1
|
Liu J, Zhang Y, Wang QQ, Zhou Y, Liu JL. Fat body-specific reduction of CTPS alleviates HFD-induced obesity. eLife 2023; 12:e85293. [PMID: 37695169 PMCID: PMC10495109 DOI: 10.7554/elife.85293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity induced by high-fat diet (HFD) is a multi-factorial disease including genetic, physiological, behavioral, and environmental components. Drosophila has emerged as an effective metabolic disease model. Cytidine 5'-triphosphate synthase (CTPS) is an important enzyme for the de novo synthesis of CTP, governing the cellular level of CTP and the rate of phospholipid synthesis. CTPS is known to form filamentous structures called cytoophidia, which are found in bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes. Our study demonstrates that CTPS is crucial in regulating body weight and starvation resistance in Drosophila by functioning in the fat body. HFD-induced obesity leads to increased transcription of CTPS and elongates cytoophidia in larval adipocytes. Depleting CTPS in the fat body prevented HFD-induced obesity, including body weight gain, adipocyte expansion, and lipid accumulation, by inhibiting the PI3K-Akt-SREBP axis. Furthermore, a dominant-negative form of CTPS also prevented adipocyte expansion and downregulated lipogenic genes. These findings not only establish a functional link between CTPS and lipid homeostasis but also highlight the potential role of CTPS manipulation in the treatment of HFD-induced obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingnan Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech UniversityShanghaiChina
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yuanbing Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech UniversityShanghaiChina
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Qiao-Qi Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech UniversityShanghaiChina
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Youfang Zhou
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech UniversityShanghaiChina
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Ji-Long Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech UniversityShanghaiChina
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nafis MMH, Quach ZM, Al-Shaarani AAQA, Muafa MHM, Pecoraro L. Pathogenicity of Aspergillus Airborne Fungal Species Collected from Indoor and Outdoor Public Areas in Tianjin, China. Pathogens 2023; 12:1154. [PMID: 37764962 PMCID: PMC10534727 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12091154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Airborne fungi play an important role in air pollution and may have various negative effects on human health. In particular, Aspergillus fungi are pathogenic to humans and several domestic animals. In this work, Aspergillus strains isolated from airborne fungal communities sampled from different indoor and outdoor environments in Tianjin University were tested for pathogenicity on Drosophila melanogaster. Airborne fungi were sampled using an HAS-100B air sampler, over a one-year sampling period. Isolated fungal strains were identified based on morphological and molecular analysis. The Aspergillus-centered study was conducted as part of a larger work focusing on the total airborne fungal community in the analyzed environments, which yielded 173 fungal species. In this context, the genus Aspergillus showed the second-highest species richness, with 14 isolated species. Pathogenicity tests performed on male adults of Drosophila melanogaster through a bodily contact bioassay showed that all analyzed airborne Aspergillus species were pathogenic to fruit flies, with high insect mortality rates and shortened lifespan. All the studied fungi induced 100% mortality of fruit flies within 30 culture days, with one exception constituted by A. creber (39 days), while the shortest lifespan (17 days) was observed in fruit flies treated with A. tubingensis. Our results allow us to hypothesize that the studied airborne fungal species may have a pathogenic effect on humans, given the affinity between fruit flies and the human immune system, and may help to explain the health risk linked with Aspergillus fungi exposure in densely populated environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lorenzo Pecoraro
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gruss I, Twardowski J, Samsel-Czekała M, Beznosiuk J, Wandzel C, Twardowska K, Wiglusz RJ. The isothermal Boltzmann-Gibbs entropy reduction affects survival of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14166. [PMID: 37644276 PMCID: PMC10465501 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41482-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first experimental evidence of the effect of isothermal changes in entropy on a living organism. In greater detail, the effect of the reduction of the total Boltzmann-Gibbs entropy (S) of the aquatic environment on the survival rate and body mass of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster was investigated. The tests were carried out in standard thermodynamic states at room temperature of 296.15 K and ambient atmospheric pressure of 1 bar. Two variants of entropy reduction (ΔS) were tested for ΔS = 28.49 and 51.14 J K-1 mol-1 compared to the blind and control samples. The entropy level was experimentally changed, using the quantum system for isothermal entropy reduction. This system is based on quantum bound entanglement of phonons and the phenomenon of phonon resonance (interference of phonon modes) in condensed matter (Silicon dioxide (SiO2) and single crystals of Silicon (Si0), Aluminum (Al0) plates ("chips"), glass, and water). All studied organisms were of the same age (1 day). Mortality was observed daily until the natural death of the organisms. The investigations showed that changes in the Boltzmann-Gibbs entropy affected the survival and body mass of the fruit flies. On the one hand, the reduction in entropy under isothermal conditions in the aquatic environment for ΔS = 28.49 J K-1 mol-1 resulted in an extension of the lifespan and an increase in the body mass of female fruit flies. On the other hand, the almost twofold reduction in this entropy for ΔS = 51.14 J K-1 mol-1 shortened the lives of the males. Thus, the lifespan and body mass of flies turned out to be a specific reaction of metabolism related to changes in the entropy of the aquatic environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Gruss
- Department of Plant Protection, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Grunwaldzki Sq. 24a, 50363, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Jacek Twardowski
- Department of Plant Protection, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Grunwaldzki Sq. 24a, 50363, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Samsel-Czekała
- Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Okolna 2, 50422, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jarosław Beznosiuk
- PER Poland S.A, Ul. Zygmunta Starego 9, 44100, Gliwice, Poland
- PER Switzerland AG, Landstrasse 151, 9494, Schaan, Liechtenstein
| | - Czesław Wandzel
- PER Poland S.A, Ul. Zygmunta Starego 9, 44100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Kamila Twardowska
- Department of Plant Protection, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Grunwaldzki Sq. 24a, 50363, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Rafal J Wiglusz
- Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Okolna 2, 50422, Wroclaw, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Insect Models in Nutrition Research. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12111668. [DOI: 10.3390/biom12111668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects are the most diverse organisms on earth, accounting for ~80% of all animals. They are valuable as model organisms, particularly in the context of genetics, development, behavior, neurobiology and evolutionary biology. Compared to other laboratory animals, insects are advantageous because they are inexpensive to house and breed in large numbers, making them suitable for high-throughput testing. They also have a short life cycle, facilitating the analysis of generational effects, and they fulfil the 3R principle (replacement, reduction and refinement). Many insect genomes have now been sequenced, highlighting their genetic and physiological similarities with humans. These factors also make insects favorable as whole-animal high-throughput models in nutritional research. In this review, we discuss the impact of insect models in nutritional science, focusing on studies investigating the role of nutrition in metabolic diseases and aging/longevity. We also consider food toxicology and the use of insects to study the gut microbiome. The benefits of insects as models to study the relationship between nutrition and biological markers of fitness and longevity can be exploited to improve human health.
Collapse
|
5
|
Drosophila Melanogaster as a Model Organism for Obesity and Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus by Applying High-Sugar and High-Fat Diets. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12020307. [PMID: 35204807 PMCID: PMC8869196 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have been published introducing Drosophila melanogaster as a research model to investigate the effects of high-calorie diets on metabolic dysfunctions. However, differences between the use of high-sugar diets (HSD) and high-fat diets (HFD) to affect fly physiology, as well as the influence on sex and age, have been seldom described. Thus, the aim of the present work was to investigate and compare the effects of HSD (30% sucrose) and HFD (15% coconut oil) on symptoms of metabolic dysfunction related to obesity and type-2 diabetes mellitus, including weight gain, survival, climbing ability, glucose and triglycerides accumulation and expression levels of Drosophila insulin-like peptides (dIlps). Female and male flies were subjected to HSD and HFD for 10, 20 and 30 days. The obtained results showed clear differences in the effects of both diets on survival, glucose and triglyceride accumulation and dIlps expression, being gender and age determinant. The present study also suggested that weight gain does not seem to be an appropriate parameter to define fly obesity, since other characteristics appear to be more meaningful in the development of obesity phenotypes. Taken together, the results demonstrate a key role for both diets, HSD and HFD, to induce an obese fly phenotype with associated diseases. However, further studies are needed to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms how both diets differently affect fly metabolism.
Collapse
|
6
|
Endosymbiotic male-killing Spiroplasma affect the physiological and behavioural ecology of Macrocheles- Drosophila interactions. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 88:e0197221. [PMID: 34878815 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01972-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
While many arthropod endosymbionts are vertically transmitted, phylogenetic studies reveal repeated introductions of hemolymph-dwelling Spiroplasma into Drosophila. Introductions are often attributed to horizontal transmission via ectoparasite vectors. Here, we test if mites prefer to infect Spiroplasma poulsonii MSRO infected flies, and if MSRO infection impairs fly resistance against secondary mite (Macrocheles subbadius) attack. First we tested if mites prefer MSRO+ or MSRO- flies using pair-wise-choice tests across fly ages. We then tested whether mite preferences are explained by changes in fly physiology, specifically increased metabolic rate (measured as CO2 production). We hypothesize that this preference is due in part to MSRO+ flies expressing higher metabolic rates. However, our results showed mite preference depended on an interaction between fly age and MSRO status: mites avoided 14-days old MSRO+ flies relative to MSRO- flies (31% infection), but prefered MSRO+ flies (64% infection) among 26-day old flies. Using flow-through respirometry, we found 14 day-old MSRO+ flies had higher CO2 emissions than MSRO- flies (32% greater), whereas at 26 days old the CO2 production among MSRO+ flies was 20% lower than MSRO- flies. Thus, mite preferences for high metabolic rate hosts did not explain the infection biases in this study. To assess changes in susceptibility to infection, we measured fly endurance using geotaxis assays. Older flies had lower endurance consistent with fly senescence, and this effect was magnified among MSRO+ flies. Given the biological importance of male-killing Spiroplasma, potential changes in the interactions of hosts and potential vectors could impact the ecology and evolution of host species. Importance Male-killing endosymbionts are transmitted mother to daughter and kill male offspring. Despite these major ecological effects, how these endosymbionts colonize new host species is not always clear. Mites are sometimes hypothesized to transfer these bacteria between hosts/host species. Here we test if 1) if mites prefer to infect flies that harbour Spiroplasma poulisoni MSRO and 2) if flies infected with MSRO are less able to resist mite infection. Our results show that flies infected with MSRO have weaker anti-mite resistance but the mite preference/aversion for MSRO+ flies varied with fly age. Given the fitness and population impacts of male-killing Spiroplasma, changes in fly-mite interactions have implications for the ecology and evolution of these symbioses.
Collapse
|
7
|
Sanhueza S, Tobar N, Cifuentes M, Quenti D, Varì R, Scazzocchio B, Masella R, Herrera K, Paredes A, Morales G, Ormazabal P. Lampaya Medicinalis Phil. decreases lipid-induced triglyceride accumulation and proinflammatory markers in human hepatocytes and fat body of Drosophila melanogaster. Int J Obes (Lond) 2021; 45:1464-1475. [PMID: 33895783 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-021-00811-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excess hepatic triglyceride (TG) accumulation (steatosis) commonly observed in obesity, may lead to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Altered regulation of intracellular lipid droplets (LD) and TG metabolism, as well as activation of JNK-mediated proinflammatory pathways may trigger liver steatosis-related disorders. Drosophila melanogaster is an animal model used for studying obesity and its associated disorders. In Drosophila, lipids and glycogen are stored in the fat body (FB), which resembles mammalian adipose tissue and liver. Dietary oversupply leads to obesity-related disorders, which are characterized by FB dysfunction. Infusions of Lampaya medicinalis Phil. (Verbenaceae) are used in folk medicine of Chile to counteract inflammatory diseases. Hydroethanolic extract of lampaya (HEL) contains considerable amounts of flavonoids that may explain its anti-inflammatory effect. METHODS We studied whether HEL affects palmitic acid (PA, C16:0) and oleic acid (OA; C18:1)-induced TG accumulation and proinflammatory marker content in HepG2 hepatocytes as well as impaired lipid storage and proinflammatory molecule expression in Drosophila melanogaster fed a high-fat diet (HFD). RESULTS In HepG2 hepatocytes, exposure to OA/PA elevated TG content, FABP4, ATGL and DGAT2 expression, and the JNK proinflammatory pathway, as well as TNF-α and IL-6 production, while diminished FAS expression. These effects were prevented by HEL co-treatment. In Drosophila larvae fed a HFD, HEL prevented TG accumulation and downregulated proinflammatory JNK pathway activation. CONCLUSION HEL effect counteracting OA/PA- and HFD-induced lipid accumulation and proinflammatory marker expression in HepG2 hepatocytes and Drosophila larvae may represent a preventive approach against hepatic steatosis and inflammation, associated to obesity and NAFLD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofía Sanhueza
- Institute of Health Sciences, Universidad de O'Higgins, Av. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 611, 2820000, Rancagua, Chile.,Laboratory of Obesity and Metabolism in Geriatrics and Adults (OMEGA), Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Av. El Líbano 5524, 7830490, Macul, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolás Tobar
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Av. El Líbano 5524, 7830490, Macul, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mariana Cifuentes
- Laboratory of Obesity and Metabolism in Geriatrics and Adults (OMEGA), Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Av. El Líbano 5524, 7830490, Macul, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela Quenti
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Av. El Líbano 5524, 7830490, Macul, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rosaria Varì
- Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Beatrice Scazzocchio
- Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Masella
- Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Karin Herrera
- Institute of Health Sciences, Universidad de O'Higgins, Av. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 611, 2820000, Rancagua, Chile.,Laboratory of Obesity and Metabolism in Geriatrics and Adults (OMEGA), Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Av. El Líbano 5524, 7830490, Macul, Santiago, Chile
| | - Adrián Paredes
- Laboratorio de Química Biológica, Instituto Antofagasta (IA) and Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad de Antofagasta, Av. Angamos 601, 1240000, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Glauco Morales
- Laboratorio de Química Biológica, Instituto Antofagasta (IA) and Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad de Antofagasta, Av. Angamos 601, 1240000, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Paulina Ormazabal
- Institute of Health Sciences, Universidad de O'Higgins, Av. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 611, 2820000, Rancagua, Chile. .,Laboratory of Obesity and Metabolism in Geriatrics and Adults (OMEGA), Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Av. El Líbano 5524, 7830490, Macul, Santiago, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tallo CA, Duncan LH, Yamamoto AH, Slaydon JD, Arya GH, Turlapati L, Mackay TFC, Carbone MA. Heat shock proteins and small nucleolar RNAs are dysregulated in a Drosophila model for feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2021; 11:jkaa014. [PMID: 33561224 PMCID: PMC7849908 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkaa014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In cats, mutations in myosin binding protein C (encoded by the MYBPC3 gene) have been associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). However, the molecular mechanisms linking these mutations to HCM remain unknown. Here, we establish Drosophila melanogaster as a model to understand this connection by generating flies harboring MYBPC3 missense mutations (A31P and R820W) associated with feline HCM. The A31P and R820W flies displayed cardiovascular defects in their heart rates and exercise endurance. We used RNA-seq to determine which processes are misregulated in the presence of mutant MYBPC3 alleles. Transcriptome analysis revealed significant downregulation of genes encoding small nucleolar RNA (snoRNAs) in exercised female flies harboring the mutant alleles compared to flies that harbor the wild-type allele. Other processes that were affected included the unfolded protein response and immune/defense responses. These data show that mutant MYBPC3 proteins have widespread effects on the transcriptome of co-regulated genes. Transcriptionally differentially expressed genes are also candidate genes for future evaluation as genetic modifiers of HCM as well as candidate genes for genotype by exercise environment interaction effects on the manifestation of HCM; in cats as well as humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian A Tallo
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7614, USA
| | - Laura H Duncan
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7614, USA
| | - Akihiko H Yamamoto
- The Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7613, USA
| | - Joshua D Slaydon
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7614, USA
| | - Gunjan H Arya
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7614, USA
| | - Lavanya Turlapati
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7614, USA
| | - Trudy F C Mackay
- The Center for Human Genetics and Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Greenwood, SC 29646, USA
| | - Mary A Carbone
- The Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
- The Center for Integrated Fungal Research and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC 27695-7244, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tallo CA, Duncan LH, Yamamoto AH, Slaydon JD, Arya GH, Turlapati L, Mackay TFC, Carbone MA. Heat shock proteins and small nucleolar RNAs are dysregulated in a Drosophila model for feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2021. [PMID: 33561224 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkaa014.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In cats, mutations in myosin binding protein C (encoded by the MYBPC3 gene) have been associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). However, the molecular mechanisms linking these mutations to HCM remain unknown. Here, we establish Drosophila melanogaster as a model to understand this connection by generating flies harboring MYBPC3 missense mutations (A31P and R820W) associated with feline HCM. The A31P and R820W flies displayed cardiovascular defects in their heart rates and exercise endurance. We used RNA-seq to determine which processes are misregulated in the presence of mutant MYBPC3 alleles. Transcriptome analysis revealed significant downregulation of genes encoding small nucleolar RNA (snoRNAs) in exercised female flies harboring the mutant alleles compared to flies that harbor the wild-type allele. Other processes that were affected included the unfolded protein response and immune/defense responses. These data show that mutant MYBPC3 proteins have widespread effects on the transcriptome of co-regulated genes. Transcriptionally differentially expressed genes are also candidate genes for future evaluation as genetic modifiers of HCM as well as candidate genes for genotype by exercise environment interaction effects on the manifestation of HCM; in cats as well as humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian A Tallo
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7614, USA
| | - Laura H Duncan
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7614, USA
| | - Akihiko H Yamamoto
- The Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7613, USA
| | - Joshua D Slaydon
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7614, USA
| | - Gunjan H Arya
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7614, USA
| | - Lavanya Turlapati
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7614, USA
| | - Trudy F C Mackay
- The Center for Human Genetics and Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Greenwood, SC 29646, USA
| | - Mary A Carbone
- The Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.,The Center for Integrated Fungal Research and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC 27695-7244, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Murashov AK, Pak ES, Lin C, Boykov IN, Buddo KA, Mar J, Bhat KM, Neufer PD. Preference and detrimental effects of high fat, sugar, and salt diet in wild-caught Drosophila simulans are reversed by flight exercise. FASEB Bioadv 2021; 3:49-64. [PMID: 33490883 PMCID: PMC7805546 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2020-00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High saturated fat, sugar, and salt contents are a staple of a Western diet (WD), contributing to obesity, metabolic syndrome, and a plethora of other health risks. However, the combinatorial effects of these ingredients have not been fully evaluated. Here, using the wild-caught Drosophila simulans, we show that a diet enriched with saturated fat, sugar, and salt is more detrimental than each ingredient separately, resulting in a significantly decreased lifespan, locomotor activity, sleep, reproductive function, and mitochondrial function. These detrimental effects were more pronounced in female than in male flies. Adding regular flight exercise to flies on the WD markedly negated the adverse effects of a WD. At the molecular level, the WD significantly increased levels of triglycerides and caused mitochondrial dysfunction, while exercise counterbalanced these effects. Interestingly, fruit flies developed a preference for the WD after pre-exposure, which was averted by flight exercise. The results demonstrate that regular aerobic exercise can mitigate adverse dietary effects on fly mitochondrial function, physiology, and feeding behavior. Our data establish Drosophila simulans as a novel model of diet-exercise interaction that bears a strong similarity to the pathophysiology of obesity and eating disorders in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander K. Murashov
- Department of Physiology & East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity InstituteEast Carolina UniversityGreenvilleNCUSA
| | - Elena S. Pak
- Department of Physiology & East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity InstituteEast Carolina UniversityGreenvilleNCUSA
| | - Chien‐Te Lin
- Department of Physiology & East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity InstituteEast Carolina UniversityGreenvilleNCUSA
| | - Ilya N. Boykov
- Department of Physiology & East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity InstituteEast Carolina UniversityGreenvilleNCUSA
| | - Katherine A. Buddo
- Department of Physiology & East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity InstituteEast Carolina UniversityGreenvilleNCUSA
| | - Jordan Mar
- Department of Molecular MedicineUniversity of South FloridaTampaFLUSA
| | - Krishna M. Bhat
- Department of Molecular MedicineUniversity of South FloridaTampaFLUSA
| | - Peter Darrell Neufer
- Department of Physiology & East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity InstituteEast Carolina UniversityGreenvilleNCUSA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yamakawa-Kobayashi K, Ohhara Y, Kawashima T, Ohishi Y, Kayashima Y. Loss of CNDP causes a shorter lifespan and higher sensitivity to oxidative stress in Drosophila melanogaster. Biomed Res 2020; 41:131-138. [PMID: 32522930 DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.41.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Increasing oxidative stress seems to be the result of an imbalance between free radical production and antioxidant defenses. During the course of aging, oxidative stress causes tissue/cellular damage, which is implicated in numerous age-related diseases. Carnosinase (CN or CNDP) is dipeptidase, which is associated with carnosine and/or glutathione (GSH) metabolism, those are the most abundant naturally occurring endogenous dipeptide and tripeptides with antioxidant and free radical scavenger properties. In the present study, we generated Drosophila cndp (dcndp) mutant flies using the CRISPR/Cas9 system to study the roles of dcndp in vivo. We demonstrate that dcndp mutant flies exhibit shorter lifespan and increased sensitivity to paraquat or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) induced oxidative stress. These results suggest that dcndp maintains homeostatic conditions, protecting cells and tissues against the harmful effects of oxidative stress in the course of aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimiko Yamakawa-Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Human Genetics, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Yuya Ohhara
- Laboratory of Human Genetics, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Takumi Kawashima
- Laboratory of Human Genetics, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Yoshitatsu Ohishi
- Laboratory of Human Genetics, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kezos JN, Phillips MA, Thomas MD, Ewunkem AJ, Rutledge GA, Barter TT, Santos MA, Wong BD, Arnold KR, Humphrey LA, Yan A, Nouzille C, Sanchez I, Cabral LG, Bradley TJ, Mueller LD, Graves JL, Rose MR. Genomics of Early Cardiac Dysfunction and Mortality in Obese Drosophila melanogaster. Physiol Biochem Zool 2019; 92:591-611. [PMID: 31603376 DOI: 10.1086/706099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
In experimental evolution, we impose functional demands on laboratory populations of model organisms using selection. After enough generations of such selection, the resulting populations constitute excellent material for physiological research. An intense selection regime for increased starvation resistance was imposed on 10 large outbred Drosophila populations. We observed the selection responses of starvation and desiccation resistance, metabolic reserves, and heart robustness via electrical pacing. Furthermore, we sequenced the pooled genomes of these populations. As expected, significant increases in starvation resistance and lipid content were found in our 10 intensely selected SCO populations. The selection regime also improved desiccation resistance, water content, and glycogen content among these populations. Additionally, the average rate of cardiac arrests in our 10 obese SCO populations was double the rate of the 10 ancestral CO populations. Age-specific mortality rates were increased at early adult ages by selection. Genomic analysis revealed a large number of single nucleotide polymorphisms across the genome that changed in frequency as a result of selection. These genomic results were similar to those obtained in our laboratory from less direct selection procedures. The combination of extensive genomic and phenotypic differentiation between these 10 populations and their ancestors makes them a powerful system for the analysis of the physiological underpinnings of starvation resistance.
Collapse
|
13
|
Baenas N, Wagner AE. Drosophila melanogaster as an alternative model organism in nutrigenomics. GENES AND NUTRITION 2019; 14:14. [PMID: 31080523 PMCID: PMC6501408 DOI: 10.1186/s12263-019-0641-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nutrigenomics explains the interaction between the genome, the proteome, the epigenome, the metabolome, and the microbiome with the nutritional environment of an organism. It is therefore situated at the interface between an organism's health, its diet, and the genome. The diet and/or specific dietary compounds are able to affect not only the gene expression patterns, but also the epigenetic mechanisms as well as the production of metabolites and the bacterial composition of the microbiota. Drosophila melanogaster provides a well-suited model organism to unravel these interactions in the context of nutrigenomics as it combines several advantages including an affordable maintenance, a short generation time, a high fecundity, a relatively short life expectancy, a well-characterized genome, and the availability of several mutant fly lines. Furthermore, it hosts a mammalian-like intestinal system with a clear microbiota and a fat body resembling the adipose tissue with liver-equivalent oenocytes, supporting the fly as an excellent model organism not only in nutrigenomics but also in nutritional research. Experimental approaches that are essentially needed in nutrigenomic research, including several sequencing technologies, have already been established in the fruit fly. However, studies investigating the interaction of a specific diet and/or dietary compounds in the fly are currently very limited. The present review provides an overview of the fly's morphology including the intestinal microbiome and antimicrobial peptides as modulators of the immune system. Additionally, it summarizes nutrigenomic approaches in the fruit fly helping to elucidate host-genome interactions with the nutritional environment in the model organism Drosophila melanogaster.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nieves Baenas
- 1Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Anika E Wagner
- 2Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Justus-Liebig-University, Wilhelmstrasse 20, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Genome-wide gene-based analyses of weight loss interventions identify a potential role for NKX6.3 in metabolism. Nat Commun 2019; 10:540. [PMID: 30710084 PMCID: PMC6358625 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08492-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hundreds of genetic variants have been associated with Body Mass Index (BMI) through genome-wide association studies (GWAS) using observational cohorts. However, the genetic contribution to efficient weight loss in response to dietary intervention remains unknown. We perform a GWAS in two large low-caloric diet intervention cohorts of obese participants. Two loci close to NKX6.3/MIR486 and RBSG4 are identified in the Canadian discovery cohort (n = 1166) and replicated in the DiOGenes cohort (n = 789). Modulation of HGTX (NKX6.3 ortholog) levels in Drosophila melanogaster leads to significantly altered triglyceride levels. Additional tissue-specific experiments demonstrate an action through the oenocytes, fly hepatocyte-like cells that regulate lipid metabolism. Our results identify genetic variants associated with the efficacy of weight loss in obese subjects and identify a role for NKX6.3 in lipid metabolism, and thereby possibly weight control. Individuals show large variability in their capacity to lose weight and maintain this weight. Here, the authors perform GWAS in two weight loss intervention cohorts and identify two genetic loci associated with weight loss that are taken forward for Bayesian fine-mapping and functional assessment in flies.
Collapse
|
15
|
Using Mouse and Drosophila Models to Investigate the Mechanistic Links between Diet, Obesity, Type II Diabetes, and Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19124110. [PMID: 30567377 PMCID: PMC6320797 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19124110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Many of the links between diet and cancer are controversial and over simplified. To date, human epidemiological studies consistently reveal that patients who suffer diet-related obesity and/or type II diabetes have an increased risk of cancer, suffer more aggressive cancers, and respond poorly to current therapies. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms that increase cancer risk and decrease the response to cancer therapies in these patients remain largely unknown. Here, we review studies in mouse cancer models in which either dietary or genetic manipulation has been used to model obesity and/or type II diabetes. These studies demonstrate an emerging role for the conserved insulin and insulin-like growth factor signaling pathways as links between diet and cancer progression. However, these models are time consuming to develop and expensive to maintain. As the world faces an epidemic of obesity and type II diabetes we argue that the development of novel animal models is urgently required. We make the case for Drosophila as providing an unparalleled opportunity to combine dietary manipulation with models of human metabolic disease and cancer. Thus, combining diet and cancer models in Drosophila can rapidly and significantly advance our understanding of the conserved molecular mechanisms that link diet and diet-related metabolic disorders to poor cancer patient prognosis.
Collapse
|
16
|
Bayliak MM, Abrat OB, Storey JM, Storey KB, Lushchak VI. Interplay between diet-induced obesity and oxidative stress: Comparison between Drosophila and mammals. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2018; 228:18-28. [PMID: 30385171 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2018.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Obesity caused by excessive fat accumulation in adipocytes is a growing global problem and is a major contributing risk factor for many chronic metabolic diseases. There is increasing evidence that oxidative stress plays a crucial role in both obesity progression and obesity-related complications. In recent years, Drosophila models of diet-induced obesity and associated pathologies have been successfully developed through manipulation of carbohydrate or fat concentrations in the food. Obese flies accumulate triacylglycerols in the fat body, an organ homologous to mammalian adipose tissue and exhibit metabolic and physiological complications including hyperglycemia, redox imbalance and shortened longevity; these are all similar to those observed in obese humans. In this review, we summarize current data on the mechanisms of oxidative stress induction in obesity, with emphasis on metabolic switches and the involvement of redox-responsive signaling pathways such as NF-κB and Nfr2. The recent achievements with D. melanogaster model suggest a complicated relationship between obesity, oxidative stress, and longevity but the Drosophila model offers probably the best opportunities to delve further into unraveling these interactions, particularly the roles of antioxidants and of Nrf2-regulated responses, in order to increase our understanding of the obese metabolic phenotype and test and develop anti-obesity pharmaceuticals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Bayliak
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, 57 Shevchenko Str, Ivano-Frankivsk 76018, Ukraine.
| | - Olexandra B Abrat
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, 57 Shevchenko Str, Ivano-Frankivsk 76018, Ukraine.
| | - Janet M Storey
- Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada.
| | - Kenneth B Storey
- Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada.
| | - Volodymyr I Lushchak
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, 57 Shevchenko Str, Ivano-Frankivsk 76018, Ukraine.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Al-Anzi B, Zinn K. Identification and characterization of mushroom body neurons that regulate fat storage in Drosophila. Neural Dev 2018; 13:18. [PMID: 30103787 PMCID: PMC6090720 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-018-0116-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In an earlier study, we identified two neuronal populations, c673a and Fru-GAL4, that regulate fat storage in fruit flies. Both populations partially overlap with a structure in the insect brain known as the mushroom body (MB), which plays a critical role in memory formation. This overlap prompted us to examine whether the MB is also involved in fat storage homeostasis. Methods Using a variety of transgenic agents, we selectively manipulated the neural activity of different portions of the MB and associated neurons to decipher their roles in fat storage regulation. Results Our data show that silencing of MB neurons that project into the α’β’ lobes decreases de novo fatty acid synthesis and causes leanness, while sustained hyperactivation of the same neurons causes overfeeding and produces obesity. The α’β’ neurons oppose and dominate the fat regulating functions of the c673a and Fru-GAL4 neurons. We also show that MB neurons that project into the γ lobe also regulate fat storage, probably because they are a subset of the Fru neurons. We were able to identify input and output neurons whose activity affects fat storage, feeding, and metabolism. The activity of cholinergic output neurons that innervating the β’2 compartment (MBON-β’2mp and MBON-γ5β’2a) regulates food consumption, while glutamatergic output neurons innervating α’ compartments (MBON-γ2α’1 and MBON-α’2) control fat metabolism. Conclusions We identified a new fat storage regulating center, the α’β’ lobes of the MB. We also delineated the neuronal circuits involved in the actions of the α’β’ lobes, and showed that food intake and fat metabolism are controlled by separate sets of postsynaptic neurons that are segregated into different output pathways. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13064-018-0116-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bader Al-Anzi
- Food & Nutrition Program, Environment & Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box 24885, 13109, Kuwait City, Kuwait.
| | - Kai Zinn
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wen DT, Zheng L, Yang F, Li HZ, Hou WQ. Endurance exercise prevents high-fat-diet induced heart and mobility premature aging and dsir2 expression decline in aging Drosophila. Oncotarget 2018; 9:7298-7311. [PMID: 29484111 PMCID: PMC5800903 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
High-Fat-Diet (HFD)-induced obesity is a major contributor to heart and mobility premature aging and mortality in both Drosophila and humans. The dSir2 genes are closely related to aging, but there are few directed reports showing that whether HFD could inhibit the expression dSir2 genes. Endurance exercise can prevent fat accumulation and reverse HFD-induced cardiac dysfunction. Endurance also delays age-relate functional decline. It is unclear whether lifetime endurance exercise can combat lifetime HFD-induced heart and mobility premature aging, and relieve the harmful HFD-induced influence on the dSir2 gene and lifespan yet. In this study, flies are fed a HFD and trained from when they are 1 week old until they are 5 weeks old. Then, triacylglycerol levels, climbing index, cardiac function, lifespan, and dSir2 mRNA expressions are measured. We show that endurance exercise improves climbing capacity, cardiac contraction, and dSir2 expression, and it reduces body and heart triacylglycerol levels, heart fibrillation, and mortality in both HFD and aging flies. So, lifelong endurance exercise delays HFD-induced accelerated age-related locomotor impairment, cardiac dysfunction, death, and dSir2 expression decline, and prevents HFD-induced premature aging in Drosophila.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deng-Tai Wen
- Key Laboratory Of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Chang Sha, 410012, Hunan Province, China
| | - Lan Zheng
- Key Laboratory Of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Chang Sha, 410012, Hunan Province, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Key Laboratory Of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Chang Sha, 410012, Hunan Province, China
| | - Han-Zhe Li
- Key Laboratory Of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Chang Sha, 410012, Hunan Province, China
| | - Wen-Qi Hou
- Key Laboratory Of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Chang Sha, 410012, Hunan Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abrat OB, Storey JM, Storey KB, Lushchak VI. High amylose starch consumption induces obesity in Drosophila melanogaster and metformin partially prevents accumulation of storage lipids and shortens lifespan of the insects. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2018; 215:55-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
20
|
Kezos JN, Cabral LG, Wong BD, Khou BK, Oh A, Harb JF, Chiem D, Bradley TJ, Mueller LD, Rose MR. Starvation but not locomotion enhances heart robustness in Drosophila. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 99:8-14. [PMID: 28285040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Insects and vertebrates have multiple major physiological systems, each species having a circulatory system, a metabolic system, and a respiratory system that enable locomotion and survival in stressful environments, among other functions. Broadening our understanding of the physiology of Drosophila melanogaster requires the parsing of interrelationships among such major component physiological systems. By combining electrical pacing and flight exhaustion assays with manipulative conditioning, we have started to unpack the interrelationships between cardiac function, locomotor performance, and other functional characters such as starvation and desiccation resistance. Manipulative sequences incorporating these four physiological characters were applied to five D. melanogaster lab populations that share a common origin from the wild and a common history of experimental evolution. While exposure to starvation or desiccation significantly reduced flight duration, exhaustion due to flight only affected subsequent desiccation resistance. A strong association was found between flight duration and desiccation resistance, providing additional support for the hypothesis that these traits depend on glycogen and water content. However, there was negligible impact on rate of cardiac arrests from exhaustion by flight or exposure to desiccant. Brief periods of starvation significantly lowered the rate of cardiac arrest. These results provide suggestive support for the adverse impact of lipids on Drosophila heart robustness, a parallel result to those of many comparable studies in human cardiology. Overall, this study underscores clear distinctions among the connections between specific physiological responses to stress and specific types of physiological performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James N Kezos
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Francisco J. Ayala School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2525, United States.
| | - Larry G Cabral
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Francisco J. Ayala School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2525, United States.
| | - Brandon D Wong
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Francisco J. Ayala School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2525, United States.
| | - Belinda K Khou
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Francisco J. Ayala School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2525, United States.
| | - Angela Oh
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Francisco J. Ayala School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2525, United States.
| | - Jerry F Harb
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Francisco J. Ayala School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2525, United States.
| | - Danny Chiem
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Francisco J. Ayala School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2525, United States.
| | - Timothy J Bradley
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Francisco J. Ayala School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2525, United States.
| | - Laurence D Mueller
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Francisco J. Ayala School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2525, United States.
| | - Michael R Rose
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Francisco J. Ayala School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2525, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Qiao F, Longley KR, Feng S, Schnack S, Gao H, Li Y, Schlenker EH, Wang H. Reduced body weight gain in ubiquilin-1 transgenic mice is associated with increased expression of energy-sensing proteins. Physiol Rep 2017; 5:e13260. [PMID: 28420763 PMCID: PMC5408289 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquilin-1 (Ubqln1), a ubiquitin-like protein, is implicated in a variety of pathophysiological processes, but its role in mediating body weight gain or metabolism has not been determined. Here, we demonstrate that global overexpression of Ubqln1 in a transgenic (Tg) mouse reduces the animal's body weight gain. The decreased body weight gain in Tg mice is associated with lower visceral fat content and higher metabolic rate. The Ubqln1 Tg mice exhibited reduced leptin and insulin levels as well as increased insulin sensitivity manifested by homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance. Additionally, the reduced body weight in Tg mice was associated with the upregulation of two energy-sensing proteins, sirtuin1 (SIRT1) in the hypothalamus and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in the skeletal muscle. Consistent with the in vivo results, overexpression of Ubqln1 significantly increased SIRT1 and AMPK levels in the mouse embryonic fibroblast cell culture. Thus, our results not only establish the link between Ubqln1 and body weight regulation but also indicate that the metabolic function of Ubqln1 on body weight may be through regulating energy-sensing proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Qiao
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences and Center for Brain and Behavior Research, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota
| | - Kirsty R Longley
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences and Center for Brain and Behavior Research, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota
| | - Shelley Feng
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences and Center for Brain and Behavior Research, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota
| | - Sabrina Schnack
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences and Center for Brain and Behavior Research, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota
| | - Hongbo Gao
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences and Center for Brain and Behavior Research, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota
| | - Yifan Li
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences and Center for Brain and Behavior Research, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota
| | - Evelyn H Schlenker
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences and Center for Brain and Behavior Research, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota
| | - Hongmin Wang
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences and Center for Brain and Behavior Research, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Diegelmann S, Jansen A, Jois S, Kastenholz K, Velo Escarcena L, Strudthoff N, Scholz H. The CApillary FEeder Assay Measures Food Intake in Drosophila melanogaster. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28362419 DOI: 10.3791/55024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
For most animals, feeding is an essential behavior for securing survival, and it influences development, locomotion, health and reproduction. Ingestion of the right type and quantity of food therefore has a major influence on quality of life. Research on feeding behavior focuses on the underlying processes that ensure actual feeding and unravels the role of factors regulating internal energy homeostasis and the neuronal bases of decision-making. The model organism Drosophila melanogaster, with its great variety of genetically traceable tools for labeling and manipulating single neurons, allows mapping of neuronal networks and identification of molecular signaling cascades involved in the regulation of food intake. This report demonstrates the CApillary FEeder assay (CAFE) and shows how to measure food intake in a group of flies for time spans ranging from hours to days. This easy-to-use assay consists of glass capillaries filled with liquid food that flies can freely access and feed on. Food consumption in the assay is accurately determined using simple measurement tools. Herein we describe step-by-step the method from setup to successful execution of the CAFE assay, and provide practical examples to analyze the food intake of a group of flies under controlled conditions. The reader is guided through possible limitations of the assay, and advantages and disadvantages of the method compared to other feeding assays in D. melanogaster are evaluated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Annika Jansen
- Institute of Zoology, Albertus-Magnus University of Cologne
| | - Shreyas Jois
- Institute of Zoology, Albertus-Magnus University of Cologne; Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan
| | | | | | | | - Henrike Scholz
- Institute of Zoology, Albertus-Magnus University of Cologne;
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kohyama-Koganeya A, Kurosawa M, Hirabayashi Y. Loss of BOSS Causes Shortened Lifespan with Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Drosophila. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169073. [PMID: 28045997 PMCID: PMC5207625 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is a universal process that causes deterioration in biological functions of an organism over its lifetime. There are many risk factors that are thought to contribute to aging rate, with disruption of metabolic homeostasis being one of the main factors that accelerates aging. Previously, we identified a new function for the putative G-protein-coupled receptor, Bride of sevenless (BOSS), in energy metabolism. Since maintaining metabolic homeostasis is a critical factor in aging, we investigated whether BOSS plays a role in the aging process. Here, we show that BOSS affects lifespan regulation. boss null mutants exhibit shortened lifespans, and their locomotor performance and gut lipase activity—two age-sensitive markers—are diminished and similar to those of aged control flies. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production is also elevated in boss null mutants, and their ROS defense system is impaired. The accumulation of protein adducts (advanced lipoxidation end products [ALEs] and advanced glycation end products [AGEs]) caused by oxidative stress are elevated in boss mutant flies. Furthermore, boss mutant flies are sensitive to oxidative stress challenges, leading to shortened lives under oxidative stress conditions. Expression of superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), which is located in mitochondria and normally regulates ROS removal, was decreased in boss mutant flies. Systemic overexpression of SOD2 rescued boss mutant phenotypes. Finally, we observed that mitochondrial mass was greater in boss mutant flies. These results suggest that BOSS affects lifespan by modulating the expression of a set of genes related to oxidative stress resistance and mitochondrial homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Kohyama-Koganeya
- Molecular Membrane Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Wako-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Mizuki Kurosawa
- Molecular Membrane Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Wako-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoshio Hirabayashi
- Molecular Membrane Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Wako-shi, Saitama, Japan
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Schultzhaus JN, Nixon JJ, Duran JA, Carney GE. Diet alters Drosophila melanogaster mate preference and attractiveness. Anim Behav 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
25
|
Otero-Moreno D, Peña-Rangel MT, Riesgo-Escovar JR. CRECIMIENTO Y METABOLISMO: LA REGULACIÓN Y LA VÍA DE LA INSULINA DESDE LA MOSCA DE LA FRUTA, Drosophila melanogaster. TIP REVISTA ESPECIALIZADA EN CIENCIAS QUÍMICO-BIOLÓGICAS 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.recqb.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
|
26
|
Gáliková M, Klepsatel P, Xu Y, Kühnlein RP. The obesity-related Adipokinetic hormone controls feeding and expression of neuropeptide regulators ofDrosophilametabolism. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201600138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Gáliková
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry; Research Group Molecular Physiology; Göttingen Germany
| | - Peter Klepsatel
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry; Research Group Molecular Physiology; Göttingen Germany
| | - Yanjun Xu
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry; Research Group Molecular Physiology; Göttingen Germany
| | - Ronald P. Kühnlein
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry; Research Group Molecular Physiology; Göttingen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Navawongse R, Choudhury D, Raczkowska M, Stewart JC, Lim T, Rahman M, Toh AGG, Wang Z, Claridge-Chang A. Drosophila learn efficient paths to a food source. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2016; 131:176-81. [PMID: 27063671 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2016.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Elucidating the genetic, and neuronal bases for learned behavior is a central problem in neuroscience. A leading system for neurogenetic discovery is the vinegar fly Drosophila melanogaster; fly memory research has identified genes and circuits that mediate aversive and appetitive learning. However, methods to study adaptive food-seeking behavior in this animal have lagged decades behind rodent feeding analysis, largely due to the challenges presented by their small scale. There is currently no method to dynamically control flies' access to food. In rodents, protocols that use dynamic food delivery are a central element of experimental paradigms that date back to the influential work of Skinner. This method is still commonly used in the analysis of learning, memory, addiction, feeding, and many other subjects in experimental psychology. The difficulty of microscale food delivery means this is not a technique used in fly behavior. In the present manuscript we describe a microfluidic chip integrated with machine vision and automation to dynamically control defined liquid food presentations and sensory stimuli. Strikingly, repeated presentations of food at a fixed location produced improvements in path efficiency during food approach. This shows that improved path choice is a learned behavior. Active control of food availability using this microfluidic system is a valuable addition to the methods currently available for the analysis of learned feeding behavior in flies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rapeechai Navawongse
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Deepak Choudhury
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology, 71 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 638075, Singapore
| | - Marlena Raczkowska
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - James Charles Stewart
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673, Singapore; Sieva Pte Ltd, Singapore
| | - Terrence Lim
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology, 71 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 638075, Singapore
| | - Mashiur Rahman
- Duke-NUS Medical School, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Alicia Guek Geok Toh
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology, 71 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 638075, Singapore
| | - Zhiping Wang
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology, 71 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 638075, Singapore
| | - Adam Claridge-Chang
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673, Singapore; Duke-NUS Medical School, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673, Singapore; Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 138673, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Landayan D, Wolf FW. Shared neurocircuitry underlying feeding and drugs of abuse in Drosophila. Biomed J 2016; 38:496-509. [PMID: 27013449 PMCID: PMC6138758 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The neural circuitry and molecules that control the rewarding properties of food and drugs of abuse appear to partially overlap in the mammalian brain. This has raised questions about the extent of the overlap and the precise role of specific circuit elements in reward and in other behaviors associated with feeding regulation and drug responses. The much simpler brain of invertebrates including the fruit fly Drosophila, offers an opportunity to make high-resolution maps of the circuits and molecules that govern behavior. Recent progress in Drosophila has revealed not only some common substrates for the actions of drugs of abuse and for the regulation of feeding, but also a remarkable level of conservation with vertebrates for key neuromodulatory transmitters. We speculate that Drosophila may serve as a model for distinguishing the neural mechanisms underlying normal and pathological motivational states that will be applicable to mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Landayan
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA, USA.
| | - Fred W Wolf
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Kohyama-Koganeya A, Kurosawa M, Hirabayashi Y. Differential Effects of Tissue-Specific Deletion of BOSS on Feeding Behaviors and Energy Metabolism. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133083. [PMID: 26193363 PMCID: PMC4508045 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Food intake and energy metabolism are tightly controlled to maintain stable energy homeostasis and healthy states. Thus, animals detect their stored energy levels, and based on this, they determine appropriate food intake and meal size. Drosophila melanogaster putative G protein-coupled receptor, Bride of sevenless (BOSS) is a highly evolutionarily conserved protein that responds to extracellular glucose levels in order to regulate energy homeostasis. To address how BOSS regulates energy homeostasis, we characterized a boss mutant by assessing its food intake and stored energy levels. Boss mutants exhibited increased food intake but decreased stored triacylglyceride levels. Using boss-GAL4 drivers, we found that boss is expressed in select tissues that are involved in nutrient sensing and food intake, in a subset of neurons in brain and chemosensory organs, in fat body, and in endocrine cells in gut (enteroendocrine cells). Flies with tissue-specific boss knockdowns in these tissues had abnormal stored energy levels and abnormal food intake. These results suggest that BOSS in either neurons or peripheral nutrient-sensing tissues affects energy homeostasis in ways that relate to the sensing of nutrients and regulation of food intake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Kohyama-Koganeya
- Molecular Membrane Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Wako-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Mizuki Kurosawa
- Molecular Membrane Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Wako-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoshio Hirabayashi
- Molecular Membrane Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Wako-shi, Saitama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Stegemann R, Buchner DA. Transgenerational inheritance of metabolic disease. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 43:131-140. [PMID: 25937492 PMCID: PMC4626440 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic disease encompasses several disorders including obesity, type 2 diabetes, and dyslipidemia. Recently, the incidence of metabolic disease has drastically increased, driven primarily by a worldwide obesity epidemic. Transgenerational inheritance remains controversial, but has been proposed to contribute to human metabolic disease risk based on a growing number of proof-of-principle studies in model organisms ranging from Caenorhabditis elegans to Mus musculus to Sus scrofa. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that heritable risk is epigenetically transmitted from parent to offspring over multiple generations in the absence of a continued exposure to the triggering stimuli. A diverse assortment of initial triggers can induce transgenerational inheritance including high-fat or high-sugar diets, low-protein diets, various toxins, and ancestral genetic variants. Although the mechanistic basis underlying the transgenerational inheritance of disease risk remains largely unknown, putative molecules mediating transmission include small RNAs, histone modifications, and DNA methylation. Due to the considerable impact of metabolic disease on human health, it is critical to better understand the role of transgenerational inheritance of metabolic disease risk to open new avenues for therapeutic intervention and improve upon the current methods for clinical diagnoses and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Stegemann
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
| | - David A Buchner
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States; Department of Biological Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Máca J, Otranto D. Drosophilidae feeding on animals and the inherent mystery of their parasitism. Parasit Vectors 2014. [PMID: 25404259 DOI: 10.1186/s13071–014–0516–4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Insect evolution, from a free to a parasitic lifestyle, took eons under the pressure of a plethora of ecological and environmental drivers in different habitats, resulting in varying degrees of interactions with their hosts. Most Drosophilidae are known to be adapted to feeding on substrates rich in bacteria, yeasts and other microfungi. Some of them, mainly those in the Steganinae subfamily, display a singular behaviour, feeding on animal tissues or secretions. This behaviour may represent an evolving tendency towards parasitism. Indeed, while the predatory attitude is typical for the larval stages of a great proportion of flies within this subfamily, adult males of the genera Amiota, Apsiphortica and Phortica display a clearly zoophilic attitude, feeding on the lachrymal secretions of living mammals (also referred as to lachryphagy). Ultimately, some of these lachryphagous species act as vectors and intermediate hosts for the spirurid nematode Thelazia callipaeda, which parasitizes the eyes of domestic and wild carnivores and also humans. Here we review the scientific information available and provide an opinion on the roots of their evolution towards the parasitic behaviour. The distribution of T. callipaeda and its host affiliation is also discussed and future trends in the study of the ecology of Steganinae are outlined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Máca
- Czech Entomological Society, Praha, Czech Republic.
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70010, Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Máca J, Otranto D. Drosophilidae feeding on animals and the inherent mystery of their parasitism. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:516. [PMID: 25404259 PMCID: PMC4243723 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-014-0516-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect evolution, from a free to a parasitic lifestyle, took eons under the pressure of a plethora of ecological and environmental drivers in different habitats, resulting in varying degrees of interactions with their hosts. Most Drosophilidae are known to be adapted to feeding on substrates rich in bacteria, yeasts and other microfungi. Some of them, mainly those in the Steganinae subfamily, display a singular behaviour, feeding on animal tissues or secretions. This behaviour may represent an evolving tendency towards parasitism. Indeed, while the predatory attitude is typical for the larval stages of a great proportion of flies within this subfamily, adult males of the genera Amiota, Apsiphortica and Phortica display a clearly zoophilic attitude, feeding on the lachrymal secretions of living mammals (also referred as to lachryphagy). Ultimately, some of these lachryphagous species act as vectors and intermediate hosts for the spirurid nematode Thelazia callipaeda, which parasitizes the eyes of domestic and wild carnivores and also humans. Here we review the scientific information available and provide an opinion on the roots of their evolution towards the parasitic behaviour. The distribution of T. callipaeda and its host affiliation is also discussed and future trends in the study of the ecology of Steganinae are outlined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Máca
- Czech Entomological Society, Praha, Czech Republic.
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70010, Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|