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Mohagheghzadeh A, Badr P, Mohagheghzadeh A, Hemmati S. Hypericum perforatum L. and the Underlying Molecular Mechanisms for Its Choleretic, Cholagogue, and Regenerative Properties. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:887. [PMID: 37375834 PMCID: PMC10300974 DOI: 10.3390/ph16060887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Any defects in bile formation, secretion, or flow may give rise to cholestasis, liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. As the pathogenesis of hepatic disorders is multifactorial, targeting parallel pathways potentially increases the outcome of therapy. Hypericum perforatum has been famed for its anti-depressive effects. However, according to traditional Persian medicine, it helps with jaundice and acts as a choleretic medication. Here, we will discuss the underlying molecular mechanisms of Hypericum for its use in hepatobiliary disorders. Differentially expressed genes retrieved from microarray data analysis upon treatment with safe doses of Hypericum extract and intersection with the genes involved in cholestasis are identified. Target genes are located mainly at the endomembrane system with integrin-binding ability. Activation of α5β1 integrins, as osmo-sensors in the liver, activates a non-receptor tyrosine kinase, c-SRC, which leads to the insertion of bile acid transporters into the canalicular membrane to trigger choleresis. Hypericum upregulates CDK6 that controls cell proliferation, compensating for the bile acid damage to hepatocytes. It induces ICAM1 to stimulate liver regeneration and regulates nischarin, a hepatoprotective receptor. The extract targets the expression of conserved oligomeric Golgi (COG) and facilitates the movement of bile acids toward the canalicular membrane via Golgi-derived vesicles. In addition, Hypericum induces SCP2, an intracellular cholesterol transporter, to maintain cholesterol homeostasis. We have also provided a comprehensive view of the target genes affected by Hypericum's main metabolites, such as hypericin, hyperforin, quercitrin, isoquercitrin, quercetin, kaempferol, rutin, and p-coumaric acid to enlighten a new scope in the management of chronic liver disorders. Altogether, standard trials using Hypericum as a neo-adjuvant or second-line therapy in ursodeoxycholic-acid-non-responder patients define the future trajectories of cholestasis treatment with this product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ala Mohagheghzadeh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71468-64685, Iran;
| | - Parmis Badr
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71468-64685, Iran; (P.B.); (A.M.)
| | - Abdolali Mohagheghzadeh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71468-64685, Iran; (P.B.); (A.M.)
- Department of Phytopharmaceuticals (Traditional Pharmacy), School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71468-64685, Iran
| | - Shiva Hemmati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71468-64685, Iran;
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71468-64685, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
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Budantsev AL, Prikhodko VA, Varganova IV, Okovityi SV. BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF HYPERICUM PERFORATUM L. (HYPERICACEAE): A REVIEW. PHARMACY & PHARMACOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.19163/2307-9266-2021-9-1-17-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. L. Budantsev
- Komarov Botanical Institute of Russian Academy of Science
2, Prof. Popov St., St. Petersburg, Russia, 197376
| | - V. A. Prikhodko
- Saint Petersburg State Chemical and Pharmaceutical University
14, Prof. Popov St., St. Petersburg, Russia, 197376
| | - I. V. Varganova
- Komarov Botanical Institute of Russian Academy of Science
2, Prof. Popov St., St. Petersburg, Russia, 197376
| | - S. V. Okovityi
- Saint Petersburg State Chemical and Pharmaceutical University
14, Prof. Popov St., St. Petersburg, Russia, 197376
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Tong SJ, Wall AA, Hung Y, Luo L, Stow JL. Guanine nucleotide exchange factors activate Rab8a for Toll-like receptor signalling. Small GTPases 2021; 12:27-43. [PMID: 30843452 PMCID: PMC7781844 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2019.1587278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are important immune sentinels that detect and clear pathogens and initiate inflammatory responses through the activation of surface receptors, including Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Activated TLRs employ complex cellular trafficking and signalling pathways to initiate transcription for inflammatory cytokine programs. We have previously shown that Rab8a is activated by multiple TLRs and regulates downstream Akt/mTOR signalling by recruiting the effector PI3Kγ, but the guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEF) canonically required for Rab8a activation in TLR pathways is not known. Using GST affinity pull-downs and mass spectrometry analysis, we identified a Rab8 specific GEF, GRAB, as a Rab8a binding partner in LPS-activated macrophages. Co-immunoprecipitation and fluorescence microscopy showed that both GRAB and a structurally similar GEF, Rabin8, undergo LPS-inducible binding to Rab8a and are localised on cell surface ruffles and macropinosomes where they coincide with sites of Rab8a mediated signalling. Rab nucleotide activation assays with CRISPR-Cas9 mediated knock-out (KO) cell lines of GRAB, Rabin8 and double KOs showed that both GEFs contribute to TLR4 induced Rab8a GTP loading, but not membrane recruitment. In addition, measurement of signalling profiles and live cell imaging with the double KOs revealed that either GEF is individually sufficient to mediate PI3Kγ-dependent Akt/mTOR signalling at macropinosomes during TLR4-driven inflammation, suggesting a redundant relationship between these proteins. Thus, both GRAB and Rabin8 are revealed as key positive regulators of Rab8a nucleotide exchange for TLR signalling and inflammatory programs. These GEFs may be useful as potential targets for manipulating inflammation. Abbreviations: TLR: Toll-like Receptor; OCRL: oculocerebrorenal syndrome of Lowe protein; PI3Kγ: phosphoinositol-3-kinase gamma; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; GEF: guanine nucleotide exchange factor; GST: glutathione S-transferases; BMMs: bone marrow derived macrophages; PH: pleckstrin homology; GAP: GTPase activating protein; ABCA1: ATP binding cassette subfamily A member 1; GDI: GDP dissociation inhibitor; LRP1: low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J. Tong
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB) and IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research (CIDR), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Adam A. Wall
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB) and IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research (CIDR), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Yu Hung
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB) and IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research (CIDR), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Lin Luo
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB) and IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research (CIDR), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jennifer L. Stow
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB) and IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research (CIDR), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Novelli M, Masiello P, Beffy P, Menegazzi M. Protective Role of St. John's Wort and Its Components Hyperforin and Hypericin against Diabetes through Inhibition of Inflammatory Signaling: Evidence from In Vitro and In Vivo Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8108. [PMID: 33143088 PMCID: PMC7662691 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a very common chronic disease with progressively increasing prevalence. Besides the well-known autoimmune and inflammatory pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes, in many people, metabolic changes and inappropriate lifestyle favor a subtle chronic inflammatory state that contributes to development of insulin resistance and progressive loss of β-cell function and mass, eventually resulting in metabolic syndrome or overt type 2 diabetes. In this paper, we review the anti-inflammatory effects of the extract of Hypericum perforatum L. (St. John's wort, SJW) and its main active ingredients firstly in representative pathological situations on inflammatory basis and then in pancreatic β cells and in obese or diabetic animal models. The simultaneous and long-lasting inhibition of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-1, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs)/c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathways involved in pro-inflammatory cytokine-induced β-cell dysfunction/death and insulin resistance make SJW particularly suitable for both preventive and therapeutic use in metabolic diseases. Hindrance of inflammatory cytokine signaling is likely dependent on the hyperforin content of SJW extract, but recent data reveal that hypericin can also exert relevant protective effects, mediated by activation of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)/protein kinase cAMP-dependent (PKA)/adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway, against high-fat-diet-induced metabolic abnormalities. Actually, the mechanisms of action of the two main components of SJW appear complementary, strengthening the efficacy of the plant extract. Careful quantitative analysis of SJW components and suitable dosage, with monitoring of possible drug-drug interaction in a context of remarkable tolerability, are easily achievable pre-requisites for forthcoming clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Novelli
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Pellegrino Masiello
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Pascale Beffy
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, CNR, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Marta Menegazzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Biochemistry Section, School of Medicine, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy;
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Activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in RAW 264.7 cells by polysaccharides extracted from Grateloupia livida (Harv.) Yamada. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 85:106630. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Dellafiora L, Galaverna G, Cruciani G, Dall'Asta C, Bruni R. On the Mechanism of Action of Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Hypericin: An In Silico Study Pointing to the Relevance of Janus Kinases Inhibition. Molecules 2018; 23:E3058. [PMID: 30467287 PMCID: PMC6321526 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) flowers are commonly used in ethnomedical preparations with promising outcomes to treat inflammation both per os and by topical application. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms need to be described toward a rational, evidence-based, and reproducible use. For this purpose, the aptitude of the prominent Hypericum metabolite hypericin was assessed, along with that of its main congeners, to behave as an inhibitor of janus kinase 1, a relevant enzyme in inflammatory response. It was used a molecular modeling approach relying on docking simulations, pharmacophoric modeling, and molecular dynamics to estimate the capability of molecules to interact and persist within the enzyme pocket. Our results highlighted the capability of hypericin, and some of its analogues and metabolites, to behave as ATP-competitive inhibitor providing: (i) a likely mechanistic elucidation of anti-inflammatory activity of H. perforatum extracts containing hypericin and related compounds; and (ii) a rational-based prioritization of H. perforatum components to further characterize their actual effectiveness as anti-inflammatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Dellafiora
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Area Parco delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Gianni Galaverna
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Area Parco delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Gabriele Cruciani
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto, 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Chiara Dall'Asta
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Area Parco delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Renato Bruni
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Area Parco delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
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Bonaterra GA, Schwendler A, Hüther J, Schwarzbach H, Schwarz A, Kolb C, Abdel-Aziz H, Kinscherf R. Neurotrophic, Cytoprotective, and Anti-inflammatory Effects of St. John's Wort Extract on Differentiated Mouse Hippocampal HT-22 Neurons. Front Pharmacol 2018; 8:955. [PMID: 29403374 PMCID: PMC5778116 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Since ancient times Hypericum perforatum L. named St. John's wort (SJW), has been used in the management of a wide range of applications, including nervous disorders. Development of mood disorders are due to alterations in glutamate metabolism, initiation of inflammatory pathways, and changes of the neuronal plasticity. Previous studies suggest that the glutamatergic system contributes to the pathophysiology of depression. Extracts of SJW have been recommended for the treatment of depression. The aim of the present in vitro study was to evaluate the action of STW3-VI, a special SJW extract in differentiated mouse hippocampal HT-22 neurons. We evaluated the stimulation of neurogenesis, the protective effect against glutamate or N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor induced-excitotoxicity and its anti-inflammatory properties in LPS-activated human macrophages. Results: After 48 h treatment, STW3-VI stimulated the neurite formation by 25% in comparison with the control and showed protective effects against glutamate- or NMDA-induced cytotoxicity by significantly increasing the viability about +25 or +50%. In conjunction with these effects, after pretreatment with STW3-VI, the intracellular reduced glutathione content was significantly 2.3-fold increased compared with the neurons incubated with glutamate alone. Additionally, pre-treatment of human macrophages with STW3-VI showed anti-inflammatory effects after 24 or 48 h concerning inhibition of LPS-induced TNF release by -47.3 and -53.8% (24 h) or -25.0 to -64.8% (48 h). Conclusions: Our data provide new evidence that STW3-VI protects hippocampal cells from NMDA- or glutamate-induced cytotoxicity. Moreover, our results indicate a morphological remodeling by increasing neurite outgrowth and activation of the anti-inflammatory defense by inhibition of the cytokine production in human macrophages after STW3-VI treatment. These protective, neurotrophic and anti-inflammatory properties may be beneficial in the treatment of depressive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel A Bonaterra
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Anna Schwendler
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Julian Hüther
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Hans Schwarzbach
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Anja Schwarz
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Christiane Kolb
- Steigerwald Arzneimittelwerk GmbH, Scientific Department, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Heba Abdel-Aziz
- Steigerwald Arzneimittelwerk GmbH, Scientific Department, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Ralf Kinscherf
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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Farzaei MH, Farzaei F, Gooshe M, Abbasabadi Z, Rezaei N, Abdolghaffari AH. Potentially effective natural drugs in treatment for the most common rheumatic disorder: osteoarthritis. Rheumatol Int 2014; 35:799-814. [DOI: 10.1007/s00296-014-3175-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Hammer KDP, Birt DF. Evidence for contributions of interactions of constituents to the anti-inflammatory activity of Hypericum perforatum. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2014; 54:781-9. [PMID: 24345048 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2011.607519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hypericum perforatum (Hp) extracts contain many different classes of constituents including flavonoids and biflavonoids, phloroglucinols, naphthodianthrones, caffeic acid derivatives, and unknown and/or unidentified compounds. Many constituents may be responsible for the anti-inflammatory activity of Hp including quercetin and derivatives, hyperforin, pseudohypericin, and amentoflavone. In line with antidepressant data, it appears that the interactions of constituents may be important for the anti-inflammatory activity of Hp. Interactions of constituents, tested in bioavailability models, may explain why synergistic mechanisms have been found to be important for antidepressant and antiproliferative bioactivities. This review highlights the relationship among individual constituents and the anti-inflammatory activity of Hp extracts and proposes that interactions of constituents may be important for the anti-inflammatory activity of botanical extracts, although the exact mechanisms of the interactions are still unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly D P Hammer
- a Center for Research on Botanical Dietary Supplements , Iowa State University , Ames , Iowa , USA
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Kang GJ, Kang NJ, Han SC, Koo DH, Kang HK, Yoo BS, Yoo ES. The Chloroform Fraction of Carpinus tschonoskii Leaves Inhibits the Production of Inflammatory Mediators in HaCaT Keratinocytes and RAW264.7 Macrophages. Toxicol Res 2013; 28:255-62. [PMID: 24278618 PMCID: PMC3834429 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2012.28.4.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is the immune system’s response to infection and injury-related disorders, and is related to pro-inflammatory factors (NO, PGE2, cytokines, etc.) produced by inflammatory cells. Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a representative inflammatory skin disease that is characterized by increasing serum levels of inflammatory chemokines, including macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC). Carpinus tschonoskii is a member of the genus Carpinus. We investigated the anti-inflammatory activity of C. tschonoskii by studying the effects of various solvent fractions prepared from its leaves on inflammatory mediators in HaCaT and RAW264.7 cells. We found that the chloroform fraction of C. tschonoskii inhibited MDC at both the protein and mRNA levels in HaCaT cells, acting via the inhibition of STAT1 in the IFN-γ signaling pathway. In addition, the chloroform fraction significantly suppressed the expression of inflammatory factors induced by lipopolysaccharide stimulation, except COX-2 and TNF-α. These results suggest that the chloroform fraction of C. tschonoskii leaves may include a component with potential anti-inflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyeoung-Jin Kang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
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The immuno-regulatory impact of orally-administered Hypericum perforatum extract on Balb/C mice inoculated with H1n1 influenza A virus. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76491. [PMID: 24098792 PMCID: PMC3786993 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypericumperforatum (H. perforatum) ethanol extract has been found to inhibit lipopolysaccharide-induced production of inflammatory mediators and cytokines in cultured macrophages. Therefore, it may be able to protect the host from excessive inflammation during viral infection. In the current study, the immune-regulatory effect of H. perforatum extract was evaluated in A549 lung epithelial cells and BALB/c mice exposed to Influenza A/PR/8/34 H1N1 virus. In A549 cells, the extract (30 µg/mL) significantly inhibited influenza virus induced monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1 and interferon-γ induced protein 10 kD (IP-10), but dramatically increased interleukin-6 (IL-6). In mice inoculated intranasally with 107.9 EID50 of Influenza A/PR/8/34 H1N1 (high dose), daily oral treatment of H. perforatum extract at a rate of 110 mg/kg of body weight increased lung viral titer, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine levels, and the infiltration of pro-inflammatory cells in the lung 5 days post-inoculation, as compared to ethanol vehicle treated mice. Transcription of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) was increased by H. perforatum extract both in A549 cells and BALB/c mice, which could have interrupted anti-viral immune response and thus led to the inefficient viral clearance and increased lung inflammation. H. perforatum treatment resulted in minor reduction in viral titer without affecting body weight when mice were inoculated with a lower dose (~105.0 EID50) and H. perforatum was applied in the later phase of infection. Mice challenged intranasally with high dose of influenza virus (107.9 EID50) suffered from a higher mortality rate when dosed with H. perforatum extract. In conclusion, the current study showed that SOCS3 elevation by H. perforatum may cause impaired immune defense against influenza virus infection and lead to higher mortality.
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Raak C, Büssing A, Gassmann G, Boehm K, Ostermann T. A systematic review and meta-analysis on the use of Hypericum perforatum (St. John's Wort) for pain conditions in dental practice. HOMEOPATHY 2013; 101:204-10. [PMID: 23089215 DOI: 10.1016/j.homp.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypericum perforatum (St. John's Wort) has been used for a variety of medicinal indications. Most recent research has focussed on its use in herbal form for depression, but its claimed analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties in homeopathic form have also led to a number of studies in patients with acute pain conditions. This systematic review overviews the literature on the use of St. John's Wort for pain conditions in homeopathic dental practice. MATERIAL AND METHODS PubMed, EMBASE, AMED, CAMbase and the electronic archives of Thieme Publishers were searched with the search terms "(Hypericum OR St. Johns Wort) AND pain". We reviewed and meta-analysed the evidence on Hypericum in pain after tooth extraction was carried out. RESULTS Twenty one relevant articles were found: four described general recommendations, three basic research, six reported studies in dental care and eight were expert opinions or case reports. Four studies were eligible for the meta-analysis. There was marked high heterogeneity in the effects pain (Chi-Squared = 26.46; I(2) = 0.89). The overall effect of 0.24 (95% CI: [0.06; 1.03]) favours Hypericum but is not statistically significant. CONCLUSION Although case reports suggest therapeutic potential of Hypericum for pain conditions in dental care, this effect is not currently supported by clinical studies. All studies included in this meta-analysis used Arnica montana as well as Hypericum the results are more influenced by Arnica than Hypericum. Further clinical controlled trials of Hypericum alone in dental practice should be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa Raak
- Center for Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Witten/Herdecke, Gerhard-Kienle-Weg 4, 58313 Herdecke, Germany.
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Mehta HV, Jones PH, Weiss JP, Okeoma CM. IFN-α and lipopolysaccharide upregulate APOBEC3 mRNA through different signaling pathways. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:4088-103. [PMID: 22972924 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
APOBEC3 (A3) proteins are virus-restriction factors that provide intrinsic immunity against infections by viruses like HIV-1 and mouse mammary tumor virus. A3 proteins are inducible by inflammatory stimuli, such as LPS and IFN-α, via mechanisms that are not fully defined. Using genetic and pharmacological studies on C57BL/6 mice and cells, we show that IFN-α and LPS induce A3 via different pathways, independently of each other. IFN-α positively regulates mouse APOBEC3 (mA3) mRNA expression through IFN-αR/PKC/STAT1 and negatively regulates mA3 mRNA expression via IFN-αR/MAPKs-signaling pathways. Interestingly, LPS shows some variation in its regulatory behavior. Although LPS-mediated positive regulation of mA3 mRNA occurs through TLR4/TRIF/IRF3/PKC, it negatively modulates mA3 mRNA via TLR4/MyD88/MAPK-signaling pathways. Additional studies on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells reveal that PKC differentially regulates IFN-α and LPS induction of human A3A, A3F, and A3G mRNA expression. In summary, we identified important signaling targets downstream of IFN-αR and TLR4 that mediate A3 mRNA induction by both LPS and IFN-α. Our results provide new insights into the signaling targets that could be manipulated to enhance the intracellular store of A3 and potentially enhance A3 antiviral function in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshini V Mehta
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Huang N, Rizshsky L, Hauck CC, Nikolau BJ, Murphy PA, Birt DF. The inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophage inflammation by 4 compounds in Hypericum perforatum extract is partially dependent on the activation of SOCS3. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2012; 76:106-116. [PMID: 22245632 PMCID: PMC3294117 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Our previous studies found that 4 compounds, namely pseudohypericin, amentoflavone, quercetin, and chlorogenic acid, in Hypericum perforatum ethanol extract synergistically inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced macrophage production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Microarray studies led us to hypothesize that these compounds inhibited PGE2 production by activating suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3). In the current study, siRNA was used to knockdown expression of SOCS3 in RAW 264.7 macrophages and investigated the impact of H. perforatum extract and the 4 compounds on inflammatory mediators and cytokines. It was found that the SOCS3 knockdown significantly compromised the inhibition of PGE2 and nitric oxide (NO) by the 4 compounds, but not by the extract. The 4 compounds, but not the extract, decreased interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), while both lowered interleukine-1β. SOCS3 knockdown further decreased IL-6 and TNF-α. Pseudohypericin was the major contributor to the PGE2 and NO inhibition in cells treated with the 4 compounds, and its activity was lost with the SOCS3 knockdown. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible NO synthase protein expression were not altered by the treatments, while COX-2 activity was decreased by the extract and the 4 compounds and increased by SOCS3 knockdown. In summary, it was demonstrated that the 4 compounds inhibited LPS-induced PGE2 and NO through SOCS3 activation. The reduction of PGE2 can be partially attributed to COX-2 enzyme activity, which was significantly elevated with SOCS3 knockdown. At the same time, these results also suggest that constituents in H. perforatum extract were alleviating LPS-induced macrophage response through SOCS3 independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Huang
- The Center for Research on Botanical Dietary Supplements, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011
| | - Ludmila Rizshsky
- The Center for Research on Botanical Dietary Supplements, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011
| | - Catherine C. Hauck
- The Center for Research on Botanical Dietary Supplements, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011
| | - Basil J. Nikolau
- The Center for Research on Botanical Dietary Supplements, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011
| | - Patricia A. Murphy
- The Center for Research on Botanical Dietary Supplements, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011
| | - Diane F. Birt
- The Center for Research on Botanical Dietary Supplements, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011
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15
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Huang N, Rizshsky L, Hauck C, Nikolau BJ, Murphy PA, Birt DF. Identification of anti-inflammatory constituents in Hypericum perforatum and Hypericum gentianoides extracts using RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2011; 72:2015-2023. [PMID: 21855951 PMCID: PMC3197739 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Revised: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Hypericum perforatum (St. John's wort) is an herb widely used as supplement for mild to moderate depression. Our prior studies established synergistic anti-inflammatory activity associated with 4 bioactive compounds in a fraction of a H. perforatum ethanol extract. Whether these 4 compounds also contributed to the ethanol extract activity was addressed in the research reported here. Despite the popularity of H. perforatum, other Hypericum species with different phytochemical profiles could have their anti-inflammatory potentials attributed to these or other compounds. In the current study, ethanol extracts of different Hypericum species were compared for their inhibitory effect on LPS-induced prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages. Among these extracts, those made from H. perforatum and H. gentianoides demonstrated stronger overall efficacy. LC-MS analysis established the 4 compounds were present in the H. perforatum extract and pseudohypericin in all active fractions. The 4 compounds accounted for a significant part of the extract's inhibitory activity on PGE2, NO, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in RAW 264.7 as well as peritoneal macrophages. Pseudohypericin was the most important contributor of the anti-inflammatory potential among the 4 compounds. The lipophilic fractions of H. gentianoides extract, which did not contain the previously identified active constituents, decreased PGE2 and NO potently. These fractions were rich in acylphloroglucinols, including uliginosin A that accounted for a proportion of the anti-inflammatory activity observed with the active fractions. Overall, the current study established that a different group of major anti-inflammatory constituents were present in H. gentianoides, while showing that the previously identified 4 compound combination was important for H. perforatum's anti-inflammatory potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Huang
- The Center for Research on Botanical Dietary Supplements, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011
| | - Ludmila Rizshsky
- The Center for Research on Botanical Dietary Supplements, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011
| | - Cathy Hauck
- The Center for Research on Botanical Dietary Supplements, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011
| | - Basil J. Nikolau
- The Center for Research on Botanical Dietary Supplements, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011
| | - Patricia A. Murphy
- The Center for Research on Botanical Dietary Supplements, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011
| | - Diane F. Birt
- The Center for Research on Botanical Dietary Supplements, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011
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16
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Tugrul I, Demirci B, Demir O, Dost T, Birincioglu M. The effect of Hypericum perforatum on isolated rat aorta. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2011; 49:879-883. [PMID: 21696333 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2010.551779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Different Hypericum species such as Hypericum perforatum (HP) L. and Hypericum triquetrifolium Turra are well known and widely used traditional medicine in Turkey. OBJECTIVES We investigated the effect of standardized HP extract on endothelium and vascular function. MATERIALS AND METHODS After suspending the aortas with endothelium in organ baths containing Krebs solution, contractile and relaxant responses were assessed in the absence and presence of HP (0.05 mg/ml). RESULTS Although there were significant reductions in the contractile responses to phenylephrine (1113.73 ± 164.11; 477.40 ± 39.94; p < 0.05) and potassium chloride (745.58 ± 66.73; 112.58 ± 26.58; p < 0.05), no differences in the relaxant responses to acetylcholine (94.61 ± 2.65; 87.79 ± 9.40) and sodium nitroprusside (108.82 ± 5.06; 106.43 ± 7.45) were observed. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION These data suggest that even the high dose of HP intervention does not bring any harmful effect on endothelium and smooth muscle function; meanwhile it might be beneficial on some of diseases accompanied with increased vascular contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Tugrul
- Department of Pharmacology, Adnan Menderes University, School of Medicine, Aydin, Turkey
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LaLone CA, Huang N, Rizshsky L, Yum MY, Singh N, Hauck C, Nikolau BJ, Wurtele ES, Kohut ML, Murphy PA, Birt DF. Enrichment of Echinacea angustifolia with Bauer alkylamide 11 and Bauer ketone 23 increased anti-inflammatory potential through interference with cox-2 enzyme activity. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:8573-84. [PMID: 20681645 PMCID: PMC3738191 DOI: 10.1021/jf1014268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Bauer alkylamide 11 and Bauer ketone 23 were previously found to be partially responsible for Echinacea angustifolia anti-inflammatory properties. This study further tested their importance using the inhibition of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) and nitric oxide (NO) production by RAW264.7 mouse macrophages in the absence and presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and E. angustifolia extracts, phytochemical enriched fractions, or pure synthesized standards. Molecular targets were probed using microarray, qRT-PCR, Western blot, and enzyme assays. Fractions with these phytochemicals were more potent inhibitors of LPS-induced PGE(2) production than E. angustifolia extracts. Microarray did not detect changes in transcripts with phytochemical treatments; however, qRT-PCR showed a decrease in TNF-alpha and an increase of iNOS transcripts. LPS-induced COX-2 protein was increased by an E. angustifolia fraction containing Bauer ketone 23 and by pure phytochemical. COX-2 activity was decreased with all treatments. The phytochemical inhibition of PGE(2) production by Echinacea may be due to the direct targeting of COX-2 enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlie A. LaLone
- Center for Research on Botanical Dietary Supplements at Iowa State University and the University of Iowa
- Interdepartmental Genetics Graduate Program at Iowa State University
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition at Iowa State University
| | - Nan Huang
- Center for Research on Botanical Dietary Supplements at Iowa State University and the University of Iowa
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition at Iowa State University
| | - Ludmila Rizshsky
- Center for Research on Botanical Dietary Supplements at Iowa State University and the University of Iowa
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology at Iowa State University
| | - Man-Yu Yum
- Center for Research on Botanical Dietary Supplements at Iowa State University and the University of Iowa
- Department of Statistics at Iowa State University
| | - Navrozedeep Singh
- Center for Research on Botanical Dietary Supplements at Iowa State University and the University of Iowa
- Department of Kinesiology at Iowa State University
| | - Cathy Hauck
- Center for Research on Botanical Dietary Supplements at Iowa State University and the University of Iowa
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition at Iowa State University
| | - Basil J. Nikolau
- Center for Research on Botanical Dietary Supplements at Iowa State University and the University of Iowa
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology at Iowa State University
| | - Eve S. Wurtele
- Center for Research on Botanical Dietary Supplements at Iowa State University and the University of Iowa
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology at Iowa State University
| | - Marian L. Kohut
- Center for Research on Botanical Dietary Supplements at Iowa State University and the University of Iowa
- Department of Kinesiology at Iowa State University
| | - Patricia A. Murphy
- Center for Research on Botanical Dietary Supplements at Iowa State University and the University of Iowa
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition at Iowa State University
| | - Diane F. Birt
- Center for Research on Botanical Dietary Supplements at Iowa State University and the University of Iowa
- Interdepartmental Genetics Graduate Program at Iowa State University
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition at Iowa State University
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Tel: (515) 294-9873.
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