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New Sesquiterpene Lactone via Fungal Transformation of Rhizopus oryzae KX685359: Antimicrobial In-Vitro and In-Silico Study. Catal Letters 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-022-04202-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Aminudin NI, Ridzuan M, Susanti D, Zainal Abidin ZA. Biotransformation of sesquiterpenoids: a recent insight. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2022; 24:103-145. [PMID: 33783284 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2021.1906657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sesquiterpenoids have been identified as natural compounds showing remarkable biological activities found in medicinal plants. There is great interest in developing methods to obtain sesquiterpenoids derivatives and biotransformation is one of the alternative methods for structural modification of complex sesquiterpenes structures. Biotransformation is a great drug design tool offering high selectivity and green method. The present review describes a comprehensive summary of biotransformation products of sesquiterpenoids and its structural modification utilizing a variety of biocatalysts including microorganisms, plant tissue culture and enzymes. This review covers recent literatures from 2007 until 2020 and highlights the experimental conditions for each biotransformation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Iman Aminudin
- Department of Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Kuantan, Pahang 25200, Malaysia
| | - Munirah Ridzuan
- Department of Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Kuantan, Pahang 25200, Malaysia
| | - Deny Susanti
- Department of Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Kuantan, Pahang 25200, Malaysia
| | - Zaima Azira Zainal Abidin
- Department of Biotechnology, Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Kuantan, Pahang 25200, Malaysia
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Lizardi-Jiménez MA, López-Ordáz P, González-Brambila MM, Linares-Morales A, Melgarejo-Torres R. Effect of Biomass Concentration on Oxygen Mass Transfer, Power Consumption, Interfacial Tension and Hydrodynamics in a Multiphase Partitioning Bioreactor. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL REACTOR ENGINEERING 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/ijcre-2017-0201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Several studies have reported that the hydrodynamics are not affected by the biomass in multiphase partitioning bioreactors. This work aims to demonstrate the effect of biomass concentration (0, 1, 3 and 5 g L−1) on the oxygen mass transfer coefficients, the droplet size of the dispersed phase, power consumption and superficial tension in a multiphase partitioning bioreactor (ionic liquid-aqueous-air-biomass system). At a biomass concentration of 5 g L−1, the oxygen mass transfer coefficient (kLa) increased by 55% (249 h−1) compared with the abiotic system (160 h−1). In the multiphasic system, the droplet size (d32) decreased when the biomass concentration was increased, producing an increment in the mass transfer area of the dispersed phase. In addition, the power consumption decreased by 44 % compared to a previous report without biomass. Furthermore, the increment of biomass concentration decreased the superficial tension by up to 15 %. A biomass increment in a multiphase system not also increases product yield, but also enhances the bioconversion process. The results obtained suggest that it is obligatory to consider the effect of biomass concentration on hydrodynamic characterisation, design, scale-up and optimisation for improving the performance of biotechnological processes using multiphase bioreactors.
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Kamizela A, Gawdzik B, Urbaniak M, Lechowicz Ł, Białońska A, Gonciarz W, Chmiela M. Synthesis, Characterization, Cytotoxicity, and Antibacterial Properties of trans-γ-Halo-δ-lactones. ChemistryOpen 2018; 7:543-550. [PMID: 30038879 PMCID: PMC6055027 DOI: 10.1002/open.201800110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A new four-step pathway for the synthesis of γ-halo-δ-lactones is described from simple, commercially available substrates: aryl bromides and 3-methyl crotonaldehyde. The halogenolactonization reaction of β,δ-substituted, γ,δ-unsaturated carboxylic acid 4 a-c is regio- and stereoselective and gives only the trans-isomers of lactones 5 a-c, 6 a-c, and 7 a-c. The structures of all synthesized compounds were confirmed by using spectroscopic methods. For bromolactone, containing a naphthyl moiety in the structure, crystallographic analysis was also performed. The lactones were tested for their cytotoxic activity against L929 cell lines (mouse fibroblasts) and antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli strains ATCC 8739 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 65389. Compounds 5 a, 5 c, 7 a, and 7 b statistically significantly inhibited the metabolic activity of mouse fibroblasts L929. Compounds 5 b and 6 a were not cytotoxic towards L929 cells, but showed moderate bactericidal properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Kamizela
- Institute of ChemistryJan Kochanowski UniversityŚwiętokrzyska 15 G25–406KielcePoland
| | - Barbara Gawdzik
- Institute of ChemistryJan Kochanowski UniversityŚwiętokrzyska 15 G25–406KielcePoland
| | - Mariusz Urbaniak
- Institute of ChemistryJan Kochanowski UniversityŚwiętokrzyska 15 G25–406KielcePoland
| | - Łukasz Lechowicz
- Institute of BiologyJan Kochanowski UniversityŚwiętokrzyska 15 G25–406KielcePoland
| | - Agata Białońska
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of WroclawF. Joliot-Curie 1450–383WrocławPoland
| | - Weronika Gonciarz
- Dept. of Immunology and Infectious BiologyUniversity of LódzBanacha 12/1690–237ŁódźPoland
| | - Magdalena Chmiela
- Dept. of Immunology and Infectious BiologyUniversity of LódzBanacha 12/1690–237ŁódźPoland
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Monteiro AF, Seidl C, Severino VGP, Cardoso CL, Castro-Gamboa I. Biotransformation of labdane and halimane diterpenoids by two filamentous fungi strains. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2017. [PMID: 29291077 DOI: 10.5061/dryad.fb7r5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Biotransformation of natural products by filamentous fungi is a powerful and effective approach to achieve derivatives with valuable new chemical and biological properties. Although diterpenoid substrates usually exhibit good susceptibility towards fungi enzymes, there have been no studies concerning the microbiological transformation of halimane-type diterpenoids up to now. In this work, we investigated the capability of Fusarium oxysporum (a fungus isolated from the rhizosphere of Senna spectabilis) and Myrothecium verrucaria (an endophyte) to transform halimane (1) and labdane (2) acids isolated from Hymenaea stigonocarpa (Fabaceae). Feeding experiments resulted in the production of six derivatives, including hydroxy, oxo, formyl and carboxy analogues. Incubation of 1 with F. oxysporum afforded 2-oxo-derivative (3), while bioconversion with M. verrucaria provided 18,19-dihydroxy (4), 18-formyl (5) and 18-carboxy (6) bioproducts. Transformation of substrate 2 mediated by F. oxysporum produced a 7α-hydroxy (7) derivative, while M. verrucaria yielded 7α- (7) and 3β-hydroxy (8) metabolites. Unlike F. oxysporum, which showed a preference to transform ring B, M. verrucaria exhibited the ability to hydroxylate both rings A and B from substrate 2. Additionally, compounds 1-8 were evaluated for inhibitory activity against Hr-AChE and Hu-BChE enzymes through ICER-IT-MS/MS assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afif F Monteiro
- Núcleo de Bioensaios, Biossíntese e Ecofisiologia de Produtos Naturais (NuBBE), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Orgânica, Francisco Degni 55, Araraquara, 14800-900, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Seidl
- Departamento de Química, Grupo de Cromatografia de Bioafinidade e Produtos Naturais, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-901, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vanessa G P Severino
- Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Instituto de Química, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Carmen Lúcia Cardoso
- Departamento de Química, Grupo de Cromatografia de Bioafinidade e Produtos Naturais, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-901, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ian Castro-Gamboa
- Núcleo de Bioensaios, Biossíntese e Ecofisiologia de Produtos Naturais (NuBBE), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Orgânica, Francisco Degni 55, Araraquara, 14800-900, Brazil
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Monteiro AF, Seidl C, Severino VGP, Cardoso CL, Castro-Gamboa I. Biotransformation of labdane and halimane diterpenoids by two filamentous fungi strains. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2017; 4:170854. [PMID: 29291077 PMCID: PMC5717651 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.170854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Biotransformation of natural products by filamentous fungi is a powerful and effective approach to achieve derivatives with valuable new chemical and biological properties. Although diterpenoid substrates usually exhibit good susceptibility towards fungi enzymes, there have been no studies concerning the microbiological transformation of halimane-type diterpenoids up to now. In this work, we investigated the capability of Fusarium oxysporum (a fungus isolated from the rhizosphere of Senna spectabilis) and Myrothecium verrucaria (an endophyte) to transform halimane (1) and labdane (2) acids isolated from Hymenaea stigonocarpa (Fabaceae). Feeding experiments resulted in the production of six derivatives, including hydroxy, oxo, formyl and carboxy analogues. Incubation of 1 with F. oxysporum afforded 2-oxo-derivative (3), while bioconversion with M. verrucaria provided 18,19-dihydroxy (4), 18-formyl (5) and 18-carboxy (6) bioproducts. Transformation of substrate 2 mediated by F. oxysporum produced a 7α-hydroxy (7) derivative, while M. verrucaria yielded 7α- (7) and 3β-hydroxy (8) metabolites. Unlike F. oxysporum, which showed a preference to transform ring B, M. verrucaria exhibited the ability to hydroxylate both rings A and B from substrate 2. Additionally, compounds 1-8 were evaluated for inhibitory activity against Hr-AChE and Hu-BChE enzymes through ICER-IT-MS/MS assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afif F. Monteiro
- Núcleo de Bioensaios, Biossíntese e Ecofisiologia de Produtos Naturais (NuBBE), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Orgânica, Francisco Degni 55, Araraquara, 14800-900, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Seidl
- Departamento de Química, Grupo de Cromatografia de Bioafinidade e Produtos Naturais, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-901, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vanessa G. P. Severino
- Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Instituto de Química, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Carmen Lúcia Cardoso
- Departamento de Química, Grupo de Cromatografia de Bioafinidade e Produtos Naturais, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-901, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ian Castro-Gamboa
- Núcleo de Bioensaios, Biossíntese e Ecofisiologia de Produtos Naturais (NuBBE), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Orgânica, Francisco Degni 55, Araraquara, 14800-900, Brazil
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Shakeri A, Amini E, Asili J, Masullo M, Piacente S, Iranshahi M. Screening of several biological activities induced by different sesquiterpene lactones isolated from Centaurea behen L. and Rhaponticum repens (L.) Hidalgo. Nat Prod Res 2017. [PMID: 28641489 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2017.1344661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the in vitro cytotoxic, in vitro and in ovo anti-angiogenic effects and antimicrobial activity of sesquiterpene lactones (SLs) from two plants Centaurea behen and Rhaponticum repens (L.). Five SLs, including cynaropicrin (1), 4β,15-dehydro-3-dehydrosolstitialin A (2), aguerin B (3), janerin (4), cebellin E (5), and a flavone hispidulin (6) were isolated from C. behen (compounds 1-3) and R. repens (compounds 4-6). Cynaropicrin (1) and aguerin B (3) were characterised by strong cytotoxic activities against A2780 cells with IC50 values of 1.15 and 1.62 μg mL-1, respectively, comparable to that of doxorubicin (IC50 = 1.17 μg mL-1). The anti-angiogenic study showed the remarkable inhibitory effect of cynaropicrin (1) and aguerin B (3) on the proliferation and migration of HUVECs. In addition, cynaropycrin and aguerin B exhibited significant angio-inhibitory effects in CAM assay. These findings may be useful for the development of novel chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolfazl Shakeri
- a Department of Pharmacognosy , School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
| | - Elaheh Amini
- b Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences , Kharazmi University , Tehran , Iran
| | - Javad Asili
- a Department of Pharmacognosy , School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
| | - Milena Masullo
- c Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche , Universita degli Studi di Salerno , Salerno , Italy
| | - Sonia Piacente
- c Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche , Universita degli Studi di Salerno , Salerno , Italy
| | - Mehrdad Iranshahi
- a Department of Pharmacognosy , School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran.,d Biotechnology Research Center , Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
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Olvera-Vargas H, Leroy S, Rivard M, Oturan N, Oturan M, Buisson D. Microbial biotransformation of furosemide for environmental risk assessment: identification of metabolites and toxicological evaluation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:22691-22700. [PMID: 27557972 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7398-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Some widely prescribed drugs are sparsely metabolized and end up in the environment. They can thus be a focal point of ecotoxicity, either themselves or their environmental transformation products. In this context, we present a study concerning furosemide, a diuretic, which is mainly excreted unchanged. We investigated its biotransformation by two environmental fungi, Aspergillus candidus and Cunninghamella echinulata. The assessment of its ecotoxicity and that of its metabolites was performed using the Microtox test (ISO 11348-3) with Vibrio fischeri marine bacteria. Three metabolites were identified by means of HPLC-MS and 1H/13C NMR analysis: saluamine, a known pyridinium derivative and a hydroxy-ketone product, the latter having not been previously described. This hydroxy-ketone metabolite was obtained with C. echinulata and was further slowly transformed into saluamine. The pyridinium derivative was obtained in low amount with both strains. Metabolites, excepting saluamine, exhibited higher toxicity than furosemide, being the pyridinium structure the one with the most elevated toxic levels (EC50 = 34.40 ± 6.84 mg L-1). These results demonstrate that biotic environmental transformation products may present a higher environmental risk than the starting drug, hence highlighting the importance of boosting toxicological risk assessment related to the impact of pharmaceutical waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Olvera-Vargas
- Laboratoire Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes (MCAM), UMR 7245 CNRS-MNHN, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, CP 54, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France
- Laboratoire Géomatériaux et Environnement (LGE), Université Paris-Est, EA 4508, UPEM, 77454, Marne-la-Vallée, France
| | - Sébastien Leroy
- Laboratoire Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes (MCAM), UMR 7245 CNRS-MNHN, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, CP 54, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Michael Rivard
- Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux de Paris-Est, UMR CNRS UPEC 7182, Université Paris-Est, 94320, Thiais, France
| | - Nihal Oturan
- Laboratoire Géomatériaux et Environnement (LGE), Université Paris-Est, EA 4508, UPEM, 77454, Marne-la-Vallée, France
| | - Mehmet Oturan
- Laboratoire Géomatériaux et Environnement (LGE), Université Paris-Est, EA 4508, UPEM, 77454, Marne-la-Vallée, France
| | - Didier Buisson
- Laboratoire Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes (MCAM), UMR 7245 CNRS-MNHN, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, CP 54, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France.
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Pontin M, Bottini R, Burba JL, Piccoli P. Allium sativum produces terpenes with fungistatic properties in response to infection with Sclerotium cepivorum. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 115:152-60. [PMID: 25819001 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated terpene biosynthesis in different tissues (root, protobulb, leaf sheath and blade) of in vitro-grown garlic plants either infected or not (control) with Sclerotium cepivorum, the causative agent of Allium White Rot disease. The terpenes identified by gas chromatography-electron impact mass spectrometry (GC-EIMS) in infected plants were nerolidol, phytol, squalene, α-pinene, terpinolene, limonene, 1,8-cineole and γ-terpinene, whose levels significantly increased when exposed to the fungus. Consistent with this, an increase in terpene synthase (TPS) activity was measured in infected plants. Among the terpenes identified, nerolidol, α-pinene and terpinolene were the most abundant with antifungal activity against S. cepivorum being assessed in vitro by mycelium growth inhibition. Nerolidol and terpinolene significantly reduced sclerotia production, while α-pinene stimulated it in a concentration-dependent manner. Parallel to fungal growth inhibition, electron microscopy observations established morphological alterations in the hyphae exposed to terpinolene and nerolidol. Differences in hyphal EtBr uptake suggested that one of the antifungal mechanisms of nerolidol and terpinolene might be disruption of fungal membrane integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariela Pontin
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria La Consulta-Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, CC8, 5567 La Consulta, Mendoza, Argentina; Laboratorio de Bioquímica Vegetal, Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas-Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Almirante Brown 500, M5528AHB Chacras de Coria, Mendoza, Argentina.
| | - Rubén Bottini
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Vegetal, Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas-Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Almirante Brown 500, M5528AHB Chacras de Coria, Mendoza, Argentina.
| | - José Luis Burba
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria La Consulta-Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, CC8, 5567 La Consulta, Mendoza, Argentina.
| | - Patricia Piccoli
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Vegetal, Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas-Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Almirante Brown 500, M5528AHB Chacras de Coria, Mendoza, Argentina.
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Ding H, Zhang Z, Cao S, Xu Y, Yu J. Transformation of multi-component ginkgolide into ginkgolide B by Coprinus comatus. BMC Biotechnol 2015; 15:17. [PMID: 25887229 PMCID: PMC4372035 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-015-0133-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the strongest antagonist of the platelet activating factor, ginkgolide B (GB) possesses anti-ischemic, anti-oxidant and anti-convulsant properties, and it is used for the treatment of thrombosis in clinical practice. Till now, GB is usually obtained from extraction of Ginkgo biloba leaves through column chromatography with an extremely low yield and high cost, which can not meet clinical requirement. Therefore, it is urgent to find a new method to prepare GB. RESULTS In the current study, we studied the ability and mechanism to transform multi-component ginkgolide into GB by Coprinus comatus in order to enhance the GB yield. Except for ginkgolide A (GA) and GB, all the other ginkgolides in the extract were transformed by the strain. In the case of culture medium containing 20 g/L glucose, the transformation product was identified as 12% GA and 88% GB by high performance liquid chromatography-Mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS), two stage mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Partial GA was also transformed into GB according to the yield (76%) and the content of GA in the raw ginkgolide (28.5%). Glucose was the key factor to transform ginkgolides. When glucose concentration in medium was higher than 40 g/L, all ginkgolides were transformed into the GB. Proteomic analysis showed that C. comatus transformed ginkgolide into GB by producing 5 aldo/keto reductases and catalases, and enhancing the metabolism of glucose, including Embden-Meyerhof pathway (EMP), hexose monophophate pathway (HMP) and tricarboxylic acid (TCA). CONCLUSIONS C. comatus could transform ginkgolides into GB when the medium contained 40 g/L glucose. When the strain transformed ginkgolides, the glucose metabolism was enhanced and the strain synthesized more aldo/keto reductases and catalases. Our current study laid the groundwork for industrial production of GB.
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Affiliation(s)
- HongXue Ding
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, P. R. China.
| | - ZhiCai Zhang
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, P. R. China.
| | - ShengNan Cao
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, P. R. China.
| | - Yin Xu
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, P. R. China.
| | - JianGuo Yu
- Jiangsu Tongyuantang Bio-technology Co., Ltd., Taixing, Jiangsu, 225403, P. R. China.
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