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Hawker P, Zhang L, Liu L. Mas-related G protein-coupled receptors in gastrointestinal dysfunction and inflammatory bowel disease: A review. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:2197-2211. [PMID: 36787888 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic debilitating condition, hallmarked by persistent inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. Despite recent advances in clinical treatments, the aetiology of IBD is unknown, and a large proportion of patients are refractory to pharmacotherapy. Understanding IBD immunopathogenesis is crucial to discern the cause of IBD and optimise treatments. Mas-related G protein-coupled receptors (Mrgprs) are a family of approximately 50 G protein-coupled receptors that were first identified over 20 years ago. Originally known for their expression in skin nociceptors and their role in transmitting the sensation of itch in the periphery, new reports have described the presence of Mrgprs in the gastrointestinal tract. In this review, we consider the impact of these findings and assess the evidence that suggests that Mrgprs may be involved in the disrupted homeostatic processes that contribute to gastrointestinal disorders and IBD. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue Therapeutic Targeting of G Protein-Coupled Receptors: hot topics from the Australasian Society of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacologists and Toxicologists 2021 Virtual Annual Scientific Meeting. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v181.14/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Hawker
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lu Liu
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Wang J, Liu J, Yang Y, Sun G, Yang D, Yin S, Zhang S, Jin W, Zhao D, Sun L, Jiang R. Inhibitory effect of phellodendrine on C48/80-induced allergic reaction in vitro and in vivo. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 134:112256. [PMID: 38744172 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The incidence of allergic reactions has risen steadily in recent years, prompting growing interest in the identification of efficacious and safe natural compounds that can prevent or treat allergic diseases. Phellodendron amurense Rupr. has long been applied as a treatment for allergic diseases, whose primary component is phellodendrine. However, the efficacy of phellodendrine as a treatment for allergic diseases remains to be assessed. Mast cells are the primary effectors of allergic reactions, which are not only activated by IgE-dependent pathway, but also by IgE-independent pathways via human MRGPRX2, rat counterpart MRGPRB3. As such, this study explored the effect and mechanism of phellodendrine through this family receptors in treating allergic diseases in vitro and in vivo. These analyses revealed that phellodendrine administration was sufficient to protect against C48/80-induced foot swelling and Evans blue exudation in mice, and suppressed C48/80-induced RBL-2H3 rat basophilic leukemia cells degranulation, and β-HEX, HIS, IL-4, and TNF-α release. Moreover, phellodendrine could reduce the mRNA expression of MRGPRB3 and responsiveness of MRGPRX2 by altering its structure. It was able to decrease Ca2+ levels, phosphorylation levels of CaMK, PLCβ1, PKC, ERK, JNK, p38, and p65, and inhibit the degradation of IκB-α. These analyses indicate that berberine inhibits the activation of PLC and downregulates the release of Ca2+ in the endoplasmic reticulum by altering the conformation of MRGPRB3/MRGPRX2 protein, thereby inhibiting the activation of PKC and subsequently inhibiting downstream MAPK and NF-κB signaling, ultimately suppressing allergic reactions. There may thus be further value in studies focused on developing phellodendrine as a novel anti-allergic drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Jianzeng Liu
- Northeast Asia Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Northeast Asia Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Guang Sun
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Dan Yang
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Shuhe Yin
- Kanglong Huacheng (Ningbo) Technology Development Co., Ltd, Ningbo 315000, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Northeast Asia Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Wenqi Jin
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Daqing Zhao
- Northeast Asia Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin Province 130021, China; Jilin Province Traditional Chinese Medicine Characteristic Health Product Research and Development Cross-regional Cooperation Science and Technology Innovation Center, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin Province 130021, China
| | - Liwei Sun
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130021, China; Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin Province 130021, China.
| | - Rui Jiang
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130021, China.
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Yoodee S, Rujitharanawong C, Sueksakit K, Tuchinda P, Kulthanan K, Thongboonkerd V. Comparative analyses of various IgE-mediated and non-IgE-mediated inducers of mast cell degranulation for in vitro study. Immunol Res 2024; 72:331-346. [PMID: 38001385 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-023-09438-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
In vitro investigations of mast cell (MC) degranulation are essential for studying many diseases, particularly allergy and urticaria. Many MC-degranulation inducers are currently available. However, there is no previous systematic comparative analysis of these available inducers in term of their efficacies to induce MC degranulation. Herein, we performed systematic comparisons of efficacies of five well-known and commonly used MC-degranulation inducers. RBL-2H3 cells were sensitized with 50 ng/ml anti-DNP IgE or biotinylated IgE followed by stimulation with 100 ng/ml DNP-BSA or streptavidin, respectively. For non-IgE-mediated inducers, the cells were treated with 5 µg/ml substance P, compound 48/80, or A23187. At 15-, 30-, 45- and 60-min post-induction, several common MC-degranulation markers (including intracellular [Ca2+], β-hexosaminidase release, tryptase expression by immunofluorescence staining, cellular tryptase level by immunoblotting, secretory tryptase level by immunoblotting, CD63 expression by immunofluorescence staining, and CD63 expression by flow cytometry) were evaluated. The data showed that all these markers significantly increased after activation by all inducers. Among them, A23187 provided the greatest degrees of increases in intracellular [Ca2+] and β-hexosaminidase release at all time-points and upregulation of CD63 at one time-point. These data indicate that all these IgE-mediated (anti-DNP IgE/DNP-BSA and biotinylated IgE/streptavidin) and non-IgE-mediated (substance P, compound 48/80, and A23187) inducers effectively induce MC degranulation, while A23187 seems to be the most effective inducer for MC degranulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunisa Yoodee
- Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 6th Floor - SiMR Building, 2 Wanglang Road, Bangkoknoi, 10700, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chuda Rujitharanawong
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kanyarat Sueksakit
- Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 6th Floor - SiMR Building, 2 Wanglang Road, Bangkoknoi, 10700, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Papapit Tuchinda
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kanokvalai Kulthanan
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Visith Thongboonkerd
- Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 6th Floor - SiMR Building, 2 Wanglang Road, Bangkoknoi, 10700, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Liang X, Li X, Sun S, Zhang H, Wang B, Xu F, Zhang Y, Liu Z. Effects and potential mechanisms of Saposhnikovia divaricata (Turcz.) Schischk. On type I allergy and pseudoallergic reactions in vitro and in vivo. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 318:116942. [PMID: 37487961 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The incidence of allergic disease is constantly increasing, but its pathogenesis is not fully understood. Saposhnikovia divaricata (SD), called 'Fangfeng' in China, not only can be used for antipyretic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory as a traditional Chinese medicine, but also as an active ingredient in about 8% prescriptions. However, its effects on type I allergy and pseudoallergy have not been clarified. AIM OF THE STUDY To explore the treatment and potential mechanisms of SD and its major bioactive component Prim-O-glucosylcimifugin (POG) on type I allergy and pseudoallergy in vitro and in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS The inhibitory effect of SD decoction and POG on type I allergy and its possible mechanism were evaluated by using RBL-2H3 cells model in vitro and the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) mouse model in vivo. The cell degranulation of RBL-2H3 cells induced by DNP-IgE/DNP-BSA and Compound 48/80 (C48/80) was investigated, and the molecules of degranulation related signaling pathway was further detected by qRT-PCR and Western Blot analysis. Meanwhile, therapeutic effect of SD Decoction and POG were evaluated using PCA models in vivo. The molecular docking technology was conducted to explore the potential mechanisms. RESULTS In cells model induced by DNP-IgE/DNP-BSA, the release rate of β-Hex in high dose of SD and POG groups were 43.79% and 57.01%, and the release amount of HA in high dose of SD and POG groups were 26.19 ng/mL and 24.20 ng/mL. They were significantly lower than that in the model group. Besides, SD decoction and POG could significantly inhibit intracellular Ca2+ increasing and cell apoptosis. But there is no obvious effect on cells degranulation induced by C48/80. The molecular docking results showed that 5-O-Methylvisamioside and POG could bind with FcεRI α with stronger binding ability, but weak binding ability to Mrgprx2. Moreover, qPCR and Western blot analyses indicated that SD could down-regulate Lyn/Syk/PLCγ, MAPK and PI3K/AKT/NF-κB signal pathway to inhibit IgE-dependent cell degranulation. In mice PCA model, both SD and POG could dose-dependently attenuate the Evans Blue extravasation, paw and ear swelling induced by DNP-IgE/DNP-BSA, but no significant inhibition under the PCA models induced by C48/80. CONCLUSION In conclusion, SD is effective for the therapeutic of type I allergies, suggesting that SD is a potential candidate for the treatment of type I allergy, and the underlying mechanism of these effects needs to be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Liang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding, China.
| | - Xiangsheng Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding, China.
| | - Shusen Sun
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding, China.
| | - Han Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding, China.
| | - Bikun Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding, China.
| | - Feng Xu
- Hebei Zhitong Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Baoding, China.
| | - Yanfen Zhang
- Technology Transfer Center, Hebei University, Baoding, China.
| | - Zhongcheng Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding, China.
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Zhang J, Hong L, Zhang P, Wang Y, Hong T. Inhibitory effect of daphnetin on the C48/80-induced pseudo-allergic reaction. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 124:110874. [PMID: 37690236 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Pseudo-allergic reaction is an allergic reaction mediated by nonimmunoglobulin E (IgE), which does not require prior contact with antigen sensitization and directly leads to mast cell degranulation. Daphnetin (DAP) is known for its anti-inflammatory effects, but there are few studies on the effect of DAP on pseudo-allergy and its mechanism. To investigate the effect of DAP on pseudo-allergy and its mechanism, we inflicted pseudo-allergy on RBL-2H3 cells using C48/80 in vitro. Moreover, to assess the antipseudo-allergy effect of C48/80 in vivo, mouse models of local anaphylaxis, systemic anaphylaxis, and itch were used. The in vitro results show that DAP inhibits degranulation and chemokine release; furthermore, DAP reduced the activation of the PLC-IP3R and MAPK signaling pathways induced by C48/80. Additionally, our in vivo results showed that DAP inhibited C48/80-induced local anaphylaxis and inhibited eosinophil aggregation, vasodilation and mast cell degranulation. In systemic anaphylaxis, DAP inhibits the decrease in body temperature and reduces the release of His, TNF-a and IL-8. In C48/80-induced itch, the number of scratches in mice was reduced. Our results demonstrate that DAP can play a suppressive role in the pseudo-allergy induced by C48/80, providing information for the cure of disorders linked to pseudo-allergic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Ling Hong
- Department of Anesthesiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yanjie Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Tie Hong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
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Hanson EK, Whelan RJ. Application of the Nicoya OpenSPR to Studies of Biomolecular Binding: A Review of the Literature from 2016 to 2022. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:4831. [PMID: 37430747 DOI: 10.3390/s23104831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
The Nicoya OpenSPR is a benchtop surface plasmon resonance (SPR) instrument. As with other optical biosensor instruments, it is suitable for the label-free interaction analysis of a diverse set of biomolecules, including proteins, peptides, antibodies, nucleic acids, lipids, viruses, and hormones/cytokines. Supported assays include affinity/kinetics characterization, concentration analysis, yes/no assessment of binding, competition studies, and epitope mapping. OpenSPR exploits localized SPR detection in a benchtop platform and can be connected with an autosampler (XT) to perform automated analysis over an extended time period. In this review article, we provide a comprehensive survey of the 200 peer-reviewed papers published between 2016 and 2022 that use the OpenSPR platform. We highlight the range of biomolecular analytes and interactions that have been investigated using the platform, provide an overview on the most common applications for the instrument, and point out some representative research that highlights the flexibility and utility of the instrument.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza K Hanson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Rebecca J Whelan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
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Raj S, Hlushak S, Arizmendi N, Kovalenko A, Kulka M. Substance P analogs devoid of key residues fail to activate human mast cells via MRGPRX2. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1155740. [PMID: 37228611 PMCID: PMC10203606 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1155740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells play an important role in disease pathogenesis by secreting immunomodulatory molecules. Mast cells are primarily activated by the crosslinking of their high affinity IgE receptors (FcεRI) by antigen bound immunoglobulin (Ig)E antibody complexes. However, mast cells can also be activated by the mas related G protein-coupled receptor X2 (MRGPRX2), in response to a range of cationic secretagogues, such as substance P (SP), which is associated with pseudo-allergic reactions. We have previously reported that the in vitro activation of mouse mast cells by basic secretagogues is mediated by the mouse orthologue of the human MRGPRX2, MRGPRB2. To further elucidate the mechanism of MRGPRX2 activation, we studied the time-dependent internalization of MRGPRX2 by human mast cells (LAD2) upon stimulation with the neuropeptide SP. In addition, we performed computational studies to identify the intermolecular forces that facilitate ligand-MRGPRX2 interaction using SP. The computational predictions were tested experimentally by activating LAD2 with SP analogs, which were missing key amino acid residues. Our data suggest that mast cell activation by SP causes internalization of MRGPRX2 within 1 min of stimulation. Hydrogen bonds (h-bonds) and salt bridges govern the biding of SP to MRGPRX2. Arg1 and Lys3 in SP are key residues that are involved in both h-bonding and salt bridge formations with Glu164 and Asp184 of MRGPRX2, respectively. In accordance, SP analogs devoid of key residues (SP1 and SP2) failed to activate MRGPRX2 degranulation. However, both SP1 and SP2 caused a comparable release of chemokine CCL2. Further, SP analogs SP1, SP2 and SP4 did not activate tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production. We further show that SP1 and SP2 limit the activity of SP on mast cells. The results provide important mechanistic insight into the events that result in mast cell activation through MRGPRX2 and highlight the important physiochemical characteristics of a peptide ligand that facilitates ligand-MRGPRX2 interactions. The results are important in understanding activation through MRGPRX2, and the intermolecular forces that govern ligand-MRGPRX2 interaction. The elucidation of important physiochemical properties within a ligand that are needed for receptor interaction will aid in designing novel therapeutics and antagonists for MRGPRX2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shammy Raj
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Stepan Hlushak
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Narcy Arizmendi
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Andriy Kovalenko
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Marianna Kulka
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Katz Group Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Dang B, Hu S, Zhang Y, Huang Y, Zhang T, An H. Myricetin served as antagonist for negatively regulate MRGPRX2 mediated pseudo-allergic reactions through CD300f/SHP1/SHP2 phosphorylation. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 118:110034. [PMID: 36958208 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor X2 (MRGPRX2) plays a vital role in mast cells (MCs) degranulation and pseudo-allergic reactions. Leukocyte mono-immunoglobulin-like receptor 3 (CD300f) can negatively regulate MCs degranulation. Identification of drug candidates which target CD300f represents a promising prospect in drug development. Myricetin is widely distributed in plants and has been reported to inhibit allergic reactions in OVA-induced murine models. OBJECTIVE This study aims to determine whether myricetin can activate CD300f to arrest MCs degranulation mediated by MRGPRX2. RESULTS Myricetin inhibited the allergic mediator and cytokine release triggered by MRGPRX2 in vivo and in vitro. Under C48/80 stimulation, the release of β-hexosaminidase, TNF-α, IL-8 and MCP-1 in CD300f knockdown in LAD2 cells was significantly increased compared with NC-LAD2 cells. Myricetin displayed good structural affinity (KD = 7.21 × 10-5) with CD300f by SPR. Molecular docking results showed that hydrogen bonds were formed between myricetin and CD300f, indicating high binding ability (5.6653). Myricetin can upregulate the phosphorylation of SHP-1 and SHP-2 and dephosphorylation in the MRGPRX2 signaling pathway, involving PLCγ1, AKT, P38, and ERK1/2. CONCLUSION In the present study, myricetin is identified as an exogenous ligand for CD300f, which negatively regulates MRGPRX2-mediated MCs activation via CD300f to inhibit MCs degranulation and pseudo-allergic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baowen Dang
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China; Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China; College of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Shiting Hu
- College of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yonghui Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yihan Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Hongli An
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China; Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China.
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Raj S, Unsworth LD. Targeting active sites of inflammation using inherent properties of tissue-resident mast cells. Acta Biomater 2023; 159:21-37. [PMID: 36657696 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells play a pivotal role in initiating and directing host's immune response. They reside in tissues that primarily interface with the external environment. Activated mast cells respond to environmental cues throughout acute and chronic inflammation through releasing immune mediators via rapid degranulation, or long-term de novo expression. Mast cell activation results in the rapid release of a variety of unique enzymes and reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, the increased density of mast cell unique receptors like mas related G protein-coupled receptor X2 also characterizes the inflamed tissues. The presence of these molecules (either released mediators or surface receptors) are particular to the sites of active inflammation, and are a result of mast cell activation. Herein, the molecular design principles for capitalizing on these novel mast cell properties is discussed with the goal of manipulating localized inflammation. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Mast cells are immune regulating cells that play a crucial role in both innate and adaptive immune responses. The activation of mast cells causes the release of multiple unique profiles of biomolecules, which are specific to both tissue and disease. These unique characteristics are tightly regulated and afford a localized stimulus for targeting inflammatory diseases. Herein, these important mast cell attributes are discussed in the frame of highlighting strategies for the design of bioresponsive functional materials to target regions of inflammations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shammy Raj
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Donadeo Innovation Centre for Engineering, 9211-116 Street NW, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G1H9, Canada
| | - Larry D Unsworth
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Donadeo Innovation Centre for Engineering, 9211-116 Street NW, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G1H9, Canada.
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Caffeic acid phenethyl ester inhibits pseudo-allergic reactions via inhibition of MRGPRX2/MrgprB2-dependent mast cell degranulation. Arch Pharm Res 2022; 45:644-657. [PMID: 36183260 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-022-01405-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells play essential role in allergic reactions through the process called mast cell degranulation. Recent studies have found that a basic secretagogue compound 48/80 (C48/80) induces non-IgE-mediated mast cell degranulation via activation of human Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor X2 (MRGPRX2) and mouse MrgprB2. Although previous studies have revealed that caffeic acid (CA) and its derivatives possess anti-allergic effects via IgE-dependent manner, it is largely elusive whether these compounds have impact on MRGPRX2/MrgprB2 to exert inhibitory effects. Therefore, the present study investigated whether CA as well as its derivatives - rosmarinic acid (RA) and caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) - has the ability to inhibit the activity of MRGPRX2/MrgprB2 to evoke pseudo-allergic effects. As a result, it was found that CAPE inhibits C48/80-induced activation of MRGPRX2/MrgprB2, but neither CA nor RA showed discernible inhibition. Furthermore, the β-hexosaminidase release assay showed that CAPE inhibits mouse peritoneal mast cell degranulation in both IgE-dependent and MrgprB2-dependent manners. Additionally, mouse paw edema induced by C48/80 was dramatically suppressed by co-treatment of CAPE, suggesting that CAPE possesses a protective effect on C48/80-evoked pseudo-allergic reactions. The pretreatment of CAPE also significantly decreased scratching bouts of mice evoked by C48/80, demonstrating that CAPE also has an anti-pruritic effect. Therefore, these data implicate that CAPE can suppress pseudo-allergic reactions evoked by C48/80 via MrgprB2-dependent manner. Finally, molecular docking analysis showed that CAPE is predicted to bind to human MRGPRX2 in the region where C48/80 also binds, implying that CAPE can be a competitive inhibitor of MRGPRX2. In conclusion, it is found that CAPE has the ability to inhibit MRGPRX2/MrgprB2, leading to the prevention of mast cell degranulation and further to the alleviation of mast cell reactions. These results indicate that CAPE as a CA derivative could be developed as a new protective agent that exerts dual inhibition of mast cell degranulation mediated by IgE and MRGPRX2/MrgprB2.
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MAS-related G protein-coupled receptors X (MRGPRX): Orphan GPCRs with potential as targets for future drugs. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 238:108259. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Yadav S, Sharma A, Nayik GA, Cooper R, Bhardwaj G, Sohal HS, Mutreja V, Kaur R, Areche FO, AlOudat M, Shaikh AM, Kovács B, Mohamed Ahmed AE. Review of Shikonin and Derivatives: Isolation, Chemistry, Biosynthesis, Pharmacology and Toxicology. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:905755. [PMID: 35847041 PMCID: PMC9283906 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.905755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Shikonin and its derivatives, isolated from traditional medicinal plant species of the genus Lithospermum, Alkanna, Arnebia, Anchusa, Onosma, and Echium belonging to the Boraginaceae family, have numerous applications in foods, cosmetics, and textiles. Shikonin, a potent bioactive red pigment, has been used in traditional medicinal systems to cure various ailments and is well known for its diverse pharmacological potential such as anticancer, antithrombotic, neuroprotective, antidiabetic, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anti-gonadotropic, antioxidants, antimicrobial and insecticidal. Herein, updated research on the natural sources, pharmacology, toxicity studies, and various patents filed worldwide related to shikonin and approaches to shikonin’s biogenic and chemical synthesis are reviewed. Furthermore, recent studies to establish reliable production systems to meet market demand, functional identification, and future clinical development of shikonin and its derivatives against various diseases are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snehlata Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
| | - Ajay Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
- University Centre for Research and Development, Department of Chemistry, Chandigarh University, Chandigarh- Ludhiana Highway, Mohali, India
| | - Gulzar Ahmad Nayik
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Govt. Degree College Shopian, Srinagar, India
| | - Raymond Cooper
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Garima Bhardwaj
- Department of Chemistry, Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering and Technology, Longowal, Sangrur, India
| | | | - Vishal Mutreja
- Department of Chemistry, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
| | - Ramandeep Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Franklin Ore Areche
- Professional School of Agroindustrial Engineering, National University of Huancavelica, Huancavelica, Peru
| | - Mohannad AlOudat
- Doctoral School of Food Science, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Budapset, Hungary
| | | | - Béla Kovács
- Institute of Food Science, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Abdelhakam Esmaeil Mohamed Ahmed
- Institute of Food Science, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Faculty of Forestry, University of Khartoum, Khartoum North, Sudan
- *Correspondence: Abdelhakam Esmaeil Mohamed Ahmed,
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13
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Jia Q, Fu J, Gao C, Wang H, Wang S, Liang P, Han S, Lv Y, He L. MrgX2-SNAP-tag/cell membrane chromatography model coupled with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for anti-pseudo-allergic compound screening in Arnebiae Radix. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:5741-5753. [PMID: 35697810 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04167-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pseudo-allergic reactions (PARs) are IgE-independent hypersensitivity reactions. Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor-X2 (MrgX2) was proved the key receptor of PAR. The anti-pseudo-allergic compound discovery based on MrgX2 was of great value. Cell membrane chromatography (CMC) based on MrgX2 provides a convenient and effective tool in anti-pseudo-allergic compound screening and discovery, and further improvements of this method are still needed. In this work, SNAP-tag was introduced at C-terminal of Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor (MrgX2-SNAP-tag), and an MrgX2-SNAP-tag/CMC model was then conducted using CMC technique. Comparative experiments showed that the new model not only satisfied the good selectivity and specificity of screening but also exhibited more stable and longer life span than traditional MrgX2/CMC model. By coupling with HPLC-MS, two compounds were screened out from Arnebiae Radix and identified as shikonin and acetylshikonin. Nonlinear chromatography was performed to study the interactions between two screened compounds and MrgX2, and binding constant (KA) of shikonin and acetylshikonin with MrgX2 were 2075.67 ± 0.34 M-1 and 32201.36 ± 0.35 M-1, respectively. Furthermore, β-hexosaminidase and histamine release assay in vitro demonstrated that shikonin (1-5 μM) and acetylshikonin (2.5-10 μM) could both antagonize C48/80-induced allergic reaction. In conclusion, the MrgX2-SNAP-tag/CMC could be a reliable model for screening pseudo-allergy-related components from complex systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Jia
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 76# Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Western China Science & Technology Innovation Harbour, Xi'an, 710115, China
| | - Jia Fu
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 76# Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Western China Science & Technology Innovation Harbour, Xi'an, 710115, China
| | - Chunlei Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 76# Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Western China Science & Technology Innovation Harbour, Xi'an, 710115, China
| | - Hong Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 76# Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Western China Science & Technology Innovation Harbour, Xi'an, 710115, China
| | - Saisai Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 76# Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Western China Science & Technology Innovation Harbour, Xi'an, 710115, China
| | - Peida Liang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 76# Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Western China Science & Technology Innovation Harbour, Xi'an, 710115, China
| | - Shengli Han
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 76# Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Western China Science & Technology Innovation Harbour, Xi'an, 710115, China
| | - Yanni Lv
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 76# Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China. .,Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Western China Science & Technology Innovation Harbour, Xi'an, 710115, China.
| | - Langchong He
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 76# Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China. .,Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Western China Science & Technology Innovation Harbour, Xi'an, 710115, China.
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14
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Wang C, Hou Y, Ge S, Lu J, Wang X, Lv Y, Wang N, He H. Synthetic imperatorin derivatives alleviate allergic reactions via mast cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 150:112982. [PMID: 35483187 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaphylaxis is a severe systemic allergic reaction that exhibits multiple clinical symptoms. The Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor X2 (MRGPRX2) is recognized as a key cell receptor mediating allergic diseases and drug-induced anaphylactoid reactions. Thus, it has been a promising target for preventing and treating these reactions. Based on the potential activity of imperatorin and active structural feature of MRGPRX2, we first demonstrated that the synthetic imperatorin derivatives (IDs) could significantly inhibit MRGPRX2 agonist-induced degranulation and cytokine release in LAD2 cells, as well as alleviate local and systemic anaphylaxis in mice. The IC50 value of the most promising compound is an order of magnitude lower than that of imperatorin. IDs were further identified to display anti-pseudo-allergic activity by binding MRGPRX2 with the tertiary nitrogen substructures, just liking the reported MRGPRX2-ligand. These results would propose evidence for discovery of agents for treating MCs-dependent allergic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Yajing Hou
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Shuai Ge
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Jiayu Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Xiangjun Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Yuexin Lv
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Nan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Huaizhen He
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China.
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15
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Tao T, Chen Y, Lai B, Wang J, Wang W, Xiao W, Cha X. Shikonin combined with methotrexate regulate macrophage polarization to treat psoriasis. Bioengineered 2022; 13:11146-11155. [PMID: 35485255 PMCID: PMC9208513 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2062090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate whether shikonin combined with methotrexate could inhibit psoriasis progression by regulating the polarization of macrophages through in vivo and in vitro experiments. Imiquimod was administrated to the exposed skin of BALB/c mice, and shikonin and methotrexate suspension were also given by gavage. The erythema, scales and thickness were scored for mice lesions in each group, and the total score was obtained by adding the above three scores, and calculated as psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) score. The skin lesion tissue from mice was isolated and used for hematoxylin-eosin staining and immunohistochemistry assay. Drug-containing serum was prepared and administrated into mouse macrophage RAW264.7 cells, followed by simulation of LPS. The levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), Interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 in cell supernatant were assessed using ELISA Kits and real-time PCR. In imiquimod-induced psoriasis mice, shikonin combined with methotrexate exerted protective effects by reducing erythema and PASI scores, decreasing backer score and epidermal thickness, and particularly regulating macrophage polarization. In LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, shikonin combined with methotrexate regulated M1/M2 polarization and altered the levels of M1 markers. Shikonin combined with methotrexate inhibit psoriasis progression by regulating the polarization of macrophages, which may be useful in the treatment of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingjun Tao
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,The First Clinical Academy, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Dermatology, Yangjiang People's Hospital, Yangjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,The First Clinical Academy, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Dermatology, Yangjiang People's Hospital, Yangjiang, Guangdong, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Bochen Lai
- The Second Clinical Academy, Xinjiang Medical University, Xinshi District, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Jinhua Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,The First Clinical Academy, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Weiliang Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Yangjiang People's Hospital, Yangjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Weimian Xiao
- Department of Dermatology, Qingyuan Skin Disease Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong, China
| | - Xushan Cha
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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16
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Che D, Zheng Y, Hou Y, Li T, Du X, Geng S. Dehydroandrographolide targets CD300f and negatively regulated MRGPRX2-induced pseudo-allergic reaction. Phytother Res 2022; 36:2173-2185. [PMID: 35312106 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor X2 (MRGPRX2) mediates mast cells (MCs) activation, which is a key target for the treatment of allergic diseases. However, there are few drugs targeting MRGPRX2. Leukocyte mono-immunoglobulin-like receptor 3 (CD300f) is a negative regulator of FcεRΙ-mediated MC activation. However, the regulatory effect of CD300f on MRGPRX2 remains unclear. Dehydroandrographolide (DA) is a main contributor of Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees (family: Acanthaceae) have been shown to inhibit type I hypersensitivity. The aim of this study was to determine whether DA negatively regulated MRGPRX2-mediated MC activation via CD300f and showed therapeutic effect on pseudo-allergic reactions. Mouse allergic models and MC degranulation were detected in vivo and in vitro, and inflammatory mediators were detected. siRNA interference and Biacore were used to verify the target. DA inhibited pseudo-allergic reactions by reducing vasodilation and serum cytokine levels in mice and inhibited MRGPRX2-mediated MC activation. The regulatory effect of DA was significantly decreased after the knockdown of CD300f expression. Moreover, DA upregulated the phosphorylation level of Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase (SHP)-1 and SHP-2, which are key kinases in the negative regulatory signaling pathways associated with CD300f. In conclusion, DA negatively regulates MRGPRX2-mediated MC activation via CD300f to inhibit pseudo-allergic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delu Che
- Department of Dermatology, Northwest Hospital, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Center for Dermatology Disease, Precision Medical Institute, Xi'an, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, Northwest Hospital, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Center for Dermatology Disease, Precision Medical Institute, Xi'an, China
| | - Yajing Hou
- Department of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Shaanxi Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Xueshan Du
- Department of Dermatology, Northwest Hospital, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Songmei Geng
- Department of Dermatology, Northwest Hospital, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Center for Dermatology Disease, Precision Medical Institute, Xi'an, China
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17
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Chompunud Na Ayudhya C, Ali H. Mas-Related G Protein–Coupled Receptor-X2 and Its Role in Non-immunoglobulin E–Mediated Drug Hypersensitivity. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2022; 42:269-284. [PMID: 35469618 PMCID: PMC9674431 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A diverse group of Food and Drug Administration-approved cationic drugs including antibiotics, neuromuscular blocking drugs, opioids, antidepressants, and radiocontrast media activate mast cells and cause hypersensitivity reactions by both an immunoglobulin E IgE-dependent and independent manner. The recent discovery that these drugs activate mast cells via the G protein-coupled receptor known as Mas-related GPCR-X2 (MRGPRX2) has represented a paradigm shift of how drug hypersensitivity reactions are viewed. This article provides an overview of the current status of the role of MRGPRX2 on non-IgE-mediated drug hypersensitivity. Potential risk factors and evaluation for suspected MRGPRX2-mediated drug reactions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hydar Ali
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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18
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Mu Z, Guo J, Zhang D, Xu Y, Zhou M, Guo Y, Hou Y, Gao X, Han X, Geng L. Therapeutic Effects of Shikonin on Skin Diseases: A Review. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2022; 49:1871-1895. [PMID: 34961421 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x21500889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Shikonin is one of the primary active components extracted from the dried root ofZicao (Lithospermum erythrorhizon, Onosma paniculata, or Arnebia euchroma), a traditional Chinese herbal medicine. Shikonin is known to not only exert anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-angiogenic activities, but also play a crucial role in triggering the production of reactive oxygen species, suppressing the release of exosomes, and inducing apoptosis. Increasing evidence suggests that shikonin has a protective effect against skin diseases, including psoriasis, melanoma, and hypertrophic scars. In order to evaluate the application potential of shikonin in the treatment of skin diseases, this review is the first of its kind to provide comprehensive and up-to-date information regarding the uses of shikonin and its derivatives on skin diseases and its underlying mechanisms. In this review, we have focused on the signaling pathways and cellular targets involved in the anti-dermatosis effects of shikonin to bridge the gaps in the literature, thereby providing scientific support for the research and development of new drugs from a traditional medicinal plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Mu
- China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, P. R. China.,Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital of China Medical University, 155N, Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, P. R. China.,Department of Dermatology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36N, Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, P. R. China
| | - Jinrong Guo
- China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, P. R. China.,Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital of China Medical University, 155N, Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, P. R. China.,Department of Dermatology, Jincheng People's Hospital, 456N, Wenchang East Street, Jincheng, Shanxi 048000, P. R. China
| | - Dongxia Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Zhongshan Torch Development Zone Hospital, 123N, Yixian Road, Torch Zone, Zhongshan 528400, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Xu
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital of China Medical University, 155N, Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, P. R. China
| | - Mingming Zhou
- China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, P. R. China.,Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital of China Medical University, 155N, Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, P. R. China
| | - Yimeng Guo
- China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, P. R. China.,Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital of China Medical University, 155N, Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, P. R. China
| | - Yuzhu Hou
- China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, P. R. China.,Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital of China Medical University, 155N, Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, P. R. China
| | - Xinghua Gao
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital of China Medical University, 155N, Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, P. R. China
| | - Xiuping Han
- Department of Dermatology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36N, Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, P. R. China
| | - Long Geng
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital of China Medical University, 155N, Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, P. R. China
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19
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Sun Q, Gong T, Liu M, Ren S, Yang H, Zeng S, Zhao H, Chen L, Ming T, Meng X, Xu H. Shikonin, a naphthalene ingredient: Therapeutic actions, pharmacokinetics, toxicology, clinical trials and pharmaceutical researches. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 94:153805. [PMID: 34749177 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shikonin is one of the major phytochemical components of Lithospermum erythrorhizon (Purple Cromwell), which is a type of medicinal herb broadly utilized in traditional Chinese medicine. It is well established that shikonin possesses remarkable therapeutic actions on various diseases, with the underlying mechanisms, pharmacokinetics and toxicological effects elusive. Also, the clinical trial and pharmaceutical study of shikonin remain to be comprehensively delineated. PURPOSE The present review aimed to systematically summarize the updated knowledge regarding the therapeutic actions, pharmacokinetics, toxicological effects, clinical trial and pharmaceutical study of shikonin. METHODS The information contained in this review article were retrieved from some authoritative databases including Web of Science, PubMed, Google scholar, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang Database and so on, till August 2021. RESULTS Shikonin exerts multiple therapeutic efficacies, such as anti-inflammation, anti-cancer, cardiovascular protection, anti-microbiomes, analgesia, anti-obesity, brain protection, and so on, mainly by regulating the NF-κB, PI3K/Akt/MAPKs, Akt/mTOR, TGF-β, GSK3β, TLR4/Akt signaling pathways, NLRP3 inflammasome, reactive oxygen stress, Bax/Bcl-2, etc. In terms of pharmacokinetics, shikonin has an unfavorable oral bioavailability, 64.6% of the binding rate of plasma protein, and enhances some metabolic enzymes, particularly including cytochrome P450. In regard to the toxicological effects, shikonin may potentially cause nephrotoxicity and skin allergy. The above pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of shikonin have been validated by few clinical trials. In addition, pharmaceutical innovation of shikonin with novel drug delivery system such as nanoparticles, liposomes, microemulsions, nanogel, cyclodextrin complexes, micelles and polymers are beneficial to the development of shikonin-based drugs. CONCLUSIONS Shikonin is a promising phytochemical for drug candidates. Extensive and intensive explorations on shikonin are warranted to expedite the utilization of shikonin-based drugs in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Department of Pharmacology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Ting Gong
- Department of Ultrasound, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, Sichuan, China
| | - Maolun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Department of Pharmacology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Shan Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Department of Pharmacology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Han Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Department of Pharmacology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Sha Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Department of Pharmacology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Department of Pharmacology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Department of Pharmacology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Tianqi Ming
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Department of Pharmacology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Xianli Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Haibo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Department of Pharmacology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
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20
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Ogasawara H, Noguchi M. Therapeutic Potential of MRGPRX2 Inhibitors on Mast Cells. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112906. [PMID: 34831128 PMCID: PMC8616451 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) act as primary effectors in inflammatory and allergic reactions by releasing intracellularly-stored inflammatory mediators in diseases. The two major pathways for MC activation are known to be immunoglobulin E (IgE)-dependent and -independent. Although IgE-dependent signaling is the main pathway to MC activation, IgE-independent pathways have also been found to serve pivotal roles in the pathophysiology of various inflammatory conditions. Recent studies have shown that human and mouse MCs express several regulatory receptors such as toll-like receptors (TLRs), CD48, C300a, and GPCRs, including mas-related GPCR-X2 (MRGPRX2). MRGPRX2 has been reported as a novel GPCR that is expressed in MCs activated by basic secretagogues, neurokinin peptides, host defense antimicrobial peptides, and small molecule compounds (e.g., neuromuscular blocking agents) and leads to MC degranulation and eicosanoids release under in vitro experimental condition. Functional analyses of MRGPRX2 and Mrgprb2 (mouse ortholog) indicate that MRGPRX2 is involved in MC hypersensitivity reactions causing neuroinflammation such as postoperative pain, type 2 inflammation, non-histaminergic itch, and drug-induced anaphylactic-like reactions. In this review, we discuss the roles in innate immunity through functional studies on MRGPRX2-mediated IgE-independent MC activation and also the therapeutic potential of MRGPRX2 inhibitors on allergic and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Ogasawara
- Pharmaceutical Frontier Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Yokohama 236-0004, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-45-786-7690
| | - Masato Noguchi
- Pharmaceutical Frontier Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Yokohama 236-0004, Japan;
- Office of Research Development and Sponsored Projects, Shinanomachi Campus, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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21
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Ligands and Signaling of Mas-Related G Protein-Coupled Receptor-X2 in Mast Cell Activation. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 179:139-188. [PMID: 33479839 DOI: 10.1007/112_2020_53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor-X2 (MRGPRX2) is known as a novel receptor to activate mast cells (MCs). MRGPRX2 plays a dual role in promoting MC-dependent host defense and immunomodulation and contributing to the pathogenesis of pseudo-allergic drug reactions, pain, itching, and inflammatory diseases. In this article, we discuss the possible signaling pathways of MCs activation mediated by MRGPRX2 and summarize and classify agonists and inhibitors of MRGPRX2 in MCs activation. MRGPRX2 is a low-affinity and low-selectivity receptor, which allows it to interact with a diverse group of ligands. Diverse MRGPRX2 ligands utilize conserved residues in its transmembrane (TM) domains and carboxyl-terminus Ser/Thr residues to undergo ligand binding and G protein coupling. The coupling likely initiates phosphorylation cascades, induces Ca2+ mobilization, and causes degranulation and generation of cytokines and chemokines via MAPK and NF-κB pathways, resulting in MCs activation. Agonists of MRGPRX2 on MCs are divided into peptides (including antimicrobial peptides, neuropeptides, MC degranulating peptides, peptide hormones) and nonpeptides (including FDA-approved drugs). Inhibitors of MRGPRX2 include non-selective GPCR inhibitors, herbal extracts, small-molecule MRGPRX2 antagonists, and DNA aptamer drugs. Screening and classifying MRGPRX2 ligands and summarizing their signaling pathways would improve our understanding of MRGPRX2-mediated physiological and pathological effects on MCs.
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22
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Kim HS, Hashimoto T, Fischer K, Bernigaud C, Chosidow O, Yosipovitch G. Scabies itch: an update on neuroimmune interactions and novel targets. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2021; 35:1765-1776. [PMID: 33960033 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.17334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Frequently described as 'the worst itch' one can ever experience scabies itch is the hallmark of Sarcoptes scabiei mite infestation. Notably, the itchiness often persists for weeks despite scabicides therapy. The mechanism of scabies itch is not yet fully understood, and effective treatment modalities are still missing which can severely affect the quality of life. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the scope of itch in scabies and highlight candidate mechanisms underlying this itch. We herein discuss scabies itch, with a focus on the nature, candidate underlying mechanisms and treatment options. We also synthesize this information with current understanding of the mechanisms contributing to non-histaminergic itch in other conditions. Itch is a major problem in scabies and can lead to grave consequences. We provide the latest insights on host-mite interaction, secondary microbial infection and neural sensitization with special emphasis on keratinocytes and mast cells to better understand the mechanism of itch in scabies. Also, the most relevant current modalities remaining under investigation that possess promising perspectives for scabies itch (i.e. protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) inhibitor, Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor X2 (MRGPRX2) antagonist) are discussed. Greater understanding of these diverse mechanisms may provide a rational basis for the development of improved and targeted approaches to control itch in individuals with scabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Kim
- Dr Philip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Miami Itch Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - T Hashimoto
- Department of Dermatology, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - K Fischer
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - C Bernigaud
- Faculté de Santé de Créteil et Service de Dermatologie, APHP, Hôpital Henri-Mondor, Université Paris-Est, Créteil, France.,Research Group Dynamic, EA7380, Faculté de Santé de Créteil, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, USC ANSES, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - O Chosidow
- Faculté de Santé de Créteil et Service de Dermatologie, APHP, Hôpital Henri-Mondor, Université Paris-Est, Créteil, France.,Research Group Dynamic, EA7380, Faculté de Santé de Créteil, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, USC ANSES, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - G Yosipovitch
- Dr Philip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Miami Itch Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
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Unlocking the Non-IgE-Mediated Pseudo-Allergic Reaction Puzzle with Mas-Related G-Protein Coupled Receptor Member X2 (MRGPRX2). Cells 2021; 10:cells10051033. [PMID: 33925682 PMCID: PMC8146469 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mas-related G-protein coupled receptor member X2 (MRGPRX2) is a class A GPCR expressed on mast cells. Mast cells are granulated tissue-resident cells known for host cell response, allergic response, and vascular homeostasis. Immunoglobulin E receptor (FcεRI)-mediated mast cell activation is a well-studied and recognized mechanism of allergy and hypersensitivity reactions. However, non-IgE-mediated mast cell activation is less explored and is not well recognized. After decades of uncertainty, MRGPRX2 was discovered as the receptor responsible for non-IgE-mediated mast cells activation. The puzzle of non-IgE-mediated pseudo-allergic reaction is unlocked by MRGPRX2, evidenced by a plethora of reported endogenous and exogenous MRGPRX2 agonists. MRGPRX2 is exclusively expressed on mast cells and exhibits varying affinity for many molecules such as antimicrobial host defense peptides, neuropeptides, and even US Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs. The discovery of MRGPRX2 has changed our understanding of mast cell biology and filled the missing link of the underlying mechanism of drug-induced MC degranulation and pseudo-allergic reactions. These non-canonical characteristics render MRGPRX2 an intriguing player in allergic diseases. In the present article, we reviewed the emerging role of MRGPRX2 as a non-IgE-mediated mechanism of mast cell activation in pseudo-allergic reactions. We have presented an overview of mast cells, their receptors, structural insight into MRGPRX2, MRGPRX2 agonists and antagonists, the crucial role of MRGPRX2 in pseudo-allergic reactions, current challenges, and the future research direction.
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Minireview: Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor X2 activation by therapeutic drugs. Neurosci Lett 2021; 751:135746. [PMID: 33610674 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Symptoms that resemble allergic reactions, such as pruritus, flushing, and hypotension, are common side effects of therapeutic drugs. In a true allergic reaction, Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies recognize the drug and trigger mediator release from mast cells through cross-linking of IgE receptors. However, many drugs can bypass this pathway and can activate mast cells directly through MRGPRX2, a G protein-coupled receptor that responds to a wide range of small molecules, peptides, and proteins that have little in common except for a net positive charge. This review will provide an overview of MRGPRX2, including its expression pattern, studies of its pharmacology, and its orthologs. It also will review evidence for MRGPRX2 activation by many drugs closely associated with these reactions.
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Kumar M, Singh K, Duraisamy K, Allam AA, Ajarem J, Kwok Chong CHOW B. Protective Effect of Genistein against Compound 48/80 Induced Anaphylactoid Shock via Inhibiting MAS Related G Protein-Coupled Receptor X2 (MRGPRX2). Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25051028. [PMID: 32106575 PMCID: PMC7179155 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25051028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaphylactoid shock is a fatal hypersensitivity response caused by non-IgE mediated mast cell activation. These reactions are mediated by a family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) known as Mas related GPCRX2 (MRGPRX2). Several US FDA approved drugs which are used in day to day life have been reported to cause anaphylactoid shock. Surprisingly, no therapeutic drugs are available which can directly target MRGPRX2 for treatment of anaphylactoid shock. Genistein is a non-steroidal polyphenol known for its diverse physiological and pharmacological activities. In recent studies, Genistein has been reported for its anti-inflammatory activity on mast cells. However, the effects and mechanistic pathways of Genistein on anaphylactoid reaction remain unknown. In the present study, we designed a battery of in-vitro, in-silico and in-vivo experiments to evaluate the anti-anaphylactoid activity of Genistein in order to understand the possible molecular mechanisms of its action. The in-vitro results demonstrated the inhibitory activity of Genistein on MRGPRX2 activation. Further, a mouse model of anaphylactoid shock was used to evaluate the inhibitory activity of Genistein on blood vessel leakage and hind paw edema. Taken together, our findings have demonstrated a therapeutic potential of Genistein as a lead compound in the treatment of anaphylactoid shock via MRGPRX2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Kumar
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China; (M.K.); (K.S.); (K.D.)
| | - Kailash Singh
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China; (M.K.); (K.S.); (K.D.)
| | - Karthi Duraisamy
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China; (M.K.); (K.S.); (K.D.)
| | - Ahmed A. Allam
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt;
| | - Jamaan Ajarem
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Billy Kwok Chong CHOW
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China; (M.K.); (K.S.); (K.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +852-2299-0850; Fax: +852-2559-9114
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