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Matikainen-Ankney BA, Legaria AA, Pan Y, Vachez YM, Murphy CA, Schaefer RF, McGrath QJ, Wang JG, Bluitt MN, Ankney KC, Norris AJ, Creed MC, Kravitz AV. Nucleus Accumbens D 1 Receptor-Expressing Spiny Projection Neurons Control Food Motivation and Obesity. Biol Psychiatry 2023; 93:512-523. [PMID: 36494220 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is a chronic relapsing disorder that is caused by an excess of caloric intake relative to energy expenditure. There is growing recognition that food motivation is altered in people with obesity. However, it remains unclear how brain circuits that control food motivation are altered in obese animals. METHODS Using a novel behavioral assay that quantifies work during food seeking, in vivo and ex vivo cell-specific recordings, and a synaptic blocking technique, we tested the hypothesis that activity of circuits promoting appetitive behavior in the core of the nucleus accumbens (NAc) is enhanced in the obese state, particularly during food seeking. RESULTS We first confirmed that mice made obese with ad libitum exposure to a high fat diet work harder than lean mice to obtain food, consistent with an increase in food motivation in obese mice. We observed greater activation of D1 receptor-expressing NAc spiny projection neurons (NAc D1SPNs) during food seeking in obese mice relative to lean mice. This enhanced activity was not observed in D2 receptor-expressing neurons (D2SPNs). Consistent with these in vivo findings, both intrinsic excitability and excitatory drive onto D1SPNs were enhanced in obese mice relative to lean mice, and these measures were selective for D1SPNs. Finally, blocking synaptic transmission from D1SPNs, but not D2SPNs, in the NAc core decreased physical work during food seeking and, critically, attenuated high fat diet-induced weight gain. CONCLUSIONS These experiments demonstrate the necessity of NAc core D1SPNs in food motivation and the development of diet-induced obesity, establishing these neurons as a potential therapeutic target for preventing obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alex A Legaria
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Yiyan Pan
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Yvan M Vachez
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Caitlin A Murphy
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Robert F Schaefer
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Quinlan J McGrath
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Justin G Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Maya N Bluitt
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Kevin C Ankney
- Department of Economics, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Aaron J Norris
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Meaghan C Creed
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Alexxai V Kravitz
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri.
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Przybysz JT, DiBrog AM, Kern KA, Mukherjee A, Japa JE, Waite MH, Mietlicki-Baase EG. Macronutrient intake: Hormonal controls, pathological states, and methodological considerations. Appetite 2023; 180:106365. [PMID: 36347305 PMCID: PMC10563642 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A plethora of studies to date has examined the roles of feeding-related peptides in the control of food intake. However, the influence of these peptides on the intake of particular macronutrient constituents of food - carbohydrate, fat, and protein - has not been as extensively addressed in the literature. Here, the roles of several feeding-related peptides in controlling macronutrient intake are reviewed. Next, the relationship between macronutrient intake and diseases including diabetes mellitus, obesity, and eating disorders are examined. Finally, some key considerations in macronutrient intake research are discussed. We hope that this review will shed light onto this underappreciated topic in ingestive behavior research and will help to guide further scientific investigation in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnathan T Przybysz
- Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Adrianne M DiBrog
- Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Katherine A Kern
- Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Ashmita Mukherjee
- Psychology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Jason E Japa
- Biotechnical and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Mariana H Waite
- Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Elizabeth G Mietlicki-Baase
- Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA; Center for Ingestive Behavior Research, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA.
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Yoshizawa K, Kurono R, Sato H, Ishijima E, Nasu H, Ferdaos N, Suzuki H, Negishi K. Effect of Sucrose on Cisplatin-induced Fatigue-like Behavior in Mice: Comparison With Fructose and Glucose. CANCER DIAGNOSIS & PROGNOSIS 2021; 1:95-102. [PMID: 35403134 PMCID: PMC8962764 DOI: 10.21873/cdp.10014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Fatigue is the most common symptom in patients with cancer undergoing radiation therapy or cancer chemotherapy. However, cancer-related fatigue remains undertreated and poorly understood. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mice were administered a single dose of cisplatin (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) or saline (as a control) and then treated with sucrose, fructose, glucose (each at 500 or 5,000 mg/kg, orally), or saline (control) daily for 4 days. cisplatin-induced fatigue-like behavior was investigated by assessment of running activity on a treadmill. The influence of glucose intake on tumor growth was also examined in Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC)-bearing mice. RESULTS Administration of sucrose and glucose improved cisplatin-induced fatigue-like behavior in mice, whereas administration of fructose showed only slight antifatigue effects. Although glucose-fed mice showed increased tumor growth, this was balanced out by the powerful cytotoxicity of cisplatin. CONCLUSION Sucrose, and especially glucose, may improve patient quality of life during treatment with anticancer agents by preventing fatigue without interfering with the antitumor effects of cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumi Yoshizawa
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences,Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ruka Kurono
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences,Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Haruka Sato
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences,Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Erika Ishijima
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences,Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Haruka Nasu
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences,Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Nurfarhana Ferdaos
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences,Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy,Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hidetaka Suzuki
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences,Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
- Division of Pharmacy, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kenichi Negishi
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
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Sclafani A, Vural AS, Ackroff K. Profound differences in fat versus carbohydrate preferences in CAST/EiJ and C57BL/6J mice: Role of fat taste. Physiol Behav 2018; 194:348-355. [PMID: 29933030 PMCID: PMC6082157 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In a nutrient self-selection study, CAST/EiJ mice consumed more carbohydrate than fat while C57BL/6J (B6) mice showed the opposite preference. The present study revealed similar strain differences in preferences for isocaloric fat (Intralipid) and carbohydrate (sucrose, maltodextrin) solutions in chow-fed mice. In initial 2-day choice tests, percent fat intakes of CAST and B6 mice were 4-9% and 71-81% respectively. In subsequent nutrient vs. water tests, CAST mice consumed considerably less fat but not carbohydrate compared to B6 mice. Orosensory rather than postoral factors are implicated in the very low fat preference and intake of CAST mice. This is supported by results of a choice test with Intralipid mixed with non-nutritive sweeteners vs. non-sweet maltodextrin. The preference of CAST mice for sweetened fat exceeded that of B6 mice (94 vs. 74%) and absolute fat intakes were similar in the two strains. When given unsweetened Intralipid vs. water tests at ascending fat concentrations CAST mice displayed reduced fat preferences at 0.1-5% and reduced intakes at 0.5-5% concentrations, compared to B6 mice. The differential fat preferences of CAST and B6 mice may reflect differences in fat taste sensing or in central neural processes related to fat selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Sclafani
- Department of Psychology, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA.
| | - Austin S Vural
- Department of Psychology, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA
| | - Karen Ackroff
- Department of Psychology, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA
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Evidence supporting oral sensitivity to complex carbohydrates independent of sweet taste sensitivity in humans. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188784. [PMID: 29281655 PMCID: PMC5744938 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Compared to simple sugars, complex carbohydrates have been assumed invisible to taste. However, two recent studies proposed that there may be a perceivable taste quality elicited by complex carbohydrates independent of sweet taste. There is precedent with behavioural studies demonstrating that rats are very attracted to complex carbohydrates, and that complex carbohydrates are preferred to simple sugars at low concentrations. This suggests that rats may have independent taste sensors for simple sugars and complex carbohydrates. The aim of this paper is to investigate oral sensitivities of two different classes of complex carbohydrates (a soluble digestible and a soluble non-digestible complex carbohydrate), and to compare these to other caloric and non-nutritive sweeteners in addition to the prototypical tastes using two commonly used psychophysical measures. There were strong correlations between the detection thresholds and mean intensity ratings for complex carbohydrates (maltodextrin, oligofructose) (r = 0.94, P < 0.001). There were no significant correlations between the detection thresholds of the complex carbohydrates (maltodextrin, oligofructose) and the sweeteners (glucose, fructose, sucralose, Rebaudioside A, erythritol) (all P > 0.05). However, moderate correlations were observed between perceived intensities of complex carbohydrates and sweeteners (r = 0.48–0.61, P < 0.05). These data provide evidence that complex carbohydrates can be sensed in the oral cavity over a range of concentrations independent of sweet taste sensitivity at low concentrations, but with partial overlap with sweet taste intensity at higher concentrations.
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Smith KR, Spector AC. Detection of maltodextrin and its discrimination from sucrose are independent of the T1R2 + T1R3 heterodimer. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2017; 313:R450-R462. [PMID: 28768658 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00049.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Maltodextrins, such as Maltrin and Polycose, are glucose polymer mixtures of varying chain lengths that are palatable to rodents. Although glucose and other sugars activate the T1R2 + T1R3 "sweet" taste receptor, recent evidence from T1R2- or T1R3-knockout (KO) mice suggests that maltodextrins, despite their glucose polymer composition, activate a separate receptor mechanism to generate a taste percept qualitatively distinguishable from that of sweeteners. However, explicit discrimination of maltodextrins from prototypical sweeteners has not yet been psychophysically tested in any murine model. Therefore, mice lacking T1R2 + T1R3 and wild-type controls were tested in a two-response taste discrimination task to determine whether maltodextrins are 1) detectable when both receptor subunits are absent and 2) perceptually distinct from that of sucrose irrespective of viscosity, intensity, and hedonics. Most KO mice displayed similar Polycose sensitivity as controls. However, some KO mice were only sensitive to the higher Polycose concentrations, implicating potential allelic variation in the putative polysaccharide receptor or downstream pathways unmasked by the absence of T1R2 + T1R3. Varied Maltrin and sucrose concentrations of approximately matched viscosities were then presented to render the oral somatosensory features, intensity, and hedonic value of the solutions irrelevant. Although both genotypes competently discriminated Maltrin from sucrose, performance was apparently driven by the different orosensory percepts of the two stimuli in control mice and the presence of a Maltrin but not sucrose orosensory cue in KO mice. These data support the proposed presence of an orosensory receptor mechanism that gives rise to a qualitatively distinguishable sensation from that of sucrose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly R Smith
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Alan C Spector
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
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