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Ozolina N, Kapustina I, Gurina V, Spiridonova E, Nurminsky V. The microdomains (rafts) of plasmalemma in the protection of the plant cell under oxidative stress. PROTOPLASMA 2023; 260:1365-1374. [PMID: 36959427 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-023-01852-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The investigation of the lipid-protein microdomains of the plasmalemma isolated with the aid of the non-detergent technique in the zones of the sucrose density gradient after high-speed centrifugation from the tissue pieces of beet roots, which underwent oxidative stress, was conducted. The microdomains, whose lipid composition - according to the definition - allowed us to classify them as rafts, were studied. After the exposure to oxidative stress (100 mM hydrogen peroxide), the variations in the composition of membrane lipids bound up mainly with the elevations of the content of raft-forming lipids (sterols, sterol esters). Oxidative stress provoked redistribution in the composition of sterols, which led to an elevation in the content of campesterol and in the ratio of stigmasterol/sitosterol. Furthermore, the variations were registered in the content of phospholipids and phosphoglycerolipids, which are capable of stabilizing the lamellar structure of membranes. The results obtained allow one to assume that under the oxidative stress, variations in the composition of lipids in microdomains of the plasma membrane can take place. These variations may influence the functioning of the membranes, and the membranes may participate in the protection of the plant cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Ozolina
- Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Irina Kapustina
- Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Veronika Gurina
- Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russia.
| | - Ekaterina Spiridonova
- Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Vadim Nurminsky
- Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russia
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Gravert TKO, Fauser P, Olsen P, Hansen M. In situ formation of environmental endocrine disruptors from phytosterol degradation: a temporal model for agricultural soils. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2021; 23:855-866. [PMID: 33913985 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00027f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We propose a conceptual model that describes the in situ formation of androstenedione in agricultural soil from a phytosterol, β-sitosterol, released after crop harvest and soil fertiliser amendment. Based on the recorded agricultural practice at a spring barley field, β-sitosterol and androstenedione concentrations were modelled over the year. While decomposition of crop residues created low soil levels, the application of pig slurry led to an androstenedione soil concentration of 54 μg kg-1. The elevated soil concentration of androstenedione is not due to the introduction of the endocrine disruptor in the fertiliser, but a result of the addition of large concentrations of β-sitosterol as a natural precursor. The limited available data on β-sitosterol and androstenedione concentration in soil prohibited their accurate prediction by our model. However, the potential implication of endocrine-disrupting steroid hormones being formed in situ from currently little considered phytosterols justifies a conceptual description and further research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrik Fauser
- Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Preben Olsen
- Aarhus University, Department of Agroecology, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Martin Hansen
- Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
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Szomek M, Reinholdt P, Petersen D, Caci A, Kongsted J, Wüstner D. Direct observation of nystatin binding to the plasma membrane of living cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1863:183528. [PMID: 33279513 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Nystatin is an antifungal polyene macrolide which is widely applied to treat yeast infections. Nystatin has also been used as a laboratory tool to inhibit endocytic processes in mammalian cells. The interaction of nystatin with model membranes has been studied thoroughly by various spectroscopic methods, making use of its weak fluorescence in the ultraviolet (UV). Studying its interaction with cells would require direct imaging, which, so far, required attachment of a fluorophore to nystatin. Using UV-sensitive microscopy, we show here how to visualize the interaction of nystatin with the plasma membrane (PM) directly. We find that nystatin forms micron-sized aggregates in buffer, and molecular dynamics simulations confirm that nystatin rapidly self-assembles into aggregates in aqueous solution. Using UV-sensitive microscopy, we find that large nystatin aggregates adhere to the surface of Chinese Hamster Ovarian (CHO) cells, causing slow spreading of nystatin fluorescence into the PM. Binding of nystatin to CHO cells does not interfere with cellular uptake or lateral membrane diffusion of the cholesterol analogue TopFluor-cholesterol (TF-Chol). Nystatin binds extensively to the PM of yeast cells as inferred from a strong UV signal in this membrane. Loading a yeast mutant unable to synthesize ergosterol with cholesterol gave much less nystatin membrane staining compared to loading such cells with ergosterol. These results explain the selective fungicidal effect of nystatin by differential interaction of nystatin with yeast membranes containing ergosterol compared to the mammalian cholesterol. Our combined experimental and computational approach provides a toolset for future design of new polyene macrolides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Szomek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Peter Reinholdt
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Daniel Petersen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Atenisa Caci
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Jacob Kongsted
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Daniel Wüstner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark.
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Ozolina NV, Nesterkina IS, Gurina VV, Nurminsky VN. Non-detergent Isolation of Membrane Structures from Beet Plasmalemma and Tonoplast Having Lipid Composition Characteristic of Rafts. J Membr Biol 2020; 253:479-489. [PMID: 32954443 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-020-00137-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Vacuolar and plasma membranes were isolated by a detergent-free method from beet roots (Beta vulgaris L.), and were fractionated in a sucrose density gradient of 15-60% by high-speed centrifugation at 200,000×g during 18 h. The membrane material distributed over the sucrose density gradient was analyzed for the presence of lipids characteristic of raft structures in different zones of the gradient. The quantitative and qualitative content of lipids and sterols, and the composition of fatty acids were analyzed. Some membrane structures differing in their biochemical characteristics were revealed to be located in different zones of the sucrose gradient. The results of the analysis allowed us to identify three zones in the sucrose gradient after the vacuolar membrane fractionation and two zones in the plasma membrane where membrane structures, which may be defined as rafts for their lipid composition, were presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia V Ozolina
- Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 132, Lermontov st., Irkutsk, 664033, Russia
| | - Irina S Nesterkina
- Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 132, Lermontov st., Irkutsk, 664033, Russia
| | - Veronika V Gurina
- Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 132, Lermontov st., Irkutsk, 664033, Russia
| | - Vadim N Nurminsky
- Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 132, Lermontov st., Irkutsk, 664033, Russia.
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Seixas N, Dalcol II, Ravanello B, Alessio K, Duarte FA, Bender V, Morel AF. Evaluation of Acetylcholinesterase and Prolyl Oligopeptidase Inhibition of Novel Amino acid-functionalized Stigmasterol and Ursolic Acid Derivatives. CURR ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272823666191014154939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Triterpenes and phytosterols are classes of natural compounds widespread in
plants possessing a great number of pharmacological activities. In our continued search
for new compounds from natural sources with pharmacological potential, we prepared a
series of novel stigmasterol and ursolic acid (UA) derivatives by coupling with L-proline,
L-cysteine and L-glutamic acid. Unlike stigmasterol, the eight derivatives obtained
showed good inhibitory capacity against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) or prolyl oligopeptidase
(POP). Among these derivatives, we highlight 3 and 5 with IC50 values of 99.0 ± 8.8
and 97.5 ± 5.0 µM against AChE, respectively, and derivative 8 with a POP IC50 value of
75.7 ± 6.3 µM. The ursolic acid derivative 19 was the most promising compound of its
class, with IC50 against AChE of 98.3 ± 7.7 µM. These results demonstrate that simple
structural modifications on triterpenes and phytosterols can enhance their performance as enzymatic inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalin Seixas
- Departamento de Quimica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Ionara I. Dalcol
- Departamento de Quimica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Bruno Ravanello
- Departamento de Quimica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Keiti Alessio
- Departamento de Quimica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Fábio A. Duarte
- Departamento de Quimica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Bender
- Departamento de Quimica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Ademir F. Morel
- Departamento de Quimica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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Valitova J, Renkova A, Mukhitova F, Dmitrieva S, Beckett RP, Minibayeva FV. Membrane sterols and genes of sterol biosynthesis are involved in the response of Triticum aestivum seedlings to cold stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 142:452-459. [PMID: 31421442 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cold stress can significantly alter the composition and functioning of the major membrane lipids in plants. However, the roles of the sterol component of plant membranes in stress tolerance remain unclear. In the work presented here we investigated the role of sterols in the response of wheat to cold stress. Initial experiments demonstrated that the roots and leaves of wheat seedlings are differentially sensitive to low positive temperatures. In the roots, cold stress induced disturbance of membrane integrity and accumulation of ROS followed by the induction of autophagy. The absence of such changes in leaves suggests that in wheat, the roots are more sensitive to cold than the leaves. The roots display a time-dependent parabolic pattern of cold stress response, characterized by raised levels of sterols and markers of oxidative stress during short-term treatment, and a decline of these parameters after prolonged treatment. MβCD-induced sterol depletion aggravated the negative effects of cold on the roots. In the leaves the changes also displayed parabolic patterns, with significant changes occurring in 24-ethyl sterols and major PLs. Constitutively high levels of sterols, glycolipids and PLs, and up-regulation of TaSMTs in the leaves may provide membrane stability and cold tolerance. Taken together, results suggest that sterols play important roles in the response of wheat seedlings to cold stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Valitova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, P.O. Box 30, Kazan, 420111, Russia.
| | - Albina Renkova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, P.O. Box 30, Kazan, 420111, Russia.
| | - Fakhima Mukhitova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, P.O. Box 30, Kazan, 420111, Russia.
| | - Svetlana Dmitrieva
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, P.O. Box 30, Kazan, 420111, Russia.
| | - Richard P Beckett
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa.
| | - Farida V Minibayeva
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, P.O. Box 30, Kazan, 420111, Russia; Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kremlevskaya Str 18, Kazan, 420008, Russia.
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Valitova JN, Sulkarnayeva AG, Minibayeva FV. Plant Sterols: Diversity, Biosynthesis, and Physiological Functions. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2017; 81:819-34. [PMID: 27677551 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297916080046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sterols, which are isoprenoid derivatives, are structural components of biological membranes. Special attention is now being given not only to their structure and function, but also to their regulatory roles in plants. Plant sterols have diverse composition; they exist as free sterols, sterol esters with higher fatty acids, sterol glycosides, and acylsterol glycosides, which are absent in animal cells. This diversity of types of phytosterols determines a wide spectrum of functions they play in plant life. Sterols are precursors of a group of plant hormones, the brassinosteroids, which regulate plant growth and development. Furthermore, sterols participate in transmembrane signal transduction by forming lipid microdomains. The predominant sterols in plants are β-sitosterol, campesterol, and stigmasterol. These sterols differ in the presence of a methyl or an ethyl group in the side chain at the 24th carbon atom and are named methylsterols or ethylsterols, respectively. The balance between 24-methylsterols and 24-ethylsterols is specific for individual plant species. The present review focuses on the key stages of plant sterol biosynthesis that determine the ratios between the different types of sterols, and the crosstalk between the sterol and sphingolipid pathways. The main enzymes involved in plant sterol biosynthesis are 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase, C24-sterol methyltransferase, and C22-sterol desaturase. These enzymes are responsible for maintaining the optimal balance between sterols. Regulation of the ratios between the different types of sterols and sterols/sphingolipids can be of crucial importance in the responses of plants to stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Valitova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, 420111, Russia
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Sulkarnayeva AG, Valitova JN, Mukhitova FK, Minibayeva FV. Stress-induced changes in membrane sterols in wheat roots. DOKL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2014; 455:53-5. [DOI: 10.1134/s1607672914020033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Valitova J, Sulkarnayeva A, Kotlova E, Ponomareva A, Mukhitova FK, Murtazina L, Ryzhkina I, Beckett R, Minibayeva F. Sterol binding by methyl-β-cyclodextrin and nystatin--comparative analysis of biochemical and physiological consequences for plants. FEBS J 2014; 281:2051-60. [PMID: 24612537 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The dependence of membrane function on its sterol component has been intensively studied with model lipids and isolated animal membranes, but to a much lesser extent with plant membranes. Depleting membrane sterols could be predicted to have a strong effect on membrane activity and have harmful physiological consequences. In this study, we characterized membrane lipid composition, membrane permeability for ions, some physiological parameters, such as H2O2 accumulation, formation of autophagosomal vacuoles, and expression of peroxidase and autophagic genes, and cell viability in the roots of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings in the presence of two agents that specifically bind to endogenous sterols. The polyene antibiotic nystatin binds to endogenous sterols, forming so-called 'nystatin pores' or 'channels' in the membrane, and methyl-β-cyclodextrin has the capacity to sequester sterols in its hydrophobic core. Unexpectedly, although application of both methyl-β-cyclodextrin and nystatin reduced the sterol content, their effects on membrane permeability, oxidative status and autophagosome formation in roots differed dramatically. For comparison, we also tested the effects of the antibiotic gramicidin S, which does not bind to sterols but forms nonspecific channels in the membrane. Gramicidin S considerably increased membrane permeability, caused oxidative stress, and reduced cell viability. Our results suggest that a decrease in the sterol content is, in itself, not sufficient to have deleterious effects on a cell. The disturbance of membrane integrity, rather than the decrease in the sterol content, is responsible for the toxicity of sterol-binding compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Valitova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia
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Silvestro D, Andersen TG, Schaller H, Jensen PE. Plant sterol metabolism. Δ(7)-Sterol-C5-desaturase (STE1/DWARF7), Δ(5,7)-sterol-Δ(7)-reductase (DWARF5) and Δ(24)-sterol-Δ(24)-reductase (DIMINUTO/DWARF1) show multiple subcellular localizations in Arabidopsis thaliana (Heynh) L. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56429. [PMID: 23409184 PMCID: PMC3568079 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sterols are crucial lipid components that regulate membrane permeability and fluidity and are the precursors of bioactive steroids. The plant sterols exist as three major forms, free sterols, steryl glycosides and steryl esters. The storage of steryl esters in lipid droplets has been shown to contribute to cellular sterol homeostasis. To further document cellular aspects of sterol biosynthesis in plants, we addressed the question of the subcellular localization of the enzymes implicated in the final steps of the post-squalene biosynthetic pathway. In order to create a clear localization map of steroidogenic enzymes in cells, the coding regions of Δ7-sterol-C5-desaturase (STE1/DWARF7), Δ24-sterol-Δ24-reductase (DIMINUTO/DWARF1) and Δ5,7-sterol-Δ7-reductase (DWARF5) were fused to the yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) and transformed into Arabidopsis thaliana mutant lines deficient in the corresponding enzymes. All fusion proteins were found to localize in the endoplasmic reticulum in functionally complemented plants. The results show that both Δ5,7-sterol-Δ7-reductase and Δ24-sterol-Δ24-reductase are in addition localized to the plasma membrane, whereas Δ7-sterol-C5-desaturase was clearly detected in lipid particles. These findings raise new challenging questions about the spatial and dynamic cellular organization of sterol biosynthesis in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Silvestro
- Department of Plant and Environmental Science, Villum Kann Rasmussen Foundation VKR Research Centre Pro-Active Plants, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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