The Protective Effect of Crocin on Rat Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Exposed to Aluminum Chloride as an Endocrine Disruptor

Background

Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) have the ability to self-renew and proliferate which gives them healing properties in various tissues. Aluminium chloride (AlCl3) is a chemical compound with harmful effects on health; oxidative stress caused by Aluminium has been reported previously. Crocin, a major component of Crocus sativus (saffron), has antioxidant properties and has shown therapeutic potential. Researchers have been looking for ways to reduce the harmful effects of AlCl3.

Methods

To investigate whether crocin can reduce AlCl3 cytotoxicity, rat Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells (BM-MSCs) were isolated, cultured and divided into four experimental groups. The first group was the control, which was untreated cells. The second and third groups were treated with crocin (50, 100, 250, 500 μM) and AlCl3 (20, 25, 30 mM) for 24 hr. The fourth group was pre-treated with crocin (250, 500 μM) for 24 hr and then treated with AlCl3 (20 mM) overnight. Cytotoxicity was assessed using the MTT assay. Mineralization was evaluated by alizarin red staining. Sox-2 and E-cadherin expression were measured using real-time PCR.

Results

The results showed that AlCl3 caused cytotoxicity on BM-MSCs and decreased the mRNA expression of Sox-2 and E-cadherin, which are important for the maintenance of self-renewal and proliferation of BM-MSCs. In contrast, crocin protected the self-renewal characteristic of BM-MSCs by increasing Sox-2 expression and also preserved the proliferative effects on BM-MSCs by upregulating E-cadherin expression (***p≤0.001).

Conclusion

Overall, the study suggests that crocin can protect BM-MSCs from AlCl3-induced cytotoxicity by upregulate Sox-2 expression and E-cadherin expression. This suggests that crocin may be a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of AlCl3-induced toxicity.

Barriers and enabling factors for utilizing physical rehabilitation services by Afghan immigrants and refugees with disabilities in Iran: a qualitative study

INTRODUCTION

Individuals with a migrant background often underutilize physical rehabilitation services (PRS) compared to the host population. This disparity is attributed to various barriers, including limited access to information, language barriers, illiteracy, and cultural factors. To improve PRS utilization by Afghan immigrants and refugees in Iran, it is crucial to identify these barriers and enabling factors. In response, this study explored the barriers and enabling factors for utilizing PRS among Afghan immigrants and refugees with disabilities in Iran.

METHODS

This qualitative study was conducted in Iran between January and March 2023. Participants were selected through convenient and snowball sampling. Individual, semi-structured interviews were carried out both in face-to-face and online formats. Data analysis occurred concurrently with data collection, using the directed content analysis approach.

RESULTS

Findings from our research indicate that common barriers to PRS utilization among Afghan immigrants and refugees include insufficient insurance coverage, high service costs, expensive transportation and accommodation, limited knowledge about Iran's health system, inadequate awareness of available supports, restricted access to PRS in remote areas, impatience among PRS providers, fear of arrest and deportation, a lack of trust in modern treatments, stringent immigration rules, high inflation rates limiting the ability to pay for PRS, and limited social support. On the other hand, several enabling factors were identified, such as strengthening insurance coverage, utilizing the capacities of charities and NGOs, providing information about available services, promoting respectful behavior by healthcare providers towards patients, facilitating cultural integration, and increasing immigrants' awareness of available services and eligibility criteria.

CONCLUSION

The barriers and enabling factors uncovered in this study offer valuable insights into the complexities surrounding PRS utilization by Afghan immigrants and refugees with disabilities in Iran. Understanding and addressing these factors is essential for developing targeted interventions and policies that can improve access and utilization, ultimately leading to enhanced health outcomes for this vulnerable population.

Underestimated olfactory domains in Huntington's disease: odour discrimination and threshold

BACKGROUND

Olfaction has recently found clinical value in prediction, discrimination and prognosis of some neurodegenerative disorders. However, data originating from standard tests on olfactory dysfunction in Huntington's disease are limited to odour identification, which is only one domain of olfactory perceptual space.

METHOD

Twenty-five patients and 25 age- and gender-matched controls were evaluated by the Sniffin' Sticks test in three domains of odour threshold, odour discrimination, odour identification and the sum score of them. Patients' motor function was assessed based on the Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale.

RESULTS

Compared with controls, patients' scores of all olfactory domains and their sum were significantly lower. Besides, our patients' odour threshold and odour discrimination impairments were more frequently impaired than odour identification impairment (86 per cent and 81 per cent vs 34 per cent, respectively).

CONCLUSION

Olfactory impairment is a common finding in patients with Huntington's disease; it is not limited to odour identification but is more pronounced in odour discrimination and odour threshold.

The potential of sertoli cells (SCs) derived exosomes and its therapeutic efficacy in male reproductive disorders

In the male reproductive system, seminiferous tubules in testis are lined by a complex stratified epithelium containing two distinct populations of cells, spermatogenic cells that develop into spermatozoa, and sertoli cells (SCs) that mainly support and nourish spermatogenic cell lineage as well as exerting powerful effect on men reproductive capacity. Different varieties of proteins, hormones, exosomes and growth factors are secreted by SCs. There are different kinds of junctions found between SCs called BTB. It was elucidated that complete absence of BTB or its dysfunction leads to infertility. To promote spermatogenesis, crosstalk of SCs with spermatogenic cells plays an important role. The ability of SCs to support germ cell productivity and development is related to its various products carrying out several functions. Exosomes (EXOs) are one of the main EVs with 30-100 nm size generating from endocytic pathway. They are produced in different parts of male reproductive system including epididymis, prostate and SCs. The most prominent characteristics of SC-based exosomes is considered mutual interaction of sertoli cells with spermatogonial stem cells and Leydig cells mainly through establishment of intercellular communication. Exosomes have gotten a lot of interest because of their role in pathobiological processes and as a cell free therapy which led to developing multiple exosome isolation methods based on different principles. Transmission of nucleic acids, proteins, and growth factors via SC-based exosomes and exosomal miRNAs are proved to have potential to be valuable biomarkers in male reproductive disease. Among testicular abnormalities, non-obstructive azoospermia and testicular cancer have been more contributed with SCs performance. The identification of key proteins and miRNAs involved in the signaling pathways related with spermatogenesis, can serve as diagnostic and regenerative targets in male infertility.

Optimized Primary Culture and Subculture of Granulosa Cells

Background: Primordial follicle includes an oocyte surrounded by a layer of somatic cells called Granulosa Cells (GCs). GCs, also known as nurse cells, are an important protective element for the growth and survival of oocytes. Oocytes, which lack some of the metabolic processes, require granulosa cells for their development. Objectives: This manuscript was provided to explain the protocol of GCs primary culture extracted from NMRI mice ovaries. Methods: For choosing the optimum protocol, we used two methods with different culture mediums to obtain more GCs and expedite the process. Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining and flow cytometry were used to analyze the type of extracted cells from ovaries. Besides, we evaluated the effect of crocin and DPP as two common natural products in Iran on the proliferation of these cells via MTT assay. Results: Second protocol method and alpha-MEM culture medium were chosen based on the results. Our findings from HE staining and flow cytometry proved the percentage of cultured GCs in the flask. Further, MTT assessment demonstrated that crocin at high doses had a toxic effect on granulosa cells, whereas date palm pollen (DPP) stimulated them to proliferation. Conclusion: Modifying this protocol is for the improvement of proliferation, coherence, and quality of GCs in primary culture and subculture. Regarding the effect of these two natural products on granulosa cells, we can mention the bilateral effect of crocin and DPP enhancement in proliferation.

Isolation and characterization of exopolysaccharide derived from Lacticaseibacillus paracasei AS20(1) with probiotic potential and evaluation of its antibacterial activity

This study was done to find exopolysaccharide (EPS)-producing lactic acid bacteria (LAB) against foodborne pathogens. Isolated LAB were screened to find the ones with the ability to produce antibacterial EPS against foodborne pathogens. Among tested EPSs, EPS of AS20(1) isolate showed inhibitory effects on the growth of Listeria monocytogenes (MIC = 0·935 mg ml^-1 , MBC = 0·935 mg ml^-1 ), Yersinia enterocolitica (MIC = 12·5 mg ml^-1 , MBC = 50 mg ml^-1 ) and Bacillus cereus (MIC = 6·25 mg ml^-1 , MBC = 12·5 mg ml^-1 ). According to 16S rRNA sequencing, AS20(1) showed the closest similarity to Lacticaseibacillus paracasei (100%). This antibacterial EPS showed negligible toxicity (4·4%-5·2%) against red blood cells. Lacticaseibacillus paracasei AS20(1) showed probiotic properties, including high acid resistance, hydrophobicity (47·5%), autoaggregation and coaggregation with foodborne pathogens. Also, L. paracasei AS20(1) showed no haemolysis activity and antibiotic resistance. Characterization of antibacterial EPS revealed that it is a heteropolysaccharide with various functional groups, amorphous structure, and smooth surface, sheet and compact structure, which can be suitable for food packaging. L. paracasei AS20(1) and its antimicrobial EPS can be used to make functional food.

Synthesis of novel antibacterial and antifungal dithiocarbamate-containing piperazine derivatives via re-engineering multicomponent approach

A metal-free multicomponent synthetic route for the diverse preparation of dithiocarbamate-containing piperazine derivatives was developed through the C-N bond cleavage of DABCO ring. This multicomponent re-engineering approach proceeds via the reaction of amines, CS2 and DABCO salts in one pot. Various DABCO salts and secondary amines are tolerated well in this protocol to afford a broad spectrum of dithiocarbamate-containing piperazines in good to high yields. Then, the selected compounds have been deployed against some critical types of bacteria and fungi. A certain number of synthesized compounds revealed not only appropriate antibacterial activity as investigated by disc fusion and minimum inhibitory concentration methods against bacteria (Gram-positive and Gram-negative), but also depicted good to excellent antifungal activity.

The emerging role of LncRNA FENDRR in multiple cancer: A review study

Abstract:

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are prominent as crucial regulators of tumor establishment and are repeatedly dysregulated in multiple cancers. Therefore, lncRNAs have been identified to play an essential function in carcinogenesis and progression of cancer at genetic and epigenetic levels. FENDRR (fetal-lethal noncoding developmental regulatory RNA) as an LncRNA is a hallmark of various malignancies. FENDRR is crucial for multiple organs' development such as lung and heart. The effects of FENDRR under signaling pathways in different cancers have been identified. In addition, it has been verified that FENDRR can affect the development and progression of various cancers. In addition, FENDRR expression has been associated with epigenetic regulation of target genes participating in tumor immunity. Furthermore, FENDRR downregulation was observed in various types of cancers, including colorectal cancer, gastric cancer, pancreatic cancer, cholangiocarcinoma, liver cancer, gallbladder cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, endometrial cancer, prostate cancer, chronic myeloid leukemia, osteosarcoma, and cutaneous malignant melanoma cells. Here, we review the biological functions and molecular mechanisms of FENDRR in several cancers and, we will discuss its potential as a cancer biomarker and as a probable option for cancer treatment.

Interaction of hand orientations during familiarization of a goal-directed aiming task

The purpose of the present study was to examine errors for an isometric goal-directed aiming task during familiarization at different hand orientation. Interaction between neutral and pronated hand orientations with and without directional feedback would provide insights into short-term adaptations and the nature of control. In this study, 30 healthy right-handed adults (age, 22.7 ± 3.1 years; weight, 69.4 ± 16.6 kg; height, 166.7 ± 7.9 cm) were randomly assigned to neutral or pronated hand orientation conditions. To assess familiarization, participants performed ten sets (16 targets/set) of goal-directed aiming task with continuous visual feedback towards targets symmetrically distributed about the origin. Following familiarization, participants then completed eight sets; four sets with and four sets without directional feedback, in an alternated order. For both hand orientations, directional errors were reduced in the first two sets (p < 0.05), suggesting only three sets were required for familiarization. Additionally, the learning rate was also similar for both hand orientations. Following familiarization, aiming errors without feedback were significantly higher than with feedback while no change between sets was observed, regardless of hand orientation. Aiming errors were reduced in the early phase with and without visual feedback, however, in the late phase, errors were corrected when visual feedback was provided. It suggests that hand orientation does not affect familiarization, and mechanisms similar to rapid learning may be involved. It is probable that learning is consolidated during familiarization along with feedforward input to maintain performance. In addition, proprioceptive feedback plays a role in reducing errors early, while the online visual feedback plays a role in reducing errors later, independent of hand orientation.

Ovarian Toxicity Induced by Aluminum Chloride: Alteration of Cyp19a1, Pcna, Puma, and Map1lc3b genes Expression

Aluminum (Al) is an abundant metal with wide application in our daily lives including medicine, industry, cosmetics, and packaging. After entrance to the body, aluminum binds to transferrin and reaches different tissues. Al is a metalloestrogen that can lead to oxidative stress (OxS) and endocrine disruption. No detailed study can be found addressing the effect of Al on the ovary and granulosa cells (GCs). In this study, the focus is on the treated ovaries and GCs of NMRI mice exposed to low, middle, and high doses of aluminum chloride (AlCl₃) via in vitro and in vivo assays. The steroidogenic, proliferative, apoptotic, and autophagic-related genes were examined. Up-regulated expression of steroidogenic and proliferative genes was detected. The observed apoptotic and autophagic genes had variable expression. Interrupted ovarian structure, disrupted folliculogenesis, presence of Call-Exner bodies, overexpression of steroidogenic gene, and unbalanced apoptosis/autophagy and proliferation resembled features of granulosa cell tumor (GCT).

Identical twins with progressive kyphoscoliosis and ophthalmoplegia

The possible differential diagnoses for children presenting with kyphoscoliosis, skeletal deformities and ophthalmoplegia are diverse. We present 11-year-old identical twins with these symptoms, with interesting etiological concern for those practicing in the fields of neurology, pediatrics, spine surgery and related specialties. A new presentation for a rare genetic condition was the final diagnosis for our patients. In this movement disorder round we describe our approach to this clinical constellation and discuss clinical significance of this genetic condition.

Anticancer Potential of Aguerin B, a Sesquiterpene Lactone Isolated from Centaurea behen in Metastatic Breast Cancer Cells

BACKGROUND

Breast carcinoma is a malignant disease that represents the most common non-skin malignancy and a chief reason of cancer death in women. Large interest is growing in the use of natural products for cancer treatment, especially with goal of suppression angiogenesis, tumor cell growth, motility, as well as invasion and metastasis with low/no toxicity. It is evident from recent patents on the anticancer properties of sesquiterpene lactones such as parthenolide.

OBJECTIVE

In this study, using MDA-MB-231 cells of a human breast adenocarcinoma, the effects of aguerin B, as a natural sesquiterpene lactone, has been evaluated, in terms of the expression of metastatic-related genes (Pak-1, Rac-1 and HIF-1α).

METHODS

Cytotoxicity of aguerin B was tested toward MDA-MB-231 breast tumor cells using MTT. Scratch assay was accomplished to evaluate the tumor cell invasion. To understand the underlying molecular basis, the mRNA expressions were evaluated by real time PCR.

RESULTS

It was found that aguerin B significantly inhibited human breast cancer cell growth in vitro (IC50 = 2μg/mL) and this effect was accompanied with a persuasive suppression on metastasis. Our results showed that aguerin B in IC50 concentration down-regulated Rac-1, Pak-1, Hif-1α and Zeb-1 transcriptional levels.

CONCLUSION

Taken together, this study demonstrated that aguerin B possessed potential anti-metastatic effect, suggesting that it may consider as a potential multi target bio compound for treatment of breast metastatic carcinoma.

The outcome of olfactory impairment in patients with otherwise paucisymptomatic coronavirus disease 2019 during the pandemic

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to measure the duration and recovery rate of olfactory loss in patients complaining of recent smell loss as their prominent symptom during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak.

METHOD

This was a prospective telephone follow-up observational study of 243 participants who completed an online survey that started on 12 March 2020.

RESULTS

After a mean of 5.5 months from the loss of smell onset, 98.3 per cent of participants reported improvement with a 71.2 per cent complete recovery rate after a median of 21 days. The chance of complete recovery significantly decreased after 131 days from the onset of loss of smell (100 per cent sensitive and 97.7 per cent specific). Younger age and isolated smell loss were associated with a rapid recovery, whereas accompanying rhinological and gastrointestinal symptoms were associated with longer loss of smell duration.

CONCLUSION

Smell loss, occurring as a prominent symptom during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, showed a favourable outcome. However, after 5.5 months from the onset, around 10 per cent of participants still complained of moderate or severe hyposmia.

A Novel Approach to Recalcitrant Postoperative Chylous Ascites in Liver Re-Transplantation: A Case Report

In this report we have discussed our experience with a special home-made platelet-rich plasma (PRP)-fibrin glue (FG) as a last resort for treatment of a challenging case of postoperative CA. A 25 years old, ill woman was admitted with severe ascites and hepatic encephalopathy in our center. She was a known case of autoimmune hepatitis and cirrhosis who had undergone liver transplantation 5 years ago and developed chronic rejection. During the surgery an old organized thrombosis in the portal vein was detected, accordingly an iliac vein graft was used to bypass the superior mesenteric vein. After surgery the patient developed chylous ascites. Having no other choice, based on our experience with PRP-FG in similar situations, we decided to use this method as a last resort to treat postoperative chylous ascites. It can be concluded that when conservative management is not working for the treatment of postoperative chylous ascites in intractable cases, PRP-FG can be considered as a last resort treatment. A special home-made PRP-FG was prepared for the patient and of that, 90 mL was injected to the abdominal cavity via the drainage tube followed by a 25 mL of isotonic saline solution to prevent clot formation within the tube. Few days after treatment, chylous secretion decreased and then completely ceased. It can be concluded that when conservative management is not working for the treatment of postoperative chylous ascites in intractable cases, PRP-FG can be considered as a last resort treatment.

Enhanced Neural Differentiation of Epidermal Neural Crest Stem Cell by Synergistic Effect of Lithium carbonate and Crocin on BDNF and GDNF Expression as Neurotrophic Factors

Neurodegenerative diseases are incurable and debilitating conditions that result in progressive degeneration of nerve cells. Due to the complexity of conditions in neurodegenerative diseases, combination therapy, including cell and drug therapy is important as a new therapeutic strategy. Epidermal neural crest stem cells (EPI-NCSCs) are among the best choices in cell therapy for various neurological diseases. In this study, the effect of Lithium carbonate and Crocin, considering their effects on cellular signaling pathways and neuroprotective properties were investigated on the expression of neurotrophic factors BDNF and GDNF in EPI-NCSCs. EPI-NCSCs were isolated from the hair follicle and treated with different concentrations of drugs [Lithium, Crocin, and lithium + Crocin] for 72h. Then, trial concentrations were selected by MTT assay. The cells were treated with selected concentrations (Lithium 1 mM, Crocin 1.5 mM, and for co-treatment Lithium 1 mM and Crocin 1 mM) for 7 days. The Real-Time PCR results indicated an increasing in expression of BDNF and GDNF in treated cells as compared with control (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 and *** p < 0.001). The results in this study confirmed and supported the neuroprotective/neurogenesis effects of Lithium and Crocin. It also showed that the proposed protocol could be used to increase EPI-NCSCs differentiation potential into neural cells in cell therapy and combination therapy of neurodegenerative diseases.

The Effect of Hydroalcoholic Rosmarinus Officinalis (Rosemary) on Memory Retention Deficit in Young Offspring Rat Induced by Maternal Sleep Deprivation

Background:  Maternal sleep deprivation is known to reduce neurogenesis in the hippocampus during pregnancy. Also, it damages and impairs cognitive functions such as learning and memory in the neonates. Objectives: Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) extract can play an important role in the treatment of cognitive impairments by inhibiting oxidative stress. This study aimed to investigate the role of hydroalcoholic extract of rosemary in the treatment of cognitive impairment caused by decreased hippocampal neurogenesis in neonates, which was attributed to maternal sleep deprivation during pregnancy. Methods: For this purpose, pregnant rats in the control group underwent sleep deprivation for 72 hours inside a total sleep deprivation machine. The treatment groups comprised pregnant rats, receiving 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg of rosemary extracts per day during pregnancy and underwent sleep deprivation for 72 hours. Next, the avoidance memory of 21-day-old neonatal rats was examined using a shuttle box. These 21-day-old rats were then subjected to evaluate the structure of the hippocampus. Neurogenesis in the neonatal hippocampus was examined under light microscopy by staining of brain slices and counting of neurons and cells shape study. Results: Compared with the control group, the neurogenesis and avoidance memory decreased in neonates affected by maternal sleep deprivation. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that rosemary extract at a dose of 100 mg/kg was able to improve disorders in the infants affected by maternal sleep deprivation.

Investigating the synergic effects of valproic acid and crocin on BDNF and GDNF expression in epidermal neural crest stem cells

Following nerve tissue damage, various events, such as inflammatory responses, microglial activation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and apoptosis, can occur, which all lead to cell death, prevent axonal growth, and cause axonal circumvolution. So far, several researchers have tended to adopt strategies to reduce the harmful conditions associated with neurological disorders, and stem‑cell‑based therapy is one of those promising strategies. Epidermal neural crest stem cells (EPI‑NCSCs) are a type of stem cell that has widely been employed for the treatment of various neurological disorders. It has been suggested that these stem cells perform their supportive actions primarily through the release of different neurotrophic factors. Hence, in this study, the neuroprotective impacts of valproic acid (VPA) and crocin were evaluated on the mRNA expression levels of brain‑derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glial‑cell‑derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in EPI‑NCSCs. In this research, we isolated EPI‑NCSCs from the hair follicles of the rat whisker pad. Then, the cells were treated with different concentrations of VPA and crocin for 72 h. Subsequently, an MTT assay was performed to define the suitable concentrations of drugs. Finally, real‑time PCR was performed to evaluate the mRNA expression levels of BDNF and GDNF in these stem cells. The results of the MTT assay showed that the treatment of EPI‑NCSCs with 1 mM VPA and 1.5 mM crocin, and the co‑treatment with 1 mM VPA and 500 μM crocin, led to the survival and proliferation of these stem cells. Moreover, the real‑time PCR results revealed that both VPA and crocin, both individually and in combination, can significantly increase the expression levels of BDNF and GDNF in EPI‑NCSCs. According to the findings of this study, both VPA and crocin, alone and in combination, are potential candidates for enhancing the capacity of EPI‑NCSCs to differentiate into neural lineages. Therefore, the co‑treatment of EPI‑NCSCs with these drugs can be employed for the treatment of various neurological disorders, such as spinal cord injury.

Surfactant Administration in Preterm Neonates Using Laryngeal Mask Airway: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Abstract- In this study, we aimed to compare the efficacy of laryngeal mask airway (LMA) versus endotracheal tube in the early rescue surfactant administration in premature neonates with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). This randomized, clinical trial evaluated 60 premature neonates with RDS. Numbered envelopes randomly assigned 30 neonates to the intervention group to receive 2.5 ml/kg/dose surfactant (Curosurf) via LMA and 30 to the control group to receive 2.5 ml/kg/dose surfactant via an endotracheal tube using the INSURE technique, exclusively during the first two hours of life. There were no differences in the requirement for mechanical ventilation (23.3% vs. 20%, P=0.75), requirement for second dose surfactant (13.3% vs. 6.7%, P=0.67), bronchopulmonary dysplasia (13.3% vs. 6.7%, P=0.67), pneumothorax (6.7% vs. 0%, P=0.49), and intraventricular hemorrhage (10% vs. 10%, P=1) between neonates who received surfactant via LMA versus those who received surfactant via endotracheal tube. LMA seems to be an effective and less invasive alternative to endotracheal intubation for surfactant delivery in premature neonates with RDS.

The mechanism of neuroprotective effect of Viola odorata against serum/glucose deprivation-induced PC12 cell death

Objective:

Oxidative stress is associated with the pathogenesis of brain ischemia and other neurodegenerative disorders. Previous researches have shown the antioxidant activity of Viola odorata L. In this project, we studied neuro-protective and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activities of methanol (MeOH) extract and other fractions isolated from V. odorata in PC12 cell line in serum/glucose deprivation (SGD) condition.

Materials and Methods:

The PC12 neuronal cells were pretreated for 6 hr with MeOH extract and fractions of V. odorata (1 to 25 μg/ml) followed by 24 hr incubation under SGD condition. Cell viability was measured by Alamar Blue^® assay. The level of ROS was calculated using DCFH-DA. Also, Bax/Bcl-2 protein ratio was analyzed by western blot assay.

Results:

SGD condition significantly decreased cells viability (p<0.001). Pretreatment with EtOAc (12.5 and 25 µg/ml), BuOH (12, 25, 50 µg/ml) and CH₂Cl₂ (1.5 µg/ml) fractions of V. odorata reduced SGD-induced cytotoxicity. MeOH extract could not increase the viability significantly. All four semi polar fractions (EtOAc, BuOH, CH2Cl2 and MeOH) decreased SGD-induced ROS production and changed Bax/Bcl-2 ratio.

Conclusion:

V. odorata showed promising effects against SGD condition; further mechanistic and clinical studies are warranted before application of V. odorata as a neuro-protective agent.

ROS-scavenging and Anti-tyrosinase Properties of Crocetin on B16F10 Murine Melanoma Cells

BACKGROUND

Crocus sativus (Iridaceae) has been traditionally used in the Iranian folk medicine and as a culinary additive. Major components of the plant that are responsible for biological properties are saffranal, crocin, picrocrocin and crocetin. Although the level of crocetin is not high, some of the important activities of saffron such as antioxidant activity have been attributed to crocetin.

OBJECTIVE

In the present study, we investigated the effects of crocetin on melanogenesis in B16 melanoma cells.

METHODS

The effect of crocetin on intracellular and mushroom tyrosinase activity and the content of melanin was evaluated spectrophotometrically. Tyrosinase and Microphthalmia-Associated Transcription Factor (MITF) protein levels were compared between Crocetin-treated and control cells after western blot analysis. The antioxidative activity of crocetin was also investigated.

RESULTS

Crocetin could inhibit mushroom tyrosinase activity and lower the amount of melanin in B16 melanoma cells. Protein levels of tyrosinase and MITF were also decreased by crocetin. Crocetin also showed antioxidant activity and depleted cellular Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) content but had no cytotoxicity in alamarBlue® assay.

CONCLUSION

Taken together, decreased tyrosinase activity, melanin content, tyrosinase and MITF proteins levels, and ROS production showed the inhibition of melanogenesis in B16F10 cells by crocetin. Hence, crocetin could be suggested as a potential dermatological whitening agent in skin care products.

Influence of the Intention to Lean the Body Forward on Kinematics and Kinetics of Sprinting for Active Adults

This study investigated the influence of the intention to lean the body forward on spatiotemporal and ground reaction force variables during the acceleration phase of a sprint. Fourteen active adults performed two 50 m sprints (with and without the intention to lean), during which spatiotemporal variables and impulses were obtained using a long force platform system. Effect size (Cohen’s d) was used to examine the differences between the two trials. We found that running speed and net anteroposterior impulse did not change by the intention for all steps. However, step frequency increased in the initial two steps through decreases in support time and flight time by the intention. Moreover, these shorter support and flight times were caused by a decrease in the vertical impulse. The propulsive impulse did not change during the initial part of acceleration phase, but the braking impulse decreased at the first step. This study demonstrates that an intention to lean the body forward leads to a smaller braking impulse and a higher step frequency through shorter support and flight times and a smaller vertical impulse during the initial part of the acceleration phase of a sprint.

Verbascoside Attenuates Rac-1 and HIF-1α Signaling Cascade in Colorectal Cancer Cells

Methods:

HT29 cells were cultured in RPMI-1640 medium containing 10% FBS and 1% penicillin/ streptomycin at 37°C and 5% CO2. HT-29 cells were treated with different concentrations of verbascoside (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 70, 100 µg/ml) for 24 hours, then MTT assay was used to calculate 50% inhibitory concentration. The migration of the colon cancer cells was evaluated by scratch assay. To evaluate involved antiproliferative mechanism, Rac-1 (Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1) and HIF-1α (hypoxia-inducible factor-1α) related gene expression were evaluated by Real Time PCR.

Results:

The results showed that verbascoside inhibited HT29 colon cancer cell proliferation dose-dependently and IC50 was evaluated as 50 μg/ml (***P<0.001). The results of wound healing assay demonstrated verbascoside decreased cell migration in a dose dependent manner. In the IC50 treated HT29 cells metastatic progression was significantly suppressed as **P<0.01. The results of Real Time PCR showed an attenuating effect of verbascoside on Rac-1, Zeb-1 (zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1), Arp2 (Actin-Related Proteins), Pak1 (p21 (RAC1) activated kinase 1), VEGF (Vascular endothelial growth factor) and HIF-1α as Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition markers. The down regulation of mRNA levels was Rac-1= 15.38, HIF-1 α = 16.66, Pak-1, Arp-2= 6.25, VEGF=24.39, Zeb-1=35.71 in HT29 cells treated with IC50 concentration of verbascoside.

Conclusion:

Colorectal cancer cells induce Rac-1 and HIF-1α overexpression which plays an important role in the activation and progression of cell motility, angiogenesis and metastasis. Overall results showed that verbascoside elucidated significant anti-metastatic and anti-invasion activities through suppression of Rac-1, HIF-1α, and Zeb-1 signaling pathway and it may be a suitable candidate to overwhelm colon cancer metastatic phenotype.

The p53 Modulated Cytotoxicity of Ophiocoma scolopendrina Polysaccharide Against Resistance Ovarian Cancer Cells

BACKGROUND

Marine environment is a valuable source of bioactive compounds with variable medicinal properties. Previously, it was shown that Ophiocoma erinaceus extracted polysaccharide has prominent cytotoxic effect on HeLa human cervical cancer cells. In the present study, the anti-cancer properties of polysaccharide extracted from Ophiocoma scolopendrina (O. scolopendrina) were examined in comparison with paclitaxel as a conventional drug against resistant ovarian cancer; also, its related mechanism against A2780cp ovarian cancer cells was investigated.

METHODS

The A2780cp cancer cells and NIH3T3 normal cells were cultured and treated with different concentrations of polysaccharide extracted from O. scolopendrina for 24 hr and 48 hr. Then, cell toxicity was studied by MTT assay, morphology of cells was observed under inverted microscopy and the type of induced cancer cell death was assessed by annexin V-FITC, propodium iodide and acridine orange staining. Finally, the apoptosis pathway was determined by measurement of caspase-3 and caspase-9 activity and assessment of p53 and Bcl-2. The statistical analysis was performed by SPSS software, one way ANOVA and p<0.05 was considered significant.

RESULTS

Our observations from MTT assay and morphological assessment exhibited that O. scolopendrina isolated polysaccharide inhibited proliferation of ovarian cancer cells with IC₅₀ of 35 μg/ml, while paclitaxel suppressed tumor cell growth with IC₅₀=10 μg/ml. In contrast, MTT observations revealed low cytotoxicity of these chemotherapeutic agents against NIH3T3 normal cells. Also, the analysis correlated with induced cell death elucidated that concurrent treatment of polysaccharide plus paclitaxel had a further anti-cancer effect against A2780cp cells mainly through restoration of p53 and mitochondrial apoptosis cell death induction.

CONCLUSION

Taken together, our research supports the finding that application of polysaccharide extracted from O. scolopendrina can be considered a promising marine chemotherapeutic approach for advancing efficacy of paclitaxel in treatment of resistant ovarian cancer. Additional in vivo experiments are required to elucidate the role of brittle star polysaccharides in animal and clinical trials.

Anti-Vasculogenic Activity of a Polysaccharide Derived from Brittle Star via Inhibition of VEGF, Paxillin and MMP-9

Background: Bioactive compounds such as terpenoids, chondroitin sulfate, and polysaccharides with added value can be found in prestine marine creatures. These compounds often do have highly valuable therapeutic applications such as being antioxidant, antitumorogenic, anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic. For the latter, varieties of angiogenesis factors can suppress this issue within the bodily tissues. Objectives: The anti-angiogenic and anti-metastatic capacity of a polysaccharide derived from brittle star was investigated. Material and Methods: The anti-proliferative effect of derived polysaccharide on umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) was measured using MTT (dimethyl thiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay. The anti-angiogenic effect of the isolated polysaccharide was examined by Chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. The transcriptional expression of VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor) was evaluated by Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). The anti-metastatic activity was investigated via scratch-wound healing assay. The levels of Paxillin and Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expression were analyzed by RT-PCR. Statistical analysis and mean comparisons (p< 0.05) were carried out by SPSS 16. Results: Our results elucidated that the brittle star isolated polysaccharide exerted a dose dependent cytotoxic effect on the HUVEC endothelial cells. The CAM assay exhibited potent anti-angiogenic activity in vivo. The RT-PCR analysis showed that the extracted polysaccharide (40, 60 µg.mL^-1) down-regulated the VEGF expression. Further, the diminished attachment of endothelial cells demonstrated that the anti-invasiveness of the derived polysaccharide (25, 50 µg.mL^-1) was administrated via down-regulation of paxillin and MMP-9 mRNA expression. Conclusions: Taken together, these results indicated that the polysaccharide extracted from brittle star was able to decrease the viability of the HUVEC cells, to suppress angiogenesis, and possibly act as a natural anti-angiogenic and anti-metastatic marine organic compound against angiogenesis related pathologies.

Association of SP-B gene 9306 A/G polymorphism (rs7316) and risk of RDS

BACKGROUND

Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is a severe pulmonary disease predominantly affects preterm newborns. Polymorphisms of surfactant-protein genes have been mostly evaluated as the candidate contributors in genetics of RDS. However the results are divers in different studies. We aimed at investigating the association of surfactant protein B (SPB) gene 9306 A/G polymorphism (rs7316) with RDS development.

METHOD

Three hundred and eighty newborns with gestational age of less than 34 weeks were included in a multicenter case-control study. Respiratory distress (RD) was scored according to Downes' scoring system. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method was used for genotyping.

RESULT

One hundred and eighty-four neonates showed RDS and 196 did not. Gestational age (GA) was significantly lower in the RDS group compared with the controls. AA genotype and A allele were found more frequently in the RDS group than the controls (96.2% versus 63.8% and 98.1% versus 80.6%, respectively) (p =.0001).

CONCLUSIONS

This is the first report of association of SFTPB rs7316 polymorphism with RDS development in Iranian newborns. The current study suggests that GA <28-weeks is the most important factor in predisposition to RDS. Genetic background in terms of SP-B gene might be involved in predisposition to RDS in premature neonates.

Screening of several biological activities induced by different sesquiterpene lactones isolated from Centaurea behen L. and Rhaponticum repens (L.) Hidalgo

This study aims to evaluate the in vitro cytotoxic, in vitro and in ovo anti-angiogenic effects and antimicrobial activity of sesquiterpene lactones (SLs) from two plants Centaurea behen and Rhaponticum repens (L.). Five SLs, including cynaropicrin (1), 4β,15-dehydro-3-dehydrosolstitialin A (2), aguerin B (3), janerin (4), cebellin E (5), and a flavone hispidulin (6) were isolated from C. behen (compounds 1-3) and R. repens (compounds 4-6). Cynaropicrin (1) and aguerin B (3) were characterised by strong cytotoxic activities against A2780 cells with IC₅₀ values of 1.15 and 1.62 μg mL^-1, respectively, comparable to that of doxorubicin (IC₅₀ = 1.17 μg mL^-1). The anti-angiogenic study showed the remarkable inhibitory effect of cynaropicrin (1) and aguerin B (3) on the proliferation and migration of HUVECs. In addition, cynaropycrin and aguerin B exhibited significant angio-inhibitory effects in CAM assay. These findings may be useful for the development of novel chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of cancer.

Inhibitory effects of different fractions of Nepeta satureioides on melanin synthesis through reducing oxidative stress

Nepeta satureioides Boiss. has been used in traditional medicine of eastern countries and is famous for its medicinal properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of methanol (MeOH), n-hexane and dichloromethane (CH₂Cl₂) fractions of the extract on melanin synthesis and oxidative stress in B16F10 melanoma cell line. The B16F10 cell line viability after treatment with increasing concentrations of different fractions of the plant (5-60 μg/mL) was measured using MTT assay. The inhibitory effect on synthesis of melanin, mushroom tyrosinase activity, cellular tyrosinase and oxidative stress were determined by the colorimetric and fluorometric methods. The data showed that at concentrations below 60 μg/mL, fractions did not show significant toxicity on melanoma cells. The amount of melanin synthesis by MeOH and CH₂Cl₂ fractions and mushroom tyrosinase activity by the MeOH fraction declined in B16F10 cells. In addition to the capacity of MeOH, n-hexane and CH₂Cl₂ fractions in decreasing the amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in melanoma cells, all fractions revealed remarkable antioxidant activity. The melanogenesis inhibitory and antioxidant effects of N. satureioides on B16F10 cells may suggest this plant as a new pharmaceutical agent in reducing skin pigment and skin aging in cosmetic industry.

In-vitro Pro Apoptotic Effect of Crude Saponin from Ophiocoma erinaceus against Cervical Cancer

Ophiocoma erinaceus Muller &Troschel (Ophiocomidae) is part of the extensive group of echinoderm that contains bioactive metabolites. As the anti cancer potential of brittle star saponin has not been reported against cervical cancer, the present study was conducted to evaluate the anticancer effect of extracted crude saponin. Saponin extraction was conducted using conventional method such as froth test, TLC, FTIR and erythrolysis assay. The Hela-S3 cervical carcinoma and HNCF-PI52 normal cells were treated with different concentrations of saponin fraction for 24 and 48 h. The cytotoxicity was examined by MTT, DAPI, AO/PI, Annexin V-FITC and flow cytometry. In addition, the apoptotic induced pathway was studied using caspase assay, evaluation of ROS generation and Bcl-2 mRNA level. Crude saponin showed cytotoxic properties in Hela-S3 cells (IC₅₀of 23.4 µg/mL) without significant impact against normal cells. In addition, the crude saponin increased sub-G1 peak in flow cytometry histogram of treated cells, ROS generation and caspase-3 and -9 activity (IC₅₀ of 11.10, 11.27 µg/mL). The dose dependent down regulation of Bcl-2 in treated cells demonstrated that saponin fraction can trigger intrinsic apoptotic pathway in cancer cells. This study provides valuable information about the apoptotic inducing effect of saponin fraction, which can offer new insights into the anticancer potential of saponin as a promising candidate against human cervical carcinoma.

Evaluation of the Cytotoxic Effect of the Brittle Star (Ophiocoma Erinaceus) Dichloromethane Extract and Doxorubicin on EL4 Cell Line

Leukemia is a blood disease that creates from inhibition of differentiation and increased proliferation rate. The nature has been known as a rich source of medically useful substances. High diversity of bioactive molecules, extracted from marine invertebrates, makes them as ideal candidates for cancer research. The study has been done to investigate cytotoxic effects of dichloromethane brittle star extract and doxorubicin on EL4 cancer cells. Blood cancer EL4 cells were cultured and treated at different concentrations of brittle star (Ophiocoma erinaceus) dichloromethane extract at 24, 48 and 72 h. Cell toxicity was studied using MTT assay. Cell morphology was examined using an invert microscope. Further, apoptosis was examined using Annexin V-FITC, propodium iodide, DAPI, and Acridine orange/propodium iodide staining. Eventually, the apoptosis pathways were analyzed using measurement of Caspase-3 and -9 activity. The statistical analysis was performed using SPSS, ANOVA software, and Tukey's test. P<0.05 was considered to be significant. MTT assay and morphological observations showed that dichloromethane extract can inhibit cell growth in a dose dependent. The results considered 32 µg/mL of the extract as IC50. Also, doxorubicin suppressed EL4 proliferation as IC50=32 µg/mL. All experiments related to apoptosis analysis confirmed that dichloromethane brittle star extract and doxorubicin have a cytotoxic effect on EL4 cells inIC50 concentration. The study showed that dichloromethane brittle star extract is as an adjunct to doxorubicin in treatment of leukemia cells.

Anticancer Properties of Chrysin on Colon Cancer Cells, In vitro and In vivo with Modulation of Caspase-3, -9, Bax and Sall4

BACKGROUND

The SALL4/Sall4 is constitutively expressed in human and mice. SALL4 mRNA could be used as a marker for the diagnosis of different types of cancers. On the other hand, chrysin has diverse biological properties.

OBJECTIVES

In the present study, the effect of the chrysin was investigated on the CT26 colon cancer in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the expression levels of the stem cell markers; sall4 and Bax was analyzed, as well.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The cytotoxic effects and the type of cell death induced by chrysin were evaluated using a number of biological assays. The apoptotic pathway was examined by caspase-3and caspase-9 assay. The in vivo antitumor efficacy of chrysin on transplanted CT26 tumor cells in BALB/c mice was investigated. In addition, mRNA expression of sall4, Bax was analyzed with RT-PCR.

RESULTS

MTT assay and morphological characteristics showed that chrysin exerted a cytotoxic effect on CT26 cells in a dose dependent manner with IC₅₀= 80 μg.mL^-1. The biological assays have indicated that chrysin administrated cytotoxicity on colon cancer cells through recruitment of the apoptosis. Caspase-3 and caspase-9 colorimetric assays, in addition to Bax expression analysis, have indicated the involvement of intrinsic apoptotic pathway in the cytotoxic effect of the chrysin. The in vivo assay revealed a remarkable reduction of the colon tumor volume in treated mice (8, 10 mg.kg ^-1) as compared to the untreated mice. RT-PCR elucidated that chrysin attenuated tumor volume through down regulation of the sall4 and up-regulation of the Bax.

CONCLUSIONS

It was demonstrated that chrysin accomplishes anti-cancer effect on colon cancer cells via induction of the apoptosis and attenuation of the sall4 the expression. These findings introduce chrysin as an efficient apoptosis based therapeutic agent against colon cancer.

Metastatic Inhibitory and Radical Scavenging Efficacies of Saponins Extracted from the Brittle Star (Ophiocoma erinaceus)

Echinodermata use saponins in chemical defense against pathogens and predators. The molecular mechanisms of antimetastatic effects of brittle star saponins are still unknown. The present study examined antioxidant capacity and invasive ability in HeLa carcinoma cells exposed to brittle star crude saponins. Discolorating methods with DPPH and ABTS and expression of SOD-2 with RT-PCR were used to estimate the antioxidant activity. The anti-invasive activity of extracted saponins was examined through adhesion of HeLa cells to extracellular matrix, wound healing and evaluation of the mRNA levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 by real time-PCR. The results showed that extracted saponins had cytotoxicity against cervical cancer cells and ABTS and DPPH scavenging properties with IC50 values of 604.5, 1012 μg/ml, respectively. Further, we found that, in wound healing assay, brittle star saponins could prevent invasion of HeLa cells in a concentration dependent manner. Furthermore, cell adhesion assay demonstrated blockage of cell attachment to extracellular matrix with an IC50 concentration of 16.1μg/ml. The significant dose dependent down regulation of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in treated cells demonstrated that isolated saponins can decline tumor metastasis in vitro. The brittle star saponins remarkably prevented cervical cancer invasion and migration associated with down regulation of matrix metalloproteinase expression. Therefore, saponins could be suggested as an anti-invasive candidate against cervical cancer and an antioxidant as well.

Apoptosis inducing capacity of Holothuria arenicola in CT26 colon carcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo

OBJECTIVES

Sea cucumber is one of the classes of echinoderms, which is considered as a health marine product and possess various biological characteristics with therapeutic application. The present investigation attempted to evaluate the potential of anti-cancer Persian Gulf sea cucumber species Holothuria arenicola (H. arenicola) aqueous extract on mice colon carcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The CT26 carcinoma cells were treated with various concentrations of extract in 24 and 48 hr, and then its anti-proliferative effect was measured by MTT assay and morphological observations. The apoptotic effect was examined by fluorescence microscopy (DNA fragmentation assay), Flow cytometry, caspase-3 and -9 colorimetric assays. The in vivo anti-tumor efficacy of sea cucumber extract on CT26 tumor cells transplanted in BALB/c mice was also investigated.

RESULTS

The results showed that the water extract of sea cucumber revealed remarkable anti-proliferative effect on CT26 tumor cells with IC50= 31 µg/ml with recruitment of intrinsic apoptotic pathway in vitro. In addition, the colon tumor volume in treated groups remarkably reduced in homozygous mice. Histopathological examination elucidated that sea cucumber extract attenuated tumor size and volume along with apoptosis characteristics. Moreover, RT-PCR analysis revealed that sea cucumber extract induced intrinsic apoptosis in vivo through suppression of Bcl-2 expression.

CONCLUSION

Our data confirmed this notion that sea cucumber administrates anti-cancer effect that can be used as complementary in preclinical experiments, so further characterization are recommended for detection sea cucumber metabolites and clinical application.

The Cytotoxicity of Dacarbazine Potentiated by Sea Cucumber Saponin in Resistant B16F10 Melanoma Cells through Apoptosis Induction

BACKGROUND

Malignant melanoma is a highly aggressive malignant melanocytic neoplasm which resists against the most conventional therapies. Sea cucumber as one of marine organisms contains bioactive compounds such as polysaccharide, terpenoid and other metabolites which have anti-cancer, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The present study was designed to investigate the anticancer potential of saponin extracted from sea cucumber Holothuria leucospilata alone and in combination with dacarbazine on B16F10 melanoma cell line.

METHODS

The B16F10 cell line was treated with different concentrations of saponin (0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 μg/ml), dacarbazine (0, 1200, 1400, 1600, 18000, 1200, 1400, 1600, 2000 μg/ml) and co-administration of saponin-dacarbazine (1200 da+8 sp, 1200 da+4 sp) for 24 and 48 hr and the cytotoxic effect was examined by MTT, DAPI, acridine orange/propodium iodide, flow cytometry and caspase colorimetric assay.

RESULTS

The results exhibited that sea cucumber saponin, dacarbazine, and co-administration of saponin-dacarbazine inhibited the proliferation of melanoma cells in a dose and time dependent manner with IC50 values of 10, 1400 and 4+1200 μg/ml, respectively. Morphological observation of DAPI and acridine orange/propodium iodide staining documented typical characteristics of apoptotic cell death. Flow cytometry assay indicated accumulation of IC50 treated cells in sub-G1 peak. Additionally, saponin extracted induced intrinsic apoptosis via up-regulation of caspase-3 and caspase-9.

CONCLUSION

These results revealed that the saponin extracted from sea cucumber as a natural anti-cancer compound may be a new treatment modality for metastatic melanoma and the application of sea cucumber saponin in combination with dacarbazine demonstrated the strongest anti-cancer activity as compared with the drug alone.

Evaluation of the Anti-proliferative Effects of Ophiocoma erinaceus Methanol Extract Against Human Cervical Cancer Cells

BACKGROUND

Marine organisms provide appreciable source of novel bioactive compounds with pharmacological potential. There is little information in correlation with anti-cancer activities of brittle star. In the present study, anti-neoplastic efficacy of Ophiocoma erinaceus methanol extract against human cervical cancer cells was investigated.

METHODS

The HeLa cells were cultured and exposed to brittle star methanol extract for 24 and 48 hr. The anti-proliferative properties were examined by MTT assay and the type of cell death induced was evaluated through morphological changes, flow cytometry, Annexin kit and caspase assay. To assess the anti-metastatic activity, wound healing assay was conducted and photographs were taken from the scratched areas. Further, to understand molecular mechanism of cell apoptosis, the expression of Bax was evaluated.

RESULTS

The morphological analysis and MTT assay exhibited that the brittle star methanol extract can exert dose dependent inhibitory effect on cells viability (IC50, 50 μg/ml). Flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy demonstrated increment of sub-G1 peak, early and late apoptosis in HeLa treated cells. Wound healing migration assay showed that brittle star extract has anti-neoplastic efficacy by inhibiting cell migration. Caspase assay and RT-PCR analysis revealed that brittle star methanol extract induced caspase dependent apoptosis in HeLa cells through up-regulation of caspase-3 followed by up-regulation of Bax gene which is a hallmark of intrinsic pathway recruitment.

CONCLUSION

These results represented further insights into the chemopreventive potential of brittle star as a valuable source of unknown therapeutic agents against human cervical cancer.

Cytotoxic evaluation of different fractions of Salvia chorassanica Bunge on MCF-7 and DU 145 cell lines

Because of antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer potential, Salvia chorassanica Bunge (Lamiaceae) has been considered as a popular herb in Iranian traditional medicine. Previous studies have shown remarkable cytotoxic properties of the methanol, n-hexane and dichloromethane extract of S. chorassanica on human cervical cancer cells. To seek the therapeutic potentials of S. chorassanica, this study was undertaken to evaluate the cytotoxic activities of various extracts of this plant on human breast MCF-7 and prostate cancer DU 145 cells. The DU 145 cells were exposed to different concentrations of plant extracts (1-200 μg/ml). Cytotoxic activities were examined using alamarBlue(®) assay and apoptosis was assessed by acridine orange/propodium iodide double staining and evaluation of DNA fragmentation by flow cytometry. Our findings indicated that n-hexane and dichloromethane extracts had more cytotoxic activities against DU 145 and MCF-7 cell lines compared with other extracts (P<0.05). The acridine orange/propodium iodide staining showed apoptogenic properties of n-hexane and dichloromethane extracts which was consequently confirmed by flow cytometric histogram that exhibited an increase in sub-G1 peak in treated cells as compared with untreated cancer cell lines. Taken together, these observations demonstrated cytotoxic effects of S. chorassanica extracts on MCF-7 and DU 145 cell lines which is most likely exerted via apoptosis cell death. Therefore, further investigations on S. chorassanica extracts as potential chemotherapeutic agents are warranted.

Effect of Holothuria leucospilota extracted saponin on maturation of mice oocyte and granulosa cells

Sea cucumbers saponins are triterpenoid glycosides which exert beneficial biomedical effects. This study was performed to assess the effect of saponin extracted from sea cucumber Holothuria leucospilota (H. leucospilota) on maturation of mice oocytes and granulosa cells. The germinal vesicles oocytes were collected from 6-8 weeks old Naval Medical Research Institute (NMRI) mice ovaries, randomly divided into untreated and four experimental groups and cultured In vitro. Maturation medium was supplemented with 0, 1, 2, 4 and 8 μg/ml saponin for 12 days. The rates of maturation were recorded through morphological observation by measurement of follicle diameter during treatment. After 4 days, the effects of saponin on granulosa cells were investigated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) measurement, super oxide dismutase (SOD) activity, caspase assay and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) expression. The oocyte maturation rate was significantly higher in treated groups (1 μg/ml). The ROS and SOD assays demonstrated the antioxidant potential of saponin. The caspase assay exhibited that optimum concentrations of saponin (1, 2 μg/ml) reduced caspase activity in granulosa cells. Flow cytometry showed that optimum concentration of saponin promoted oocyte maturation via down regulation of TNF-α as follicular degenerative factor in nursing cells. These results proposed that maturation rate were obtained after the incorporation of 1 μg/ml sea cucumber saponin. Moreover, the extracted saponin at concentrations of 1, 2 μg/ml enhanced follicle growth which is accompanied by attenuating ROS formation, elevating SOD activity and reducing TNF-α expression in granulosa cells. But, further examinations are required to understand precise mechanisms of saponin action on oocyte and granulosa cells.

Umbilical blood gas analysis in preeclamptic versus healthy pregnancies with preterm birth

OBJECTIVE

Comparing the value of umbilical cord arterial blood gas (UC-ABG) analysis in the prediction of neonatal mortality and morbidity in the preeclamptic versus healthy pregnancies with preterm birth.

METHODS

Eight hundred sixteen preterm (born at <37 gestational weeks) neonates with no other morbidities who were born by cesarean section were evaluated. Immediately after delivery, UC-ABG analysis was performed and the neonates were followed.

RESULTS

Preeclamptic women had lower umbilical cord blood (UCB) pH (7.2 4 ± 0.1 versus 7.2 7 ± 0.08, p = 0.008) and higher UCB base deficit (BD) (3.5 ± 3.7 versus 2.2 ± 3.4, p = 0.005) compared with controls. In the preeclamptic group, UCB metabolic acidosis (pH < 7.15 and B.D > 8) was not independently associated with neonatal morbidity or mortality, while in the control group UCB metabolic acidosis was independently associated with low 10-min Apgar (OR, 4.9; 95%CI 1.37-18.03), respiratory distress syndrome (OR, 2.37; 95%CI 1.05-6.17), intraventricular hemorrhage (OR, 3.01; 95%CI 1.13-7.99), and neonatal mortality (OR, 17.33; 95%CI 4.51-66.53).

CONCLUSIONS

The preterm neonates born to preeclamptic mothers have lower UCB pH and higher BD. In these neonates, UCB acidosis is not independently associated with any adverse neonatal outcomes. In contrast, in the preterm neonates born to healthy mothers, UCB metabolic acidosis is independently associated with neonatal mortality and morbidity.

The anti-proliferative and anti-angiogenic effect of the methanol extract from brittle star

BACKGROUND

Anti-angiogenic therapy is a crucial step in cancer treatment. The discovery of new anti-angiogenic compounds from marine organisms has become an attractive concept in anti-cancer therapy. Because little data correlated to the pro- and anti-angiogenic efficacies of Ophiuroidea, which include brittle star, the current study was designed to explore the anti-angiogenic potential of brittle star methanol extract in vitro and in vivo.

METHODS

The anti-proliferative effect of brittle star extract on A2780cp cells was examined by MTT assays, and transcriptional expression of VEGF and b-FGF was evaluated by RT-PCR. In an in vivo model, 40 fertilized Ross eggs were divided into control and three experimental groups. The experimental groups were incubated with brittle star extract at concentrations of 25, 50 and 100 µg/ml, and photographed by photo-stereomicroscopy. Ultimately, numbers and lengths of vessels were measured by Image J software. Data were analyzed with SPSS software (p<0.05).

RESULTS

Results illustrated that the brittle star extract exerted a dose- and time-dependent anti-proliferative effect on A2780cp cancer cells. In addition, VEGF and b-FGF expression decreased with brittle star methanol extract treatment. Macroscopic evaluations revealed significant changes in the second and third experimental group compared to controls (p<0.05).

CONCLUSION

These finding revealed the anti-angiogenic effects of brittle star methanol extract in vitro and in vivo confer novel insight into the application of natural marine products in angiogenesis-related pathologies.

The Potential of Brittle Star Extracted Polysaccharide in Promoting Apoptosis via Intrinsic Signaling Pathway

BACKGROUND

Anti-cancer potential of marine natural products such as polysaccharides represented therapeutic potential in oncological researches. In this study, total polysaccharide from brittle star [Ophiocoma erinaceus (O. erinaceus)] was extracted and chemopreventive efficacy of Persian Gulf brittle star polysaccharide was investigated in HeLa human cervical cancer cells.

METHODS

To extract polysaccharide, dried brittle stars were ground and extracted mechanically. Then, detection of polysaccharide was performed by phenol sulfuric acid, Ultra Violet (UV)-sulfuric acid method and FTIR. The anti proliferative activity of isolated polysaccharide was examined by MTT assay and evaluation of cell death was done through morphological cell changes; Propodium Iodide staining, fluorescence microscopy and caspase-3, -9 enzymatic measurements. To assess its underlying mechanism, expression of Bax, Bcl-2 was evaluated.

RESULTS

The polysaccharide detection methods demonstrated isolation of crude polysaccharide from Persian Gulf brittle star. The results revealed that O. erinaceus polysaccharide suppressed the proliferation of HeLa cells in a dose and time dependent manner. Morphological observation of DAPI and Acridine Orange/Propodium Iodide staining was documented by typical characteristics of apoptotic cell death. Flow cytometry analyses exhibited the accumulation of treated cells in sub-G1 region. Additionally, polysaccharide extracted induced intrinsic apoptosis via up-regulation of caspase-3, caspase-9 and Bax along with down-regulation of Bcl-2 in HeLa cells.

CONCLUSION

Taken together, the apoptosis inducing effect of brittle star polysaccharide via intrinsic pathway confirmed the anti tumor potential of marine polysaccharide. Therefore, these findings proposed new insight into anti cancer properties of brittle star polysaccharide as a promising agent in cervical cancer treatment.

The osteogenic differentiation stimulating activity of Sea cucumber methanolic crude extraction on rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells

OBJECTIVES

Sea cucumber derived bioactive compound is considered efficient in treatment of bone disorders. This study was performed to evaluate the effect of this extract on differentiation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rBMMSc) into osteogenic lineage.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Isolated rBMMSc were grown in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS. The cells were exposed to different concentration of extract. After 21 days, Alizarin red staining, alkaline phosphatase assay and RT-PCR were performed. The results were analyzed by ANOVA software and P value <0.05 was considered significant.

RESULTS

Morphological methods revealed that appropriate concentrations of extract increased osteogenic differentiation in a dose-dependent manner. RT-PCR revealed that extract without or with osteogenic medium due to osteopontin expression had a potential role in osteogenesis.

CONCLUSION

Based on our data it concluded that S. cucumber extract stimulated Bone marrow mesenchymal cells to differentiate into osteogenic lineage without existence of osteogenic medium.

Cytotoxic effect of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles synthesized via seaweed aqueous extract

Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄ MNPs) are among the most useful metal nanoparticles for multiple applications across a broad spectrum in the biomedical field, including the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. In previous work, we synthesized and characterized Fe₃O₄ MNPs using a simple, rapid, safe, efficient, one-step green method involving reduction of ferric chloride solution using brown seaweed (Sargassum muticum) aqueous extract containing hydroxyl, carboxyl, and amino functional groups mainly relevant to polysaccharides, which acts as a potential stabilizer and metal reductant agent. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro cytotoxic activity and cellular effects of these Fe₃O₄ MNPs. Their in vitro anticancer activity was demonstrated in human cell lines for leukemia (Jurkat cells), breast cancer (MCF-7 cells), cervical cancer (HeLa cells), and liver cancer (HepG2 cells). The cancer cells were treated with different concentrations of Fe₃O₄ MNPs, and an MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay was used to test for cytotoxicity, resulting in an inhibitory concentration 50 (IC₅₀) value of 23.83±1.1 μg/mL (HepG2), 18.75±2.1 μg/mL (MCF-7), 12.5±1.7 μg/mL (HeLa), and 6.4±2.3 μg/mL (Jurkat) 72 hours after treatment. Therefore, Jurkat cells were selected for further investigation. The representative dot plots from flow cytometric analysis of apoptosis showed that the percentages of cells in early apoptosis and late apoptosis were increased. Cell cycle analysis showed a significant increase in accumulation of Fe₃O₄ MNP-treated cells at sub-G1 phase, confirming induction of apoptosis by Fe₃O₄ MNPs. The Fe₃O₄ MNPs also activated caspase-3 and caspase-9 in a time-response fashion. The nature of the biosynthesis and therapeutic potential of Fe₃O₄ MNPs could pave the way for further research on the green synthesis of therapeutic agents, particularly in nanomedicine, to assist in the treatment of cancer.

Maternal hyperuricemia in normotensive singleton pregnancy, a prenatal finding with continuous perinatal and postnatal effects, a prospective cohort study

Background

To assess the association of maternal hyperuricemia with adverse pregnancy outcome and neonatal metabolic, neurologic and respiratory disturbances in normotensive singleton pregnant women.

Method

This prospective multicentric cohort study was conducted on 404 normotensive singleton pregnant women who were admitted for delivery in Vali-Asr and Akbar-Abadi teaching hospitals of Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Upon enrollment maternal and umbilical sera were obtained for determining uric acid levels. 1 and 5 minutes Apgar scores, the need for neonatal resuscitation and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission were recorded. In case of NICU admission a neonatal blood sample was drawn for determining uric acid, blood sugar and bilirubin levels. An intracranial ultrasound imaging was also carried out for the admittd neonates for detecting intraventricular hemorrhage.

Results

Maternal hyperuricemia (uric acid one standard deviation greater than the appropriate gestational age) was independently associated with preterm birth (odds ratio (OR), 3.17; 95% confidence interval (CI), 2.1 – 4.79), small for gestational age delivery (OR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.04 – 2.57), NICU admission (OR, 1.65; 95% CI, 1.12 – 2.94) and neonatal IVH (OR, 8.14; 95% CI, 1.11 – 87.1).

Conclusions

Maternal hyperuricemia in normotensive singleton pregnant women is significantly associated with preterm and SGA delivery and the development of neonatal IVH.

Sexual function after non-nerve-sparing radical cystoprostatectomy: a comparison between ileal conduit urinary diversion and orthotopic ileal neobladder substitution

OBJECTIVE

To compare the erectile function (EF) and sexual desire (SD) in men after radical cystoprostatectomy (RCP) who had either an ileal conduit urinary diversion or orthotropic ileal neobladder substitution.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Eighty one sexually active men with bladder cancer were enrolled in this prospective study. After RCP according to patients' preferences they underwent either ileal conduit urinary diversion (n = 41) or orthotropic ileal neobladder substitution (n = 40). EF and SD were assessed using International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) questionnaire. Patients were assessed at 4-week before surgery and were followed up at 1, 6, and 12-month postoperatively using the same questionnaire.

RESULTS

Postoperatively the EF and SD domains deteriorated significantly in both groups, but in a small proportion of the patients submitted to ileal neobladder they gradually improved with time (P = 0.006). At 12-month postoperative period, 4 (9.8 %) and 14 (35.0 %) patients in ileal conduit and ileal neobladder groups were able to achieve erections hard enough for vaginal penetration and maintained their erection to completion of intercourse, respectively (P = 0.006). Among patients in the ileal conduit and ileal neobladder groups, additional 4 (9.8 %) and 7 (17.1 %) patients were able to get some erection, but were unable to maintain their erection to completion of intercourse (P = 0.02). At 12-month follow up period 24.4 % of the ileal conduit and 45.0 % of the ileal neobladder patients rated their sexual desire very high or high (P = 0.01).

CONCLUSION

When performed properly, orthotopic ileal neobladder substitution after RCP offers better long-term results in terms of EF and SD.

Assessment of Hearing Loss by OAE in Asphyxiated Newborns

BACKGROUND

Severe birth asphyxia (apgar < 7 at the 5th minute of birth) is recognized as a hearing loss risk factor by the joint committee on infant hearing (JCIH). About half of the newborns with hearing loss do not indicate any sign and risk factor at birth. Accordingly, the joint committee recommended performance of hearing screening test in 2000, especially for babies born with risk factors.

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study was to evaluate hearing loss in asphyxiated neonates. Early diagnosis would result in early treatment of these newborns.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We assessed the relationship between asphyxia and hearing impairment in newborns admitted to a referral hospital, Tehran, Iran within 3 years (2003 - 2006). Hearing problems were diagnosed and followed by otoacoustic emission (OAE) in the third and fifth days of birth. Asphyxiated neonates with abnormal OAE were referred to an ENT specialist; second OAE and tympanometry were carried out after 2 weeks. Based on the results, newborns underwent treatment or were discharged.

RESULTS

Of 149 asphyxiated neonates, 80 had mean first minute apgar score of 4.01, and mean 5th minute score was 7.24. Two percent (3/149) of asphyxiated neonates had abnormal OAEs. No statistical correlation was found between the 5th minute apgar score and abnormal OAE (P value = 0.391). However, a significant relationship between the mean birth weight and abnormal OAE (P value = 0.0406) was found.

CONCLUSIONS

It seems that birth asphyxia is not correlated with hearing loss.