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Assis MGC, Barbosa Junior JGG, Seffrin A, Ribeiro dos Anjos Souza V, Vivan L, Matos Rodrigues MA, de Lira CAB, Vancini RL, Knechtle B, Weiss K, Andrade MS. Maximal Oxygen Uptake, Muscular Oxidative Capacity, and Ventilatory Threshold in Amateur Triathletes: Eight-Month Training Follow-Up. Open Access J Sports Med 2024; 15:9-17. [PMID: 38505703 PMCID: PMC10950087 DOI: 10.2147/oajsm.s453875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Endurance sports performance is influenced by several factors, including maximal oxygen uptake (⩒O2max), the percentage of ⩒O2max that can be sustained in endurance events, running economy, and body composition. Traditionally, ⩒O2max can be measured as an absolute value, adjusted for body mass, reflecting the athlete's central capacity (maximal cardiac output), or adjusted for lean mass (LM), reflecting the athlete's peripheral capacity (muscular oxidative capacity). The present study aims to evaluate absolute, total body mass, and lower limb LM-adjusted ⩒O2max, ventilatory thresholds (VT), respiratory compensation points (RCP), and body composition during two training periods separated by 8 months. Patients and Methods Thirteen competitive amateur triathletes [seven men (40.7±13.7 years old, 76.3±8.3kg, and 173.9±4.8cm) and six women (43.5±6.9 years old, 55.0±2.7kg, 164.9±5.2cm)] were evaluated for body composition with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and ⩒O2max, VT, RPC, and maximal aerobic speed (MAS) with a cardiorespiratory maximal treadmill test. Results The absolute ⩒O2max (p = 0.003, d = 1.05), body mass-adjusted ⩒O2max (p < 0.001, d = 1.2859), and MAS (p = 0.047, d = 0.6139) values differed significantly across evaluation periods. Lower limb LM-adjusted ⩒O2max (p = 0.083, d = -0.0418), %⩒O2max at VT (p = 0.541, d = -0.1746), speed at VT (p = 0.337, d = -0.2774), % ⩒O2max at RCP (p = 0.776, d = 0.0806), and speed at RCP (p = 0.436, d = 0.2234) showed no difference. Conclusion The sensitivities of ⩒O2max adjusted for body mass and ⩒O2max adjusted for LM to detect changes in physical training state differ. Furthermore, decreases in physical fitness level, as evaluated by ⩒O2max values, are not accompanied by changes in VT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aldo Seffrin
- Postgraduate Program in Translation Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Lavínia Vivan
- Postgraduate Program in Translation Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Rodrigo Luiz Vancini
- Center for Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katja Weiss
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Sellés-Pérez S, Cejuela R, Fernández-Sáez J, Arévalo-Chico H. Does Pool Performance of Elite Triathletes Predict Open-Water Performance? J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2023; 8:165. [PMID: 38132720 PMCID: PMC10743982 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk8040165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The capacity of laboratory tests to predict competition performance has been broadly researched across several endurance sports. The aim of the present study was to analyse how pool swimming performance can predict the result of the swimming segment in triathlon competitions and compare predictability differences based on competition level and distance. Eighteen male triathletes participated in the study. Three were ranked world-class, ten elite/international level, and five highly trained/national level. A total of sixty-one graded multi-stage swimming tests were conducted. Blood lactate was measured to calculate the following hypothetical predictor variables: speed at lactate threshold 1 (LT1), speed at lactate threshold 2 (LT2), and speed in the last repetition of the test (SL200). The following data were collected for a total of 75 races: time in the swimming leg (TSL); position after the swimming leg (PSL); time difference with the first triathlete after the swimming leg (DFT); and final race position. The race levels were divided according to participant levels as follows: world series (WS) (n = 22); World Cup (WC) (n = 22); Continental Cup (CC) (n = 19); national championship (N) (n = 5); and local race (L) (n = 5). Based on distance, they were divided into Olympic distance (OD) (n = 37) and sprint distance (SD) (n = 38). A moderate to strong positive association was found between LT1, LT2, SL200 and PSL and TSl at all race levels except for the SD CC, SD WC, and OD CC races, where no or weak-to-moderate correlations were found. The present study demonstrated that performance measured in a graded multi-stage pool lactate test can predict performance in a triathlon swimming segment. This finding is highly useful for coaches as it can help them to obtain a reliable measure of the triathlete's specific capabilities in the swimming leg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Sellés-Pérez
- Physical Education and Sports, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain; (S.S.-P.); (H.A.-C.)
| | - Roberto Cejuela
- Physical Education and Sports, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain; (S.S.-P.); (H.A.-C.)
| | - José Fernández-Sáez
- Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Terres de l’Ebre, Fundació Institut, Universitari per a la Recerca a l’atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPGol), 43500 Tortosa, Spain;
- Facultat de Enfermería, Campus Terres de l’Ebre, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43500 Tortosa, Spain
| | - Héctor Arévalo-Chico
- Physical Education and Sports, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain; (S.S.-P.); (H.A.-C.)
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Abad CCC, Crivói Carmo E, Prado DMLD, Reis V, Pereira L, Loturco I, Koehle M. Using Physiological Laboratory Tests and Neuromuscular Functions to Predict Extreme Ultratriathlon Performance. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2023; 94:1183-1191. [PMID: 36006760 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2022.2094307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: This study aims to investigate the relationship between split disciplines and overall extreme ultra-triathlon (EUT) performance and verify the relationship among physiological and neuromuscular measurements with both fractional and total EUT performance while checking which variables could predict partial and overall EUT race time. Methods: Eleven volunteers (37 ± 6 years; 176.9 ± 6.1 cm; 77.9 ± 10.9 kg) performed two maximal graded tests (cycling and running) for physiological measurements and muscle strength/power tests to assess neuromuscular functions. Results: The correlation of swimming split times to predict overall EUT race times was lower than for cycling and running split times (r2 = 0.005; p > .05; r2 = 0.949; p < .001 and r2 = 0.925; p < .001, respectively). VO2peak obtained during running test (VO2peakrun) and VT power output assessed during cycling test (VTPO) were the highest predictors of cycling performance (r2 = 0.92; p = .017), whereas VO2peakrun and peakpower output in the cycling test (PPO) were the highest predictors of running performance (r2 = 0.94; p = .008). Conclusion: VO2peakrun and VTPO, associated to jump height assessed during countermovement jump (CMJ) test were the highest correlated variables to predict total EUT performance (r2 = 0.99; p = .007). In practical terms, coaches should include the assessment of VO2peakrun, VTPO, and CMJ to evaluate the athletes' status and monitor their performance throughout the season. Future studies should test how the improvement of these variables would affect EUT performance during official races.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Valter Reis
- Nucleus of High Performance in Sport - NARSP
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Nikolaidis PT, Valero D, Weiss K, Villiger E, Thuany M, Sousa CV, Andrade M, Knechtle B. Predicting overall performance in Ironman 70.3 age group triathletes through split disciplines. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11492. [PMID: 37460563 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38181-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Knowing which discipline contributes most to a triathlon performance is important to plan race pacing properly. To date, we know that the running split is the most decisive discipline in the Olympic distance triathlon, and the cycling split is the most important discipline in the full-distance Ironman® triathlon. However, we have no knowledge of the Ironman® 70.3. This study intended to determine the most crucial discipline in age group athletes competing from 2004 to 2020 in a total of 787 Ironman® 70.3 races. A total of 823,459 athletes (198,066 women and 625,393 men) from 240 different countries were analyzed and recorded in 5-year age groups, from 18 to 75 + years. Correlation analysis, multiple linear regression, and two-way ANOVA were applied, considering p < 0.05. No differences in the regression analysis between the contributions of the swimming, cycling, and running splits could be found for all age groups. However, the correlation analysis showed stronger associations of the cycling and running split times than the swimming split times with overall race times and a smaller difference in swimming performance between males and females in age groups 50 years and older. For age group triathletes competing in Ironman® 70.3, running and cycling were more predictive than swimming for overall race performance. There was a progressive reduction in the performance gap between men and women aged 50 years and older. This information may aid triathletes and coaches in planning their race tactics in an Ironman® 70.3 race.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Valero
- Ultra Sports Science Foundation, Pierre-Benite, France
| | - Katja Weiss
- Institute of Primary Care, University Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Elias Villiger
- Klinik Für Allgemeine Innere Medizin, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Mabliny Thuany
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Caio Victor Sousa
- Department of Health and Human Sciences, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA, 90045, USA
| | - Marilia Andrade
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Disciplina de Neurofisiologia e Fisiologia do Exercício, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland.
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, Vadianstrasse 26, 9001, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
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Martins HA, Barbosa JG, Seffrin A, Vivan L, Souza VRDA, De Lira CAB, Weiss K, Knechtle B, Andrade MS. Sex Differences in Maximal Oxygen Uptake Adjusted for Skeletal Muscle Mass in Amateur Endurance Athletes: A Cross Sectional Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11101502. [PMID: 37239788 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11101502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Male athletes tend to outperform female athletes in several endurance sports. Maximum cardiac output can be estimated by maximal oxygen consumption (V˙O2max), and it has been established that men present V˙O2max values about 20% higher than women. Although sex differences in V˙O2max have already been well studied, few studies have assessed sex differences with regard to muscle oxidative capacity. The aim of this study was to compare aerobic muscle quality, accessed by V˙O2max and adjusted by lower limb lean mass, between male and female amateur triathletes. The study also aimed to compare sex differences according to V˙O2 submaximal values assessed at ventilatory thresholds. A total of 57 participants (23 women and 34 men), who had been training for Olympic-distance triathlon races, underwent body composition evaluation by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and performed a cardiorespiratory maximal test on a treadmill. Male athletes had significantly higher V˙O2max, both absolutely and when adjusted to body mass. Conversely, when V˙O2max was adjusted for lean mass, there was no significant difference between sexes. The same was observed at submaximal exercise intensities. In conclusion, differences in V˙O2max adjusted to body mass but not lean mass may explain, at least in part, sex differences in performance in triathlons, marathons, cycling, and other endurance sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Higgor Amadeus Martins
- Sports Medicine Residency Program, Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04021-001, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Geraldo Barbosa
- Postgraduate Program in Translation Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04021-001, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aldo Seffrin
- Postgraduate Program in Translation Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04021-001, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lavínia Vivan
- Postgraduate Program in Translation Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04021-001, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Claudio Andre Barbosa De Lira
- Human and Exercise Physiology Division, Faculty of Physical Education and Dance, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Katja Weiss
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, 9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Marilia Santos Andrade
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04021-001, São Paulo, Brazil
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Barbosa JG, de Lira CAB, Vancini RL, dos Anjos VR, Vivan L, Seffrin A, Forte P, Weiss K, Knechtle B, Andrade MS. Physiological Features of Olympic-Distance Amateur Triathletes, as Well as Their Associations with Performance in Women and Men: A Cross-Sectional Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11040622. [PMID: 36833156 PMCID: PMC9956327 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11040622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to verify the physiological and anthropometric determinants of triathlon performance in female and male athletes. This study included 40 triathletes (20 male and 20 female). Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) was used to assess body composition, and an incremental cardiopulmonary test was used to assess physiological variables. A questionnaire about physical training habits was also completed by the athletes. Athletes competed in the Olympic-distance triathlon race. For the female group, the total race time can be predicted by V̇O2max (β = -131, t = -6.61, p < 0.001), lean mass (β = -61.4, t = -2.66, p = 0.018), and triathlon experience (β = -886.1, t = -3.01, p = 0.009) (r2 = 0.825, p < 0.05). For the male group, the total race time can be predicted by maximal aerobic speed (β = -294.1, t = -2.89, p = 0.010) and percentage of body fat (β = 53.6, t = 2.20, p = 0.042) (r2 = 0.578, p < 0.05). The variables that can predict the performance of men are not the same as those that can predict the triathlon performance of women. These data can help athletes and coaches develop performance-enhancing strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Geraldo Barbosa
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04021-001, Brazil
| | - Claudio Andre Barbosa de Lira
- Human and Exercise Physiology Division, Faculty of Physical Education and Dance, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Luiz Vancini
- Center for Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória 29075-210, Brazil
| | | | - Lavínia Vivan
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04021-001, Brazil
| | - Aldo Seffrin
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04021-001, Brazil
| | - Pedro Forte
- Department of Sports, Higher Institute of Educational Sciences of the Douro, 4560-547 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Sports Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports, Health and Human Development, 7000-671 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Katja Weiss
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, 9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
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Amateur Female Athletes Perform the Running Split of a Triathlon Race at Higher Relative Intensity than the Male Athletes: A Cross-Sectional Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11030418. [PMID: 36766993 PMCID: PMC9914054 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11030418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Maximal oxygen uptake (V˙O2max), ventilatory threshold (VT) and respiratory compensation point (RCP) can be used to monitor the training intensity and the race strategy, and the elucidation of the specificities existing between the sexes can be interesting for coaches and athletes. The aim of the study was to compare ventilatory threshold (VT), respiratory compensation point (RCP), and the percentage of the maximal aerobic speed (MAS) that can be maintained in a triathlon race between sexes. Forty-one triathletes (22 men and 19 women), 42.1 ± 8.4 (26 to 60) years old, that raced the same Olympic triathlon underwent a cardiorespiratory maximal treadmill test to assess their VT, RPC, and MAS, and race speed. The maximal oxygen uptake (V˙O2max) (54.0 ± 5.1 vs. 49.8 ± 7.7 mL/kg/min, p < 0.001) and MAS (17 ± 2 vs. 15 ± 2 km/h, p = 0.001) were significantly higher in male than in female athletes. Conversely, there were no sex differences according to the percentage of V˙O2max reached at VT (74.4 ± 4.9 vs. 76.1 ± 5.4%, p = 0.298) and RCP (89.9 ± 3.6 vs. 90.6 ± 4.0%, p = 0.560). The mean speed during the race did not differ between sexes (12.1 ± 1.7 km/h and 11.7 ± 1.8 km/h, p = 0.506, respectively). Finally, men performed the running split at a lower percentage of speed at RCP than women (84.0 ± 8.7 vs. 91.2 ± 7.0%, respectively, p = 0.005). Therefore, male and female athletes accomplished the running split in an Olympic triathlon distance at distinct relative intensities, as female athletes run at a higher RCP percentage.
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Zarranz-Domench X, Garcia-Tabar I, Lizarazu JC, Ruesta M, Gorostiaga EM. Intensified training before Olympic-distance triathlon in recreational triathletes: "Less pain, more gain". Physiol Int 2022. [PMID: 36001410 DOI: 10.1556/2060.2022.00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Objectives To examine 1) the contribution of physiological performance variables to Olympic-distance (OD) triathlon performance, and 2) the links between an 8-wk intensified training plus competition preceding the main OD triathlon race and the changes in the physiological status in triathletes. Study Design An observational longitudinal study. Methods Endurance performance variables during maximal incremental running and cycling tests, and average velocity during an all-out 400-m swimming performance test (V400) were assessed before (T1) and after (T2) the intensified training in 7 recreational-level triathletes. Results Overall main OD triathlon time was extremely largely (r = -0.94; P = 0.01) correlated with peak running velocity (PRV). Best correlation magnitude between exercise modes' partial race times and the corresponding specific physiological criterion tests was observed for swimming (r = -0.97; P < 0.001). Improvement in V400 (2.9%), PRV (1.5%) and submaximal running blood lactate concentration (17%) was observed along the training period, whereas no changes were observed in the cycling endurance performance variables. Higher volume of training plus competition at high intensity zones during cycling, running and swimming were associated with lower improvements or declines in their corresponding exercise mode-specific criterion performance variables (r = 0.81-0.90; P = 0.005-0.037). Conclusion Results indicate that: 1) PRV is highly associated with overall OD triathlon performance, and 2) spending much time at high relative intensities during swimming, cycling or running may lead, in a dose-response manner, to lower improvements or decreases on those exercise-specific physiological performance variables. This may favor the emergence of overreaching or diminished performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xabier Zarranz-Domench
- 1 Studies, Research and Sports Medicine Center (CEIMD), Government of Navarre, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ibai Garcia-Tabar
- 2 Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education and Sport, Society Sports and Physical Exercise Research Group (GIKAFIT), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- 3 Biobara, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Juan C Lizarazu
- 1 Studies, Research and Sports Medicine Center (CEIMD), Government of Navarre, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maite Ruesta
- 1 Studies, Research and Sports Medicine Center (CEIMD), Government of Navarre, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Esteban M Gorostiaga
- 1 Studies, Research and Sports Medicine Center (CEIMD), Government of Navarre, Pamplona, Spain
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Dos Santos Andrade VF, Cabral LL, Da Silva CK, Villarejo Mayor JJ, Félix Rodacki AL, Lima-Silva AE, Pereira G. The completely recover of quadriceps muscle peripheral fatigue after running in Olympic but not in Sprint triathlon. Eur J Sport Sci 2022; 23:885-895. [PMID: 35502595 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2072772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACTThis study compared central and peripheral fatigue development between Sprint and Olympic distance triathlon. Fifteen male triathletes performed Sprint and Olympic triathlon simulations in a randomized and counterbalanced order. Central and peripheral fatigue was evaluated from changes in voluntary activation level (VAL) and twitch responses of quadriceps muscle (Qtw,pot), respectively. Qtw,pot reduced from baseline to post-swimming similarly between triathlon simulations (Sprint, -17±11%; Olympic, -13±9%). In post-cycling, Qtw,pot further declined to a similar extent between triathlon distances (Sprint, -31±15%; Olympic, -28±11%). In post-running, Qtw,pot was fully recovered in Olympic triathlon (-4±10%), whereas there was only a partial recovery of Qtw,pot in Sprint triathlon (-20±11%). VAL was not reduced in post-swimming, but reduction was similar between triathlon distances in post-cycling (Sprint, -10±9%; Olympic, -8±8%) and post-running (Sprint, -15±14%; Olympic, -16±8%). In Sprint triathlon, the swimming speed (1.07±0.13 m ·s-1) was above (p<.001) critical speed (1.01±0.14 m ·s-1), the cycling power (179.7±27.2W) was below the respiratory compensation point (216.3±27.8W, p<.001) and running speed (13.7±1.05km·h-1) similar to the respiratory compensation point (13.2±0.70 km·h-1, p=.124). In Olympic triathlon, swimming speed (1.03±0.13m·s-1) was similar to critical speed (p=.392), and both cycling power (165.3±27.3W) and running speed (12.6±1.05km·h-1) were below the respiratory compensation point (p≤.007). In conclusion, peripheral fatigue progressed until post-cycling regardless of triathlon distances. However, peripheral fatigue was fully recovered after running in Olympic but not in Sprint triathlon. The central fatigue started in post-cycling and progressed until post-running regardless of triathlon distances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Ferreira Dos Santos Andrade
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Parana (UFPR), Curitiba, Parana, BRAZIL.,Physical Education and Sports Center, Federal University of Parana (UFPR), Curitiba, Parana, BRAZIL
| | - Luana Loss Cabral
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Parana (UFPR), Curitiba, Parana, BRAZIL
| | | | | | | | - Adriano E Lima-Silva
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Parana (UFPR), Curitiba, Parana, BRAZIL.,Human Performance Research Group, Technological Federal University of Parana (UTFPR), Curitiba, Parana, BRAZIL
| | - Gleber Pereira
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Parana (UFPR), Curitiba, Parana, BRAZIL
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The Performance, Physiology and Morphology of Female and Male Olympic-Distance Triathletes. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10050797. [PMID: 35627934 PMCID: PMC9140916 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10050797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex differences in triathlon performance have been decreasing in recent decades and little information is available to explain it. Thirty-nine male and eighteen female amateur triathletes were evaluated for fat mass, lean mass, maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max), ventilatory threshold (VT), respiratory compensation point (RCP), and performance in a national Olympic triathlon race. Female athletes presented higher fat mass (p = 0.02, d = 0.84, power = 0.78) and lower lean mass (p < 0.01, d = 3.11, power = 0.99). VO2 max (p < 0.01, d = 1.46, power = 0.99), maximal aerobic velocity (MAV) (p < 0.01, d = 2.05, power = 0.99), velocities in VT (p < 0.01, d = 1.26, power = 0.97), and RCP (p < 0.01, d = 1.53, power = 0.99) were significantly worse in the female group. VT (%VO2 max) (p = 0.012, d = 0.73, power = 0.58) and RCP (%VO2 max) (p = 0.005, d = 0.85, power = 0.89) were higher in the female group. Female athletes presented lower VO2 max value, lower lean mass, and higher fat mass. However, females presented higher values of aerobic endurance (%VO2 max), which can attenuate sex differences in triathlon performance. Coaches and athletes should consider that female athletes can maintain a higher percentage of MAV values than males during the running split to prescribe individual training.
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Irurtia A, Torres-Mestre VM, Cebrián-Ponce Á, Carrasco-Marginet M, Altarriba-Bartés A, Vives-Usón M, Cos F, Castizo-Olier J. Physical Fitness and Performance in Talented & Untalented Young Chinese Soccer Players. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:98. [PMID: 35052262 PMCID: PMC8775658 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10010098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sports performance is a complex process that involves many factors, including ethnic and racial differences. China's youth soccer is in a process of constant development, although information about the characteristics of its players and their methodological systems is scarce. The aim of this retrospective study was to characterize the physical fitness and the competitive performance of 722 Chinese players of three sports categories (8.0-9.9, 10.0-11.9 and 12.0-13.9 years), who were classified by their coaches as talented (n = 204) or untalented (n = 518). Players were assessed for anthropometry (body height, body mass, body mass index), lung capacity (Forced Vital Capacity), jumping performance (Squat Jump, Countermovement Jump and Abalakov tests), sprinting performance (10 m and 30 m Sprint tests), agility performance (Repeated Side-Step test) and flexibility (Sit & Reach test). A descriptive, comparative, correlational and multivariate analysis was performed. Competitive ranking was created in order to act as dependent variable in multiple linear regression analysis. Results indicate that Chinese players classified as talented have better motor performance than untalented ones. However, these differences are neither related nor determine the competitive performance of one group or the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Irurtia
- INEFC-Barcelona Sports Sciences Research Group, National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Barcelona, 08038 Barcelona, Spain; (V.M.T.-M.); (Á.C.-P.); (M.C.-M.); (M.V.-U.); (F.C.)
- Catalan School of Kinanthropometry, National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Barcelona (UB), 08038 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Víctor M. Torres-Mestre
- INEFC-Barcelona Sports Sciences Research Group, National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Barcelona, 08038 Barcelona, Spain; (V.M.T.-M.); (Á.C.-P.); (M.C.-M.); (M.V.-U.); (F.C.)
| | - Álex Cebrián-Ponce
- INEFC-Barcelona Sports Sciences Research Group, National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Barcelona, 08038 Barcelona, Spain; (V.M.T.-M.); (Á.C.-P.); (M.C.-M.); (M.V.-U.); (F.C.)
- Catalan School of Kinanthropometry, National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Barcelona (UB), 08038 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Carrasco-Marginet
- INEFC-Barcelona Sports Sciences Research Group, National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Barcelona, 08038 Barcelona, Spain; (V.M.T.-M.); (Á.C.-P.); (M.C.-M.); (M.V.-U.); (F.C.)
- Catalan School of Kinanthropometry, National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Barcelona (UB), 08038 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Altarriba-Bartés
- Sport and Physical Activity Studies Center (CEEAF), Sport Performance Analysis Research Group (SPARG), University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, Vic, 08500 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Marc Vives-Usón
- INEFC-Barcelona Sports Sciences Research Group, National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Barcelona, 08038 Barcelona, Spain; (V.M.T.-M.); (Á.C.-P.); (M.C.-M.); (M.V.-U.); (F.C.)
| | - Francesc Cos
- INEFC-Barcelona Sports Sciences Research Group, National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Barcelona, 08038 Barcelona, Spain; (V.M.T.-M.); (Á.C.-P.); (M.C.-M.); (M.V.-U.); (F.C.)
| | - Jorge Castizo-Olier
- School of Health Sciences, TecnoCampus, Pompeu Fabra University, Mataró, 08302 Barcelona, Spain;
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The Influence of Endurance Training on the Lipid Profile, Body Mass Composition and Cardiovascular Efficiency in Middle-Aged Cross-Country Skiers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182010928. [PMID: 34682674 PMCID: PMC8535879 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182010928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring the training of amateur long-distance cross-country skiers (XCS) can help athletes’ achieve a higher exercise capacity and protect their health. The aim of this study was to assess body composition changes and lipid profiles in middle-aged amateur long-distance XCS after four months of training, including specialized roller ski training. The results of the time-to-exhaustion (TTE) test and blood tests and changes in body composition were analyzed with basic descriptive statistics: the paired Wilcoxon test was used to compare the results (initial and final). Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient (R) was used to assess the influence of various variables on maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max). The findings show that training of amateur long-distance XCS improved maximal oxygen uptake (p = 0.008) and had a positive effect on fat reduction, measured in percentages (p = 0.038) and in kilograms (p = 0.023), but did not change blood lipids or other parameters. Further research could focus on other aspects of the annual training cycle: the competition period, and women in a larger group of athletes. Training with roller skis and a cross-country skiing training machine (a specialized machine for strengthening the arms and upper body) can support health and prevent obesity, overweight, and cardiovascular disease.
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Impact of training volume and experience on amateur Ironman triathlon performance. Physiol Behav 2021; 232:113344. [PMID: 33516745 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the association between training volume, sleep time, signs and symptoms of excessive training (overtraining), and previous triathlon experience with overall and split race times in the Ironman distance triathlon. METHODS Ninety-nine triathletes (19 women and 80 men) answered an online survey containing questions about anthropometric characteristics (body mass and height), weekly training volume (hours per day and days per week), previous experience in Ironman distance triathlon race, and signs and symptoms of excessive training. Data of race times of all participants were collected by a single race (the Ironman Brazil 2019 - Florianópolis). All surveys were collected between 28 and 30 days before the race. The athlete was instructed to answer the questions according to what was happening in the week before completing the survey. RESULTS Total race time did not differ among those who trained up to 14 h per week (11:28:46±01:54:30 h:min:sec), between 15 and 20 h per week (11:37:31±01:20:26 h:min:sec) or more than 20 h per week (11:30:18±01:31:28 h:min:sec) (p = 0.922). Total race time of the triathletes who presented (12:42:22±01:49:36 h:min:sec) or no (11:23:06±01:29:02 h:min:sec) unintentional body mass loss (p = 0.006), feeling (12:46:17±02:03:13 h:min:sec) or no (11:24:09±01:28:07 h:min:sec) of decreased performance (p = 0.009) or feeling (12:08:58±01:47:12 h:min:sec) or no (11:16:34±01:24:53 h:min:sec) loss of energy (p = 0.011) in the week prior to the race were significantly different. Triathletes who had a previous experience in Ironman races achieved a better performance (11:15:21±01:32:04 h:min:sec) than those without previous experience (12:06:38±01:32:10 h:min:sec) (p = 0.010). CONCLUSION In summary, high volumes of training (more than 20 h per week), when performed forty days before a race, may not have a positive impact on performance compared to lower volumes of training (up to 14 h per week). However, athletes who had a previous experience in Ironman race presented better results in swimming splits and overall race time. Moreover, the presence of overtraining symptoms, such as unintentional loss of weight, sensation of fatigue and/or performance decrease impact negatively triathlon performance.
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Puccinelli P, DE Lira CA, Vancini RL, Nikolaidis PT, Knechtle B, Andrade MS. Distribution of body fat is associated with physical performance of male amateur triathlon athletes. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2021; 62:215-221. [PMID: 33666075 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.21.12075-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endurance sports are strongly associated with maximum oxygen uptake, anaerobic threshold, running economy and body fat percentage. Despite the importance for performance of the low-fat mass being a consensus in the literature, there are no data about the importance of the pattern of fat distribution. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the association between fat mass distribution with triathlon performance and physiological determinants of performance: maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), ventilatory threshold (AT) and running economy (RE), and to verify the predictive value for performance of gynoid or android fat mass distribution. METHODS Thirty-nine triathletes (38.8±6.9 years, 174.8±6.5cm and 74.3±8.8kg) were evaluated for anthropometric (total body mass, fat mass, lean mass, android and gynoid fat mass) and physiological (VO2max, AT and RE) parameters. Split and overall race times were registered. RESULTS Overall race time relationship with gynoid fat mass (r=.529, p<.05) was classified as moderate higher than and with android fat mass (r=.416, p<.05) was classified as low. All split times and overall race time presented significant positive correlation with only total fat mass (%) (r =.329 to .574, p<.05) and with gynoid fat mass (%) (r=.359 to .529, p<.05). Overall race time can be better predicted by gynoid fat mass (ß=0.529, t=4.093, p<0.001, r2=0.28) than by android fat mass (ß =0.416, t=2.997, p=0.005, r2=0.17). CONCLUSIONS Fat mass distribution is associated with triathlon performance, and the gynoid fat pattern is worse for triathlon performance than the android pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Puccinelli
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudio A DE Lira
- Human and Exercise Physiology Division, Faculty of Physical Education and Dance, Federal University of Goiás, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo L Vancini
- Center of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | | | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland - .,Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Marilia S Andrade
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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