles than the parent compounds and displayed certain selectivity in their effects.
Collapse
|
23
|
Catorce MN, Gevorkian G. Evaluation of Anti-inflammatory Nutraceuticals in LPS-induced Mouse Neuroinflammation Model: An Update. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 18:636-654. [PMID: 31934839 PMCID: PMC7457421 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x18666200114125628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
It is known that peripheral infections, accompanied by inflammation, represent significant risk factors for the development of neurological disorders by modifying brain development or affecting normal brain aging. The acute effects of systemic inflammation on progressive and persistent brain damage and cognitive impairment are well documented. Anti-inflammatory therapies may have beneficial effects on the brain, and the protective properties of a wide range of synthetic and natural compounds have been extensively explored in recent years. In our previous review, we provided an extensive analysis of one of the most important and widely-used animal models of peripherally induced neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration - lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated mice. We addressed the data reproducibility in published research and summarized basic features and data on the therapeutic potential of various natural products, nutraceuticals, with known anti-inflammatory effects, for reducing neuroinflammation in this model. Here, recent data on the suitability of the LPS-induced murine neuroinflammation model for preclinical assessment of a large number of nutraceuticals belonging to different groups of natural products such as flavonoids, terpenes, non-flavonoid polyphenols, glycosides, heterocyclic compounds, organic acids, organosulfur compounds and xanthophylls, are summarized. Also, the proposed mechanisms of action of these molecules are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miryam Nava Catorce
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM), Mexico DF, Mexico
| | - Goar Gevorkian
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM), Mexico DF, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Khwaza V, Mlala S, Oyedeji OO, Aderibigbe BA. Pentacyclic Triterpenoids with Nitrogen-Containing Heterocyclic Moiety, Privileged Hybrids in Anticancer Drug Discovery. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092401. [PMID: 33918996 PMCID: PMC8122576 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pentacyclic triterpenoids are well-known phytochemicals with various biological activities commonly found in plants as secondary metabolites. The wide range of biological activities exhibited by triterpenoids has made them the most valuable sources of pharmacological agents. A number of novel triterpenoid derivatives with many skeletal modifications have been developed. The most important modifications are the formation of analogues or derivatives with nitrogen-containing heterocyclic scaffolds. The derivatives with nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds are among the most promising candidate for the development of novel therapeutic drugs. About 75% of FDA-approved drugs are nitrogen-containing heterocyclic moieties. The unique properties of heterocyclic compounds have encouraged many researchers to develop new triterpenoid analogous with pharmacological activities. In this review, we discuss recent advances of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic triterpenoids as potential therapeutic agents. This comprehensive review will assist medicinal chemists to understand new strategies that can result in the development of compounds with potential therapeutic efficacy.
Collapse
|
25
|
Tan X, Xie H, Zhang B, Zhou J, Dou Z, Wang X, Wang N. A Novel Ivermectin-Derived Compound D4 and Its Antimicrobial/Biofilm Properties against MRSA. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10020208. [PMID: 33672669 PMCID: PMC7924331 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10020208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and its biofilms infection is still a serious threat to global health. It is urgent to develop efficient drugs by repositioning or designing drugs to solve this problem. In this study, the antibacterial/biofilm activity and mechanisms of ivermectin (D) and its 4″-position amino substitution derivative (D4) against MRSA were investigated. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of D was 20 μg/mL, which is four times higher than D4 (MIC = 5 μg/mL). The mechanism research demonstrated that D4 was more potent than D at destroying bacterial cell wall, permeating cell membrane (6.25-36.0% vs 1.92-6.04%) and binding to MRSA genomic DNA. Moreover, after incubation with 10-40 μg/mL D4 for 24 h, the percentages of biofilm decreased by 21.2-92.9%, which was more effective than D (no significant change at 40 μg/mL). The antibiofilm effect is achieved by regulating the expression of related genes (RSH, relQ, rsbU, sigB, spA, and icaD). Additionally, though the higher hemolysis makes D4 a safety risk for intravenous injection, other administration options could be considered as well. Therefore, all the results have indicated that D4 may be a potential candidate compound for the treatment of MRSA and its biofilm infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Tan
- Immunology Innovation Team, School of medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China; (X.T.); (H.X.); (J.Z.)
| | - Haoji Xie
- Immunology Innovation Team, School of medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China; (X.T.); (H.X.); (J.Z.)
| | - Bin Zhang
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315800, Zhejiang, China; (B.Z.); (Z.D.)
| | - Jiale Zhou
- Immunology Innovation Team, School of medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China; (X.T.); (H.X.); (J.Z.)
| | - Zhende Dou
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315800, Zhejiang, China; (B.Z.); (Z.D.)
| | - Xiao Wang
- Immunology Innovation Team, School of medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China; (X.T.); (H.X.); (J.Z.)
- Correspondence: (X.W.); (N.W.)
| | - Ning Wang
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China
- Correspondence: (X.W.); (N.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Xie J, Liao B, Zhu H, Yu Y, Tang RY. Synthesis of novel 2-methyl-3-furyl sulfide flavor derivatives as efficient preservatives. RSC Adv 2021; 11:25639-25645. [PMID: 35478926 PMCID: PMC9037019 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra04207f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Foodborne microbial infestation seriously threatens food security, and the development of low-risk food preservatives is highly needed in food production. For discovering novel flavor molecules with antiseptic function, novel 2-methyl-3-furyl sulfide flavor derivatives were synthesized and evaluated. A wide range of 2-methyl-3-furyl sulfide derivatives were synthesized by reactions of 2-methyl-3-furyl disulfide with cyclic ethers, amides, ketones, and epoxides. All of these compounds have special aroma characteristics and low aroma thresholds. The antimicrobial activity of these compounds against test foodborne bacterial or fungal strains (Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella paratyphi, Listeria monocytogenes, Vibrio parahemolyticus, Penicillium italicum, Aspergillus niger, Mucor racemosus, Rhizopus oryzae) was examined. It was found that fifteen compounds (3a, 3b, 3d, 3e, 3f, 3g, 3h, 3i, 3j, 3k, 3l, 3m, 5a, 5b, 5f) have antimicrobial activity against different foodborne bacterial or fungal strains. Significantly, the antimicrobial activity of the flavor compounds (3b, 3d, 3e, 3i, 3j, 3l, 3m) is better than that of the control group (penicillin, amphotericin B and thiram), and they are promising preservatives for food production. Foodborne microbial infestation seriously threatens food security, and the development of low-risk food preservatives is highly needed in food production.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinxin Xie
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- College of Materials and Energy
- South China Agricultural University
- Guangzhou 510642
- China
| | - Benjian Liao
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- College of Materials and Energy
- South China Agricultural University
- Guangzhou 510642
- China
| | - Hui Zhu
- Boton Flavors & Fragrances Co. Ltd
- Dongguan 523000
- China
| | - Yongfei Yu
- Boton Flavors & Fragrances Co. Ltd
- Dongguan 523000
- China
| | - Ri-Yuan Tang
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- College of Materials and Energy
- South China Agricultural University
- Guangzhou 510642
- China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Xu W, Tan J, Mu Y, Zheng D, Huang X, Li L. New antimicrobial terpenoids and phloroglucinol glucosides from Syzygium szemaoense. Bioorg Chem 2020; 103:104242. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
28
|
Kazakova O, Lopatina T, Giniyatullina G, Mioc M, Soica C. Antimycobacterial activity of azepanobetulin and its derivative: In vitro, in vivo, ADMET and docking studies. Bioorg Chem 2020; 104:104209. [PMID: 32911190 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The antimycobacterial investigation of azepanobetulin and its amide derivative was performed. Both compounds showed increased in vitro antibacterial activity on the H37Rv MTB strain in aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Basing on differences between MIC and IC50 values a predominant bactericidal effect for amide in contrast to azepanobetulin with a bacteriostatic antibacterial mechanism is defined. Both compounds showed a strong antibacterial effect against resistant MTB strains with amide derivative being slightly more active. Amide derivative also showed a higher antibacterial potency against non-tuberculous mycobacterial strains (M. avium, M. abscessus). Molecular docking studies showed that the inhibition of tuberculosinyl adenosine transferase (Rv3378c) could constitute an antimycobacterial mechanism of action for these triterpenic azepane derivatives. The pharmacokinetic profile was evaluated by ADMET studies and azepanobetulin showing the better results was evaluated by in vivo experiments. This compound has demonstrated a statistically significant antimycobacterial activity compared to control, but inferior to isoniazid. Our findings show that pentacyclic triterpene derivatives holding a seven-membered azepane A-ring are the promising template for the development of new agents with high antibacterial potential against M. tuberculosis H37Rv, non-tuberculous mycobacterial and drug- resistant strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oxana Kazakova
- Ufa Institute of Chemistry UFRC RAS, pr. Octyabrya 71, 450054 Ufa, Russian Federation.
| | - Tatyana Lopatina
- Ufa Institute of Chemistry UFRC RAS, pr. Octyabrya 71, 450054 Ufa, Russian Federation
| | | | - Marius Mioc
- Faculty of Pharmacy, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Sq., Timisoara 300041, Romania
| | - Codruta Soica
- Faculty of Pharmacy, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Sq., Timisoara 300041, Romania.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
The Revaluation of Plant-Derived Terpenes to Fight Antibiotic-Resistant Infections. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9060325
expr 928323768 + 816400131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of antibiotics has revolutionized the medicine and treatment of microbial infections. However, the current scenario has highlighted the difficulties in marketing new antibiotics and an exponential increase in the appearance of resistant strains. On the other hand, research in the field of drug-discovery has revaluated the potential of natural products as a unique source for new biologically active molecules and scaffolds for the medicinal chemistry. In this review, we first contextualized the worldwide problem of antibiotic resistance and the importance that natural products of plant origin acquire as a source of new lead compounds. We then focused on terpenes and their potential development as antimicrobials, highlighting those studies that showed an activity against conventional antibiotic-resistant strains.
Collapse
|
30
|
The Revaluation of Plant-Derived Terpenes to Fight Antibiotic-Resistant Infections. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9060325. [PMID: 32545761 PMCID: PMC7344648 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9060325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of antibiotics has revolutionized the medicine and treatment of microbial infections. However, the current scenario has highlighted the difficulties in marketing new antibiotics and an exponential increase in the appearance of resistant strains. On the other hand, research in the field of drug-discovery has revaluated the potential of natural products as a unique source for new biologically active molecules and scaffolds for the medicinal chemistry. In this review, we first contextualized the worldwide problem of antibiotic resistance and the importance that natural products of plant origin acquire as a source of new lead compounds. We then focused on terpenes and their potential development as antimicrobials, highlighting those studies that showed an activity against conventional antibiotic-resistant strains.
Collapse
|
31
|
Cappiello F, Loffredo MR, Del Plato C, Cammarone S, Casciaro B, Quaglio D, Mangoni ML, Botta B, Ghirga F. The Revaluation of Plant-Derived Terpenes to Fight Antibiotic-Resistant Infections. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:325. [PMID: 32545761 PMCID: PMC7344648 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9060325&set/a 898859781+915895989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of antibiotics has revolutionized the medicine and treatment of microbial infections. However, the current scenario has highlighted the difficulties in marketing new antibiotics and an exponential increase in the appearance of resistant strains. On the other hand, research in the field of drug-discovery has revaluated the potential of natural products as a unique source for new biologically active molecules and scaffolds for the medicinal chemistry. In this review, we first contextualized the worldwide problem of antibiotic resistance and the importance that natural products of plant origin acquire as a source of new lead compounds. We then focused on terpenes and their potential development as antimicrobials, highlighting those studies that showed an activity against conventional antibiotic-resistant strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Floriana Cappiello
- Laboratory affiliated to Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.C.); (M.R.L.); (M.L.M.)
| | - Maria Rosa Loffredo
- Laboratory affiliated to Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.C.); (M.R.L.); (M.L.M.)
| | - Cristina Del Plato
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, “Department of Excellence 2018−2022”, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.D.P.); (S.C.); (B.B.)
- Center For Life Nano Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Silvia Cammarone
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, “Department of Excellence 2018−2022”, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.D.P.); (S.C.); (B.B.)
| | - Bruno Casciaro
- Center For Life Nano Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy;
- Correspondence: (B.C.); (D.Q.)
| | - Deborah Quaglio
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, “Department of Excellence 2018−2022”, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.D.P.); (S.C.); (B.B.)
- Correspondence: (B.C.); (D.Q.)
| | - Maria Luisa Mangoni
- Laboratory affiliated to Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.C.); (M.R.L.); (M.L.M.)
| | - Bruno Botta
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, “Department of Excellence 2018−2022”, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.D.P.); (S.C.); (B.B.)
| | - Francesca Ghirga
- Center For Life Nano Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kazakova OB, Lopatina TV, Baikova IP, Zileeva ZR, Vakhitova YV, Suponitsky KY. Synthesis, evaluation of cytotoxicity, and antimicrobial activity of A-azepano- and A-seco-3-amino-C28-aminolupanes. Med Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-020-02577-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
33
|
Markov AV, Sen’kova AV, Popadyuk II, Salomatina OV, Logashenko EB, Komarova NI, Ilyina AA, Salakhutdinov NF, Zenkova MA. Novel 3'-Substituted-1',2',4'-Oxadiazole Derivatives of 18βH-Glycyrrhetinic Acid and Their O-Acylated Amidoximes: Synthesis and Evaluation of Antitumor and Anti-Inflammatory Potential In Vitro and In Vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3511. [PMID: 32429154 PMCID: PMC7279002 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of novel 18βH-glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) derivatives containing 3'-(alkyl/phenyl/pyridin(-2″, -3″, and -4″)-yl)-1',2',4'-oxadiazole moieties at the C-30 position were synthesized by condensation of triterpenoid's carboxyl group with corresponding amidoximes and further cyclization. Screening of the cytotoxicity of novel GA derivatives on a panel of tumor cell lines showed that the 3-acetoxy triterpenoid intermediates-O-acylated amidoxime 3a-h-display better solubility under bioassay conditions and more pronounced cytotoxicity compared to their 1',2',4'-oxadiazole analogs 4f-h (median IC50 = 7.0 and 49.7 µM, respectively). Subsequent replacement of the 3-acetoxy group by the hydroxyl group of pyridin(-2″, 3″, and -4″)-yl-1',2',4'-oxadiazole-bearing GA derivatives produced compounds 5f-h, showing the most pronounced selective toxicity toward tumor cells (median selectivity index (SI) > 12.1). Further detailed analysis of the antitumor activity of hit derivative 5f revealed its marked proapoptotic activity and inhibitory effects on clonogenicity and motility of HeLa cervical carcinoma cells in vitro, and the metastatic growth of B16 melanoma in vivo. Additionally, the comprehensive in silico study revealed intermediate 3d, bearing the tert-butyl moiety in O-acylated amidoxime, as a potent anti-inflammatory candidate, which was able to effectively inhibit inflammatory response induced by IFNγ in macrophages in vitro and carrageenan in murine models in vivo, probably by primary interactions with active sites of MMP9, neutrophil elastase, and thrombin. Taken together, our findings provide a basis for a better understanding of the structure-activity relationship of 1',2',4'-oxadiazole-containing triterpenoids and reveal two hit molecules with pronounced antitumor (5f) and anti-inflammatory (3d) activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey V. Markov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrent’ev ave., 8, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (A.V.S.); (O.V.S.); (E.B.L.); (A.A.I.); (M.A.Z.)
| | - Aleksandra V. Sen’kova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrent’ev ave., 8, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (A.V.S.); (O.V.S.); (E.B.L.); (A.A.I.); (M.A.Z.)
| | - Irina I. Popadyuk
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrent’ev ave., 9, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (I.I.P.); (N.I.K.); (N.F.S.)
| | - Oksana V. Salomatina
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrent’ev ave., 8, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (A.V.S.); (O.V.S.); (E.B.L.); (A.A.I.); (M.A.Z.)
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrent’ev ave., 9, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (I.I.P.); (N.I.K.); (N.F.S.)
| | - Evgeniya B. Logashenko
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrent’ev ave., 8, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (A.V.S.); (O.V.S.); (E.B.L.); (A.A.I.); (M.A.Z.)
| | - Nina I. Komarova
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrent’ev ave., 9, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (I.I.P.); (N.I.K.); (N.F.S.)
| | - Anna A. Ilyina
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrent’ev ave., 8, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (A.V.S.); (O.V.S.); (E.B.L.); (A.A.I.); (M.A.Z.)
| | - Nariman F. Salakhutdinov
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrent’ev ave., 9, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (I.I.P.); (N.I.K.); (N.F.S.)
| | - Marina A. Zenkova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrent’ev ave., 8, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (A.V.S.); (O.V.S.); (E.B.L.); (A.A.I.); (M.A.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Casciaro B, Calcaterra A, Cappiello F, Mori M, Loffredo MR, Ghirga F, Mangoni ML, Botta B, Quaglio D. Nigritanine as a New Potential Antimicrobial Alkaloid for the Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus-Induced Infections. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11090511. [PMID: 31480508 PMCID: PMC6783983 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11090511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen causing a wide range of nosocomial infections including pulmonary, urinary, and skin infections. Notably, the emergence of bacterial strains resistant to conventional antibiotics has prompted researchers to find new compounds capable of killing these pathogens. Nature is undoubtedly an invaluable source of bioactive molecules characterized by an ample chemical diversity. They can act as unique platform providing new scaffolds for further chemical modifications in order to obtain compounds with optimized biological activity. A class of natural compounds with a variety of biological activities is represented by alkaloids, important secondary metabolites produced by a large number of organisms including bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals. In this work, starting from the screening of 39 alkaloids retrieved from a unique in-house library, we identified a heterodimer -carboline alkaloid, nigritanine, with a potent anti-Staphylococcus action. Nigritanine, isolated from Strychnos nigritana, was characterized for its antimicrobial activity against a reference and three clinical isolates of S. aureus. Its potential cytotoxicity was also evaluated at short and long term against mammalian red blood cells and human keratinocytes, respectively. Nigritanine showed a remarkable antimicrobial activity (minimum inhibitory concentration of 128 µM) without being toxic in vitro to both tested cells. The analysis of the antibacterial activity related to the nigritanine scaffold furnished new insights in the structure-activity relationships (SARs) of -carboline, confirming that dimerization improves its antibacterial activity. Taking into account these interesting results, nigritanine can be considered as a promising candidate for the development of new antimicrobial molecules for the treatment of S. aureus-induced infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Casciaro
- Center For Life Nano Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Andrea Calcaterra
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, "Department of Excellence 2018-2022", Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Floriana Cappiello
- Laboratory affiliated to Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Mattia Mori
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, "Department of Excellence 2018-2022", University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, Siena 53100, Italy
| | - Maria Rosa Loffredo
- Laboratory affiliated to Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Francesca Ghirga
- Center For Life Nano Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome 00161, Italy.
| | - Maria Luisa Mangoni
- Laboratory affiliated to Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy.
| | - Bruno Botta
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, "Department of Excellence 2018-2022", Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Deborah Quaglio
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, "Department of Excellence 2018-2022", Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy
| |
Collapse
|