1
|
Mason C. Animals witnessing slaughter of their conspecifics. Vet Rec 2023; 192:296. [PMID: 37000720 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.2922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Charlie Mason
- HSA, The Old School, Brewhouse Hill, Wheathampstead, Hertfordshire, AL4 8AN
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Brain circuits at risk in psychiatric diseases and pharmacological pathways. Therapie 2020; 76:75-86. [PMID: 33358639 DOI: 10.1016/j.therap.2020.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The multiple brain circuits involved in psychiatric diseases may appear daunting, but we prefer to concentrate on a select few, with a particular sensitivity to stress and neurodevelopmental issues, with a clear pharmacotherapy. This review is structured around 1. the key circuits, their role in health and disease, and the neurotransmitters maintaining them, 2. The influence of upbringing, stress, chronobiology, inflammation and infection, 3. The genetic and epigenetic influence on these circuits, particularly regarding copy number variants and neuronal plasticity, 4. The use and abuse of pharmacological agents with the particular risks of stress and chronobiology at critical periods. A major emphasis is placed on the links between hippocampus, prefrontal cortex and amygdala/periaqueductal grey which control specific aspects of cognition, mood, pain and even violence. Some of the research findings were from the innovative medicine initiative (IMI) NEWMEDS, a 22M€ academic/industrial consortium on the brain circuits critical for psychiatric disease.
Collapse
|
3
|
Oscillatory thermo-regulatory behavior of fecundity-gene-introgressed sheep in the hot semi-arid region. J Vet Behav 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
4
|
Kumar D, De K, Shekhawat I, Bahadur S, Balaganur K, Naqvi SMK. Combined effect of heat and nutritional stress on superovulation of Malpura ewes in a semi-arid region. J Therm Biol 2019; 80:158-163. [PMID: 30784480 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sheep reared in hot semi-arid environments are generally exposed to heat and nutritional stress in some seasons of the year, which affects both production and reproduction. To assess the effect of high ambient temperature and feed scarcity on superovulation, 16 adult Malpura ewes were randomly divided into two groups of 8 animals each. G1 (control) was kept under a shed and offered a maintenance diet, and G2 (combined stress) was subjected to both nutritional (30% less of maintenance diet) and heat (38-44 °C for 6 h/day) stress. Ewes were superovulated without estrus synchronization by a combination of single injection of 200 IU eCG and 8 injections of FSH (Folltropin-V) at 12-h intervals in tapering doses of 5 mg/kg body weight, starting from the day 7 of natural estrus. eCG was given with the first injection and PGF2α (10 mg) was given with the second last FSH injection. G2 increased respiration rate and rectal temperature (P < 0.01), and blood urea level (P < 0.05), whereas it decreased average daily gain, plasma T4 concentration (P < 0.01) and body weight (P < 0.05). Plasma estradiol level was lower (P < 0.05) in G2 ewes as compared to control (G1) ewes. However, the number of ewes showed a superovulatory response (88 vs 66% ewes ≥ 3 corpus luteum), ovulation rate (8.75 vs 5.88) and embryo production (5.5 vs 3.9) decreased, and the number of large follicles (anovulation) increased (1.0 vs 2.14) in G2 ewes. G2 had a comparable effect on the superovulatory response compared to control ewes although physiological changes occurred as an adaptive mechanism to stress. Therefore, the well-adapted cyclic sheep of the semi-arid region may be used for superovulation despite the stressful condition of heat exposure and nutritional insufficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davendra Kumar
- Division of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, ICAR-Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar 304501, Rajasthan, India
| | - Kalyan De
- Division of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, ICAR-Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar 304501, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Indu Shekhawat
- Division of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, ICAR-Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar 304501, Rajasthan, India
| | - Saumya Bahadur
- Division of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, ICAR-Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar 304501, Rajasthan, India
| | - Krishnappa Balaganur
- Division of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, ICAR-Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar 304501, Rajasthan, India
| | - S M K Naqvi
- Division of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, ICAR-Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar 304501, Rajasthan, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
First evidence of neuronal connections between specific parts of the periaqueductal gray (PAG) and the rest of the brain in sheep: placing the sheep PAG in the circuit of emotion. Brain Struct Funct 2018; 223:3297-3316. [PMID: 29869133 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-018-1689-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The periaqueductal gray (PAG) is a mesencephalic brain structure organised in subdivisions with specific anatomical connections with the rest of the brain. These connections support the different PAG functions and especially its role in emotion. Mainly described in territorial and predatory mammals, examination of the PAG connections suggests an opposite role of the ventral and the dorsal/lateral PAG in passive and active coping style, respectively. In mammals, the organisation of PAG connections may reflect the coping style of each species. Based on this hypothesis, we investigated the anatomical connections of the PAG in sheep, a gregarious and prey species. Since emotional responses expressed by sheep are typical of active coping style, we focused our interest on the dorsal and lateral parts of the PAG. After injection of fluorogold and fluororuby, the most numerous connections occurred with the anterior cingulate gyrus, the anterior hypothalamic region, the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus and the PAG itself. Our observations show that the sheep PAG belongs to the neuronal circuit of emotion and has specific parts as in other mammals. However, unlike other mammals, we observed very few connections between PAG and either the thalamic or the amygdalar nuclei. Interestingly, when comparing across species, the PAG connections of sheep were noticeably more like those previously described in other social species, rabbits and squirrel monkeys, than those in territorial species, rats or cats.
Collapse
|
6
|
De K, Kumar D, Saxena VK, Thirumurugan P, Naqvi SMK. Effect of high ambient temperature on behavior of sheep under semi-arid tropical environment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2017; 61:1269-1277. [PMID: 28091854 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-016-1304-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 12/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
High environmental temperature is a major constraint in sheep production under semi-arid tropical environment. Behavior is the earliest indicator of animal's adaptation and responses to the environmental alteration. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the effects of high ambient temperature on the behavior of sheep under a semi-arid tropical environment. The experiment was conducted for 6 weeks on 16 Malpura cross (Garole × Malpura × Malpura (GMM)) rams. The rams were divided equally into two groups, designated as C and T. The rams of C were kept in comfortable environmental conditions served as control. The rams of T were exposed to a different temperature at different hours of the day in a climatic chamber, to simulate a high environmental temperature of summer in semi-arid tropic. The behavioral observations were taken by direct instantaneous observation at 15-min intervals for each animal individually. The feeding, ruminating, standing, and lying behaviors were recorded twice a week from morning (0800 hours) to afternoon (1700 hours) for 6 weeks. Exposure of rams to high temperature (T) significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the proportion of time spent in feeding during the observation period in most of the hours of the day as compared to the C. The proportion of time spent in rumination and lying was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in the T group compared to the C. The animals of T spent significantly (P < 0.05) more time in rumination in standing position as compared to the C. The overall proportion of time spent in standing, panting in each hour, and total panting time was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the T as compared to the C. The result of the study indicates that the exposure of sheep to high ambient temperature severely modulates the behavior of sheep which is directed to circumvent the effect of the stressor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kalyan De
- Adaptation Physiology Laboratory, Physiology and Biochemistry Division, ICAR-Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar, via, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 304501, India.
| | - Davendra Kumar
- Adaptation Physiology Laboratory, Physiology and Biochemistry Division, ICAR-Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar, via, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 304501, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Saxena
- Adaptation Physiology Laboratory, Physiology and Biochemistry Division, ICAR-Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar, via, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 304501, India
| | - Palanisamy Thirumurugan
- Animal Nutrition Division, ICAR-Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar, via, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 304501, India
| | - Syed Mohammed Khursheed Naqvi
- Adaptation Physiology Laboratory, Physiology and Biochemistry Division, ICAR-Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar, via, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 304501, India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Guesdon V, Nowak R, Meurisse M, Boivin X, Cornilleau F, Chaillou E, Lévy F. Behavioral evidence of heterospecific bonding between the lamb and the human caregiver and mapping of associated brain network. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2016; 71:159-69. [PMID: 27286409 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
While behavioral mechanisms of bonding between young mammals and humans have been explored, brain structures involved in the establishment of such processes are still unknown. The aim of the study was to identify brain regions activated by the presence of the caregiver. Since human positive interaction plays an important role in the bonding process, activation of specific brain structures by stroking was also examined. Twenty-four female lambs reared in groups of three were fed and stroked daily by a female caregiver between birth and 5-7 weeks of age. At 4 weeks, an isolation-reunion-separation test and a choice test revealed that lambs developed a strong bond with their caregiver. At 5-7 weeks of age, lambs were socially isolated for 90min. They either remained isolated or met their caregiver who stroked them, or not, at regular intervals over a 90-min period. Neuronal activation was investigated at the end of the period for maximum c-Fos expression. Reunion with the caregiver appeased similarly the lambs whether stroking was provided or not. Stroking did not activate a specific brain network compared to no stroking. In both cases, brain regions associated with olfactory, visual and tactile cue processing were activated in the presence of the caregiver, suggesting a multisensory process involved. In addition, activation of the oxytocinergic system in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus induced by the presence of the caregiver suggests similar neuroendocrine mechanisms involved in inter-conspecific and animal-human bonding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Guesdon
- Groupe ISA Lille, Equipe CASE, 48 boulevard Vauban, 59046 Lille cedex, France; INRA, UMR85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, 37380 Nouzilly, France; CNRS, UMR7247, 37380 Nouzilly, France; Université François Rabelais de Tours, 37041 Tours, France; Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Raymond Nowak
- INRA, UMR85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, 37380 Nouzilly, France; CNRS, UMR7247, 37380 Nouzilly, France; Université François Rabelais de Tours, 37041 Tours, France; Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Maryse Meurisse
- INRA, UMR85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, 37380 Nouzilly, France; CNRS, UMR7247, 37380 Nouzilly, France; Université François Rabelais de Tours, 37041 Tours, France; Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Xavier Boivin
- INRA, UMRH1213 Herbivores, 63122St. Genes Champanelle, France; Clermont Université, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, BP 10448, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Fabien Cornilleau
- INRA, UMR85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, 37380 Nouzilly, France; CNRS, UMR7247, 37380 Nouzilly, France; Université François Rabelais de Tours, 37041 Tours, France; Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Elodie Chaillou
- INRA, UMR85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, 37380 Nouzilly, France; CNRS, UMR7247, 37380 Nouzilly, France; Université François Rabelais de Tours, 37041 Tours, France; Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Frédéric Lévy
- INRA, UMR85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, 37380 Nouzilly, France; CNRS, UMR7247, 37380 Nouzilly, France; Université François Rabelais de Tours, 37041 Tours, France; Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation, 37380 Nouzilly, France.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
How Farm Animals React and Perceive Stressful Situations Such As Handling, Restraint, and Transport. Animals (Basel) 2015; 5:1233-51. [PMID: 26633523 PMCID: PMC4693213 DOI: 10.3390/ani5040409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
An animal that has been carefully acclimated to handling may willingly re-enter a restrainer. Another animal may have an intense agitated behavioral reaction or refuse to re-enter the handling facility. Physiological measures of stress such as cortisol may be very low in the animal that re-enters willingly and higher in animals that actively resist restraint. Carefully acclimating young animals to handling and restraint can help improve both productivity and welfare by reducing fear stress. Some of the topics covered in this review are: How an animal perceives handling and restraint, the detrimental effects of a sudden novel event, descriptions of temperament and aversion tests and the importance of good stockmanship.
Collapse
|
9
|
Guesdon V, Meurisse M, Chesneau D, Picard S, Lévy F, Chaillou E. Behavioral and endocrine evaluation of the stressfulness of single-pen housing compared to group-housing and social isolation conditions. Physiol Behav 2015; 147:63-70. [PMID: 25865708 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of neuroendocrine responses is often studied in animals housed indoors in individual contiguous pens. In sheep, these housing conditions are used to control the environment, facilitate biological sampling and limit social stress. However, this type of housing also prevents exploratory behaviors and could induce stereotypies, non-compliant with welfare and possibly associated with a state of stress. In this context, we investigated the impact of housing in a single-pen, with other familiar conspecifics, on emotional state by evaluating behavioral, hormonal and neuronal measures in adult ewes. We hypothesized that emotional state would be more negative in animals housed in a single-pen for one week (Pen) than in freely moving animals (Free) but less negative than in socially isolated subjects (Isol). We tested our hypothesis in ovariectomized ewes to avoid the interaction with sexual steroid variations. Our behavioral, endocrine and neuronal (Fos activation of the corticotropin-releasing hormone neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus) measures confirmed that withdrawing familiar conspecifics was sufficient to induce strong stress responses in Isol ewes, but there was no indication that Pen ewes were stressed. However, the latter showed less mastication activity than Free ewes, probably due to limited accessibility to straw. The highest plasma prolactin levels were observed in Isol and Free animals, which might result from stress and physical activity, respectively. In Free ewes, plasma dopamine was low, consistent with its inhibitory control of prolactin. However, Isol animals had both high levels of prolactin and dopamine, suggesting a dysregulated balance in socially stressed ewes. As in other species, we suggest that the regulation of prolactin by dopamine varies with stress and/or social context. Overall, this study shows that the impact of housing conditions on different neuroendocrine systems should be considered more in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maryse Meurisse
- INRA, UMR85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, F-37380 Nouzilly, France; CNRS, UMR 6175, F-37380 Nouzilly, France; Université de Tours, F-37041 Tours, France; IFCE, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Didier Chesneau
- INRA, UMR85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, F-37380 Nouzilly, France; CNRS, UMR 6175, F-37380 Nouzilly, France; Université de Tours, F-37041 Tours, France; IFCE, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Sophie Picard
- INRA, UMR85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, F-37380 Nouzilly, France; CNRS, UMR 6175, F-37380 Nouzilly, France; Université de Tours, F-37041 Tours, France; IFCE, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Frédéric Lévy
- INRA, UMR85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, F-37380 Nouzilly, France; CNRS, UMR 6175, F-37380 Nouzilly, France; Université de Tours, F-37041 Tours, France; IFCE, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Elodie Chaillou
- INRA, UMR85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, F-37380 Nouzilly, France; CNRS, UMR 6175, F-37380 Nouzilly, France; Université de Tours, F-37041 Tours, France; IFCE, F-37380 Nouzilly, France.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Daughters are more strongly attached to their mother than sons: a possible mechanism for early social segregation. Anim Behav 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
11
|
Scientific Opinion on the welfare risks related to the farming of sheep for wool, meat and milk production. EFSA J 2014. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
|
12
|
Walker JK, Waran NK, Phillips CJ. The effect of conspecific removal on the behaviour and physiology of pair-housed shelter dogs. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2014.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
|
13
|
Guesdon V, Malpaux B, Delagrange P, Spedding M, Cornilleau F, Chesneau D, Haller J, Chaillou E. Rapid effects of melatonin on hormonal and behavioral stressful responses in ewes. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2013; 38:1426-34. [PMID: 23337408 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Sheep are gregarious mammals with complex social interactions. As such, they are very sensitive to social isolation and constitute a relevant animal model to study specifically the biological consequences of social stress. We examined previously the behavioral and endocrine responses in ewes isolated socially in the familiar conspecific withdrawal model (FCW) and showed that stressful responses increased and maintenance behaviors decreased, confirming that social isolation is a strong stressor in sheep. Melatonin synchronizes seasonal and circadian rhythms; and several studies reported its implication in cognitive processes as emotion. Here we investigated its role in the modulation of social stressful responses. Firstly, we studied ewes in the FCW model during the day (characterized by low melatonin levels) and the night (characterized by high melatonin levels). We found lower stressful responses (significant lower levels of cortisol plasma, number of foot pawings, of circling attempts) during the night as compared to the day. To investigate whether these effects were due to melatonin or to darkness, we submitted ewes to FCW during the night with lights on, a condition that suppresses melatonin secretion. Ewes infused with melatonin under these conditions showed decreased stressful responses (significant lower levels cortisol plasma, number of vocalizations, time spent with the head out of the cage) as compared to ewes infused with saline. These findings demonstrate that melatonin diminishes the endocrine and behavioral impact of social isolation in ewes and support the idea that melatonin has a calming effect in socially stressful situations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Guesdon
- INRA, UMR85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, F-37380 Nouzilly, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Patt A, Gygax L, Wechsler B, Hillmann E, Palme R, Keil NM. Behavioural and physiological reactions of goats confronted with an unfamiliar group either when alone or with two peers. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|