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Osnaya-Brizuela N, Valenzuela-Peraza A, Santamaría-del Ángel D, García-Martínez Y, Pacheco-Rosado J, Pérez-Sánchez G, Sánchez-Huerta K. Is the acquired hypothyroidism a risk factor for developing psychiatric disorders? Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1429255. [PMID: 39100850 PMCID: PMC11294236 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1429255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Hypothyroidism is a prevalent thyroid condition in which the thyroid gland fails to secrete an adequate amount of thyroid hormone into the bloodstream. This condition may develop due to genetic or acquired factors. The most frequent cause of acquired hypothyroidism is chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, also known as Hashimoto's disease. Acquired hypothyroidism is diagnosed when patients present with overt hypothyroidism (also known as clinical hypothyroidism), as they exhibit increased TSH and decreased T3 and T4 serum levels. This article examines the prevalence of psychiatric disorders among patients diagnosed with acquired hypothyroidism with or without Levothyroxine treatment. We discuss the available evidence indicating that acquired hypothyroidism may be a risk factor for psychiatric disorders, and the effectiveness of thyroid treatment in relieving psychiatric symptoms. Additionally, we provide critical details on thyroid hormone cutoff values reported in the literature, their potential clinical importance, and their correlation with psychiatric symptoms. Finally, we examined the various mechanisms by which acquired hypothyroidism can lead to depression. The high rate of comorbidity between hypothyroidism and psychiatric disorders deserves special attention, indicating the importance of consistent monitoring and timely identification of psychiatric symptoms to prevent disease exacerbation and facilitate therapeutic management. On the other hand, several mechanisms underlie the strong association between depression and acquired hypothyroidism. Deeper research into these mechanisms will allow knowledge of the pathophysiology of depression in patients with acquired hypothyroidism and will provide clues to design more precise therapeutic strategies for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma Osnaya-Brizuela
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Subdirección de Medicina Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Armando Valenzuela-Peraza
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Subdirección de Medicina Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Daniel Santamaría-del Ángel
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Subdirección de Medicina Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Yuliana García-Martínez
- Departamento de Fisiología “Mauricio Russek”, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Jorge Pacheco-Rosado
- Departamento de Fisiología “Mauricio Russek”, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Gilberto Pérez-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Psicoinmunología, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñíz, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Karla Sánchez-Huerta
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Subdirección de Medicina Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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Li IH, Liu TT, Chen YC, Hsiao SH, Hung HY, Fann LY, Shih JH. Therapeutic effects of methimazole on 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine-induced hyperthermia and serotonergic neurotoxicity. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 164:114880. [PMID: 37224751 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a popular recreational drug, however over 200 studies demonstrate that acute (e.g. hyperthermia, rhabdomyolysis) and chronic (e.g. neurotoxicity) toxicity effects of MDMA were observed in different animals. Methimazole (MMI), an inhibitor of thyroid hormone synthesis, was found to significantly reduce the HSP72 expression of heat stress induced in fibroblasts. Hence, we attempted to understand the effects of MMI on MDMA induced changes in vivo. Male SD rats were randomly divided into four groups as follows:(a) water-saline (b) water-MDMA (c) MMI-saline and (d) MMI-MDMA group. In the temperature analysis test, MMI was found to alleviate MDMA-induced hyperthermia and increase the heat loss index (HLI), revealing its peripheral vasodilation effect. PET experiment suggested that MDMA induced elevated glucose uptake by skeletal muscles, which was resolved by MMI pretreatment. IHC staining (serotonin transporter, SERT) showed the evidence of neurotoxicity caused by MDMA (serotonin fiber loss), which was alleviated by MMI. Furthermore, the animal behaviour test (forced swimming test, FST) showed higher swimming time but lower immobility time in MMI-MDMA and MMI-saline groups. Taken together, treatment of MMI shows benefits such as lowered body temperature, alleviation of neurotoxicity and excited behaviour. However, further investigations should be conducted in the future to provide in-depth evidence for its clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Hsun Li
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Pharmacy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Ta Liu
- School of Pharmacy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chen Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | | | - Hao-Yuan Hung
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Yun Fann
- Department of Nursing, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Hu Shih
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Pharmacy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Huang Y, Fu T, Jiao X, Liu S, Xue Y, Liu J, Li Z. Hypothyroidism affects corneal homeostasis and wound healing in mice. Exp Eye Res 2022; 220:109111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Giannocco G, Kizys MML, Maciel RM, de Souza JS. Thyroid hormone, gene expression, and Central Nervous System: Where we are. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 114:47-56. [PMID: 32980238 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (TH; T3 and T4) play a fundamental role in the fetal stage to the adult phase, controlling gene and protein expression in virtually all tissues. The endocrine and CNS systems have relevant interaction, and the TH are pivotal for the proper functioning of the CNS. A slight failure to regulate TH availability during pregnancy and/or childhood can lead to neurological disorders, for example, autism and cognitive impairment, or depression. In this review, we highlight how TH acts in controlling gene expression, its role in the CNS, and what substances widely found in the environment can cause in this tissue. We highlight the role of Endocrine Disruptors used on an everyday basis in the processing of mRNAs responsible for neurodevelopment. We conclude that TH, more precisely T3, acts mainly throughout its nuclear receptors, that the deficiency of this hormone, either due to the lack of its main substrate iodine, or by to incorrect organification of T4 and T3 in the gland, or by a mutation in transporters, receptors and deiodinases may cause mild (dysregulated mood in adulthood) to severe neurological impairment (Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome, presented as early as childhood); T3 is responsible for the expression of numerous CNS genes related to oxygen transport, growth factors, myelination, cell maturation. Substances present in the environment and widely used can interfere with the functioning of the thyroid gland, the action of TH, and the functioning of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisele Giannocco
- Departamento de Medicina, Laboratório de Endocrinologia e Medicina Translacional, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP/EPM, Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669 - 11 andar, São Paulo, SP 04039-032, Brazil; Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, Diadema, SP 09920-000, Brazil
| | - Marina Malta Letro Kizys
- Departamento de Medicina, Laboratório de Endocrinologia e Medicina Translacional, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP/EPM, Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669 - 11 andar, São Paulo, SP 04039-032, Brazil
| | - Rui Monteiro Maciel
- Departamento de Medicina, Laboratório de Endocrinologia e Medicina Translacional, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP/EPM, Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669 - 11 andar, São Paulo, SP 04039-032, Brazil
| | - Janaina Sena de Souza
- Departamento de Medicina, Laboratório de Endocrinologia e Medicina Translacional, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP/EPM, Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669 - 11 andar, São Paulo, SP 04039-032, Brazil; Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Zhang S, Zhao X, Xu S, Yuan J, Si Z, Yang Y, Qiao S, Xu X, Wang A. Low free triiodothyronineis predicts worsen neurological outcome of patients with acute ischemic stroke: a retrospective study with bioinformatics analysis. BMC Neurol 2019; 19:272. [PMID: 31690277 PMCID: PMC6833267 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-019-1509-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Backgroud Patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) often experience low serum free triiodothyronine (FT3), but the association of low FT3 with stroke severity, subtype and prognosis has not yet been thoroughly studied, and the molecular events underlying these clinical observation were also unclear. Methods We retrospectively collected 221 cases of AIS and 182 non-AIS cases with detailed clinical data from our department. FT3 concentrations were measured on admission to predict functional outcome within 3 months using multivariable models adjusted for other risk factors. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were calculated to define the best cutoff value of FT3 of stroke severity, subtypes and neurological outcome. Gene set enrichment, pathway mapping and network analyses of deferentially expressed genes (DEGs) were performed. Results FT3 was significantly decreased in AIS patients with National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) > 3 and 3-months modified Rankin Scale (mRS) > 2. The cut-off value of FT3 for NIHSS on admission was 4.30 pmol/L. Also, FT3 level was significantly lower in large artery atherosclerosis (LAA) group and cardioembolism (CE) group than that in small vessel occlusion (SVO). FT3 value served as an independent predictor for neurological outcomes for which the cut-off value of FT3 was 4.38 pmol/l. Gene ontology (GO) analysis showed that the biological function of DEGs was mainly enriched in multicellur organism, neuron differentiation and cellular response to hypoxia. The cellular components were involved in extracelluar region, exosome and matrix, and the molecular functions were transcriptional activator activity, DNA binding and nuclear hormone receptor binding. Signal pathways analysis was indicative of neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, thyroid hormone signaling pathway, and protein digestion and absorption these DEGs were involved in. Six related gene were identified as hubs from the protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks. Three modules were selected from PPI, of which MMP4, ADRA2C and EIF3E were recognized as the seed genes. Conclusions Low FT3 value on admission was associated with stroke severity, subtype and prognosis. In addition, DEGs identified from bioinformatics analysis are likely to be candidates for elucidating clinical outcomes with low FT3, and provide us with therapeutic targets for improving stroke prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanchao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, the First Hospital Affiliated with Shandong First Medical University, NO.16766 JingShi Road, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China.
| | - Xia Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, the First Hospital Affiliated with Shandong First Medical University, NO.16766 JingShi Road, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Shan Xu
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, the First Hospital Affiliated with Shandong First Medical University, NO.16766 JingShi Road, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, the First Hospital Affiliated with Shandong First Medical University, NO.16766 JingShi Road, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Zhihua Si
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, the First Hospital Affiliated with Shandong First Medical University, NO.16766 JingShi Road, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, the First Hospital Affiliated with Shandong First Medical University, NO.16766 JingShi Road, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Shan Qiao
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, the First Hospital Affiliated with Shandong First Medical University, NO.16766 JingShi Road, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Xuxu Xu
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, the First Hospital Affiliated with Shandong First Medical University, NO.16766 JingShi Road, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Aihua Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, the First Hospital Affiliated with Shandong First Medical University, NO.16766 JingShi Road, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China
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Laureano-Melo R, Souza JSD, da Conceição RR, Albuquerque JML, Rodrigues NC, Marinho BG, Olivares EL, Giannocco G, Côrtes WDS. Prenatal thyroxine treatment promotes anxiolysis in male Swiss mice offspring. Horm Behav 2019; 108:10-19. [PMID: 30576638 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The proper functioning of the maternal thyroid plays a crucial role in fetal development. Thus, the aim of our study was to verify how maternal hyperthyroidism is able to change behavioral parameters in mice offspring during adulthood. For this purpose, pregnant Swiss mice (n = 24 and ~35 g) were randomly assigned into two groups: a control and a thyroxine (T4)-treatment group. The control was treated with 0.9% saline, while the treatment group received T4 (200 μg/kg, s.c.) once daily during the entire pregnancy period. After completing 70 days of life, a part of male offspring underwent a battery of tests, including open field, dark-light box, elevated plus maze, marble burying, rotarod and tail suspension tests. The other male pups were euthanized, being hippocampus and serum collected for RNA analysis and hormones measurement, respectively. Statistical analysis was performed using Student's t-test, and the means were considered significantly different when p < 0.05. In adult offspring, a significant decrease was observed for serum T3 in treated group. It was demonstrated that the T4 group had an increase in total distance traveled in an open field test. In the elevated plus maze test, we observed a higher time in opened arms as well as an increased in percentage of entries in these arms. In the hippocampus, T4 offspring had a higher expression of tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2), serotonin transporter (SERT) and glutamate decarboxylase 67 (GAD 67) in comparison to controls. These findings suggest that prenatal T4 treatment alters hippocampal serotonergic and GABAergic systems, promoting anxiolysis in male adult offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Laureano-Melo
- Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Brazil.
| | - Janaina Sena de Souza
- Molecular and Translational Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Rodrigues da Conceição
- Molecular and Translational Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Nayana Coutinho Rodrigues
- Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Brazil
| | - Bruno Guimarães Marinho
- Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Brazil
| | - Emerson Lopes Olivares
- Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Brazil
| | - Gisele Giannocco
- Molecular and Translational Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Wellington da Silva Côrtes
- Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Brazil
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de Souza JS, Kizys MML, da Conceição RR, Glebocki G, Romano RM, Ortiga-Carvalho TM, Giannocco G, da Silva IDCG, Dias da Silva MR, Romano MA, Chiamolera MI. Perinatal exposure to glyphosate-based herbicide alters the thyrotrophic axis and causes thyroid hormone homeostasis imbalance in male rats. Toxicology 2017; 377:25-37. [PMID: 27916585 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) are widely used in agriculture. Recently, several animal and epidemiological studies have been conducted to understand the effects of these chemicals as an endocrine disruptor for the gonadal system. The aim of the present study was to determine whether GBHs could also disrupt the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis. Female pregnant Wistar rats were exposed to a solution containing GBH Roundup®Transorb (Monsanto). The animals were divided into three groups (control, 5mg/kg/day or 50mg/kg/day) and exposed from gestation day 18 (GD18) to post-natal day 5 (PND5). Male offspring were euthanized at PND 90, and blood and tissues samples from the hypothalamus, pituitary, liver and heart were collected for hormonal evaluation (TSH-Thyroid stimulating hormone, T3-triiodothyronine and T4-thyroxine), metabolomic and mRNA analyses of genes related to thyroid hormone metabolism and function. The hormonal profiles showed decreased concentrations of TSH in the exposed groups, with no variation in the levels of the thyroid hormones (THs) T3 and T4 between the groups. Hypothalamus gene expression analysis of the exposed groups revealed a reduction in the expression of genes encoding deiodinases 2 (Dio2) and 3 (Dio3) and TH transporters Slco1c1 (former Oatp1c1) and Slc16a2 (former Mct8). In the pituitary, Dio2, thyroid hormone receptor genes (Thra1 and Thrb1), and Slc16a2 showed higher expression levels in the exposed groups than in the control group. Interestingly, Tshb gene expression did not show any difference in expression profile between the control and exposed groups. Liver Thra1 and Thrb1 showed increased mRNA expression in both GBH-exposed groups, and in the heart, Dio2, Mb, Myh6 (former Mhca) and Slc2a4 (former Glut4) showed higher mRNA expression in the exposed groups. Additionally, correlation analysis between gene expression and metabolomic data showed similar alterations as detected in hypothyroid rats. Perinatal exposure to GBH in male rats modified the HPT set point, with lower levels of TSH likely reflecting post-translational events. Several genes regulated by TH or involved in TH metabolism and transport presented varying degrees of gene expression alteration that were probably programmed during intrauterine exposure to GBHs and reflects in peripheral metabolism. In conclusion, the role of GBH exposure in HPT axis disruption should be considered in populations exposed to this herbicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janaina Sena de Souza
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Unifesp/EPM, Departamento de Medicina, Disciplina de Endocrinologia Clínica, Laboratório de Endocrinologia Molecular e Translacional (LEMT), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marina Malta Letro Kizys
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Unifesp/EPM, Departamento de Medicina, Disciplina de Endocrinologia Clínica, Laboratório de Endocrinologia Molecular e Translacional (LEMT), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Rodrigues da Conceição
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Unifesp/EPM, Departamento de Medicina, Disciplina de Endocrinologia Clínica, Laboratório de Endocrinologia Molecular e Translacional (LEMT), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Glebocki
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Unifesp/EPM, Departamento de Medicina, Disciplina de Endocrinologia Clínica, Laboratório de Endocrinologia Molecular e Translacional (LEMT), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata Marino Romano
- Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, Departamento de Farmácia, Guarapuava, Brazil
| | - Tania Maria Ortiga-Carvalho
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratório de Endocrinologia Translacional, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gisele Giannocco
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Unifesp/EPM, Departamento de Medicina, Disciplina de Endocrinologia Clínica, Laboratório de Endocrinologia Molecular e Translacional (LEMT), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Magnus Regios Dias da Silva
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Unifesp/EPM, Departamento de Medicina, Disciplina de Endocrinologia Clínica, Laboratório de Endocrinologia Molecular e Translacional (LEMT), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurélio Romano
- Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, Departamento de Farmácia, Guarapuava, Brazil
| | - Maria Izabel Chiamolera
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Unifesp/EPM, Departamento de Medicina, Disciplina de Endocrinologia Clínica, Laboratório de Endocrinologia Molecular e Translacional (LEMT), São Paulo, Brazil.
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Özgür E, Gürbüz Özgür B, Aksu H, Cesur G. The Effect of Congenital and Postnatal Hypothyroidism on Depression-Like Behaviors in Juvenile Rats. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2016; 8:439-444. [PMID: 27611926 PMCID: PMC5198003 DOI: 10.4274/jcrpe.3498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate depression-like behaviors of juvenile rats with congenital and postnatal hypothyroidism. METHODS Twenty-seven newborn rat pups were used. First, 6-month-old Wistar Albino female rats were impregnated. Methimazole (0.025% wt/vol) was given to dam rats from the first day of pregnancy until postnatal 21 days (P21) to generate pups with congenital hypothyroidism (n=8), whereas in the postnatal hypothyroidism group (n=10), methimazole was given from P0 to P21. In the control group (n=9), dam rats were fed ad libitum and normal tap water. Offspring were fed with breast milk from their mothers. The behavioral parameters were measured with the juvenile forced swimming test (JFST). The procedure of JFST consisted of two sessions in two consecutive days: the 15-minute pre-test on day 1 and the 5-minute test on day 2. RESULTS Increased immobility and decreased climbing duration were observed in both congenital and postnatal hypothyroidism groups. Decreased swimming duration was detected in the postnatal hypothyroidism group. Both hypothyroidism groups had a lower body weight gain compared with the control group, while the congenital hypothyroidism group had the lowest body weight. CONCLUSION Our results showed that hypothyroidism had negative effects on depression-like behavior as well as on growth and development. Both congenital and postnatal hypothyroidism caused an increase in immobility time in JFST. New studies are required to understand the differing results on depression-like behavior between congenital and postnatal hypothyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdoğan Özgür
- Nazilli State Hospital, Clinic of Ear, Nose, and Throat, Aydın, Turkey, Phone: +90 505 701 95 46 E-mail:
| | - Börte Gürbüz Özgür
- Adnan Menderes University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Hatice Aksu
- Adnan Menderes University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Gökhan Cesur
- Adnan Menderes University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Aydın, Turkey
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