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Incentive disengagement and the adaptive significance of frustrative nonreward. Learn Behav 2022; 50:372-388. [DOI: 10.3758/s13420-022-00519-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Corredor K, Marín DP, García CC, Restrepo DA, Martínez GS, Cardenas FP. Providing Environmental Enrichment without Altering Behavior in Male and Female Wistar Rats ( Rattus norvegicus). JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE : JAALAS 2022; 61:234-240. [PMID: 35379381 PMCID: PMC9137287 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-21-000075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In research using animal models, subjects are commonly maintained under standard housing conditions, mainly because of the idea that enhancing welfare conditions could alter experimental data. Another common practice in many laboratories relates to the preponderant use of males. Several reasons justifying this practice include the rapid hormonal and endocrine change in females, which may require a higher number of female animals to achieve more homogenous groups, thereby creating a dilemma with the reduction principle in animal research. In past decades, a relationship between enriched environments and enhanced cognitive functions has been reported in rats, but many of those enriched environmental protocols were not systematically or rigorously studied, leading to unexpected effects on behavior. Here we report the effects of 4 types of housing conditions (standard, structural changes, exercise, and foraging) in Wistar rats on anxiety (elevated plus maze), exploratory (open field), and stress vulnerability (forced swim test) responses. Sex was used as a blocking factor. Data show no effect of housing conditions on anxiety and exploratory behaviors, but do show an effect on stress responses. These results suggest the possibility of using a protocol for environmental enrichment without concern about altering experimental data. From this stand, new ways to enhance animal welfare in research laboratories could be designed and implemented.
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Key Words
- ee, environmental enrichment
- of, open field
- epm, elevated plus maze
- fst, forced swim test
- sd, standard condition
- st, structural modification
- ex, exercise, playing, and exploration
- fg, foraging
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Corredor
- Universidad de los Andes, Laboratorio de Neurociencia y Comportamiento, Bogotá, Colombia; Centro de Investigaciones en Biomodelos, Bogotá, Colombia;,
| | - Daniela P Marín
- Universidad de los Andes, Laboratorio de Neurociencia y Comportamiento, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Christian C García
- Universidad de los Andes, Laboratorio de Neurociencia y Comportamiento, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Daniela A Restrepo
- Universidad de los Andes, Laboratorio de Neurociencia y Comportamiento, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Fernando P Cardenas
- Universidad de los Andes, Laboratorio de Neurociencia y Comportamiento, Bogotá, Colombia
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Khakpay R, Khakpai F. Modulation of anxiety behavior in gonadectomized animals. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 2020. [DOI: 10.21307/ane-2020-019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Kruse MS, Vadillo MJ, Miguelez Fernández AMM, Rey M, Zanutto BS, Coirini H. Sucrose exposure in juvenile rats produces long-term changes in fear memory and anxiety-like behavior. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019; 104:300-307. [PMID: 30928734 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Sugar consumption has increased dramatically in our society, a phenomenon that is primarily associated with obesity and diabetes appearance. However, whether this overconsumption of sugar has an impact on the developing CNS remains unknown. This study investigated the long-term effects of unlimited access to sucrose using the two-bottle choice paradigm and the juvenile and adult effects were compared. Male Sprague Dawley rats had free access to water containing 10% sucrose and water during youth (PD 25-50) or adulthood (PD 75-100). Rats in the sucrose group, privileged to take sugary solution over the water. No weight differences were observed between the sucrose groups and their age-matched water controls. After treatment all animals drank only water for another 25 days. Frustration, measured as the amount of water drank after the sucrose period, was higher in young-exposed animals compared to adults. In addition, rats that consumed sucrose during youth travelled less the central zones of an open field. Sucrose consumption during youth also affected fear behavior as animals exhibited impaired extinction of fear memory compared to control, indicating that prefrontal and hippocampal function is impaired. In contrast, rats exposed to sucrose during adulthood did not behave significantly different from control on either task. The calretinin and parvalbumin GABAergic interneurons go through extensive remodeling during youth in the medial prefrontal cortex and the ventral hippocampus. Here, we found that rats exposed to sucrose during youth presented an increased expression of calretinin-immunoreactivity in the medial prefrontal cortex, but not in the ventral hippocampus, indicating that early sucrose consumption produces enduring effects on the GABA system. Altogether these results indicate that sugar overconsumption at early stages of life induces long-term effects on behaviors related to fear and anxiety in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Sol Kruse
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental-CONICET, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, C1428ADN, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Martín Javier Vadillo
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental-CONICET, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, C1428ADN, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Mariana Rey
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental-CONICET, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, C1428ADN, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Bonifacio Silvano Zanutto
- Laboratorio de Biología del Comportamiento, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental-CONICET, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, C1428ADN, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Héctor Coirini
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental-CONICET, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, C1428ADN, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Depto. de Bioquímica Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, C1121ABG, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Abstract
During extinction, the organism learns that a conditioned stimulus or a conditioned response is no longer associated with an unconditioned stimulus, and as a consequence, a decrement in the response is presented. The exposure to novel situations (e.g. exploration of a novel open field) has been used widely to modulate (i.e. either enhance or deteriorate) learning and memory. The aim of the present study was to test whether open-field exposure could modulate consummatory extinction. The results indicated that open-field exposure accelerated the extinction response (i.e. experimental animals provided novelty exposure had lower consummatory behavior than control animals) when applied before - but not after - the first extinction trial, or when applied before the second extinction trial. The results suggest that environmental treatments such as novelty exposure provide a valuable, nonpharmacological alternative to potentially modulate extinction processes.
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Open field exposure facilitates recovery from an aversive emotional event: Involvement of adrenergic and cholinergic transmitter systems. Neurosci Lett 2016; 633:202-209. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Psyrdellis M, Pautassi RM, Mustaca A, Justel N. Cholinergic transmission underlies modulation of frustration by open field exposure. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2016; 140:8-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2015.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Yan W, Kang J, Zhang G, Li S, Kang Y, Wang L, Shi G. The effects of gonadectomy and binge-like ethanol exposure during adolescence on open field behaviour in adult male rats. Neurosci Lett 2015; 604:52-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Justel N, Psyrdellis M, Pautassi RM, Mustaca A. Propranolol reverses open field effects on frustration. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2014; 116:105-11. [PMID: 25261228 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Reactivity to a reward is affected by prior experience with different reinforcer values of that reward, a phenomenon known as incentive relativity. Incentive relativity can be studied via the consummatory successive negative contrast (cSNC) paradigm, in which acceptance of 4% sucrose is assessed in animals that had been exposed to 32% sucrose. These downshifted animals usually exhibit significantly less sucrose acceptance than animals that always received the 4% sucrose solution. In previous work, we found that exploration of a novel open field (OF) before the first trial with the downshifted solution attenuated the contrast effect. The goal of the present experiments was to expand the knowledge on the effects of OF exposure on cSNC. We evaluated the effect OF exposure before the second downshift trial and assessed the mediational role of the adrenergic system in the effects of OF during the first and second trial of cSNC. The results indicate that OF applied before the first or second downshift trials exert opposite effects and that the adrenergic system is involved in the acquisition and consolidation of the OF information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Justel
- Laboratorio de Psicología Experimental y Aplicada (PSEA), Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas (IDIM), CONICET UBA, Argentina
| | - Mariana Psyrdellis
- Laboratorio de Psicología Experimental y Aplicada (PSEA), Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas (IDIM), CONICET UBA, Argentina
| | | | - Alba Mustaca
- Laboratorio de Psicología Experimental y Aplicada (PSEA), Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas (IDIM), CONICET UBA, Argentina; Universidad Abierta Interamericana, Argentina
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Khakpai F. The effect of opiodergic system and testosterone on anxiety behavior in gonadectomized rats. Behav Brain Res 2014; 263:9-15. [PMID: 24468308 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Removal of the testes (gonadectomy; GDX), the primary source of androgens, increases anxiety behavior in several tasks. Opioids are known to play a role in mediating the effects of androgen. In the present study, the effect of testosterone and opioidergic system on anxiety behavior was investigated. METHODS Adult male Wistar rats were bilaterally castrated. The elevated plus maze which is a useful test to investigate the effects of anxiogenic or anxiolytic drugs in rodents was used. RESULTS The data indicated that there is a decrease, 10 days after castration, in the percentage of OAT (the ratio of time spent in the open arms to total times spent in any arms × 100) and OAE (the ratio of entries into open arms to total entries × 100) but not locomotor activity, showing anxiogenic-like effects of gonadectomy. Intraperitoneal injection of testosterone (200, 300 and 450 mg/kg) and morphine (2.5, 5 and 7.5mg/kg), before testing 10 days after castration, showed an increase in OAT and OAE. Furthermore, injection of naloxone (5 and 7.5mg/kg, i.p.), 5 min before testing 10 days after castration, decreased OAT and OAE. Also, injection of a significant dose of testosterone (300 mg/kg, i.p.), 1h before the injection of different doses of morphine (1, 2.5, 5 and 7.5mg/kg, i.p.), 10 days after castration, did not significantly alter OAT, OAE and locomotor activity. While, administration of a significant dose of testosterone (300 mg/kg, i.p.), 1h before the infusion of different doses of naloxone (1, 2.5, 5 and 7.5mg/kg, i.p.), 10 days after castration, decreased OAT and OAE. CONCLUSION The results show the involvement of testosterone and opioidergic system in anxiogenic-like behaviors induced by gonadectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Khakpai
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Moallem (Kharazmi) University, Tehran, Iran.
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Justel N, Mustaca A, Boccia M, Ruetti E. Incentive relativity in middle aged rats. Neurosci Lett 2014; 559:122-6. [PMID: 24315974 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Response to a reinforcer is affected by prior experience with different reward values of that reward, a phenomenon known as incentive relativity. Two different procedures to study this phenomenon are the incentive downshift (ID) and the consummatory anticipatory negative contrast (cANC), the former is an emotional-cognitive protocol and the latter cognitive one. Aged rodents, as also well described in aged humans, exhibit alterations in cognitive functions. The main goal of this work was to evaluate the effect of age in the incentive' assessment using these two procedures. The results indicated that aged rats had an adequate assessment of the rewards but their performance is not completely comparable to that of young subjects. They recover faster from the ID and they had a cognitive impairment in the cANC. The results are discussed in relation to age-related changes in memory and emotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Justel
- Laboratorio de Psicología Experimental y Aplicada, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas (IDIM), UBA-CONICET, Argentina
| | - A Mustaca
- Laboratorio de Psicología Experimental y Aplicada, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas (IDIM), UBA-CONICET, Argentina; Universidad Abierta Interamericana (UAI), Argentina
| | - M Boccia
- Lab. de los Procesos de Memoria, Fac. de Farmacia y Bioquímica, UBA-CONICET, Argentina
| | - E Ruetti
- Laboratorio de Psicología Experimental y Aplicada, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas (IDIM), UBA-CONICET, Argentina.
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