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Extraction of ingredients from tea leaves using oxidative enzymatic reaction and optimization of extraction conditions. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4094. [PMID: 33602953 PMCID: PMC7892889 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83232-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) are used as biocatalyst in many processes such as oxidization reactions, wastewater treatment, phenol synthesis and so on. The purpose of current study is enzymes extraction from biomass (tea leaves) as well as evaluation of their activation. Different parameters including temperature, buffer concentration, buffer type, buffer/tea leaves ratio, addition of high molecular weight polymers and emulsifiers, and pH were optimized in order to obtain the highest enzymes activity. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) procedure is employed for statistical analysis of enzymes extraction. It is understood from the result that PPO and POD possess the highest activity at temperatures of 25 °C and 50 °C, pH 7 and 5, buffer molarity of 0.1, and 0.05, buffer/tea leaves ratio = 5 for both, contact time = 20 min and 10 min, and presence of 6% and 3% PVP, 5% and 0% Tween 80 for PPO and POD, respectively. Amounts of highest activity for PPO and POD biocatalysts were calculated 0.42 U/mL and 0.025493 U/mL, respectively. Moreover, the entire inactivation of PPO took place after 30 min at 40 °C and 60 °C and 20 min at 80 °C. However, POD lost 35% of its activity after 30 min at 40 °C and 60 °C. The amount of 6% POD activity was kept after 45 min at 80 °C. Generally, it was indicated that POD was more resistant to thermal treatment than PPO.
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2
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Maimaiti N, Aili N, Khan MK, Tang Z, Jiang G, Liu Z. Ethanol shock enhances the recovery of anthocyanin from lowbush blueberry. Chin J Chem Eng 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2020.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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3
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Koohi S, Nasernejad B, Zare MH, Elahifard M, Shirazian S, Ghadiri M. Extraction of Oxidative Enzymes from Green Tea Leaves and Optimization of Extraction Conditions. Chem Eng Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.202000344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saleh Koohi
- Amirkabir University of Technology Chemical Engineering Department Tehran Iran
| | - Bahram Nasernejad
- Amirkabir University of Technology Chemical Engineering Department Tehran Iran
| | - Masoud Habibi Zare
- Isfahan University of Technology Department of Chemical Engineering 84156-83111 Isfahan Iran
| | - Maryam Elahifard
- Islamic Azad University Department of Food Technology, Mahallat Branch Mahallat Iran
| | - Saeed Shirazian
- University of Limerick Department of Chemical Sciences Bernal Institute Limerick Ireland
- South Ural State University Laboratory of Computational Modeling of Drugs 76 Lenin prospekt 454080 Chelyabinsk Russia
| | - Mahdi Ghadiri
- Duy Tan University Institute of Research and Development 550000 Da Nang Vietnam
- Duy Tan University The Faculty of Environment and Chemical Engineering 550000 Da Nang Vietnam
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4
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Zhou X, Xiao Y, Meng X, Liu B. Full inhibition of Whangkeumbae pear polyphenol oxidase enzymatic browning reaction by l-cysteine. Food Chem 2018; 266:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.05.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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5
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Kolcuoğlu Y, Kuyumcu I, Colak A. A catecholase from Laccaria laccata
a wild edible mushroom and its catalytic efficiency in organic media. J Food Biochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yakup Kolcuoğlu
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry; Karadeniz Technical University; Trabzon Turkey
| | - Ilksen Kuyumcu
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry; Karadeniz Technical University; Trabzon Turkey
| | - Ahmet Colak
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry; Karadeniz Technical University; Trabzon Turkey
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6
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Vishwasrao C, Ananthanarayan L. Partial purification and characterization of the quality deteriorating enzymes from Indian pink guava ( Psidium guajava L.), var. Lalit. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2018; 55:3281-3291. [PMID: 30065440 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-018-3263-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), ascorbate oxidase (AO) and pectin methylesterase (PME) from 'Lalit' guava variety have been purified using BioGel P-100 and UNOsphere Q resins. POD, PPO, AO, and PME were partially purified to 28, 30, 36 and 30 fold; single band on SDS-PAGE represented a molecular weight of 21, 70, 75, 50 kDa, respectively. Optimum pH for POD and AO was 6.5 whereas, PPO and PME showed optimum pH in the alkaline range of pH 8.0 and 8.5, respectively. AO showed optimum activity at 25 °C, POD and PPO showed optimum activity at 35 °C; however, PME showed maximum activity at 55 °C. AO was the most heat labile whereas, PME was the most heat stable enzyme studied and may carry an important role in the thermal processing of guava pulp as an indicator of the efficacy of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrahas Vishwasrao
- Food Engineering and Technology Department, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga, Mumbai, 400019 India
| | - Laxmi Ananthanarayan
- Food Engineering and Technology Department, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga, Mumbai, 400019 India
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Lindemann IDS, Lang GH, Hoffmann JF, Rombaldi CV, de Oliveira M, Elias MC, Vanier NL. Foliar Desiccators Glyphosate, Carfentrazone, and Paraquat Affect the Technological and Chemical Properties of Cowpea Grains. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:6771-6778. [PMID: 28731694 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b01912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The effects of the use of glyphosate (GLY), glyphosate plus carfentrazone (GLY/CAR), and paraquat (PAR) as plant desiccators on the technological and chemical properties of cowpea grains were investigated. All studied desiccants provided lower cooking time to freshly harvested cowpea. However, the coat color of PAR- and GLY/CAR-treated cowpea was reddish in comparison to the control treatment. Principal component analysis (PCA) from liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) data sets showed a clear distinction among cowpea from the different treatments. Catechin-3-glucoside and epicatechin significantly contributed for discriminating GLY-treated cowpea, while citric acid was responsible for discriminating GLY/CAR-treated cowpea. Quercetin derivative and gluconic acid were responsible for discriminating control treatment. Residual glyphosate and paraquat content was higher than the maximum limits allowed by Codex Alimentarius and the European Union Commission. Improvements in the technological and chemical properties of cowpea may not be overlapped by the risks that those desiccants exhibit when exceeding the maximum limits of tolerance in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor da Silva Lindemann
- Department of Agroindustrial Science and Technology, Federal University of Pelotas , 96010-900, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Heinrich Lang
- Department of Agroindustrial Science and Technology, Federal University of Pelotas , 96010-900, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Jessica Fernanda Hoffmann
- Department of Agroindustrial Science and Technology, Federal University of Pelotas , 96010-900, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Cesar Valmor Rombaldi
- Department of Agroindustrial Science and Technology, Federal University of Pelotas , 96010-900, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Maurício de Oliveira
- Department of Agroindustrial Science and Technology, Federal University of Pelotas , 96010-900, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Moacir Cardoso Elias
- Department of Agroindustrial Science and Technology, Federal University of Pelotas , 96010-900, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Nathan Levien Vanier
- Department of Agroindustrial Science and Technology, Federal University of Pelotas , 96010-900, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Characterization of Active Anthocyanin Degradation in the Petals of Rosa chinensis and Brunfelsia calycina Reveals the Effect of Gallated Catechins on Pigment Maintenance. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18040699. [PMID: 28346355 PMCID: PMC5412285 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanin degradation decreases ornamental or nutritional values of horticultural products. To investigate factors that may influence colour change in flower development, anthocyanin degradation was compared between the flowers of Brunfelsia calycina and Rosa chinensis, which show rapid and slow degradation, respectively. In-gel activity assays, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of tannins, enzyme kinetics measurement and immune-detection of anthocyanin degradation related-perioxidases (PODs) were carried out for the comparison. Rose petals possessed significantly lower anthocyanin degradation-related POD activities than Brunfelsia petals, which may be related to the high tannin contents. Epicatechin gallate (ECG) and gallocatechin gallate (GCG) were detected in rose as 161.3 ± 12.34 and 273.56 ± 41.23 μg/g FW (Fresh Weight) respectively, while not detected in Brunfelsia. ECG and GCG inhibited the activities of the Brunfelsia POD with half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) as 21.5 and 29.7 μM respectively, and increased the colour intensities of the anthocyanins. Catechin and epicatechin did not inhibit the POD activity, while serving as POD substrates, with Km (the Michaelis constant) as 0.48 and 1.23 mM. Similar protein levels of the anthocyanin degradation-related 40-kDa PODs were detected in Brunfelsia and rose. In summary, high amount of tannins, particularly ECG and GCG, in red rose petals may inhibit the degradation-related enzymes, leading to the maintenance of anthocyanins in vivo.
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Characterization of the action of tyrosinase on resorcinols. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:4434-4443. [PMID: 27480027 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The action of tyrosinase on resorcinol and some derivatives (4-ethylresorcinol, 2-methylresorcinol and 4-methylresorcinol) was investigated. If the catalytic cycle is completed with a reductant such as ascorbic acid or an o-diphenol such as 4-tert-butylcatechol, these compounds act as substrates of tyrosinase in all cases. The reaction can also be carried out, adding hydrogen peroxide to the medium. All the above compounds were characterized as substrates of the enzyme and their kinetic constants, KM (Michaelis constant) and kcat (catalytic constant) were determined. Measurement of the activity of the enzyme after pre-incubation with resorcinol, 4-ethylresorcinol or 4-methylresorcinol points to an apparent loss of activity at short times, which could correspond to an enzymatic inactivation process. However, if the measurements are extended over longer times, a burst is observed and the enzymatic activity is recovered, demonstrating that these compounds are not suicide substrates of the enzyme. These effects are not observed with 2-methylresorcinol. The docking results indicate that the binding of met-tyrosinase with these resorcinols occurs in the same way, but not with 2-methylresorcinol, due to steric hindrance.
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Yi H, Chen Y, Liu J, Zhang J, Guo W, Xiao W, Yao Y. Extraction and Separation of Active Ingredients in Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill and the Study of their Antifungal Effects. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154731. [PMID: 27152614 PMCID: PMC4859564 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Schisandra chinensis extracts (SEs) have traditionally been used as an oriental medicine for the treatment of various human diseases, however, their further application in the biocontrol of plant disease remains poorly understood. This study was conducted to develop eco-friendly botanical pesticides from extracts of S. chinensis and assess whether they could play a key role in plant disease defense. Concentrated active fractions (SE-I, SE-II, and SE-III) were obtained from S. chinensis via specific extraction and separation. Then, lignan-like substances, such as Schisanhenol B, were detected via High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-ElectroSpray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS) analyses of the active fractions. Moreover, the results from biological tests on colony growth inhibition and spore germination indicated that SE-I, SE-II, and SE-III could inhibit hyphal growth and spore generation of three important plant pathogenic fungi (Monilinia fructicola, Fusarium oxysporum, and Botryosphaeria dothidea). The study of the mechanisms of resistant fungi revealed that the oxidation resistance system, including reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), was activated. The expression of genes related to defense, such as pathogenesis-related protein (PR4), α-farnesene synthase (AFS), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) were shown to be up-regulated after treatment with SEs, which suggested an increase in apple immunity and that fruits were induced to effectively defend against the infection of pathogenic fungi (B. dothidea). This study revealed that SEs and their lignans represent promising resources for the development of safe, effective, and multi-targeted agents against pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijing Yi
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Technology in Agriculture Application, Beijing University of Agriculture, 102206, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Technology in Agriculture Application, Beijing University of Agriculture, 102206, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Technology in Agriculture Application, Beijing University of Agriculture, 102206, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Technology in Agriculture Application, Beijing University of Agriculture, 102206, Beijing, China
| | - Weilie Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Yuncong Yao
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Technology in Agriculture Application, Beijing University of Agriculture, 102206, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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11
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Bravo K, Osorio E. Characterization of polyphenol oxidase from Cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.) fruit. Food Chem 2016; 197:185-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.10.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Batista KA, Batista GL, Alves GL, Fernandes KF. Extraction, partial purification and characterization of polyphenol oxidase from Solanum lycocarpum fruits. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2014.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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13
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Yang ZW, Duan XN, Jin S, Li XW, Chen ZM, Ren BZ, Sun XL. Regurgitant Derived From the Tea Geometrid Ectropis obliqua Suppresses Wound-Induced Polyphenol Oxidases Activity in Tea Plants. J Chem Ecol 2013; 39:744-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-013-0296-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Tran LT, Constabel CP. The polyphenol oxidase gene family in poplar: phylogeny, differential expression and identification of a novel, vacuolar isoform. PLANTA 2011; 234:799-813. [PMID: 21633811 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-011-1441-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenol oxidases (PPOs) are oxidative enzymes that convert monophenols and o-diphenols to o-quinones using molecular oxygen. The quinone products are highly reactive following tissue damage and can interact with cellular constituents and cause oxidative browning and cross-linking. The induction of PPO in some plants as a result of wounding, herbivore attack, or pathogen infection has implicated them in defense. However, PPO-like enzymes that act as specific hydroxylases, for example in lignan and pigment biosynthesis, have also been discovered. Here, we present the first genome-enabled analysis of a PPO gene family. The Populus trichocarpa genome was found to contain a minimum of nine complete PPO genes, and seven of these were characterized further. The PPO gene family includes both recently duplicated and divergent sequences that are 36-98% identical at the amino acid level. Gene expression profiling in poplar tissues and organs revealed that the PPO genes are all differentially expressed during normal development, but that only a small subset of PPO genes are significantly upregulated by wounding, methyl jasmonate or pathogen infection. Our studies also identified PtrPPO13, a novel PPO gene that is predicted to encode an N-terminal signal peptide. Transient expression of green fluorescent protein fusions demonstrated its localization to the vacuolar lumen. Together, our findings show that the poplar PPO family is diverse and is likely linked to diverse physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan T Tran
- Centre for Forest Biology, Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Stn CSC, PO Box 3020, Victoria, BC V8W 3N5, Canada
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Anderson JV, Fuerst EP, Tedrow T, Hulke B, Kennedy AC. Activation of polyphenol oxidase in dormant wild oat caryopses by a seed-decay isolate of Fusarium avenaceum. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:10597-605. [PMID: 20853835 DOI: 10.1021/jf102625a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Incubation of dormant wild oat (Avena fatua L., isoline M73) caryopses for 1-3 days with Fusarium avenaceum seed-decay isolate F.a.1 induced activity of the plant defense enzyme polyphenol oxidase (PPO). Both extracts and leachates obtained from F.a.1-treated caryopses had decreased abundance of an ∼57 kDa antigenic PPO and increased abundance of antigenic PPOs ranging from ∼52 to 14 kDa, as compared to extracts and leachates from untreated caryopsis. Leachates from caryopsis incubated for 2 days with F.a.1 also had 5.1- and 7.5-fold more total PPO activity/g fwt and specific activity, respectively. Fractionation of leachate proteins by ion-exchange chromatography associated the majority of PPO activity with an ∼36 kDa protein from untreated caryopses and ∼36, 25, and 24 kDa proteins from F.a.1-treated caryopses. Predicted peptide sequences obtained from high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analyses indicated that the ∼57 and 36 kDa wild oat proteins had a strong similarity to wheat PPO. However, the 25 and 24 kDa proteins were most similar to a Chitinase and oxalate oxidase, respectively. Our results indicate that F.a.1-induced activation of latent PPO in wild oat caryopsis likely involves a cleavage mechanism allowing activated PPOs to be readily mobilized into their surrounding environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- James V Anderson
- Biosciences Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, 1605 Albrecht Boulevard, Fargo, North Dakota 58102-2765, USA.
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Dehydration-related changes of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activity in fronds of the resurrection fern Asplenium ceterach L. ARCH BIOL SCI 2010. [DOI: 10.2298/abs1004071z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Asplenium ceterach belongs to a group of poikilohydric ferns and it can
recover uninjured from an almost completely dehydrated state. In our study,
short term dehydration (24h) at four different water potentials, resulted in
moderate water loss (partial desiccation) in fern tissue. The main phenolic
acids represented in A. ceterach were chlorogenic (CGA) and caffeic acid (CA)
and their content decreased during the dehydration process. For the first
time, peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) isoforms were determined
in the rustyback fern. The results exhibit the presence of numerous anionic
POD isoforms, with pI ranging from 4.4 to 5.8, but none of the cationic
isoforms was detected. Two PPO isoforms were identified, one anionic with pI
6.3 and one cationic with pI of about 9.0. Short-term dehydration brought
about a remarkable increase in POD and PPO activity using CGA as a substrate.
Changes in enzyme activity and content of substrates during dehydration may
play an important role in the adaptation of the rustyback fern to water
deficit, and increase the overall plant resistance to stress conditions.
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