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Krska T, Twaruschek K, Wiesenberger G, Berthiller F, Adam G. Mechanism of Fumonisin Self-Resistance: Fusarium verticillioides Contains Four Fumonisin B 1-Insensitive-Ceramide Synthases. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:235. [PMID: 38922130 PMCID: PMC11209526 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16060235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Fusarium verticillioides produces fumonisins, which are mycotoxins inhibiting sphingolipid biosynthesis in humans, animals, and other eukaryotes. Fumonisins are presumed virulence factors of plant pathogens, but may also play a role in interactions between competing fungi. We observed higher resistance to added fumonisin B1 (FB1) in fumonisin-producing Fusarium verticillioides than in nonproducing F. graminearum, and likewise between isolates of Aspergillus and Alternaria differing in production of sphinganine-analog toxins. It has been reported that in F. verticillioides, ceramide synthase encoded in the fumonisin biosynthetic gene cluster is responsible for self-resistance. We reinvestigated the role of FUM17 and FUM18 by generating a double mutant strain in a fum1 background. Nearly unchanged resistance to added FB1 was observed compared to the parental fum1 strain. A recently developed fumonisin-sensitive baker's yeast strain allowed for the testing of candidate ceramide synthases by heterologous expression. The overexpression of the yeast LAC1 gene, but not LAG1, increased fumonisin resistance. High-level resistance was conferred by FUM18, but not by FUM17. Likewise, strong resistance to FB1 was caused by overexpression of the presumed F. verticillioides "housekeeping" ceramide synthases CER1, CER2, and CER3, located outside the fumonisin cluster, indicating that F. verticillioides possesses a redundant set of insensitive targets as a self-resistance mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Krska
- Institute of Microbial Genetics, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, BOKU University, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (T.K.); (K.T.); (G.W.)
- Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety and Innovation FFoQSI GmbH, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Krisztian Twaruschek
- Institute of Microbial Genetics, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, BOKU University, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (T.K.); (K.T.); (G.W.)
- Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety and Innovation FFoQSI GmbH, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Gerlinde Wiesenberger
- Institute of Microbial Genetics, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, BOKU University, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (T.K.); (K.T.); (G.W.)
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), BOKU University, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria;
| | - Franz Berthiller
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), BOKU University, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria;
| | - Gerhard Adam
- Institute of Microbial Genetics, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, BOKU University, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (T.K.); (K.T.); (G.W.)
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Iqbal N, Czékus Z, Poór P, Ördög A. Plant defence mechanisms against mycotoxin Fumonisin B1. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 343:109494. [PMID: 33915161 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is the most harmful mycotoxin which prevails in several crops and affects the growth and yield as well. Hence, keeping the alarming consequences of FB1 under consideration, there is still a need to seek other more reliable approaches and scientific knowledge for FB1-induced cell death and a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms of plant defence strategies. FB1-induced disturbance in sphingolipid metabolism initiates programmed cell death (PCD) through various modes such as the elevated generation of reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation, cytochrome c release from the mitochondria, and activation of specific proteases and nucleases causing DNA fragmentation. There is a close interaction between sphingolipids and defence phytohormones in response to FB1 exposure regulating PCD and defence. In this review, the model plant Arabidopsis and various crops have been presented with different levels of susceptibility and resistivity exposed to various concentration of FB1. In addition to this, regulation of PCD and defence mechanisms have been also demonstrated at the physiological, biochemical and molecular levels to help the understanding of the role and function of FB1-inducible molecules and genes and their expressions in plants against pathogen attacks which could provide molecular and biochemical markers for the detection of toxin exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadeem Iqbal
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, H-6726, Szeged, Közép fasor 52., Hungary; Doctoral School of Environmental Sciences, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zalán Czékus
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, H-6726, Szeged, Közép fasor 52., Hungary; Doctoral School of Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Péter Poór
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, H-6726, Szeged, Közép fasor 52., Hungary.
| | - Attila Ördög
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, H-6726, Szeged, Közép fasor 52., Hungary
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Baldwin TT, Zitomer NC, Mitchell TR, Zimeri AM, Bacon CW, Riley RT, Glenn AE. Maize seedling blight induced by Fusarium verticillioides: accumulation of fumonisin B₁ in leaves without colonization of the leaves. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:2118-2125. [PMID: 24524621 DOI: 10.1021/jf5001106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium verticillioides produces fumonisin mycotoxins during the colonization of maize, and fumonisin B₁ (FB₁) production is necessary for manifestation of maize seedling blight disease. The objective of this study was to address FB₁ mobility and accumulation in seedlings to determine if proximal infection by F. verticillioides is necessary for FB₁ accumulation. Taking advantage of an aconidial mutant known to have limited capability for seedling infection, tissue and soil samples were analyzed to compare wild-type F. verticillioides against the mutant. Inoculation with either strain caused accumulation of FB₁ in the first and second leaves, but the mutants were unable to colonize aerial tissues. FB₁, FB₂, and FB₃ were detected in the soil and seedling roots, but only FB₁ was detected in the leaves of any treatment. These data suggest root infection by F. verticillioides is necessary for accumulation of FB₁ in leaves, but the mechanism for accumulation does not require colonization of the leaf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas T Baldwin
- Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, R. B. Russell Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 950 College Station Road, Athens, Georgia 30605, United States
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May G, Nelson P. Defensive mutualisms: do microbial interactions within hosts drive the evolution of defensive traits? Funct Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Georgiana May
- Department of Ecology; Evolution and Behavior; Saint Paul Minnesota 55108 USA
- Center for Community Genetics; Department of Ecology; Evolution and Behavior; University of Minnesota; Saint Paul Minnesota 55108 USA
| | - Paul Nelson
- Department of Ecology; Evolution and Behavior; Saint Paul Minnesota 55108 USA
- Center for Community Genetics; Department of Ecology; Evolution and Behavior; University of Minnesota; Saint Paul Minnesota 55108 USA
- Graduate program in Ecology; Evolution and Behavior; University of Minnesota; Saint Paul Minnesota 55108 USA
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Small IM, Flett BC, Marasas WFO, McLeod A, Stander MA, Viljoen A. Resistance in Maize Inbred Lines to Fusarium verticillioides and Fumonisin Accumulation in South Africa. PLANT DISEASE 2012; 96:881-888. [PMID: 30727350 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-08-11-0695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium ear rot of maize, caused by Fusarium verticillioides, is an important disease affecting maize production worldwide. Apart from reducing yield and grain quality, F. verticillioides produces fumonisins which have been associated with mycotoxicoses of animals and humans. Currently, no maize breeding lines are known with resistance to F. verticillioides in South Africa. The objective of this study, therefore, was to evaluate 24 genetically diverse maize inbred lines as potential sources of resistance to Fusarium ear rot and fumonisin accumulation in field trials at Potchefstroom and Vaalharts in South Africa. After artificial silk channel inoculation with F. verticillioides, Fusarium ear rot development was determined at harvest and fumonisins B1, B2, and B3 quantified. A significant inbred line by location effect was observed for Fusarium ear rot severity (P ≤ 0.001), although certain lines proved to be consistently resistant across both locations. The individual inbred lines also differed considerably in fumonisin accumulation between Potchefstroom and Vaalharts, with differentiation between susceptible and potentially resistant inbred lines only being possible at Vaalharts. A greenhouse inoculation trial was then also performed on a subset of potentially resistant and highly susceptible lines. The inbred lines CML 390, CML 444, CML 182, VO 617Y-2, and RO 549 W consistently showed a low Fusarium ear rot (<5%) incidence at both Potchefstroom and Vaalharts and in the greenhouse. Two of these inbred lines, CML 390 and CML 444, accumulated fumonisin levels <5 mg kg-1. These lines could potentially act as sources of resistance for use within a maize breeding program.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Small
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - B C Flett
- Grain Crops Institute, Agricultural Research Council, Private Bag X1251, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | | | | | | | - A Viljoen
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa
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Baldwin T, Riley R, Zitomer N, Voss K, Coulombe Jr. R, Pestka J, Williams D, Glenn A. The current state of mycotoxin biomarker development in humans and animals and the potential for application to plant systems. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2011. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2011.1292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi that contaminate livestock feeds and human food supply often produce toxigenic secondary metabolites known as mycotoxins. Among the hundreds of known mycotoxins, aflatoxins, deoxynivalenol, fumonisins, ochratoxin A and zearalenone are considered the most commercially important. Intense research on these mycotoxins, especially aflatoxin, has resulted in the development of 'biomarkers' used to link exposure to disease risk. In the case of aflatoxin this effort has led to the discovery of both exposure and mechanism-based biomarkers, which have proven essential for understanding aflatoxin's potential for causing disease in humans, including subtle effects on growth and immune response. Fumonisin biomarkers have also been used extensively in farm and laboratory animals to study the fumonisin-induced disruption of cellular and systemic physiology which leads to disease. This review summarises the status of mycotoxin biomarker development in humans and animals for the commercially important mycotoxins. Since the fungi responsible for the production of these mycotoxins are often endophytes that infect and colonise living plant tissues, accumulation of mycotoxins in the plant tissues may at times be associated with development of plant disease symptoms. The presence of mycotoxins, even in the absence of disease symptoms, may still have subtle biological effects on the physiology of plants. This review examines the question of whether or not the knowledge gained from mechanistic studies and development of biomarkers in animal and human systems is transferable to the study of mycotoxin effects on plant systems. Thus far, fumonisin has proven amenable to development of mechanism-based biomarkers to study maize seedling disease caused by the fumonisin producer, Fusarium verticillioides. Expanding our knowledge of mechanisms of toxicity and the overt and subtle effects on animal, human, and plant systems through the identification and validation of biomarkers will further our ability to monitor and limit the damage and economic impact of mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Baldwin
- Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, USDA, ARS, 950 College Station Road, Athens GA 30605, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, 2105 Miller Plant Science Building, Athens GA 30602-7274, USA
| | - R. Riley
- Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, USDA, ARS, 950 College Station Road, Athens GA 30605, USA
| | - N. Zitomer
- Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, USDA, ARS, 950 College Station Road, Athens GA 30605, USA
| | - K. Voss
- Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, USDA, ARS, 950 College Station Road, Athens GA 30605, USA
| | - R. Coulombe Jr.
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, 4815 Old Main Hill, Logan UT 84322-4620, USA
| | - J. Pestka
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, 234 GM Trout Building, East Lansing MI 48824-1224, USA
| | - D. Williams
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, 1007 Agriculture & Life Sciences Building, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - A. Glenn
- Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, USDA, ARS, 950 College Station Road, Athens GA 30605, USA
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Sánchez-Rangel D, Plasencia J. The role of sphinganine analog mycotoxins on the virulence of plant pathogenic fungi. TOXIN REV 2010. [DOI: 10.3109/15569543.2010.515370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Bacon CW, Glenn AE, Yates IE. FUSARIUM VERTICILLIOIDES: MANAGING THE ENDOPHYTIC ASSOCIATION WITH MAIZE FOR REDUCED FUMONISINS ACCUMULATION. TOXIN REV 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/15569540802497889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Glenn AE, Zitomer NC, Zimeri AM, Williams LD, Riley RT, Proctor RH. Transformation-mediated complementation of a FUM gene cluster deletion in Fusarium verticillioides restores both fumonisin production and pathogenicity on maize seedlings. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2008; 21:87-97. [PMID: 18052886 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-21-1-0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The filamentous ascomycete Fusarium verticillioides is a pathogen of maize and produces the fumonisin mycotoxins. However, a distinct population of F. verticillioides is pathogenic on banana and does not produce fumonisins. Fumonisin-producing strains from maize cause leaf lesions, developmental abnormalities, stunting, and sometimes death of maize seedlings, whereas fumonisin-nonproducing banana strains do not. A Southern analysis of banana strains did not detect genes in the fumonisin biosynthetic gene (FUM) cluster but did detect genes flanking the cluster. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the genomic region carrying the flanking genes revealed that the FUM cluster was absent in banana strains except for portions of FUM21 and FUM19, which are the terminal genes at each end of the cluster. Polymerase chain reaction analysis confirmed the absence of the cluster in all banana strains examined. Cotransformation of a banana strain with two overlapping cosmids, which together contain the entire FUM cluster, yielded fumonisin-producing transformants that were pathogenic on maize seedlings. Conversely, maize strains that possess the FUM cluster but do not produce fumonisins because of mutations in FUM1, a polyketide synthase gene, were not pathogenic on maize seedlings. Together, the data indicate that fumonisin production may have been lost by deletion of the FUM cluster in the banana population of F. verticillioides but that fumonisin production could be restored by molecular genetic complementation. The results also indicate that fumonisin production by F. verticillioides is required for development of foliar disease symptoms on maize seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony E Glenn
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Russell Research Center, Toxicology & Mycotoxin Research Unit, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
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Desjardins AE, Maragos CM, Proctor RH. Maize ear rot and moniliformin contamination by cryptic species of Fusarium subglutinans. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2006; 54:7383-90. [PMID: 16968109 DOI: 10.1021/jf0612272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium subglutinans causes maize ear rot and contaminates grain with the mycotoxin moniliformin. Previous DNA sequence analysis divided F. subglutinans from maize into two cryptic species, designated groups 1 and 2. Here, it was determined whether the two groups differ in the agriculturally important traits of virulence on maize and moniliformin production in planta. Thirty-seven strains from U.S. maize were assigned to groups 1 and 2 by DNA sequence analysis. In field tests, all strains were highly virulent on maize inbred B73 and four maize hybrids. In planta, 82% of group 1 strains and 25% of group 2 strains produced high levels (100-1500 microg/g) of moniliformin. All group 2 strains from more northern states produced little or no moniliformin (0-5 microg/g). These data indicate that moniliformin production is highly variable in F. subglutinans from U.S. maize and that production may not be required for the fungus to cause maize ear rot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne E Desjardins
- Mycotoxin Research, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, 1815 North University Street, Peoria, Illinois 61604, USA
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