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Valanciene E, Malys N. Advances in Production of Hydroxycinnamoyl-Quinic Acids: From Natural Sources to Biotechnology. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11122427. [PMID: 36552635 PMCID: PMC9774772 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11122427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxycinnamoyl-quinic acids (HCQAs) are polyphenol esters formed of hydroxycinnamic acids and (-)-quinic acid. They are naturally synthesized by plants and some micro-organisms. The ester of caffeic acid and quinic acid, the chlorogenic acid, is an intermediate of lignin biosynthesis. HCQAs are biologically active dietary compounds exhibiting several important therapeutic properties, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and other activities. They can also be used in the synthesis of nanoparticles or drugs. However, extraction of these compounds from biomass is a complex process and their synthesis requires costly precursors, limiting the industrial production and availability of a wider variety of HCQAs. The recently emerged production through the bioconversion is still in an early stage of development. In this paper, we discuss existing and potential future strategies for production of HCQAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egle Valanciene
- Bioprocess Research Centre, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilėnų pl. 19, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania
- Correspondence: (E.V.); (N.M.)
| | - Naglis Malys
- Bioprocess Research Centre, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilėnų pl. 19, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilėnų pl. 19, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania
- Correspondence: (E.V.); (N.M.)
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2
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Dantas CAG, Abreu LS, da Cunha HN, Veloso CAG, Souto AL, de Fátima Agra M, de Oliveira Costa VC, da Silva MS, Tavares JF. Dereplication of phenolic derivatives of three Erythroxylum species using liquid chromatography coupled with ESI-MS n and HRESIMS. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2021; 32:1011-1026. [PMID: 33738879 DOI: 10.1002/pca.3043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Given the diversity of secondary metabolites produced by species of the genus Erythroxylum, in addition to the many methods that have already been described in the literature, modern screening and identification methodologies, such as dereplication, represent an efficient and quick strategy compared to the classic techniques linked to natural product research. OBJECTIVE The objective of the present study was to determine the phenolic profiles obtained from three species of Erythroxylum (Erythroxylum pauferrense Plowman, Erythroxylum pulchrum A.St.-Hil. and Erythroxylum simonis Plowman) by dereplication using liquid chromatography coupled with ESI-MSn and HRESIMS. MATERIAL AND METHODS Ethyl acetate and n-butanolic fractions from crude ethanolic extract of Erythroxylum species were analyzed by HPLC-ESI-MSn and HPLC-HRESIMS, in order to identify its corresponding compounds. Experiments were performed in negative ionization mode, and the metabolites were provisionally identified based on deprotonated molecules, molecular formulas, fragmentation patterns and literature data. The corresponding isolated compounds were characterized by 1 H and 13 C NMR spectroscopy. RESULTS According to the dereplication method, it was possible to establish and compare the phenolic profile of the corresponding species by the assignment of 55 compounds, most of which were first described in these species and among which some were also new to the Erytroxylum genus. Additionally, nine compounds were isolated, including biphenyl-3,3',4,4'-tetraol, where the mass spectral data were not sufficient for their identification, and reported for the first time in the Erythroxylaceae family. CONCLUSION This research contributes to the phytochemical knowledge of the Erythroxylum genus and demonstrates the importance of the dereplication method regarding the investigation of natural products, enabling accurate identification of the metabolites while avoiding the efforts and material expenses involved in the isolation of known compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Augusto Gonçalves Dantas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Lucas Silva Abreu
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Hidna Nascimento da Cunha
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Carlos Arthur Gouveia Veloso
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Augusto Lopes Souto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Maria de Fátima Agra
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Vicente Carlos de Oliveira Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Sobral da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Josean Fechine Tavares
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, 58051-900, Brazil
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3
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Restrepo DA, Saenz E, Jara-Muñoz OA, Calixto-Botía IF, Rodríguez-Suárez S, Zuleta P, Chavez BG, Sanchez JA, D'Auria JC. Erythroxylum in Focus: An Interdisciplinary Review of an Overlooked Genus. Molecules 2019; 24:E3788. [PMID: 31640255 PMCID: PMC6833119 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24203788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Erythroxylum contains species used by indigenous people of South America long before the domestication of plants. Two species, E. coca and E. novogranatense, have been utilized for thousands of years specifically for their tropane alkaloid content. While abuse of the narcotic cocaine has impacted society on many levels, these species and their wild relatives contain untapped resources for the benefit of mankind in the form of foods, pharmaceuticals, phytotherapeutic products, and other high-value plant-derived metabolites. In this review, we describe the current state of knowledge of members within the genus and the recent advances in the realm of molecular biology and biochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Restrepo
- Centro de Estudios sobre Seguridad y Drogas, Facultad de Economía, Universidad de los Andes, Bogota 111711, Colombia.
| | - Ernesto Saenz
- Departamento Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de los Andes, Bogota 111711, Colombia.
| | | | - Iván F Calixto-Botía
- Escuela de Biología, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja 150003, Colombia.
| | - Sioly Rodríguez-Suárez
- Centro de Estudios sobre Seguridad y Drogas, Facultad de Economía, Universidad de los Andes, Bogota 111711, Colombia.
| | - Pablo Zuleta
- Centro de Estudios sobre Seguridad y Drogas, Facultad de Economía, Universidad de los Andes, Bogota 111711, Colombia.
| | - Benjamin G Chavez
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466 Gatersleben, Germany.
| | - Juan A Sanchez
- Centro de Estudios sobre Seguridad y Drogas, Facultad de Economía, Universidad de los Andes, Bogota 111711, Colombia.
- Departamento Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de los Andes, Bogota 111711, Colombia.
| | - John C D'Auria
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466 Gatersleben, Germany.
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4
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Reggane M, Wiest J, Saedtler M, Harlacher C, Gutmann M, Zottnick SH, Piechon P, Dix I, Müller-Buschbaum K, Holzgrabe U, Meinel L, Galli B. Bioinspired co-crystals of Imatinib providing enhanced kinetic solubility. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 128:290-299. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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5
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Le Guennec A, Tayyari F, Edison AS. Alternatives to Nuclear Overhauser Enhancement Spectroscopy Presat and Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill Presat for NMR-Based Metabolomics. Anal Chem 2017; 89:8582-8588. [PMID: 28737383 PMCID: PMC5588096 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
NMR metabolomics are primarily conducted with 1D nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy (NOESY) presat for water suppression and Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) presat as a T2 filter to remove macromolecule signals. Others pulse sequences exist for these two objectives but are not often used in metabolomics studies, because they are less robust or unknown to the NMR metabolomics community. However, recent improvements on alternative pulse sequences provide attractive alternatives to 1D NOESY presat and CPMG presat. We focus this perspective on PURGE, a water suppression technique, and PROJECT presat, a T2 filter. These two pulse sequences, when optimized, performed at least on par with 1D NOESY presat and CPMG presat, if not better. These pulse sequences were tested on common samples for metabolomics, human plasma, and urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Le Guennec
- Complex
Carbohydrate Research Center (CCRC), Departments of Genetics and Biochemistry
& Molecular Biology, and Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United
States
| | - Fariba Tayyari
- Complex
Carbohydrate Research Center (CCRC), Departments of Genetics and Biochemistry
& Molecular Biology, and Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United
States
| | - Arthur S. Edison
- Complex
Carbohydrate Research Center (CCRC), Departments of Genetics and Biochemistry
& Molecular Biology, and Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United
States
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6
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Kim N, Estrada O, Chavez B, Stewart C, D'Auria JC. Tropane and Granatane Alkaloid Biosynthesis: A Systematic Analysis. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21111510. [PMID: 27845728 PMCID: PMC6274040 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21111510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The tropane and granatane alkaloids belong to the larger pyrroline and piperidine classes of plant alkaloids, respectively. Their core structures share common moieties and their scattered distribution among angiosperms suggest that their biosynthesis may share common ancestry in some orders, while they may be independently derived in others. Tropane and granatane alkaloid diversity arises from the myriad modifications occurring to their core ring structures. Throughout much of human history, humans have cultivated tropane- and granatane-producing plants for their medicinal properties. This manuscript will discuss the diversity of their biological and ecological roles as well as what is known about the structural genes and enzymes responsible for their biosynthesis. In addition, modern approaches to producing some pharmaceutically important tropanes via metabolic engineering endeavors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neill Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1061, USA.
| | - Olga Estrada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1061, USA.
| | - Benjamin Chavez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1061, USA.
| | - Charles Stewart
- Office of Biotechnology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-1079, USA.
| | - John C D'Auria
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1061, USA.
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7
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Docimo T, Francese G, Ruggiero A, Batelli G, De Palma M, Bassolino L, Toppino L, Rotino GL, Mennella G, Tucci M. Phenylpropanoids Accumulation in Eggplant Fruit: Characterization of Biosynthetic Genes and Regulation by a MYB Transcription Factor. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 6:1233. [PMID: 26858726 PMCID: PMC4729908 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Phenylpropanoids are major secondary metabolites in eggplant (Solanum melongena) fruits. Chlorogenic acid (CGA) accounts for 70-90% of total phenolics in flesh tissues, while anthocyanins are mainly present in the fruit skin. As a contribution to the understanding of the peculiar accumulation of these health-promoting metabolites in eggplant, we report on metabolite abundance, regulation of CGA and anthocyanin biosynthesis, and characterization of candidate CGA biosynthetic genes in S. melongena. Higher contents of CGA, Delphinidin 3-rutinoside, and rutin were found in eggplant fruits compared to other tissues, associated to an elevated transcript abundance of structural genes such as PAL, HQT, DFR, and ANS, suggesting that active in situ biosynthesis contributes to anthocyanin and CGA accumulation in fruit tissues. Putative orthologs of the two CGA biosynthetic genes PAL and HQT, as well as a variant of a MYB1 transcription factor showing identity with group six MYBs, were isolated from an Occidental S. melongena traditional variety and demonstrated to differ from published sequences from Asiatic varieties. In silico analysis of the isolated SmPAL1, SmHQT1, SmANS, and SmMyb1 promoters revealed the presence of several Myb regulatory elements for the biosynthetic genes and unique elements for the TF, suggesting its involvement in other physiological roles beside phenylpropanoid biosynthesis regulation. Transient overexpression in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves of SmMyb1 and of a C-terminal SmMyb1 truncated form (SmMyb1Δ9) resulted in anthocyanin accumulation only of SmMyb1 agro-infiltrated leaves. A yeast two-hybrid assay confirmed the interaction of both SmMyb1 and SmMyb1Δ9 with an anthocyanin-related potato bHLH1 TF. Interestingly, a doubled amount of CGA was detected in both SmMyb1 and SmMyb1Δ9 agro-infiltrated leaves, thus suggesting that the N-terminal region of SmMyb1 is sufficient to activate its synthesis. These data suggest that a deletion of the C-terminal region of SmMyb1 does not limit its capability to regulate CGA accumulation, but impairs anthocyanin biosynthesis. To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting a functional elucidation of the role of the C-term conserved domain in MYB activator proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Docimo
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Bioscienze e BiorisorseUOS Portici, Italy
| | - Gianluca Francese
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria, Centro di Ricerca per l’OrticolturaPontecagnano, Italy
| | - Alessandra Ruggiero
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Bioscienze e BiorisorseUOS Portici, Italy
| | - Giorgia Batelli
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Bioscienze e BiorisorseUOS Portici, Italy
| | - Monica De Palma
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Bioscienze e BiorisorseUOS Portici, Italy
| | - Laura Bassolino
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria, Unità di Ricerca per l’OrticolturaMontanaso Lombardo, Italy
| | - Laura Toppino
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria, Unità di Ricerca per l’OrticolturaMontanaso Lombardo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe L. Rotino
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria, Unità di Ricerca per l’OrticolturaMontanaso Lombardo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Mennella
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria, Centro di Ricerca per l’OrticolturaPontecagnano, Italy
| | - Marina Tucci
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Bioscienze e BiorisorseUOS Portici, Italy
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8
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Schmidt GW, Jirschitzka J, Porta T, Reichelt M, Luck K, Torre JCP, Dolke F, Varesio E, Hopfgartner G, Gershenzon J, D'Auria JC. The last step in cocaine biosynthesis is catalyzed by a BAHD acyltransferase. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 167:89-101. [PMID: 25406120 PMCID: PMC4281001 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.248187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The esterification of methylecgonine (2-carbomethoxy-3β-tropine) with benzoic acid is the final step in the biosynthetic pathway leading to the production of cocaine in Erythoxylum coca. Here we report the identification of a member of the BAHD family of plant acyltransferases as cocaine synthase. The enzyme is capable of producing both cocaine and cinnamoylcocaine via the activated benzoyl- or cinnamoyl-Coenzyme A thioesters, respectively. Cocaine synthase activity is highest in young developing leaves, especially in the palisade parenchyma and spongy mesophyll. These data correlate well with the tissue distribution pattern of cocaine as visualized with antibodies. Matrix-assisted laser-desorption ionization mass spectral imaging revealed that cocaine and cinnamoylcocaine are differently distributed on the upper versus lower leaf surfaces. Our findings provide further evidence that tropane alkaloid biosynthesis in the Erythroxylaceae occurs in the above-ground portions of the plant in contrast with the Solanaceae, in which tropane alkaloid biosynthesis occurs in the roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Wolfgang Schmidt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, D-07745 Jena, Germany (G.W.S., J.J., M.R., K.L., J.C.P.T., F.D., J.G., J.C.D.); andLife Sciences Mass Spectrometry Research Unit, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland (T.P., E.V., G.H.)
| | - Jan Jirschitzka
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, D-07745 Jena, Germany (G.W.S., J.J., M.R., K.L., J.C.P.T., F.D., J.G., J.C.D.); andLife Sciences Mass Spectrometry Research Unit, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland (T.P., E.V., G.H.)
| | - Tiffany Porta
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, D-07745 Jena, Germany (G.W.S., J.J., M.R., K.L., J.C.P.T., F.D., J.G., J.C.D.); andLife Sciences Mass Spectrometry Research Unit, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland (T.P., E.V., G.H.)
| | - Michael Reichelt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, D-07745 Jena, Germany (G.W.S., J.J., M.R., K.L., J.C.P.T., F.D., J.G., J.C.D.); andLife Sciences Mass Spectrometry Research Unit, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland (T.P., E.V., G.H.)
| | - Katrin Luck
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, D-07745 Jena, Germany (G.W.S., J.J., M.R., K.L., J.C.P.T., F.D., J.G., J.C.D.); andLife Sciences Mass Spectrometry Research Unit, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland (T.P., E.V., G.H.)
| | - José Carlos Pardo Torre
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, D-07745 Jena, Germany (G.W.S., J.J., M.R., K.L., J.C.P.T., F.D., J.G., J.C.D.); andLife Sciences Mass Spectrometry Research Unit, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland (T.P., E.V., G.H.)
| | - Franziska Dolke
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, D-07745 Jena, Germany (G.W.S., J.J., M.R., K.L., J.C.P.T., F.D., J.G., J.C.D.); andLife Sciences Mass Spectrometry Research Unit, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland (T.P., E.V., G.H.)
| | - Emmanuel Varesio
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, D-07745 Jena, Germany (G.W.S., J.J., M.R., K.L., J.C.P.T., F.D., J.G., J.C.D.); andLife Sciences Mass Spectrometry Research Unit, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland (T.P., E.V., G.H.)
| | - Gérard Hopfgartner
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, D-07745 Jena, Germany (G.W.S., J.J., M.R., K.L., J.C.P.T., F.D., J.G., J.C.D.); andLife Sciences Mass Spectrometry Research Unit, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland (T.P., E.V., G.H.)
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, D-07745 Jena, Germany (G.W.S., J.J., M.R., K.L., J.C.P.T., F.D., J.G., J.C.D.); andLife Sciences Mass Spectrometry Research Unit, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland (T.P., E.V., G.H.)
| | - John Charles D'Auria
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, D-07745 Jena, Germany (G.W.S., J.J., M.R., K.L., J.C.P.T., F.D., J.G., J.C.D.); andLife Sciences Mass Spectrometry Research Unit, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland (T.P., E.V., G.H.)
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9
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Docimo T, Schmidt GW, Luck K, Delaney SK, D'Auria JC. Selection and validation of reference genes for quantitative gene expression studies in Erythroxylum coca. F1000Res 2013; 2:37. [PMID: 24627771 PMCID: PMC3907153 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.2-37.v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Real-time quantitative PCR is a powerful technique for the investigation of comparative gene expression, but its accuracy and reliability depend on the reference genes used as internal standards. Only genes that show a high level of expression stability are suitable for use as reference genes, and these must be identified on a case-by-case basis. Erythroxylum coca produces and accumulates high amounts of the pharmacologically active tropane alkaloid cocaine (especially in the leaves), and is an emerging model for the investigation of tropane alkaloid biosynthesis. The identification of stable internal reference genes for this species is important for its development as a model species, and would enable comparative analysis of candidate biosynthetic genes in the different tissues of the coca plant. In this study, we evaluated the expression stability of nine candidate reference genes in
E. coca (
Ec6409,
Ec10131,
Ec11142,
Actin,
APT2,
EF1α,
TPB1,
Pex4,
Pp2aa3). The expression of these genes was measured in seven tissues (flowers, stems, roots and four developmental leaf stages) and the stability of expression was assessed using three algorithms (geNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper). From our results we conclude that
Ec10131 and
TPB1 are the most appropriate internal reference genes in leaves (where the majority of cocaine is produced), while
Ec10131 and
Ec6409 are the most suitable internal reference genes across all of the tissues tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Docimo
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Ökologie, Jena, D-07745, Germany.,Current address: Instituto Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria (CNR), Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Gregor W Schmidt
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Ökologie, Jena, D-07745, Germany.,Current address: Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zurich, Basel, 5048, Switzerland
| | - Katrin Luck
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Ökologie, Jena, D-07745, Germany
| | - Sven K Delaney
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - John C D'Auria
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Ökologie, Jena, D-07745, Germany
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