Alkaloid and coumarins from the green fruits of Aegle marmelos

Effect of continuous microwave processing on enzymes and quality attributes of bael beverage

Bael (Aegle marmelos) beverage was pasteurized using continuous-microwave (MW) and traditional thermal processing and the activity of native enzymes, pulp-hydrolyzing enzymes, bioactive, physicochemical, and sensory properties were analyzed. First-order and linear biphasic models fitted well (R2 ≥ 0.90) for enzyme inactivation and bioactive alteration kinetics, respectively. For the most resistant enzyme, polyphenoloxidase (PPO), the inactivation target of ≥ 90 % was achieved at 90 °C TMW (final temperature under MW) and 95 °C for 5 min (conventional thermal). MW treatment displayed faster enzyme inactivation and better retention of TPC and AOC. MW treatment at 90 °C TMW showed 5.3 min D-value, 90% total carotenoid content, 3.42 crisp sensory score (out of 5), and no or minor change in physicochemical attributes. Thermal and MW treatment caused the loss of 14 and 10 bioactive compounds, respectively. The secondary and tertiary structural modifications of PPO enzyme-protein revealed MW's lethality primarily due to its thermal effects.

Aegeline attenuates TNBS-induced colitis by suppressing the NFƙB-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome pathway in mice

A chronic inflammatory condition of the intestine, ulcerative colitis (UC), is challenging to successfully manage once diagnosed. Currently, available medical therapies for UC exhibit minimal efficacy with unacceptable side effects, while inventive biological agents are expensive and yet not well accepted by patients. Discovering more effective and safer treatments to treat UC is therefore essential. One of the primary alkaloids found in Aegle marmelos, aegeline, has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties as well as being able to suppress several pro-inflammatory cytokines responsible for inflammation. The study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of aegeline in alleviating 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis through the NFƙB-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. Mice were randomly allocated into six groups, Normal control (NC), Model control (MC-TNBS, 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid), STD (TNBS + sulfasalazine 100 mg/kg), AG1, AG2, and AG3 (TNBS + aegeline 5, 10, 20 mg/kg) respectively. Physical parameters such as a change in body weight, stool consistency, rectal bleeding, colon length, myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels and nitric oxide (NO) levels, and disease activity index (DAI) were assessed and supporting gene expression studies of various pro-inflammatory cytokines and enzymes were evaluated and histopathological changes observed. Administration of aegeline (10, 20 mg/kg) was found to be effective in colon protection by lowering the disease activity score and myeloperoxidase level and improving other physical parameters. Aegeline in high dose significantly downregulated the gene expression of NFƙB, iNOS, COX-2, NLRP3, IL-1β, and IL-18, conferring great anti-inflammatory potential. Suggestive of the findings, aegeline reduced the damage to the colon by downregulating transcriptional genes and enzymes leading to inflammation and mitigated TNBS-induced colitis probably through the NFƙB-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome pathway.

Natural linear coumarin-heterocyclic conjugates: A review of their roles in phytotherapy

Heterocycle conjugates provide a fresh investigative scope to find novel molecules with enhanced phytotherapeutic characteristics. Coumarin-based products are widely used in the synthesis of several compounds with biological and medicinal properties since they are naturally occurring heterocycles with a broad dispersion. The investigation of coumarin-based phytochemicals with annulated heterocyclic rings is a promising approach to discovering novel conjugates with significant phytotherapeutic attributes. Due to the applicable coumarin extraction processes, a range of linear coumarin-heterocyclic conjugates were isolated from different natural resources and exhibited remarkable therapeutic efficacy. This review highlights the phytotherapeutic potential and origins of various natural linear coumarin-heterocyclic conjugates. We searched several databases, including Science Direct, Web of Science, Springer, Google Scholar, and PubMed. After sieving, we ultimately identified and included 118 pertinent studies published between 2000 and the middle of 2023. This will inspire medicinal chemists with extremely insightful ideas for designing and synthesizing therapeutically active lead compounds in the future that are built on the pharmacophores of coumarin-heterocyclic conjugates and have significant therapeutic attributes.

Bioactivity and toxicity of coumarins from African medicinal plants

Introduction: Coumarins are naturally occuring metabolites from plants and a few micro-organisms. They have been widely used in the food and drug industry in their natural or synthetic forms. Numerous coumarins possess several biological activities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcers, anti-tumour, anti-microbial, anti-coagulant. The aim of this study was to assess the bioactivity, and toxicity of coumarins from African medicinal plants. Methods: We searched online databases and search engines such as PubMed, Google Scholar and Web of Science for key terms such as coumarins, toxicity, bioavailability, bioactivity with appropriate Boolean operators. Only full-length research articles published in English between 1956 to 2023 were reviewed. Results: We recorded 22 coumarins from 15 plant species from Africa. Most of the plant species (33%) were from North Africa. These were followed by East Africa at 21%, then West, and Central Africa at 18.2% each. Most of the coumarins (21.3%) were isolated from the entire plant and the leaves (19.1%) and most of them (46.7%) had some antimicrobial activity. Five coumarins viz osthole, pseudocordatolide C & calanolide, chartreusin and esculetin had either antitumor or anticancer activity. Six coumarins had varying levels and types of toxicity ranging from inhibiting blood clotting as anticoagulants, to cytotoxic effects, causing hyperventilation, tremor, & photophobia, pulmonary haemorrhage, carcinogenic activity, severe neurotoxicity, hepato- and phototoxicity. Conclusion: Several African medicinal plants are sources of various coumarins that possess several biological activities as well as toxicities. This calls for more research into their safety and efficacy because of their wide spread applications as therapeutic agents.

Comprehensive chemo-profiling of coumarins enriched extract derived from Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa fruit pulp, as an anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory agent

Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa is an Indian medicinal plant known for its vast therapeutic activities. In Ayurveda, the plant is known to balance "vata," "pitta," and "kapha" dosh. Recent studies suggest anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, and anti-diabetic potential but lack in defining the dosage over the therapeutic activities. This study aims to determine the chemical profile of Aegle marmelos fruit extract; identification, enrichment, and characterization of the principal active component(s) having anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic potential. Targeted enrichment of total coumarins, focusing on marmelosin, marmesin, aegeline, psoralen, scopoletin, and umbelliferone, was done from Aegle marmelos fruit pulp, and characterized using advanced high-throughput techniques. In vitro and in silico anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory activities were assessed to confirm their efficacy and affinity as anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory agents. The target compounds were also analysed for toxicity by in silico ADMET study and in vitro MTT assay on THP-1 and A549 cell lines. The coumarins enrichment process designed, was found specific for coumarins isolation as it resulted into 48.61% of total coumarins enrichment, which includes 31.2% marmelosin, 8.9% marmesin, 4% psoralen, 2% scopoletin, 1.7% umbelliferone, and 0.72% aegeline. The quantification with HPTLC and qNMR was found to be correlated with the HPLC assay results. The present study validates the potential use of Aegle marmelos as an anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic agent. Coumarins enriched from the plant fruit have good therapeutic activity and can be used for Phytopharmaceutical ingredient development. The study is novel, in which coumarins were enriched and characterized by a simple and sophisticated methodology.

Impacts of Aegle marmelos fruit extract as a medicinal herb on growth performance, antioxidant and immune responses, digestive enzymes, and disease resistance against Streptococcus agalactiae in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of Aegle marmelos fruit (AMF) extract on the growth performance, biochemical parameters, immune response, antioxidative capacity, and digestive enzyme activity of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Fish were fed a diet supplemented with AMF at concentrations of 0 (AMF0; control), 5 (AMF5), 10 (AMF10), 15 (AMF15), or 20 (AMF20) g/kg for 8 weeks. The results show that the final body weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, average daily gain, and feed conversion ratio were significantly higher in fish fed AMF15 and AMF20 compared to those fed the control diet (P < 0.05). Moreover, significant increases in antioxidant enzyme activities and non-specific immune responses were observed in groups fed AMF15 and AMF20. Interestingly, the level of cholesterol decreased with increasing AMF concentrations in the diet. As dietary AMF levels increased, digestive enzyme activities significantly improved. After the feeding trial, fish were injected intraperitoneally with Streptococcus agalactiae, and the 14-day cumulative mortality was calculated. A high survival rate after challenge with S. agalactiae was observed in all groups that received AMF-supplemented feed. Therefore, the present study suggests that supplementing the diet of Nile tilapia with AMF at a concentration of 20 g/kg could encourage their growth, improve their immunity and antioxidant status, and provide strong protection against S. agalactiae.

Natural Coumarins: Exploring the Pharmacological Complexity and Underlying Molecular Mechanisms

Coumarins belong to the benzopyrone family commonly found in many medicinal plants. Natural coumarins demonstrated a wide spectrum of pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant, anticancer, antibacterial, antimalarial, casein kinase-2 (CK2) inhibitory, antifungal, antiviral, Alzheimer's disease inhibition, neuroprotective, anticonvulsant, phytoalexins, ulcerogenic, and antihypertensive. There are very few studies on the bioavailability of coumarins; therefore, further investigations are necessitated to study the bioavailability of different coumarins which already showed good biological activities in previous studies. On the evidence of varied pharmacological properties, the present work presents an overall review of the derivation, availability, and biological capacities of coumarins with further consideration of the essential mode of their therapeutic actions. In conclusion, a wide variety of coumarins are available, and their pharmacological activities are of current interest thanks to their synthetic accessibility and riches in medicinal plants. Coumarins perform the valuable function as therapeutic agents in a range of medical fields.

Formulation, Characterization and Antimicrobial efficacy of Aegle marmelos Essential oil nanogel

Objective: Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa has been widely used in Indian traditional medicine and has many reported pharmacological activities. The aim of this research was to formulate solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) of Aegle oil (AO) that enhanced the beneficial antimicrobial activity of the oil. Methods: The chemical composition of Aegle leaf essential oil was analysed by GC-MS. Additionally, a phytochemical study of A. marmelos methanolic leaf extract was conducted using Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric assay for determination of total phenolic content as well as ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS-MS) analyses for identification of individual components. Six formulations of AO-loaded SLNs (AO-SLNs) were prepared by a double emulsification method. The particle size, zeta potential (ZP), polydispersibility index (PDI) and drug encapsulation efficiency (EE) of the SLNs were determined. The morphology of the SLNs was observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The antimicrobial activity of AO and AO-SLNs was assessed using disc diffusion method. Results: Thirty-two compounds were identified in the Aegle oil, of which Δ-carene and α-phellandrene were the most abundant (48.14% and 34.14%, respectively). The estimated total phenolic content was 968mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g, while UPLC-ESI-MS-MS led to the tentative characterization of thirteen metabolites. The SLNs showed ZP, PDI and EE 125 ± 0.22nm, –37.85, 0.282, and 92%, respectively. AO and AO-SLNs showed significant antimicrobial activity, and the SLNs could sustain the release of AO from their gel vehicles. Conclusion: Our results provide evidence for the application of AO-SLNs in topical and transdermal delivery systems.

Therapeutic Promises of Medicinal Plants in Bangladesh and Their Bioactive Compounds against Ulcers and Inflammatory Diseases

When functioning properly, the stomach is the center of both physical and mental satisfaction. Gastrointestinal disorders, or malfunctioning of the stomach, due to infections caused by various biological entities and physiochemical abnormalities, are now widespread, with most of the diseases being inflammatory, which, depending on the position and degree of inflammation, have different names such as peptic or gastric ulcers, irritable bowel diseases, ulcerative colitis, and so on. While many synthetic drugs, such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, are now extensively used to treat these diseases, their harmful and long-term side effects cannot be ignored. To treat these diseases safely and successfully, different potent medicinal plants and their active components are considered game-changers. In consideration of this, the present review aimed to reveal a general and comprehensive updated overview of the anti-ulcer and anti-inflammatory activities of medicinal plants. To emphasize the efficacy of the medicinal plants, various bioactive compounds from the plant extract, their experimental animal models, and clinical trials are depicted.

An Overview of Coumarin as a Versatile and Readily Accessible Scaffold with Broad-Ranging Biological Activities

Privileged structures have been widely used as an effective template for the research and discovery of high value chemicals. Coumarin is a simple scaffold widespread in Nature and it can be found in a considerable number of plants as well as in some fungi and bacteria. In the last years, these natural compounds have been gaining an increasing attention from the scientific community for their wide range of biological activities, mainly due to their ability to interact with diverse enzymes and receptors in living organisms. In addition, coumarin nucleus has proved to be easily synthetized and decorated, giving the possibility of designing new coumarin-based compounds and investigating their potential in the treatment of various diseases. The versatility of coumarin scaffold finds applications not only in medicinal chemistry but also in the agrochemical field as well as in the cosmetic and fragrances industry. This review is intended to be a critical overview on coumarins, comprehensive of natural sources, metabolites, biological evaluations and synthetic approaches.

Three new compounds from the flower branch of Gastrodia elata Blume and anti-microbial activity

Three new compounds (1–3): gastrodinol (1), 2-(4′-hydroxybenzoyl)-3-hydroxyethyl indole (2) and 2-(4′-hydroxybenzoyl)-3-(4′′-hydroxybenzyl)indole (3) were isolated from the flower branch of G. elata, and anti-microbial activity.

Phytochemical Study of Stem and Leaf of Clausena lansium

Clausena lansium Lour. Skeels (Rutaceae) is widely distributed in South China and has historically been used as a traditional medicine in local healthcare systems. Although the characteristic components (carbazole alkaloids and coumarins) of C. lansium have been found to possess a wide variety of biological activities, little attention has been paid toward the other components of this plant. In the current study, phytochemical analysis of isolates from a water-soluble stem and leaf extract of C. lansium led to the identification of 12 compounds, including five aromatic glycosides, four sesquiterpene glycosides, two dihydrofuranocoumarin glycosides, and one adenosine. All compounds were isolated for the first time from the genus Clausena, including a new aromatic glycoside (1), a new dihydrofuranocoumarin glycoside (6), and two new sesquiterpene glycosides (8 and 9). The phytochemical structures of the isolates were elucidated using spectroscopic analyses including NMR and MS. The existence of these compounds demonstrates the taxonomic significance of C. lansium in the genus Clausena and suggests that some glycosides from this plant probably play a role in the anticancer activity of C. lansium to some extent.

Efficiency of the leaves and fruits of Aegle marmelos methanol extract (L.) Correa and their relative hepatotoxicity induced by CCL4 and identification of their active constituents by using LC/MS/MS

The methanol extracts of both leaves and fruits (MEL & MEF) of A. marmelos (L.) Correa (family Rutaceae) were analyzed by using analytical method based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). The objective of this study was to identify the active constituents of (MEL & MEF) of A. marmelos. Six, alkaloids namely aeglemarmelosine, marmesiline aegelinoside, shahidine, anhydromarmeline and N-2-methoxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl) ethylcinnamide and two flavonoids, rutin and kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside in leaves were identified. Two alkaloids marmesiline and shahidine in the methanol extracts of fruits, also have been identified. Moreover, the efficiency of extracts was performed for measuring the reducing hepatotoxicity effect induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in mice. Accordingly, several biochemical parameters were performed such as lipid profile in serum, liver functions enzyme activities, glycolytic enzyme activities. In addition, LDH and SDH were investigated. The results obtained demonstrated, significant increase in lipid profile, liver function biomarkers in addition to glycolytic enzyme activities in CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity. Histopathological examination confirmed the biochemical results. Treatment of intoxicated mice with (MEL & MEF) of A. marmelos showed amelioration signs in biochemical findings as well as at cellular level. It could be concluded that both MEL & MEF can be used clinically for their potential effect as a hepatoprotective that normalized liver function biomarkers, hepatic architecture and restore physiologically status of the body against CCl4 intoxication.

Green, Seed-Mediated Synthesis of Au Nanowires and Their Efficient Electrocatalytic Activity in Oxygen Reduction Reaction

A new, simple, green method for the synthesis of Au nanowires (average diameter 8 nm and several micrometers in length) using Au seeds prepared from bael gum (BG) is reported. The nanowires are characterized using UV-visible absorption spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and high-resolution-TEM. It is observed that the rate of the reduction process might be the decisive factor for the shape selectivity, as evident from the formation of nanowires at a particular concentration of seeds and NaOH. The polysaccharide present in BG is the active ingredient for the synthesis of Au nanowires, while the small molecules present in BG, when used alone, did not result in nanowire formation. The TEM images of the precursor to the Au nanowires suggested that new, nucleated particles align in a linear manner and fuse with one another, resulting in the nanowire. The linear fusion of the newly nucleated particles could be due to the lack of adequate protecting agent and the presence of Au complex adsorbed to the surface. The electrochemical activity of the nanowires for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is assessed and compared with that of nanotriangles and spherical nanoparticles of Au. The performance of Au nanowire is better than Au-nanomaterials (heat-treated as well as non-heat-treated), Au seeds, and clusters. The better efficiency of the nanowires when compared to that of the other reported catalysts is attributed to the presence of active (100) facets with numerous corners, edges, and surface defects.

Carbazole-pyranocoumarin conjugate and two carbazole alkaloids from the stems of Clausena excavata

A carbazole-pyranocoumarin conjugate, carbazomarin B (1), and two carbazole alkaloids, 6-methoxymukonidine (2) and 2-hydroxy-3-methoxycarbazole (3), together with 27 known compounds (4-30), were isolated from the stems of Clausena excavata. Their structures have been elucidated by spectroscopic analyses. Compound 2 showed moderate cytotoxicity to HuCCA-1, MOLT-3 and HepG2 cancer cell lines with IC50 values of 15.09-28.50 μg/mL, but none to A549 cell line. Heptaphylline (6) and nordentatin (23) were found to show moderate cytotoxic activity against HepG2 cell line with IC50 values of 12.33 and 11.33, respectively, while clausine K (27) exhibited strong cytotoxicity with IC50 value of 1.05 μg/mL, better than a standard drug (etoposide, IC50 13.40 μg/mL).

A New 3′-Prenyloxypsoralen from the Raw Fruits of Aegle marmelos and its Cytotoxic Activity

One new furanocoumarin, 3′-prenyloxypsoralen (1), and two known furanocoumarins, imperatorin (2) and xanthotoxin (3) were isolated from the raw fruits of Aegle marmelos. The structures of the isolated coumarins were confirmed by spectroscopic evidence. Compound 1 exhibited moderate cytotoxic activity against HEK293, HeLa, MCF7, and HT29 cell lines with IC50 values of 31.2, 44.8, 36.3, and >50.0 μg/mL, respectively.

Chemical composition and biological activities of Gerbera anandria

Gerbera anandria (Compositae) was extracted with 75% ethanol and the residue was fractionated using light petroleum, chloroform and ethyl acetate. The constituents of the extracts were separated by column chromatography employing solvents of different polarity. Column chromatography of the light petroleum fraction resulted in the isolation of methyl hexadecanoate, while the chloroform fraction afforded xanthotoxin, 2-hydroxy-6-methylbenzoic acid, 7-hydroxy-1(3H)-isobenzofuranone, a mixture of β-sitosterol and stigmasterol, and 8-methoxysmyrindiol and the ethyl acetate fraction gave gerberinside, apigenin-7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside and quercetin. A new coumarin, 8-methoxysmyrindiol, was found. The chemical structures of the isolated compounds were established by MS and NMR (HSQC, HMBC). Free radical scavenging and cytotoxic activities of crude extracts and 8-methoxysmyrindiol were further investigated. The ethyl acetate phase exerted the strongest DPPH free radical scavenging activity in comparison to the other fractions. The coumarin 8-methoxysmyrindiol demonstrated cytotoxicity against multiple human cancer cell lines, with the highest potency in HepG2 cells.

Enhanced glycemic control, pancreas protective, antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects by umbelliferon-α-D-glucopyranosyl-(2(I) → 1(II))-α-D-glucopyranoside in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats

OBJECTIVE

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of umbelliferon-α-D-glucopyranosyl-(2I → 1II)-α-D-glucopyranoside (UFD) from Aegle marmelos Corr. on serum glucose, lipid profile and free radical scavenging activity in normal and STZ (streptozotocin) induced diabetic rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Diabetes was induced by single interperitoneal injecting of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg, i.p.) in the rats. All the rats were divided into following groups; I - nondiabeteic, II - nondiabetic + UFD (40 mg/kg, p.o.), III - diabetic control, IV - UFD (10 mg/kg, p.o.), V - UFD (20 mg/kg, p.o.), VI - UFD (40 mg/kg) and VII - glibenclamide (10 mg/kg, p.o.). Serum glucose level and body weight were determined periodically. Biochemical parameter, antioxidant enzyme and histopathology study were performed on the day 28. Oral glucose tolerance test study was performed to identify the glucose utilization capacity.

RESULTS

All the doses of UFD and glibenclamide decrease the level of serum glucose, glycated hemoglobin, glucose-6-phosphatase, fructose-1-6-biphosphate and increased the level of plasma insulin, hexokinase. The UFD doses also showed effects on antioxidant enzymes viz. superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase which were significantly increased and the level of malonaldehyde was markedly decreased. Histologically study, focal necrosis, deposition of fats, increased the size of the intercalated disc were observed in the diabetic rat liver, kidney, heart and pancreas but was less obvious in treated groups. The mechanism of action of the UFD emerges to be due to increase the activity of antioxidant enzyme and secretion of pancreatic insulin.

CONCLUSION

Reduction in the FBG (fasting blood glucose), glycated hemoglobin, glucose-6-phosphatase, fructose-1-6-biphosphate, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxides, cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, VLDL levels and improvement in the level of the plasma insulin, hexokinase, HDL was observed by the UFD treated rats. The result indicates that UFD has anti-diabetic activity along with anti hyperlipidemic and antioxidant efficacy and provides a scientific rationale to be used as an Anti-diabetic agent.

Umbelliferone β-D-galactopyranoside from Aegle marmelos (L.) corr. an ethnomedicinal plant with antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic and antioxidative activity

Background

Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. (Rutaceae), commonly known as bael, is used to treat fevers, abdomen pain, palpitation of the heart, urinary troubles, melancholia, anorexia, dyspepsia, diabetes and diarrhea in Indian traditional systems of medicine. The object of the present study was to evaluate the antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant oxidative stress of umbelliferone β-D-galactopyranoside (UFG) from stem bark of Aegle marmelos Correa. in STZ (streptozotocin) induced diabetic rat.

Methods

Diabetes was induced in rat by single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (60 mg/kg). The rat was divided into the following groups; I – normal control, II – diabetic control, III – UFG (10 mg/kg), IV – UFG (20 mg/kg), V – UFG (40 mg/kg), VI – Glibenclamide (10 mg/kg, p.o., once a daily dose). Diabetes was measured by change the level blood glucose, plasma insulin and the oxidative stress were assessed in the liver by estimation of the level of antioxidant markers i.e. superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT) and Malondialdehyde (MDA) and antihyperlipidemic effect was measured by estimation of total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL (low density lipoprotein) cholesterol, HDL (high density lipoprotein) cholesterol, VLDL (very low density lipoprotein) cholesterol. However in a study, the increased body weight was observed and utilization of glucose was in the oral glucose tolerance test.

Result

Daily oral administration of different dose of UFG for 28 days showed significantly (P < 0.001) decreased in fasting blood glucose level and improve plasma insulin level as compared to the diabetic control group. Also it significantly (P < 0.001) decreased the level of glycated hemoglobin, glucose-6-phosphatase, fructose-1-6-biphosphate and increased the level of hexokinase. UFG treatment decreased liver MDA and increased the level of SOD, GPx and CAT. UFG treatment of lipids it’s increased the level of cholesterol, triglycerides, VLDL, LDL cholesterol and decreased the level of HDL cholesterol. Histologically, inflammatory cell in blood vessels, intercalated disc, fat degeneration and focal necrosis observed in diabetic rat organ but was less obvious in UFG treated groups. The mechanism of action of UFG may be due to the increased level of pancreatic insulin secretion and effect on the antioxidant marker.

Conclusion

UFG posses an antidiabetic, antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic effect on the STZ induced diabetic rat. Hence it could be the better choice to cure the diabetes.

Review on natural coumarin lead compounds for their pharmacological activity

Coumarin (2H-1-benzopyran-2-one) is a plant-derived natural product known for its pharmacological properties such as anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anticancer, antihypertensive, antitubercular, anticonvulsant, antiadipogenic, antihyperglycemic, antioxidant, and neuroprotective properties. Dietary exposure to benzopyrones is significant as these compounds are found in vegetables, fruits, seeds, nuts, coffee, tea, and wine. In view of the established low toxicity, relative cheapness, presence in the diet, and occurrence in various herbal remedies of coumarins, it appears prudent to evaluate their properties and applications further.