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Argo A, Pitingaro W, Puntarello M, Buscemi R, Malta G, D’Anna T, Albano GD, Zerbo S. A Comprehensive Review on Alcohol Abuse Disorder Fatality, from Alcohol Binges to Alcoholic Cardiomyopathy. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:1189. [PMID: 38893715 PMCID: PMC11172201 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14111189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Frequent and excessive consumption of alcohol, be it episodic or sustained misuse, ranks among the top causes of mortality globally. This comprehensive analysis seeks to elucidate how alcohol misuse precipitates death, with a particular focus on associated cardiac anomalies. Notably, the phenomenon of "Holiday Heart Syndrome", linked to binge drinking, is recognized for inducing potentially fatal cardiac arrhythmias. Moreover, persistent alcohol consumption is implicated in the development of alcoholic cardiomyopathy, a condition that underlies heart failure and arrhythmic disturbances of the heart. Additionally, individuals undergoing withdrawal from alcohol frequently exhibit disruptions in normal heart rhythm, posing a risk of death. This review further delves into additional alcohol-related mortality factors, including the heightened likelihood of hypertension, cerebrovascular accidents (strokes), and the connection between excessive alcohol use and Takotsubo syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonina Argo
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties “Giuseppe D’Alessandro”, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 133, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (W.P.); (M.P.); (R.B.); (T.D.); (G.D.A.); (S.Z.)
| | | | | | | | - Ginevra Malta
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties “Giuseppe D’Alessandro”, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 133, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (W.P.); (M.P.); (R.B.); (T.D.); (G.D.A.); (S.Z.)
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Association of Blood Urea Nitrogen with Cardiovascular Diseases and All-Cause Mortality in USA Adults: Results from NHANES 1999-2006. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15020461. [PMID: 36678332 PMCID: PMC9865447 DOI: 10.3390/nu15020461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In the general population, there is little evidence of a link between blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and long-term mortality. The goal of this study was to explore whether higher BUN concentration is a predictor of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality. From 1999 to 2006, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) included 17,719 adult individuals. Death outcomes were ascertained by linkage to the database records through 31 December 2015. The Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for CVD and all-cause mortality in individuals. We also performed stratified analyses based on age, gender, drinking, smoking, history of hypertension and diabetes. During a mean follow-up 11.65 years, a total of 3628 deaths were documented, of which 859 were due to CVD. Participants with higher BUN had a higher risk of CVD and all-cause death compared to those with lower BUN. After multifactor adjustment for demographics, major lifestyle factors, and hypertension and diabetes history, higher BUN levels compared with lower levels were significantly associated with higher risk of CVD (HR: 1.48 [1.08, 2.02], P-trend < 0.001) and all-cause mortality (HR: 1.48 [1.28, 1.72], P-trend < 0.001). In subgroup analyses, we found that the trend in the association of BUN with the risk of death remained strong in female subjects. Greater BUN levels were linked to higher CVD and all-cause mortality in the NHANES of American adults. The importance of BUN in predicting death is supported by our research.
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Kang Y, Cosme D, Lydon-Staley D, Ahn J, Jovanova M, Corbani F, Lomax S, Stanoi O, Strecher V, Mucha PJ, Ochsner K, Bassett DS, Falk EB. Purpose in life, neural alcohol cue reactivity and daily alcohol use in social drinkers. Addiction 2022; 117:3049-3057. [PMID: 35915548 DOI: 10.1111/add.16012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Alcohol craving is an urge to consume alcohol that commonly precedes drinking; however, craving does not lead to drinking for all people under all circumstances. The current study measured the correlation between neural reactivity and alcohol cues as a risk, and purpose in daily life as a protective factor that may influence the link between alcohol craving and the subsequent amount of consumption. DESIGN Observational study that correlated functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data on neural cue reactivity and ecological momentary assessments (EMA) on purpose in life and alcohol use. SETTING Two college campuses in the United States. PARTICIPANTS A total of 54 college students (37 women, 16 men, and 1 other) recruited via campus-based groups from January 2019 to October 2020. MEASUREMENTS Participants underwent fMRI while viewing images of alcohol; we examined activity within the ventral striatum, a key region of interest implicated in reward and craving. Participants then completed 28 days of EMA and answered questions about daily levels of purpose in life and alcohol use, including how much they craved and consumed alcohol. FINDINGS A significant three-way interaction indicated that greater alcohol cue reactivity within the ventral striatum was associated with heavier alcohol use following craving in daily life only when people were previously feeling a lower than usual sense of purpose. By contrast, individuals with heightened neural alcohol cue reactivity drank less in response to craving if they were feeling a stronger than their usual sense of purpose in the preceding moments (binteraction = -0.086, P < 0.001, 95% CI = -0.137, -0.035). CONCLUSIONS Neural sensitivity to alcohol cues within the ventral striatum appears to be a potential risk for increased alcohol use in social drinkers, when people feel less purposeful. Enhancing daily levels of purpose in life may promote alcohol moderation among social drinkers who show relatively higher reactivity to alcohol cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoona Kang
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Danielle Cosme
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David Lydon-Staley
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jeesung Ahn
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Mia Jovanova
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Faustine Corbani
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States
| | - Silicia Lomax
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ovidia Stanoi
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States
| | - Victor Strecher
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Peter J Mucha
- Department of Mathematics, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Kevin Ochsner
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States
| | - Dani S Bassett
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Emily B Falk
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States.,Wharton Marketing Department, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, United States.,Wharton Operations, Information and Decisions Department, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
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Seethaler B, Fuchs M, Schumacher J, Basrai M, Kiechle M, Bischoff SC. Bewertung des Rotweinkonsums im Rahmen der mediterranen
Ernährung – Eine systematische Literaturanalyse. AKTUELLE ERNÄHRUNGSMEDIZIN 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1828-8240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund Die mediterrane Ernährung (MedE) zeigte in mehreren
Studien einen präventiven Effekt hinsichtlich Typ 2 Diabetes,
kardiovaskulären Erkrankungen und Tumorerkrankungen. Zur MedE wird in
der Regel ein mäßiger Konsum von Wein, speziell Rotwein,
empfohlen, dem selbst ein kardioprotektiver Effekt zugesprochen wird. Jedoch
zeigen zahlreiche Studien, dass schon kleine Mengen Alkohol das Krebsrisiko
erhöhen können. In der vorliegenden Arbeit soll eine
Übersicht zur aktuellen Datenlage zum Zusammenhang zwischen dem
Alkoholkonsum im Rahmen einer MedE, dem Krebsrisiko sowie dem Risiko für
kardiovaskuläre Erkrankungen erstellt werden.
Methoden Im Rahmen einer systematischen Literaturrecherche in den
Datenbanken PubMed und Scopus wurde nach den Schlagwörtern
„diet, mediterranean“ und „alcohol drinking“
gesucht. Voraussetzung war, dass Angaben zur Art und Menge des konsumierten
Alkohols im Rahmen der MedE vorlagen.
Ergebnisse Die Umsetzung der MedE kann sowohl das Risiko
kardiometabolischer Erkrankungen als auch das Krebsrisiko u. a.
für Brustkrebs senken. Moderater Alkoholkonsum zeigt protektive Effekte
auf das Herz-Kreislauf-System, ist jedoch mit einem erhöhten Risiko
für diverse Krebserkrankungen assoziiert. Mehrere Studien beschreiben
eine Assoziation zwischen Alkoholkonsum und Brustkrebsinzidenz, wobei die
Ergebnisse zwischen den Studien nicht einheitlich waren. Dabei kommt dem
täglichen Glas Rotwein mit ca. 10–15 g Ethanol als
vorherrschendem alkoholischen Getränk der Mittelmeerregion eine
risikosenkende Wirkung zu.
Schlussfolgerung Moderater Konsum von Rotwein hat nach der vorliegenden
systematischen Literaturanalyse, anders als andere alkoholische
Getränke, einen protektiven Effekt auf kardiometabolische Erkrankungen
und möglicherweise auch auf genetisch bedingten Brustkrebs,
während der Konsum von anderen Alkoholgetränken die
schützende Wirkung einer MedE möglicherweise reduziert.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Seethaler
- Institut für Ernährungsmedizin, Universität
Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Mirjam Fuchs
- Institut für Ernährungsmedizin, Universität
Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Julia Schumacher
- Institut für Ernährungsmedizin, Universität
Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Maryam Basrai
- Institut für Ernährungsmedizin, Universität
Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Marion Kiechle
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Frauenheilkunde, Technische
Universität München, München, Germany
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Schutte R, Smith L, Wannamethee G. Alcohol - The myth of cardiovascular protection. Clin Nutr 2022; 41:348-355. [PMID: 34999329 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2021.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS To investigate potential biases that exist in available epidemiological evidence resulting in negative associations or underestimation of cardiovascular (CV) risk associated with alcohol consumption. METHODS UK Biobank involved baseline data collection from 22 assessment centres across the United Kingdom. The cohort consisted of 333 259 alcohol consumers and 21 710 never drinkers. Participants were followed up for a median 6.9 years capturing incident fatal and non-fatal CV events, ischemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease. Alcohol intake was reported as grams/week. RESULTS Using never drinkers as reference, alcohol from all drink types combined (hazard ratios ranging between 0.61 and 0.74), beer/cider (0.70-0.80) and spirits combined, and all wines combined (0.66-0.77) associated with a reduced risk for all outcome measures (all CV events, ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease). In continuous analysis, alcohol captured from all drink types combined (hazard ratio, 1.08, 95% confidence interval, 1.01-1.14), and beer/cider and spirits combined (1.24, 1.17-1.31) associated with an increased risk for overall CV events, however hazard ratios were stronger for beer/cider and spirits (P < 0.0001). Wine associated with a reduced risk for overall CV events (0.92, 0.86-0.98) and ischemic heart disease (0.75, 0.67-0.84). This negative relationship with overall CV events was lost after excluding ischemic heart disease events (1.00, 0.93-1.08), while the positive association of alcohol captured from beer/cider and spirits remained significant (1.30, 1.22-1.40). This positive association with overall CV events was present even when consuming less than 14 units per week. CONCLUSIONS Avoiding potential biases prevents underestimation of cardiovascular risk and indicates that consuming up to 14 units per week also associated with increased CV risk in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolph Schutte
- School of Allied Health, Faculty of Health, Education, Medicine and Social Care, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, UK.
| | - Lee Smith
- The Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Goya Wannamethee
- UCL Department of Primary Care & Population Health, UCL Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London, UK
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Greenwald MK, Lundahl LH, Shkokani LA, Syed S, Roxas RS, Levy PD. Effects of cocaine and/or heroin use on resting cardiovascular function. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CARDIOLOGY CARDIOVASCULAR RISK AND PREVENTION 2021; 11:200123. [PMID: 34927171 PMCID: PMC8652009 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcrp.2021.200123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Background Regular cocaine and/or heroin use is associated with major health risks, especially cardiovascular disease, but confounded by other factors. We examined effects of chronic (years regular use) and recent (past-month) cocaine and heroin use, controlling for other factors, on resting cardiovascular function. Methods In a sample of 292 cocaine and/or heroin users, we assessed demographics, body mass index (BMI), substance use history, electrocardiogram, heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP). Three-block (1: demographics, BMI; 2: tobacco, alcohol, cannabis; 3: cocaine, heroin) regression analyses were conducted to predict cardiovascular measures. Results Higher BMI predicted increased systolic and diastolic BP (as did older age), increased supine HR, and longer QRS duration, QTc interval, PR interval, and P-wave duration. Past-month cannabis-use days predicted higher systolic BP, lower supine HR, and greater likelihood of early repolarization and ST elevation; average daily cannabis use predicted shorter QTc interval. Average daily alcohol use predicted higher diastolic BP, higher supine HR and lower likelihood of sinus bradycardia (HR < 60 bpm). Past-month tobacco-use days predicted shorter QTc interval and lower lower likelihood of profound bradycardia (HR < 50 bpm). Past-month heroin-use days predicted lower seated HR, greater likelihood of sinus bradycardia and lower likelihood of left ventricular hypertrophy. More years of regular cocaine use and past-month cocaine-use days predicted longer QTc interval. Conclusions Cocaine and heroin use incrementally predicted modest variance in resting bradycardia and QTc interval. Clinicians should first consider demographics and recent use of tobacco, alcohol and cannabis before assuming cocaine and heroin affect these measures.
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Zheng X, Fang F, Nong W, Feng D, Yang Y. Development and validation of a model to estimate the risk of acute ischemic stroke in geriatric patients with primary hypertension. BMC Geriatr 2021; 21:458. [PMID: 34372766 PMCID: PMC8353783 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-021-02392-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to construct and validate a prediction model of acute ischemic stroke in geriatric patients with primary hypertension. Methods This retrospective file review collected information on 1367 geriatric patients diagnosed with primary hypertension and with and without acute ischemic stroke between October 2018 and May 2020. The study cohort was randomly divided into a training set and a testing set at a ratio of 70 to 30%. A total of 15 clinical indicators were assessed using the chi-square test and then multivariable logistic regression analysis to develop the prediction model. We employed the area under the curve (AUC) and calibration curves to assess the performance of the model and a nomogram for visualization. Internal verification by bootstrap resampling (1000 times) and external verification with the independent testing set determined the accuracy of the model. Finally, this model was compared with four machine learning algorithms to identify the most effective method for predicting the risk of stroke. Results The prediction model identified six variables (smoking, alcohol abuse, blood pressure management, stroke history, diabetes, and carotid artery stenosis). The AUC was 0.736 in the training set and 0.730 and 0.725 after resampling and in the external verification, respectively. The calibration curve illustrated a close overlap between the predicted and actual diagnosis of stroke in both the training set and testing validation. The multivariable logistic regression analysis and support vector machine with radial basis function kernel were the best models with an AUC of 0.710. Conclusion The prediction model using multiple logistic regression analysis has considerable accuracy and can be visualized in a nomogram, which is convenient for its clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xifeng Zheng
- Department of Geriatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, No.57, South of Renming Road, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fang Fang
- Department of General Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Weidong Nong
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Minzu Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Dehui Feng
- Department of Geriatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, No.57, South of Renming Road, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Yang
- Department of Geriatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, No.57, South of Renming Road, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524001, People's Republic of China
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Oksanen A, Savolainen I, Savela N, Oksa R. Psychological Stressors Predicting Increased Drinking During the COVID-19 Crisis: A Longitudinal National Survey Study of Workers in Finland. Alcohol Alcohol 2021; 56:299-306. [PMID: 33160284 PMCID: PMC7890675 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agaa124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS The global crisis caused by the outbreak of a novel coronavirus rapidly increased working remotely in many countries. The aim of this study was to analyze psychological stressors predicting increased drinking during the COVID-19 crisis. Also, individual and socio-demographic differences were analyzed. METHODS A nationally representative sample of Finnish workers (N = 1308) was collected before the crisis in September-October 2019 and 82.02% of them responded to a follow-up survey conducted in March-April 2020. Increased drinking was the outcome variable and it was measured with the AUDIT-C before and during the COVID-19 crisis. Predictors measured before the crisis included cyberbullying victimization at work, psychological distress, burnout and work climate. Additional measures included personality factors, socio-demographic factors and occupational information. RESULTS One-fourth of Finnish workers (25.37%) reported increased drinking during the COVID-19 crisis. Cyberbullying victimization at work and psychological distress before the crisis predicted increased drinking during the crisis. Conscientious workers and those working in educational and health and welfare sectors were less likely to increase drinking, while increased drinking was most common among workers under 30 years of age. CONCLUSIONS Psychological stressors are risk factors for increased drinking in unusual times such as the COVID-19 crisis. Cyberbullying victimization at work and psychological distress were found as major risk factors. The results suggest that preventive work should be done at workplaces. This is particularly important if alcohol consumption is used as a means of coping during a stressful time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atte Oksanen
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Iina Savolainen
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Nina Savela
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Reetta Oksa
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
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Roshchevskaya IM, Smirnova SL, Tsorin IB, Stolyaruk VN, Nadorova AV, Vititnova MB, Kolik LG, Kryzhanovskii SA. Specific Features of Depolarization of the Left and Right Atria in Rats with Alcoholic Cardiomyopathy. Bull Exp Biol Med 2018; 165:617-620. [PMID: 30225698 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-018-4226-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Using a translation model of alcoholic cardiomyopathy in rats we showed the presence of an additional abnormal excitation focus in the area of the pulmonary vein lacunae in the left atrium and enhanced heterogeneity of the atrium depolarization pattern. These changes can determine electric instability of the myocardium and induce malignant heart rhythm disturbances including, sudden cardiac death.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Roshchevskaya
- Department of Comparative Cardiology, Komi Research Center, Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Syktyvkar, Komi Republic, Russia
| | - S L Smirnova
- Department of Comparative Cardiology, Komi Research Center, Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Syktyvkar, Komi Republic, Russia
| | - I B Tsorin
- V. V. Zakusov Research Institute of Pharmacology, Moscow, Russia
| | - V N Stolyaruk
- V. V. Zakusov Research Institute of Pharmacology, Moscow, Russia
| | - A V Nadorova
- V. V. Zakusov Research Institute of Pharmacology, Moscow, Russia
| | - M B Vititnova
- V. V. Zakusov Research Institute of Pharmacology, Moscow, Russia
| | - L G Kolik
- V. V. Zakusov Research Institute of Pharmacology, Moscow, Russia
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Hatch E, Morrow D, Liu W, Cahill PA, Redmond EM. Differential effects of alcohol and its metabolite acetaldehyde on vascular smooth muscle cell Notch signaling and growth. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2017; 314:H131-H137. [PMID: 29212792 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00586.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol (EtOH) consumption can variously affect cardiovascular disease. Our aim was to compare the effects of EtOH and its primary metabolite acetaldehyde (ACT) on vascular smooth muscle Notch signaling and cell growth, which are important for atherogenesis. Human coronary artery smooth muscle cells (HCASMCs) were treated with EtOH (25 mM) or ACT (10 or 25 μM). As previously reported, EtOH inhibited Notch signaling and growth of HCASMCs. In contrast, ACT treatment stimulated HCASMC proliferation (cell counts) and increased proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression, concomitant with stimulation of Notch signaling, as determined by increased Notch receptor (N1 and N3) and target gene (Hairy-related transcription factor 1-3) mRNA levels. Interaction of the ligand with the Notch receptor initiates proteolytic cleavage by α- and γ-secretase, resulting in the release of the active Notch intracellular domain. Neither EtOH nor ACT had any significant effect on α-secretase activity. A fluorogenic peptide cleavage assay demonstrated almost complete inhibition by EtOH of Delta-like ligand 4-stimulated γ-secretase activity in solubilized HCASMCs (similar to the effect of the control inhibitor DAPT) but no effect of ACT treatment. EtOH, but not ACT, affected the association and distribution of the γ-secretase catalytic subunit presenilin-1 with lipid rafts, as determined by dual fluorescent labeling and confocal microscopic visualization. In conclusion, ACT stimulates vascular smooth muscle cell Notch signaling and growth, effects opposite to those of EtOH. These differential actions on vascular smooth muscle cells of EtOH and its metabolite ACT may be important in mediating the ultimate effects of drinking on cardiovascular disease. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Acetaldehyde stimulates, in a Notch-dependent manner, the vascular smooth muscle cell growth that contributes to atherogenesis; effects opposite to those of ethanol. These data suggest that in addition to ethanol itself, its metabolite acetaldehyde may also mediate some of the effects of alcohol consumption on vascular cells and, thus, cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Hatch
- Department of Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, New York
| | - David Morrow
- Department of Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, New York
| | - Weimin Liu
- Department of Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, New York
| | - Paul A Cahill
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Eileen M Redmond
- Department of Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, New York
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Gubbi S, Barzilai N, Crandall J, Verghese J, Milman S. The role of dietary patterns and exceptional parental longevity in healthy aging. NUTRITION AND HEALTHY AGING 2017; 4:247-254. [PMID: 29276794 PMCID: PMC5734122 DOI: 10.3233/nha-170028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with exceptional longevity and their offspring manifest a lower prevalence of age-related diseases than families without longevity. However, the contribution of dietary habits to protection from disease has not been systematically assessed in families with exceptional longevity. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to compare dietary patterns between individuals with parental longevity and individals without parental longevity. METHODS Dietary intake was evaluated using the Block Brief Food Frequency Questionnaire in 234 community dwelling Ashkenazi Jewish adults aged 65 years and older who were participants of the LonGenity study, which enrolls the offspring of parents with exceptional longevity (OPEL) and offspring of parents with usual survival (OPUS). RESULTS OPEL constituted 38% of the subjects. The two groups had similar daily intake of total calories (1119 vs. 1218 kcal, p = 0.83), grams of cholesterol (141 g vs. 143 g, p = 0.19), and grams of sodium (1324 g vs.1475 g, p = 0.45), in OPEL vs. OPUS respectively. There were also no significant differences in the intake of other macronutrients, micronutrients, nutritional supplements and consumption of various food groups between OPEL and OPUS after adjustment for age and sex. DISCUSSION A healthy diet is associated with a lower risk of several chronic diseases. Our study revealed that dietary intake did not differ between OPEL and OPUS; thus, pointing to the role of longevity genes in protecting from disease among individuals with familial longevity. CONCLUSION The offspring of long-lived parents do not differ in their dietary patterns compared to individuals without parental longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sriram Gubbi
- Department of Medicine, Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Jacobi Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Nir Barzilai
- Department of Medicine, Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Jill Crandall
- Department of Medicine, Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Joe Verghese
- Department of Medicine, Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Sofiya Milman
- Department of Medicine, Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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Hansen-Krone IJ, Brækkan SK, Enga KF, Wilsgaard T, Hansen JB. Alcohol consumption, types of alcoholic beverages and risk of venous thromboembolism – The Tromsø Study. Thromb Haemost 2017; 106:272-8. [DOI: 10.1160/th11-01-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
SummaryModerate alcohol consumption has been shown to protect against cardiovascular diseases. The association between alcohol consumption, especially types of alcoholic beverages, and venous thromboembolism (VTE) is less well described. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of alcohol consumption and different alcoholic beverages on risk of VTE. Information on alcohol consumption was collected by a selfadministrated questionnaire in 26,662 subjects, aged 25–97 years, who participated in the Tromsø Study, in 1994–1995. Subjects were followed through September 1, 2007 with incident VTE as the primary outcome. There were 460 incident VTE-events during a median of 12.5 years of follow-up. Total alcohol consumption was not associated with risk of incident VTE. However, subjects consuming ≥3 units of liquor per week had 53% increased risk of VTE compared to teetotalers in analyses adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, smoking, diabetes, cancer, previous cardiovascular disease, physical activity and higher education (HR: 1.53, 95% CI: 1.00–2.33). Contrary, subjects with a wine intake of ≥3 units/week had 22% reduced risk of VTE (HR: 0.78, 95% CI: 0.47–1.30), further adjustment for liquor and beer intake strengthened the protective effect of wine (HR: 0.53, 95% CI: 0.30–1.00). Frequent binge drinkers (≥1/week) had a 17% increased risk of VTE compared to teetotallers (HR 1.17, 95% CI: 0.66–2.09), and a 47% increased risk compared to non-binge drinkers (HR 1.47, 95% CI: 0.85–2.54). In conclusion, liquor consumption and binge drinking was associated with increased risk of VTE, whereas wine consumption was possibly associated with reduced risk of VTE.
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Fitzpatrick E, Han X, Liu W, Corcoran E, Burtenshaw D, Morrow D, Helt JC, Cahill PA, Redmond EM. Alcohol Reduces Arterial Remodeling by Inhibiting Sonic Hedgehog-Stimulated Stem Cell Antigen-1 Positive Progenitor Stem Cell Expansion. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2017; 41:2051-2065. [PMID: 28921619 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell and molecular mechanisms mediating the cardiovascular effects of alcohol are not fully understood. Our aim was to determine the effect of moderate ethanol (EtOH) on sonic hedgehog (SHh) signaling in regulating possible stem cell antigen-1 positive (Sca1+ ) progenitor stem cell involvement during pathologic arterial remodeling. METHODS Partial ligation or sham operation of the left carotid artery was performed in transgenic Sca1-enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) mice gavaged with or without "daily moderate" EtOH. RESULTS The EtOH group had reduced adventitial thickening and less neointimal formation, compared to ligated controls. There was expansion of eGFP-expressing (i.e., Sca1+ ) cells in remodeled vessels postligation (day 14), especially in the neo intima. EtOH treatment reduced the number of Sca1+ cells in ligated vessel cross-sections concomitant with diminished remodeling, compared to control ligated vessels. Moreover, EtOH attenuated SHh signaling in injured carotids as determined by immunohistochemical analysis of the target genes patched 1 and Gli2, and RT-PCR of whole-vessel Gli2 mRNA levels. Intraperitoneal injection of ligated Sca1-eGFP mice with the SHh signaling inhibitor cyclopamine diminished SHh target gene expression, reduced the number of Sca1+ cells, and ameliorated carotid remodeling. EtOH treatment of purified Sca1+ adventitial progenitor stem cells in vitro inhibited SHh signaling, and their rSHh-induced differentiation to vascular smooth muscle cells. CONCLUSIONS EtOH reduces SHh-responsive Sca1+ progenitor cell myogenic differentiation/expansion in vitro and during arterial remodeling in response to ligation injury in vivo. Regulation of vascular Sca1+ progenitor cells in this way may be an important novel mechanism contributing to alcohol's cardiovascular protective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Fitzpatrick
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Xu Han
- Department of Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Weimin Liu
- Department of Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Eoin Corcoran
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Denise Burtenshaw
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David Morrow
- Department of Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Jay-Christian Helt
- Department of Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Paul A Cahill
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eileen M Redmond
- Department of Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
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Anders S, Schroeter C. The impact of nutritional supplement intake on diet behavior and obesity outcomes. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185258. [PMID: 28991921 PMCID: PMC5633155 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
After decades-old efforts to nudge consumers towards healthier lifestyles through dietary guidelines, diet-related diseases are on the rise. In addition, a growing share of U.S. consumers proactively chooses nutritional supplements as an alternative preventative way of maintaining good health, a $25.5 billion industry in the United States. This paper investigates possible linkages between the economics of consumer supplement choices and the relationship to important dietary and health outcomes. We use National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data to estimate the impact of nutritional supplements intake on respondent's body weight outcomes, controlling for diet quality.: The focus of this article is to determine whether nutritional supplements takers differ from non-takers with regard to their health outcomes when controlling for differences in diet quality, based on individual Healthy Eating Index (HEI-2010) score. The analysis applies treatment effects estimators that account for the selection bias and endogeneity of self-reported behavior and diet-health outcomes. The analysis demonstrates a negative association between supplement intake and BMI but no significant effect on an individual's diet quality. Our findings suggest that individuals proactively invest into their health by taking nutritional supplements instead of improving diet quality through more nutritious food choices. Our results provide important contributions to the literature on a key food policy issue. Knowledge of the determinants of supplement demand in the context of strong diet-health trends should also be helpful to stakeholders in the U.S. produce sector in their competition over consumer market share.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Anders
- Department of Resource Economics and Environmental Sociology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Christiane Schroeter
- Agribusiness Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California, United States of America
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Lima Passos V, Klijn S, van Zandvoort K, Abidi L, Lemmens P. At the heart of the problem - A person-centred, developmental perspective on the link between alcohol consumption and cardio-vascular events. Int J Cardiol 2017; 232:304-314. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.12.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Cook S, Quint JK, Vasiljev M, Leon DA. Self-reported symptoms of chronic cough and breathlessness in working-age men in the city of Izhevsk, Russia: associations with cardiovascular disease risk factors and comorbidities. BMJ Open Respir Res 2015; 2:e000104. [PMID: 26793315 PMCID: PMC4709862 DOI: 10.1136/bmjresp-2015-000104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Very little is known about the prevalence of respiratory symptoms or their associations with other health conditions in Russia. METHODS Between 2008 and 2010, a sample of 983 men resident in Izhevsk, Russia, took part in a cross-sectional survey. Presence of respiratory symptoms was determined from self-report of chronic productive cough and breathlessness assessed using the British Medical Research Council (MRC) breathlessness scale. Self-reported physical and mental health were measured using the 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-12). Hypertension was assessed from mean blood pressure measured at the health check and/or self-reported use of antihypertensive medication. Other comorbidities were assessed from self-report. Logistic regression models were fitted assessing the association between respiratory symptoms and comorbidities. Linear regression models were fitted to investigate the association between respiratory symptoms and self-reported health scores. All models were adjusted for age, education and smoking status. RESULTS The age-standardised prevalence of cough and breathlessness was 20.9% (prevalence with breathlessness MRC grade 3 or above 3.7%). The majority of men with respiratory symptoms (87.3%) were current smokers. Cough and breathlessness were associated with substantially worse self-reported physical and mental health (test for trend with severity of breathlessness p<0.001). Those with chronic cough and grade 3 or above breathlessness had higher odds of having hypertension (OR 3.03; 95% CI 1.36 to 6.74), diabetes (OR 10.55; 95% CI 2.69 to 41.37), angina pectoris (OR 7.54; 95% CI 3.61 to 15.73), previous myocardial infarction (OR 7.61; 95% CI 2.10 to 27.4) and previous stroke (OR 6.61; 95% CI 1.75 to 23.34) compared with those without respiratory symptoms. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of respiratory symptoms was high. Strong associations were found between respiratory symptoms and cardiovascular comorbidities. These are of particular importance given the extremely high level of cardiovascular disease mortality in Russia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Cook
- Department of Non Communicable Disease Epidemiology , London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine , London , UK
| | - Jennifer K Quint
- Department of Non Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Department of Respiratory Epidemiology, Occupational Medicine and Public Health, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - David A Leon
- Department of Non Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Arctic University of Norway, UiT, Tromsø, Norway
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Lifestyle Factors and Metabolic Syndrome among Workers: The Role of Interactions between Smoking and Alcohol to Nutrition and Exercise. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:15967-78. [PMID: 26694434 PMCID: PMC4690971 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph121215035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate (1) relations of smoking and alcohol to metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components, with nutrition and exercise controlled; and (2) interactions between smoking/alcohol and nutrition/exercise on MetS. This cross-sectional study enrolled 4025 workers. Self-reported lifestyles, anthropometric values, blood pressure (BP), and biochemical determinations were obtained. Among males, smoking significantly increased the risk of low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), high triglyceride, abdominal obesity (AO), and MetS. Additionally, smoking showed significant interaction effects with nutrition on high BP, AO, and MetS; after further analysis, nutrition did not decrease above-mentioned risks for smokers. However, there was no significant interaction of smoking with exercise on any metabolic parameter. Alcohol increased the risk of AO, but decreased low HDL-C. It also showed an interaction effect with exercise on AO; after further analysis, exercise decreased AO risk for drinkers. Among females, alcohol significantly decreased the risk of high fasting blood glucose, but did not show significant interaction with nutrition/exercise on any metabolic parameter. In conclusion, in males, smoking retained significant associations with MetS and its components, even considering benefits of nutrition; exercise kept predominance on lipid parameters regardless of smoking status. Alcohol showed inconsistencies on metabolic parameters for both genders.
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Moderate red wine consumption is associated with a lower prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in the PREDIMED population. Br J Nutr 2015; 113 Suppl 2:S121-30. [PMID: 26148915 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114514003262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies on the association between alcohol intake and the development of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) have yielded inconsistent results. Besides, few studies have analysed the effects of red wine (RW) consumption on the prevalence of the MetS and its components. As moderate RW drinkers have a better lipid profile and lower incidence rates of diabetes, hypertension and abdominal obesity, all components of the MetS, it was hypothesised that moderate RW consumption could be associated with a lower prevalence of the MetS. In the present cross-sectional study of 5801 elderly participants at a high cardiovascular risk included in the PREDIMED (Prevención con Dieta Mediterránea) study, 3897 fulfilled the criteria of the MetS at baseline. RW intake was recorded using a validated 137-item FFQ. Multiple logistic regression analysis was carried out to estimate the association between RW intake and the prevalence of the MetS. Compared with non-drinkers, moderate RW drinkers (≥ 1 drink/d) were found to have a reduced risk of prevalent MetS (OR 0.56, 95 % CI 0.45, 0.68; P < 0.001), a lower risk of having an abnormal waist circumference (OR 0.59, 95 % CI 0.46, 0.77; P < 0.001), low HDL-cholesterol concentrations (OR 0.42, 95 % CI 0.32, 0.53; P < 0.001), high blood pressure (OR 0.28, 95 % CI 0.17, 0.45; P < 0.001) and high fasting plasma glucose concentrations (OR 0.67, 95 % CI 0.54, 0.82; P < 0.001) after adjusting for several confounders. This association was found to be stronger in female participants, in participants aged < 70 years and in participants who were former or current smokers. No significant association was found between RW intake (≥ 1 drink/d) and TAG concentrations. In conclusion, moderate RW consumption is associated with a lower prevalence of the MetS in an elderly Mediterranean population at a high cardiovascular risk.
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Abstract
For centuries, multiple medical risks of heavy alcohol drinking have been evident with simultaneous awareness of a less harmful or sensible drinking limit. The increased risks of heavy drinking, defined as three or more standard-sized drinks per day, are both cardiovascular (CV) and non-CV. The CV risks include the following: (i) alcoholic cardiomyopathy (ACM), (ii) systemic hypertension, (iii) atrial arrhythmias, (iv) haemorrhagic stroke and, probably, ischaemic stroke. By contrast, modern epidemiological studies have shown lower morbidity and mortality amongst light-moderate drinkers, due mostly to a reduced risk of coronary artery disease (CAD), with contributions from ischaemic stroke and heart failure (HF). A low level of alcohol drinking has no clear relation to increased risk of any CV condition, except for haemorrhagic stroke. There is good evidence that supports the existence of mechanisms by which alcohol might protect against CAD, but the mechanisms for other alcohol-CV associations remain unclear. Interrelationships amongst the CV conditions affect the individual alcohol-disease relationships; for example, lower CAD risk in light-moderate drinkers is to a large extent responsible for the reduced HF risk. International comparison data plus the presence of proposed beneficial nonalcohol components in wine (particularly in red wine) suggest that this beverage type might afford extra CAD protection. However, the effect of beverage choice is confounded by a healthier drinking pattern and more favourable risk traits in wine drinkers. Debate persists about methodological and public health issues related to the epidemiology of alcohol-related CV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Klatsky
- Division of Research and Department of Cardiology, Northern California Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, CA, USA
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20
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Dorans KS, Mostofsky E, Levitan EB, Håkansson N, Wolk A, Mittleman MA. Alcohol and incident heart failure among middle-aged and elderly men: cohort of Swedish men. Circ Heart Fail 2015; 8:422-7. [PMID: 25872788 DOI: 10.1161/circheartfailure.114.001787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Compared with no alcohol consumption, heavy alcohol intake is associated with a higher rate of heart failure (HF) whereas light-to-moderate intake may be associated with a lower rate. However, several prior studies did not exclude former drinkers, who may have changed alcohol consumption in response to diagnosis. This study aimed to investigate the association between alcohol intake and incident HF. METHODS AND RESULTS We conducted a prospective cohort study of 33 760 men aged 45 to 79 years with no HF, diabetes mellitus, or myocardial infarction at baseline participating in the Cohort of Swedish Men Study. We excluded former drinkers. At baseline, participants completed a food frequency questionnaire and reported other characteristics. HF was defined as hospitalization for or death from HF, ascertained by Swedish inpatient and cause-of-death records from January 1, 1998, through December 31, 2011. We constructed Cox proportional hazards models to estimate multivariable-adjusted incidence rate ratios. During follow-up, 2916 men were hospitalized for (n=2139) or died (n=777) of incident HF. There was a U-shaped relationship between total alcohol intake and incident HF (P=0.0004). There was a nadir at light-to-moderate alcohol intake: consuming 7 to <14 standard drinks per week was associated with a 19% lower multivariable-adjusted rate of HF compared with never drinking (incidence rate ratio, 0.81; 95% confidence interval, 0.69-0.96). CONCLUSIONS In this cohort of Swedish men, there was a U-shaped relationship between alcohol consumption and HF incidence, with a nadir at light-to-moderate intake. Heavy intake did not seem protective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten S Dorans
- From the Cardiovascular Epidemiology Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (K.S.D., E.M., M.A.M.); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (K.S.D., E.M., M.A.M.); Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.B.L.); and Unit of Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (N.H., A.W.)
| | - Elizabeth Mostofsky
- From the Cardiovascular Epidemiology Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (K.S.D., E.M., M.A.M.); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (K.S.D., E.M., M.A.M.); Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.B.L.); and Unit of Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (N.H., A.W.)
| | - Emily B Levitan
- From the Cardiovascular Epidemiology Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (K.S.D., E.M., M.A.M.); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (K.S.D., E.M., M.A.M.); Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.B.L.); and Unit of Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (N.H., A.W.)
| | - Niclas Håkansson
- From the Cardiovascular Epidemiology Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (K.S.D., E.M., M.A.M.); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (K.S.D., E.M., M.A.M.); Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.B.L.); and Unit of Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (N.H., A.W.)
| | - Alicja Wolk
- From the Cardiovascular Epidemiology Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (K.S.D., E.M., M.A.M.); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (K.S.D., E.M., M.A.M.); Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.B.L.); and Unit of Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (N.H., A.W.)
| | - Murray A Mittleman
- From the Cardiovascular Epidemiology Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (K.S.D., E.M., M.A.M.); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (K.S.D., E.M., M.A.M.); Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.B.L.); and Unit of Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (N.H., A.W.).
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Janega P, Klimentová J, Barta A, Kovácsová M, Vranková S, Cebová M, Čierna Z, Matúsková Z, Jakovljevic V, Pechánová O. Red wine extract decreases pro-inflammatory markers, nuclear factor-κB and inducible NOS, in experimental metabolic syndrome. Food Funct 2015; 5:2202-7. [PMID: 25051230 DOI: 10.1039/c4fo00097h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to analyse the effects of alcohol-free Alibernet red wine extract (AWE) on nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity and pro-inflammatory markers such as nuclear factor-κB (NFκB) and inducible NOS (iNOS) protein expression in experimental metabolic syndrome. Young 6 week-old male Wistar Kyoto (WKY) and obese, spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR/N-cp) were divided into control groups and groups treated with AWE (24.2 mg per kg per day) for 3 weeks (n = 6 in each group). Total NOS activity and endothelial NOS (eNOS), iNOS and NFκB (p65) protein expressions were determined in the heart left ventricle and aorta by Western blot and immunohistochemical analysis. All parameters investigated significantly increased in the aorta of SHR/N-cp rats. Pro-inflammatory markers such as NFκB and iNOS were increased in the left ventricle as well. AWE treatment did not affect total NOS activity and eNOS expression in the aorta; however, it was able to decrease NFκB and iNOS protein expression in both the left ventricle and aorta. In conclusion, in the cardiovascular system, Alibernet red wine extract decreased NFκB and iNOS protein expressions elevated as a consequence of developed metabolic syndrome. This effect may represent one of the protective, anti-inflammatory properties of Alibernet red wine polyphenols on cardiovascular risk factors related to metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavol Janega
- Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology and Centre of Excellence for Regulatory Role of Nitric Oxide in Civilization Diseases, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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Abstract
The main lifestyle interventions to modify serum HDL cholesterol include physical exercise, weight loss with either caloric restriction or specific dietary approaches, and smoking cessation. Moderate alcohol consumption can be permitted in some cases. However, as these interventions exert multiple effects, it is often difficult to discern which is responsible for improvement in HDL outcomes. It is particularly noteworthy that recent data questions the use of HDL cholesterol as a risk factor and therapeutic target since randomised interventions and Mendelian randomisation studies failed to provide evidence for such an approach. Therefore, these current data should be considered when reading and interpreting this review. Further studies are needed to document the effect of lifestyle changes on HDL structure-function and health.
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Sarkar S, Nebhinani N, Gupta S, Parakh P, Basu D. Self-reported medical co-morbidity among 400 substance using patients at an addiction unit in India. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2014. [DOI: 10.3109/14659891.2014.950699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Sarkar
- Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Naresh Nebhinani
- Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sunil Gupta
- Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Preeti Parakh
- Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Debasish Basu
- Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Wu JM, Hsieh TC, Yang CJ, Olson SC. Resveratrol and its metabolites modulate cytokine-mediated induction of eotaxin-1 in human pulmonary artery endothelial cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2013; 1290:30-6. [PMID: 23855463 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a leading cause of death in many developed countries. Evidence has long implicated endothelial injury and inflammation as apical events in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, the primary cause of CHD. Numerous risk factors contribute to a damaged, inflamed endothelium. Conversely, cardioprotective agents targeting the dysfunctional endothelium have also been identified, notably from dietary sources. We have used cultured human pulmonary artery endothelial cells (HPAECs) to test the diet-mediated cardioprotective hypothesis. In this review, we summarize our recent findings on control of transcription and expression of inflammation biomarker eotaxin-1 in HPAECs exposed to single or combined proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-13 (IL-13) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and attenuation of the observed eotaxin-1 responses by prior or simultaneous treatment with resveratrol and its metabolites. Control of eotaxin-1 gene regulation may be considered an in vitro model to evaluate agents linking cardioprotection with endothelial cell damage and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA.
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Association of blood pressure and hypertension with alcohol consumption in HIV-infected white and nonwhite patients. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:169825. [PMID: 24235878 PMCID: PMC3818924 DOI: 10.1155/2013/169825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Although alcohol abuse is associated with hypertension in whites and nonwhites, it has been scarcely investigated in HIV-infected patients. Objective. To investigate whether the association of alcohol abuse with hypertension is influenced by skin color in HIV-infected individuals. Methods. Cross-sectional study in HIV-infected individuals aged 18 years or older. Demographic characteristics, lifestyle, and HIV infection were investigated. Alcohol abuse was defined as ≥15 (women) and ≥30 g/alcohol/day (men), and binge drinking by the intake of ≥5 drinks on a single occasion. Hypertension was defined by blood pressure ≥140/90 mmHg or use of blood pressure-lowering agents. Results. We studied 1,240 individuals, with 39.1 ± 10 years, 51% males and 57% whites. Age and body mass index were associated with blood pressure, and there was an independent association of alcohol abuse with hypertension in whites (RR = 1.9, 95% CI 1.1–3.3) and nonwhites (RR = 2.4, 95% CI 1.4 to 4.0). Among nonwhite individuals who were alcohol abusers, systolic (9.3 ± 3.2; P = 0.001) and diastolic blood pressures (6.4 ± 2.1; P = 0.008) were higher than in nonabusers. Conclusion. Alcohol abuse is a risk factor for hypertension in white and nonwhite HIV-infected individuals. The association of ethanol consumption with blood pressure is not explained by AIDS-related conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur L Klatsky
- Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program, 2000 Broadway, Oakland, CA 94612, USA.
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Quintana DS, Guastella AJ, McGregor IS, Hickie IB, Kemp AH. Moderate alcohol intake is related to increased heart rate variability in young adults: Implications for health and well-being. Psychophysiology 2013; 50:1202-8. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S. Quintana
- SCAN Research & Teaching Unit, School of Psychology; University of Sydney; Sydney Australia
- Brain and Mind Research Institute; University of Sydney; Sydney Australia
| | - Adam J. Guastella
- Brain and Mind Research Institute; University of Sydney; Sydney Australia
| | - Iain S. McGregor
- Psychopharmacology Laboratory, School of Psychology; University of Sydney; Sydney Australia
| | - Ian B. Hickie
- Brain and Mind Research Institute; University of Sydney; Sydney Australia
| | - Andrew H. Kemp
- SCAN Research & Teaching Unit, School of Psychology; University of Sydney; Sydney Australia
- Psychopharmacology Laboratory, School of Psychology; University of Sydney; Sydney Australia
- Discipline of Psychiatry, Northern Clinical School; University of Sydney; Sydney Australia
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Joint associations of alcohol consumption and physical activity with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Am J Cardiol 2013; 112:380-6. [PMID: 23647792 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2013.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Individual associations of alcohol consumption and physical activity with cardiovascular disease are relatively established, but the joint associations are not clear. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine prospectively the joint associations between alcohol consumption and physical activity with cardiovascular mortality (CVM) and all-cause mortality. Four population-based studies in the United Kingdom were included, the 1997 and 1998 Health Surveys for England and the 1998 and 2003 Scottish Health Surveys. In men and women, respectively, low physical activity was defined as 0.1 to 5 and 0.1 to 4 MET-hours/week and high physical activity as ≥5 and ≥4 MET-hours/week. Moderate or moderately high alcohol intake was defined as >0 to 35 and >0 to 21 units/week and high levels of alcohol intake as >35 and >21 units/week. In total, there were 17,410 adults without prevalent cardiovascular diseases and complete data on alcohol and physical activity (43% men, median age 55 years). During a median follow-up period of 9.7 years, 2,204 adults (12.7%) died, 638 (3.7%) with CVM. Cox proportional-hazards models were adjusted for potential confounders such as marital status, social class, education, ethnicity, and longstanding illness. In the joint associations analysis, low activity combined with high levels of alcohol (CVM: hazard ratio [HR] 1.95, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.28 to 2.96, p = 0.002; all-cause mortality: HR 1.64, 95% CI 1.32 to 2.03, p <0.001) and low activity combined with no alcohol (CVM: HR 1.93, 95% CI 1.35 to 2.76, p <0.001; all-cause mortality: HR 1.50, 95% CI 1.24 to 1.81, p <0.001) were linked to the highest risk, compared with moderate drinking and higher levels of physical activity. Within each given alcohol group, low activity was linked to increased CVM risk (e.g., HR 1.48, 95% CI 1.08 to 2.03, p = 0.014, for the moderate drinking group), but in the presence of high physical activity, high alcohol intake was not linked to increased CVM risk (HR 1.32, 95% CI 0.52 to 3.34, p = 0.555). In conclusion, high levels of drinking and low physical activity appear to increase the risk for cardiovascular and all-cause mortality, although these data suggest that physical activity levels are more important.
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Wu JM, Hsieh TC, Yang CJ, Olson SC. Resveratrol and its metabolites modulate cytokine-mediated induction of eotaxin-1 in human pulmonary artery endothelial cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.10.1111/nyas.12151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M. Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; New York Medical College; Valhalla New York
| | - Tze-chen Hsieh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; New York Medical College; Valhalla New York
| | - Ching-Jen Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; New York Medical College; Valhalla New York
| | - Susan C. Olson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; New York Medical College; Valhalla New York
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Prevalence rates of self-care behaviors and related factors in a rural hypertension population: a questionnaire survey. Int J Hypertens 2013; 2013:526949. [PMID: 23819042 PMCID: PMC3683479 DOI: 10.1155/2013/526949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the self-care behaviors among hypertensive patients in primary care. A cross-sectional survey, with 318 hypertensive patients, was conducted in a rural area in Beijing, China, in 2012. Participants were mainly recruited from a community health clinic and completed questionnaires assessing their self-care behaviors, including data on adherence to a prescribed medication regimen, low-salt diet intake, smoking habits, alcohol consumption, blood pressure monitoring, and physical exercise. The logistic regression model was used for the analysis of any association between self-care behaviors and age, gender, duration of hypertension, self-rated health, marital status, education level, diabetes status, or body mass index. Subjects that adhered to their medication schedule were more likely to have hypertension for a long duration (OR, 3.44; 95% CI 1.99–5.97). Older participants (OR, 1.80; 95% CI 1.08–2.99) were more likely to monitor their blood pressure. Subjects who did not partake in physical exercise were more likely to be men, although the difference between genders was not significant (OR, 0.60; 95% CI 0.36–1.01). Patients with shorter history of hypertension, younger and being males have lower self-care behaviors. Primary care providers and public health practitioner should pay more attention to patients recently diagnosed with hypertension as well as younger male patients.
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Hazardous alcohol consumption is associated with increased levels of B-type natriuretic peptide: evidence from two population-based studies. Eur J Epidemiol 2013; 28:393-404. [PMID: 23645505 PMCID: PMC3672507 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-013-9808-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Russia has very high mortality from cardiovascular disease (CVD), with evidence that heavy drinking may play a role. To throw further light on this association we have studied the association of alcohol with predictors of CVD risk including B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP). Levels of BNP increase primarily in response to abnormal cardiac chamber wall stretch which can occur both as a result of atherosclerosis as well as due to other types of damage to the myocardium. No previous population-based studies have investigated the association with alcohol. We analysed cross-sectional data on drinking behaviour in 993 men aged 25-60 years from the Izhevsk Family Study 2 (IFS2), conducted in the Russian city of Izhevsk in 2008-2009. Relative to non-drinkers, men who drank hazardously had an odds ratio (OR) of being in the top 20 % of the BNP distribution of 4.66 (95 % CI 2.13, 10.19) adjusted for age, obesity, waist-hip ratio, and smoking. Further adjustment for class of hypertension resulted in only slight attenuation of the effect, suggesting that this effect was not secondary to the influence of alcohol on blood pressure. In contrast hazardous drinking was associated with markedly raised ApoA1 and HDL cholesterol levels, but had little impact on levels of ApoB and LDL cholesterol. Similar but less pronounced associations were found in the Belfast (UK) component of the PRIME study conducted in 1991. These findings suggest that the association of heavy drinking with increased risk of cardiovascular disease may be partly due to alcohol-induced non-atherosclerotic damage to the myocardium.
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Grünwald S, Adam IV, Gurmai AM, Bauer L, Boll M, Wenzel U. The Red Flour Beetle Tribolium castaneum as a Model to Monitor Food Safety and Functionality. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 135:111-22. [PMID: 23748350 DOI: 10.1007/10_2013_212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
: Food quality is a fundamental issue all over the world. There are two major requirements to provide the highest quality of food: having the lowest reachable concentrations of health-threatening ingredients or contaminants and having the optimal concentrations of health-improving functional ingredients. Often, the boundaries of both requirements are blurred, as might be best exemplified by nutraceuticals (enriched food products invented to prevent or even treat diseases), for which undesirable side effects have been reported sometimes. Accordingly, there is an increasing need for reliable methods to screen for health effects of wanted or unwanted ingredients in a complex food matrix before more complex model organisms or human probands become involved. In this chapter, we present the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum as a model organism to screen for effects of complex foods on healthspan or lifespan by assessing the survival of the beetles under heat stress at 42 °C after feeding different diets. There is a higher genetic homology between T. castaneum and humans when compared to other invertebrate models, such as Drosophila melanogaster or Caenorhabditis elegans. Therefore, the red flour beetle appears as an interesting model to study interactions between genes and food ingredients, with relevance for stress resistance and lifespan. In that context, we provide data showing reduced lifespans of the beetles when the food-relevant contaminant benz(a)pyrene is added to the flour they were fed on, whereas a lifespan extension was observed in beetles fed on flour enriched with an extract of red wine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Grünwald
- Molecular Nutrition Research, Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
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Metelskaya VA, Shkolnikova MA, Shalnova SA, Andreev EM, Deev AD, Jdanov DA, Shkolnikov VM, Vaupel JW. Prevalence, components, and correlates of metabolic syndrome (MetS) among elderly Muscovites. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2012; 55:231-7. [PMID: 21955584 PMCID: PMC3276749 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2011.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Revised: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this study is to estimate the prevalence of MetS, together with its components and correlates, among elderly Russians. Our population-based sample included randomly selected residents of Moscow aged 55 and older: 955 women with an average age of 67.6, and 833 men with an average age of 68.9. MetS was defined according to National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATPIII). The prevalence of MetS was found to be 41.7% in women and 26.8% in men. It tended to decrease with age in men, but not in women. MetS was inversely related to education in women, but not in men. The most prevalent individual components of MetS were as follows: hypertension (64.4%), abdominal obesity (55%), and decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL C) (46%) for women; and hypertension (71%) and fasting hyperglycemia (35.2%) for men. An elevated level of triglycerides (TG) was the rarest MetS component, affecting 23.5% of women and 22.1% of men. The higher female prevalence of MetS was attributable to abdominal obesity. MetS was found to be associated with markers of insulin resistance (IR), low-grade inflammation, and insufficient fibrinolysis. Although the metabolic burden is an important contributor to high levels of ill-health and cardiovascular mortality among elderly Russians (especially women), it does not explain why cardiovascular mortality is much higher in Russia than in other industrialized countries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - James W. Vaupel
- Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany
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Conigrave KM, Lee KSK. Smoking or alcohol dependence among Indigenous Australians: treatment may be needed, not just education. Heart Lung Circ 2012; 21:626-31. [PMID: 22819096 DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2012.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In trying to help Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (Indigenous) individuals or communities to stop smoking or reduce the harms from alcohol, it is important to be aware of the strong biological basis of the drive to return to nicotine or alcohol. METHODS In this paper we briefly describe the social and neurobiological factors that drive a dependent smoker or drinker to keep using. We set out the current range of pharmacological treatments for dependence, their role in assisting a person to either stop using or avoid relapse, and we discuss issues relating to their use in Aboriginal Australians. CONCLUDING COMMENTS There is a firm evidence base for the use of pharmacological treatments for nicotine or alcohol dependence, particularly in severe dependence or when counselling or non-pharmacological approaches have failed. Indigenous Australians should be able to access the full range of approaches to managing these conditions. Working in partnership with Indigenous health staff and agencies can help ensure that appropriate access to treatment and quality treatment delivery occurs.
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Arranz S, Chiva-Blanch G, Valderas-Martínez P, Medina-Remón A, Lamuela-Raventós RM, Estruch R. Wine, beer, alcohol and polyphenols on cardiovascular disease and cancer. Nutrients 2012; 4:759-781. [PMID: 22852062 PMCID: PMC3407993 DOI: 10.3390/nu4070759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Revised: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Since ancient times, people have attributed a variety of health benefits to moderate consumption of fermented beverages such as wine and beer, often without any scientific basis. There is evidence that excessive or binge alcohol consumption is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, as well as with work related and traffic accidents. On the contrary, at the moment, several epidemiological studies have suggested that moderate consumption of alcohol reduces overall mortality, mainly from coronary diseases. However, there are discrepancies regarding the specific effects of different types of beverages (wine, beer and spirits) on the cardiovascular system and cancer, and also whether the possible protective effects of alcoholic beverages are due to their alcoholic content (ethanol) or to their non-alcoholic components (mainly polyphenols). Epidemiological and clinical studies have pointed out that regular and moderate wine consumption (one to two glasses a day) is associated with decreased incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD), hypertension, diabetes, and certain types of cancer, including colon, basal cell, ovarian, and prostate carcinoma. Moderate beer consumption has also been associated with these effects, but to a lesser degree, probably because of beer's lower phenolic content. These health benefits have mainly been attributed to an increase in antioxidant capacity, changes in lipid profiles, and the anti-inflammatory effects produced by these alcoholic beverages. This review summarizes the main protective effects on the cardiovascular system and cancer resulting from moderate wine and beer intake due mainly to their common components, alcohol and polyphenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Arranz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínic, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08036, Spain; (S.A.); (G.C.-B.); (P.V.-M.)
- CIBER de Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Cordoba, 14004, Spain; (A.M.-R.); (R.M.L.-R.)
| | - Gemma Chiva-Blanch
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínic, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08036, Spain; (S.A.); (G.C.-B.); (P.V.-M.)
- CIBER de Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Cordoba, 14004, Spain; (A.M.-R.); (R.M.L.-R.)
| | - Palmira Valderas-Martínez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínic, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08036, Spain; (S.A.); (G.C.-B.); (P.V.-M.)
- CIBER de Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Cordoba, 14004, Spain; (A.M.-R.); (R.M.L.-R.)
| | - Alex Medina-Remón
- CIBER de Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Cordoba, 14004, Spain; (A.M.-R.); (R.M.L.-R.)
- Nutrition and Food Science Department, CeRTA, INSA Pharmacy School, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Rosa M. Lamuela-Raventós
- CIBER de Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Cordoba, 14004, Spain; (A.M.-R.); (R.M.L.-R.)
- Nutrition and Food Science Department, CeRTA, INSA Pharmacy School, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Ramón Estruch
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínic, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08036, Spain; (S.A.); (G.C.-B.); (P.V.-M.)
- CIBER de Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Cordoba, 14004, Spain; (A.M.-R.); (R.M.L.-R.)
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Kuklina EV, Tong X, George MG, Bansil P. Epidemiology and prevention of stroke: a worldwide perspective. Expert Rev Neurother 2012; 12:199-208. [PMID: 22288675 DOI: 10.1586/ern.11.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews how epidemiological studies during the last 5 years have advanced our knowledge in addressing the global stroke epidemic. The specific objectives were to review the current evidence supporting management of ten major modifiable risk factors for prevention of stroke: hypertension, current smoking, diabetes, obesity, poor diet, physical inactivity, atrial fibrillation, excessive alcohol consumption, abnormal lipid profile and psychosocial stress/depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V Kuklina
- Division of Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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The association between self-efficacy and hypertension self-care activities among African American adults. J Community Health 2012; 37:15-24. [PMID: 21547409 DOI: 10.1007/s10900-011-9410-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chronic disease management requires the individual to perform varying forms of self-care behaviors. Self-efficacy, a widely used psychosocial concept, is associated with the ability to manage chronic disease. In this study, we examine the association between self-efficacy to manage hypertension and six clinically prescribed hypertension self-care behaviors. We interviewed 190 African Americans with hypertension who resided in the greater metropolitan Charlotte area about their self-efficacy and their hypertension self-care activities. Logistic regression for correlated observations was used to model the relationship between self-efficacy and adherence to hypertension self-care behaviors. Since the hypertension self-care behavior outcomes were not rare occurrences, an odds ratio correction method was used to provide a more reliable measure of the prevalence ratio (PR). Over half (59%) of participants reported having good self-efficacy to manage their hypertension. Good self-efficacy was statistically significantly associated with increased prevalence of adherence to medication (PR = 1.23, 95% CI: 1.08, 1.32), eating a low-salt diet (PR = 1.64, 95% CI: 1.07-2.20), engaging in physical activity (PR = 1.27, 95% CI: 1.08-1.39), not smoking (PR = 1.10, 95% CI: 1.01-1.15), and practicing weight management techniques (PR = 1.63, 95% CI: 1.30-1.87). Hypertension self-efficacy is strongly associated with adherence to five of six prescribed self-care activities among African Americans with hypertension. Ensuring that African Americans feel confident that hypertension is a manageable condition and that they are knowledgeable about appropriate self-care behaviors are important factors in improving hypertension self-care and blood pressure control. Health practitioners should assess individuals' self-care activities and direct them toward practical techniques to help boost their confidence in managing their blood pressure.
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Ji J, Zöller B, Sundquist K, Sundquist J. Increased risks of coronary heart disease and stroke among spousal caregivers of cancer patients. Circulation 2012; 125:1742-7. [PMID: 22415143 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.111.057018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spousal caregivers of cancer patients suffer psychological and physical burdens that may affect their risk of subsequently developing coronary heart disease and stroke. METHODS AND RESULTS Cancer patients were identified in the Swedish Cancer Registry, and information on their spouses was retrieved from the Swedish Multi-Generation Register. Follow-up of caregivers was performed from the date of the first diagnosis of cancer in their spouses through 2008. Standardized incidence ratios were calculated for spousal caregivers of cancer patients compared with those without an affected spouse. After the cancer diagnosis in wives, the risks of coronary heart disease, ischemic stroke, and hemorrhagic stroke in husbands were 1.13 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.10-1.16), 1.24 (95% CI, 1.21-1.27), and 1.25 (95% CI, 1.18-1.32), respectively. The corresponding risks in wives with an affected husband were 1.13 (95% CI, 1.10-1.16), 1.29 (95% CI, 1.26-1.32), and 1.27 (95% CI, 1.19-1.34). The increases were consistent over time and were more pronounced if the spouse was affected by a cancer with a high mortality rate, such as pancreatic and lung cancers. CONCLUSIONS Spousal caregivers of cancer patients have increased risks of coronary heart disease and stroke that persist over time. Clinical attention should be paid to spousal caregivers, especially those caring for cancer patients with high mortality rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguang Ji
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University/Region Skåne, Malmö, Sweden.
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39
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Potential health benefits of moderate alcohol consumption: current perspectives in research. Proc Nutr Soc 2012; 71:307-15. [PMID: 22391060 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665112000171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The benefits of moderate amounts of alcohol for a better health and longer life expectancy compared with abstinence have been suggested by the findings of numerous studies. However, controversies have emerged regarding the influence of confounding factors and the systematic errors that might have been inadvertently disregarded in the early studies. This review includes a description of the findings of those research studies published in the last 5 years on the effects of moderate alcohol consumption on all-cause mortality, CVD and inflammation, the immune system, insulin sensitivity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and cancer. Promising evidences exist from both animal studies and human clinical trials regarding intermediate end-points of CHD and insulin sensitivity, such as HDL, adiponectin or fibrinogen. However, controversies and inconsistent findings exist regarding many of these diseases and related functions and biomarkers. Further research and human randomised-controlled trials with adequate standardisation of the study conditions are necessary in order to draw a comparison between studies, establish the causal effect of moderate alcohol intake on disease protection and reach consensus on the circumstances that allow the recommendation of moderate alcohol habitual intakes as a strategy for health maintenance.
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Warren-Findlow J, Seymour RB. Prevalence rates of hypertension self-care activities among African Americans. J Natl Med Assoc 2011; 103:503-12. [PMID: 21830634 DOI: 10.1016/s0027-9684(15)30365-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A comprehensive understanding of the self-care activities that contribute to blood pressure control may explain health disparities experienced by African Americans with hypertension. This study assessed the prevalence of self-care activities among African Americans with high blood pressure and examined differences between adherers and nonadherers to self-care activities. METHODS Interviews were conducted with 186 African Americans. Self-care activities were measured using the H-SCALE (Hypertension Self-Care Activity Level Effects), which was developed to assess the behavioral activities recommended for optimal management of high blood pressure. RESULTS More than half of participants reported adhering to medication recommendations and prescribed physical activity levels (58.6% and 52.2%, respectively). Following practices related to weight management was less frequent, (30.1%) and adherence to low-salt diet recommendations was also low (22.0%). Three-fourths were nonsmokers and 65% abstained from alcohol. Across the self-care activities, adherers were more likely to be older and female. Nonadherers were more likely to be uninsured. CONCLUSIONS Many African Americans still face challenges related to hypertension self-care, particularly with weight management and salt reduction. The H-SCALE was a valid and reliable measure of hypertension self-care activities. In addition to monitoring blood pressure, health care providers should assess patients' hypertension self-care activities using the H-SCALE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Warren-Findlow
- Department of Public Health Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA.
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41
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Hayes DP. Resveratrol and vitamin D: significant potential interpretative problems arising from their mutual processes, interactions and effects. Med Hypotheses 2011; 77:765-72. [PMID: 21840648 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2011.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The hypothesis is formulated and presented that resveratrol and vitamin D have important mutual processes, interactions and induced effects that if not taken into account could seriously jeopardize the interpretation of their current and future preclinical, epidemiological and clinical studies. In support of this hypothesis, evidence is presented that resveratrol and vitamin D mutually share some of the same biochemical processes and mechanisms as well as the fact that they can each affect some of the same diseases and maladies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Hayes
- The Brooklyn Hospital Center, 121 DeKalb Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA.
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Sloan F, Grossman D, Platt A. Heavy episodic drinking in early adulthood and outcomes in midlife. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2011; 72:459-70. [PMID: 21513683 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2011.72.459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study assessed to what extent drinking patterns of young adults persist into midlife and whether frequent heavy episodic drinking as a young adult is associated with educational attainment, labor market, and health outcomes at midlife. METHOD Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, we grouped individuals into three baseline drinking categories using data on the number of occasions they consumed six or more drinks on one occasion from the 1982-1984 surveys. Categories were frequent heavy episodic drinker, occasional heavy episodic drinker, and other drinker/abstainer. We used propensity score matching to compare baseline drinking groups on midlife alcohol consumption, educational attainment, and labor market and health outcomes. RESULTS Frequent heavy episodic drinkers substantially reduced alcohol consumption between baseline and follow-up 25 years later. However, they were much more likely to abuse alcohol and be alcohol dependent in 1994 and be heavy episodic drinkers at the 25-year follow-up compared with the other drinking groups. After matching, there was little indication that being in a higher consumption baseline alcohol group was adversely associated with years of schooling completed by middle age, the probability of being employed, earnings conditional on being employed in midlife, and health problems in midlife. Results on the probability of surviving to follow-up were mixed. CONCLUSIONS Frequent heavy episodic drinking at ages 17-25 years was associated with higher rates of alcohol dependence and abuse at a 10-year follow-up and alcohol consumption 25 years following baseline but not with other study outcomes at midlife. Lack of differences in outcomes at midlife may be because of decreased heavy episodic drinking among the heaviest baseline drinkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Sloan
- Department of Economics, Box 90097, 236 Social Sciences Building, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA.
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Howie EK, Sui X, Lee DC, Hooker SP, Hébert JR, Blair SN. Alcohol consumption and risk of all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in men. J Aging Res 2011; 2011:805062. [PMID: 21785729 PMCID: PMC3140194 DOI: 10.4061/2011/805062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined the association between consumption of alcoholic beverages and all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality in a cohort of men (n = 31,367). In the Cox proportional hazards model adjusted for age, year of examination, body mass index (BMI), smoking, family history of CVD, and aerobic fitness, there were no significant differences in risk of all-cause mortality across alcohol intake groups. Risk of CVD mortality was reduced 29% in quartile 1 (HR = 0.71, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.53, 0.95) and 25% in quartile 2 (HR = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.58, 0.98). The amount of alcohol consumed to achieve this risk reduction was <6 drinks/week; less than the amount currently recommended. The addition of other potential confounders and effect modifiers including blood pressure, insulin sensitivity, lipid levels, and psychological variables did not affect the magnitude of association. Future research is needed to validate the current public health recommendations for alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin K Howie
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
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Radisauskas R, Prochorskas R, Grabauskas V, Bernotiene G, Tamosiunas A, Veryga A. Recent heavy alcohol consumption at death certified as ischaemic heart disease: correcting mortality data from Kaunas (Lithuania). Alcohol Alcohol 2011; 46:614-9. [PMID: 21680633 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agr068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To assess the proportion of deaths assigned to ischaemic heart disease (IHD) which in fact were caused by the toxic effects of alcohol, and how this may affect the official statistics of mortality from IHD in Lithuania. METHODS Using the IHD register in Kaunas, Lithuania, and verifying underlying causes of death using standard international methodology, 3061 cases were found in Kaunas city who had died from IHD at age 25-64 during 1993-2007. Out-of-hospital sudden deaths accounted for 2467 cases (81%), including 1498 where forensic autopsy was conducted and post-mortem concentration of alcohol in blood and urine was available. RESULTS In total, 78.4% of all initial IHD diagnoses were verified, while in 8.7% of deaths the underlying cause of death was corrected into an alcohol-related cause and in 12.9% to other diseases. Alcohol was found in about half (50.3%) of out-of-hospital death cases subjected to autopsy. In 18.0% of cases, the alcohol concentration was 3.5% or higher. Alcohol was more likely to be present in winter months and at weekends. CONCLUSION A significant number of alcohol-attributable deaths in Lithuania were misclassified as coronary deaths, accounting for almost one-tenth of officially registered deaths from IHD in ages 25-64. A high prevalence of positive post-mortem blood or urine alcohol tests suggests that the proportion of alcohol-related deaths among out-of-hospital IHD deaths may be actually even higher. A similar situation may be present in some other countries where high levels of alcohol consumption and binge drinking patterns are observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardas Radisauskas
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu 4, LT- 50009 Kaunas, Lithuania.
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Schütze M, Boeing H, Pischon T, Rehm J, Kehoe T, Gmel G, Olsen A, Tjønneland AM, Dahm CC, Overvad K, Clavel-Chapelon F, Boutron-Ruault MC, Trichopoulou A, Benetou V, Zylis D, Kaaks R, Rohrmann S, Palli D, Berrino F, Tumino R, Vineis P, Rodríguez L, Agudo A, Sánchez MJ, Dorronsoro M, Chirlaque MD, Barricarte A, Peeters PH, van Gils CH, Khaw KT, Wareham N, Allen NE, Key TJ, Boffetta P, Slimani N, Jenab M, Romaguera D, Wark PA, Riboli E, Bergmann MM. Alcohol attributable burden of incidence of cancer in eight European countries based on results from prospective cohort study. BMJ 2011; 342:d1584. [PMID: 21474525 PMCID: PMC3072472 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.d1584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compute the burden of cancer attributable to current and former alcohol consumption in eight European countries based on direct relative risk estimates from a cohort study. DESIGN Combination of prospective cohort study with representative population based data on alcohol exposure. Setting Eight countries (France, Italy, Spain, United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Greece, Germany, Denmark) participating in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study. PARTICIPANTS 109,118 men and 254,870 women, mainly aged 37-70. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Hazard rate ratios expressing the relative risk of cancer incidence for former and current alcohol consumption among EPIC participants. Hazard rate ratios combined with representative information on alcohol consumption to calculate alcohol attributable fractions of causally related cancers by country and sex. Partial alcohol attributable fractions for consumption higher than the recommended upper limit (two drinks a day for men with about 24 g alcohol, one for women with about 12 g alcohol) and the estimated total annual number of cases of alcohol attributable cancer. RESULTS If we assume causality, among men and women, 10% (95% confidence interval 7 to 13%) and 3% (1 to 5%) of the incidence of total cancer was attributable to former and current alcohol consumption in the selected European countries. For selected cancers the figures were 44% (31 to 56%) and 25% (5 to 46%) for upper aerodigestive tract, 33% (11 to 54%) and 18% (-3 to 38%) for liver, 17% (10 to 25%) and 4% (-1 to 10%) for colorectal cancer for men and women, respectively, and 5.0% (2 to 8%) for female breast cancer. A substantial part of the alcohol attributable fraction in 2008 was associated with alcohol consumption higher than the recommended upper limit: 33,037 of 178,578 alcohol related cancer cases in men and 17,470 of 397,043 alcohol related cases in women. CONCLUSIONS In western Europe, an important proportion of cases of cancer can be attributable to alcohol consumption, especially consumption higher than the recommended upper limits. These data support current political efforts to reduce or to abstain from alcohol consumption to reduce the incidence of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madlen Schütze
- Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
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Arrieta F, Salinero M, Piñera M, Botella-Carretero JI, Iglesias P, Abanades JC, Carrillo E, Nogales P, Balsa JA, Zamarrón I, Rovira A, Vázquez C. Estudio descriptivo de la evolución clínico-asistencial de la población con diabetes tipo 2 en la Comunidad de Madrid. Estudio de seguimiento diabético tipo 2 (ESD-2). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s1134-3230(11)70009-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Christophersen OA, Haug A. Animal products, diseases and drugs: a plea for better integration between agricultural sciences, human nutrition and human pharmacology. Lipids Health Dis 2011; 10:16. [PMID: 21247506 PMCID: PMC3031257 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-10-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Eicosanoids are major players in the pathogenesis of several common diseases, with either overproduction or imbalance (e.g. between thromboxanes and prostacyclins) often leading to worsening of disease symptoms. Both the total rate of eicosanoid production and the balance between eicosanoids with opposite effects are strongly dependent on dietary factors, such as the daily intakes of various eicosanoid precursor fatty acids, and also on the intakes of several antioxidant nutrients including selenium and sulphur amino acids. Even though the underlying biochemical mechanisms have been thoroughly studied for more than 30 years, neither the agricultural sector nor medical practitioners have shown much interest in making practical use of the abundant high-quality research data now available. In this article, we discuss some specific examples of the interactions between diet and drugs in the pathogenesis and therapy of various common diseases. We also discuss, using common pain conditions and cancer as specific examples, how a better integration between agricultural science, nutrition and pharmacology could lead to improved treatment for important diseases (with improved overall therapeutic effect at the same time as negative side effects and therapy costs can be strongly reduced). It is shown how an unnaturally high omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid concentration ratio in meat, offal and eggs (because the omega-6/omega-3 ratio of the animal diet is unnaturally high) directly leads to exacerbation of pain conditions, cardiovascular disease and probably most cancers. It should be technologically easy and fairly inexpensive to produce poultry and pork meat with much more long-chain omega-3 fatty acids and less arachidonic acid than now, at the same time as they could also have a similar selenium concentration as is common in marine fish. The health economic benefits of such products for society as a whole must be expected vastly to outweigh the direct costs for the farming sector.
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Bond Brill J. Lifestyle Intervention Strategies for the Prevention and Treatment of Hypertension: A Review. Am J Lifestyle Med 2011. [DOI: 10.1177/1559827610392873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension (HTN) is an extraordinarily common progressive cardiovascular syndrome in the United States, afflicting approximately one third of the adult population. HTN is a powerful and unequivocal independent risk factor for cardiovascular and renal diseases, including coronary heart disease, stroke, and renal failure. Despite major advances in the understanding and treatment of HTN over the past several decades, the disease remains the most common primary diagnosis in the United States and is a major public health concern. Adoption of healthy lifestyle modifications has proven to be highly effective in both the prevention of new-onset HTN and in the treatment of those diagnosed with HTN. In view of the continuing epidemic of HTN and blood pressure (BP)—related diseases and the invaluable role of applying nonpharmacological therapy in the prevention and management of HTN, a review of current therapeutic lifestyle strategies appears warranted. This review will define 6 well-established nonpharmacological lifestyle modifications for preventing and managing HTN in addition to 3 novel lifestyle interventions that show promise as effective adjunct strategies for lowering BP. A healthy lifestyle prescription ideally comprising a number of these BP-lowering lifestyle intervention strategies should be dispensed by all primary care physicians for both the prevention and treatment of elevated BP, an action that would have major, positive public health ramifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Bond Brill
- University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida and Dietetics and Nutrition, Florida International University, Miami, Florida,
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Abstract
Wine and Health: A Paradigm for Alcohol and AntioxidantsModerate alcohol consumption has been shown in many epidemiological investigations to prolong overall life expectancy by reducing the risk of certain diseases. Those that account most for this reduction are coronary heart disease and ischemic stroke, both of which are caused by atherosclerotic vascular disease. It has been claimed that these effects are beverage-specific, with red wine being the most potent. This review examines the relative contributions of ethanol and the polyphenolic antioxidants of red wine by considering their potential to inhibit atherogenesis and the mechanisms involved. There is good evidence, bothin vitroandin vivo, that ethanol increases production and circulating levels of HDL-Cholesterol, and reduces clot formation by blocking thrombin activity as well as by inhibition of fibrinolysis. It also prevents migration of smooth-muscle cells to the intimal layer of arteries and reduces the incidence of Type II Diabetes Mellitus, a major risk factor for atherosclerotic disease. Red wine, in addition to ethanol, contains many polyphenolic antioxidants that are also present in fruit and vegetables (such as catechin and quercetin), as well as resveratrol that is almost restricted to grapes and red wine. These polyphenols, especially the last-named, have been shown byin vitroexperiments to exhibit many potent properties conducive to preventing atherosclerosis. In addition to lowering clot formation, they diminish inflammatory reactions by down-regulating production of eicosanoids and cytokines, they prevent oxidation of LDL, reduce expression of cell-adhesion molecules, and increase NO production. However, investigations in whole animals and human subjects have yielded conflicting results. The above paradox can be explained by studies demonstrating that these polyphenols, when taken orally, are rapidly conjugated with glucuronide and sulfate by the small-intestinal mucosa prior to absorption, following which the deactivated water-soluble conjugates are quickly excreted by the kidney. The free biologically-active parent compounds appear in the circulation in very low concentrations and with a very rapid halflife. Uptake by relevant tissues could not be demonstrated. In line with this evidence, red and white wines have comparable effects when administered to humans that are essentially attributable to their alcohol content alone. These findings suggest that dietary antioxidants may be less effective than previously thought.
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Morrow D, Cullen JP, Liu W, Cahill PA, Redmond EM. Alcohol inhibits smooth muscle cell proliferation via regulation of the Notch signaling pathway. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010; 30:2597-603. [PMID: 20930168 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.110.215681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the role of Notch signaling in mediating alcohol's inhibition of smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation. METHODS AND RESULTS Treatment of human coronary artery SMCs with ethanol (EtOH) decreased Notch 1 mRNA and Notch 1 intracellular domain protein levels, in the absence of any effect on Notch 3. EtOH treatment also decreased C-promoter binding factor-1 (CBF-1)/recombination signal-binding protein (RBP)-jk promoter activity and Notch target gene (hairy related transcription factor [HRT-1] or HRT-2) expression. These effects were concomitant with an inhibitory effect of EtOH on SMC proliferation. Overexpression of constitutively active Notch 1 intracellular domain or human hairy related transcription factor-1 (hHRT-1) prevented the EtOH-induced inhibition of SMC proliferation. In vivo, Notch 1 and HRT-1 mRNA expression was increased after ligation-induced carotid artery remodeling. The vessel remodeling response was inhibited in mice that received "moderate" amounts of alcohol by gavage daily; intimal-medial thickening was markedly reduced, and medial and neointimal SMC proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression was decreased. Moreover, Notch 1 and HRT-1 expression, induced after ligation injury, was inhibited by moderate alcohol consumption. CONCLUSIONS EtOH inhibits Notch signaling and, subsequently, SMC proliferation, in vitro and in vivo. The modulation of Notch signaling in SMCs by EtOH may be relevant to the cardiovascular protective effects of moderate alcohol consumption purported by epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Morrow
- Department of Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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