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Ha MT, Gal M, Kim JA, Lee JH, Min BS. Sucrosephenylpropanoid esters and isoflavonoids isolated from Belamcanda chinensis roots and their potential anti-osteoclastogenic activity. Bioorg Chem 2024; 143:107066. [PMID: 38185009 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.107066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Repeated chromatography of the CH2Cl2 and EtOAc soluble fractions from the methanol extract of Belamcanda chinensis root yielded six new sucrosephenylpropanoid esters (1-6) and twenty-one known compounds (7-27). The structures of 1-6 were elucidated using diverse nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) data analysis, together with chemical methods. All the twenty-seven isolated compounds were evaluated for their anti-osteoclastogenic activities. Preliminary screening results revealed that compounds 1 and 19 exhibited strong effects against RANKL-induced osteoclast formation in RAW264.7 cells. In addition, the treatment of mouse bone marrow macrophages (BMMs) with compounds 1 and 19 significantly decreased RANKL-induced TRAP-positive multinucleated osteoclast formation in a concentration-dependent manner without affecting cell viability. Further bioassay investigation showed that compounds 1 and 19 inhibited the expression of some osteoclast-specific marker genes and the transcription factor nuclear factor of activated T cells cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1) in response to RANKL. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first investigation of anti-osteoclastogenic activity for compounds isolated from B. chinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manh Tuan Ha
- College of Pharmacy, Drug Research and Development Center, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongbuk 38430, Republic of Korea
| | - Minju Gal
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-Do 24341, South Korea
| | - Jeong Ah Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hyung Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-Do 24341, South Korea.
| | - Byung Sun Min
- College of Pharmacy, Drug Research and Development Center, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongbuk 38430, Republic of Korea.
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Rashidi R, Montazeri A, Soukhtanloo M, Ghasemian S, Amiri MS, Hasanpour M, Einafshar E, Ghorbani A. Moraea sisyrinchium inhibits proliferation, cell cycle, and migration of cancerous cells, and decreases angiogenesis in chick chorioallantoic membrane. Iran J Basic Med Sci 2024; 27:57-65. [PMID: 38164487 PMCID: PMC10722474 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2023.70554.15353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Objectives Experimental studies reported that some plants in the genus of Moraea (Iridaceae family) show anticancer potential. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Moraea sisyrinchium on U87 glioblastoma multiforme and HepG2 liver cancer cells. Materials and Methods The cells were incubated for 24 hr with hydroalcoholic extract of the stem, flower, and bulb of M. sisyrinchium. Then, the cell proliferation (MTT) assay, cell cycle analysis (propidium iodide staining), cell migration test (scratch), Western blotting (Bax and Bcl-2 expression), and gelatin zymography (for matrix metalloproteinases, MMPs) were performed. Oxidative stress was evaluated by determining the levels of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation. Angiogenesis was evaluated on chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane. Results The extracts of the flower, stem, and bulb significantly decreased the proliferation of HepG2 and U87 cells. This effect was more for U87 than HepG2 and for the bulb and stem than the flower. In U87 cells, the bulb extract increased oxidative stress, cell cycle arrest, and the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. Also, this extract suppressed the migration ability of HepG2 and U87 cells, which was associated with the inhibition of MMP2 activity. In addition, it significantly reduced the number and diameter of vessels in the chorioallantoic membrane. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed the presence of xanthones (bellidifolin and mangiferin), flavonoids (quercetin and luteolin), isoflavones (iridin and tectorigenin), and phytosterols (e.g., stigmasterol) in the bulb. Conclusion M. sisyrinchium bulb decreased the proliferation and survival of cancer cells by inducing oxidative stress. It also reduced the migration ability of the cells and inhibited angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roghayeh Rashidi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ala Montazeri
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Soukhtanloo
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Shirin Ghasemian
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Maede Hasanpour
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Elham Einafshar
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ghorbani
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Betekhtina AA, Tukova DE, Veselkin DV. Root structure syndromes of four families of monocots in the Middle Urals. Plant Divers 2023; 45:722-731. [PMID: 38197004 PMCID: PMC10772101 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2023.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
The present article tests the following general assumption: plant taxa with different specializations towards mycorrhizal interactions should have different root syndromes. Roots of 61 species common in boreal zone were studied: 16 species of Poaceae, 24 species of Cyperaceae, 14 species of Orchidaceae, and 7 species of Iridaceae. Using a fixed material of 5 individuals of each species, the following was determined: number of orders of branching roots; transverse dimensions of root, stele and cortex; number of primary xylem vessels and exodermis layers; length of root hairs; abundance of mycorrhiza. Species of each family had well-defined syndromes. Roots of Orchidaceae and Iridaceae were thick with a large stele and developed exodermis. Orchidaceae had no branching roots and had long root hairs. In Iridaceae, roots were branched, and root hairs were short. Roots of Poaceae and Cyperaceae were thin with a relatively thin stele. Root hairs were short in Poaceae and long in Cyperaceae. Our finding that root syndromes of four families of monocots differed is a new and unexpected discovery. The high specificity of root syndromes in Cyperaceae, Iridaceae, Poaceae, and Orchidaceae indicates that species of these families use different strategies to obtain water and soil nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A. Betekhtina
- Ural Federal University Named After the First President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin, 19 Mira Street, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russia
| | - Daria E. Tukova
- Ural Federal University Named After the First President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin, 19 Mira Street, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russia
| | - Denis V. Veselkin
- Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, 8 Marta Street, Ekaterinburg 620144, Russia
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Jiménez-González V, Benítez G, Pastor JE, López-Lázaro M, Calderón-Montaño JM. Evaluation of Anticancer Activity of 76 Plant Species Collected in Andalusia (Spain) against Lung Cancer Cells. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:3275. [PMID: 37765439 PMCID: PMC10536323 DOI: 10.3390/plants12183275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Every year, cancer kills millions of people around the world. Finding more selective anticancer agents is essential to improve the low survival rates of patients with metastatic cancers. Since the research of natural products is a valuable approach to the discovery of new compounds and the Iberian flora offers a rich source of unstudied plants, we have carried out a random screening of 76 plant species from 43 families collected in Andalusia (South of Spain). Using non-malignant cells (HaCaT) and lung cancer cells (A549), we found that the extract from Arum italicum Mill. subsp. italicum (Araceae), Mandragora autumnalis Bertol. (Solanaceae), Rhamnus alaternus L. (Rhamnaceae), and Lomelosia simplex (Desf.) Raf. subsp. dentata (Jord. & Fourr.) Greuter & Burdet (Dipsacaceae) showed selective cytotoxicity against lung cancer cells. Extracts of plant species belonging to the Iridaceae family showed high selective activity against cancer cells, highlighting that the Xiphion xiphium (L.) M.B. Crespo, Mart.-Azorín & Mavrodiev flower extract was more selective against lung cancer cells than the standard anticancer drugs, cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil. This extract also showed modest selective cytotoxicity against bladder carcinoma cells (T24). The number of cells in the G1 phase increased after treatment with the extract from Xiphion xiphium. Our research indicates that various plants are potential sources for the isolation and development of new anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Jiménez-González
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain;
| | - Guillermo Benítez
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain;
| | - Julio Enrique Pastor
- Department of Vegetal Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain;
| | - Miguel López-Lázaro
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain;
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Mejía-Méndez JL, Lorenzo-Leal AC, Bach H, López-Mena ER, Navarro-López DE, Hernández LR, Juárez ZN, Sánchez-Arreola E. Antimicrobial, Cytotoxic, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Tigridia vanhouttei Extracts. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:3136. [PMID: 37687382 PMCID: PMC10489859 DOI: 10.3390/plants12173136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
In this work, bulb extracts of Tigridia vanhouttei were obtained by maceration with solvents of increasing polarity. The extracts were evaluated against a panel of pathogenic bacterial and fungal strains using the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay. The cytotoxicity of the extracts was tested against two cell lines (THP-1 and A549) using the MTT assay. The anti-inflammatory activity of the extracts was evaluated in THP-1 cells by measuring the secretion of pro-inflammatory (IL-6 and TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines by ELISA. The chemical composition of the extracts was recorded by FTIR spectroscopy, and their chemical profiles were evaluated using GC-MS. The results revealed that only hexane extract inhibited the growth of the clinical isolate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa at 200 μg/mL. Against THP-1 cells, hexane and chloroform extracts were moderately cytotoxic, as they exhibited LC50 values of 90.16, and 46.42 μg/mL, respectively. Treatment with methanol extract was weakly cytotoxic at LC50 443.12 μg/mL against the same cell line. Against the A549 cell line, hexane, chloroform, and methanol extracts were weakly cytotoxic because of their LC50 values: 294.77, 1472.37, and 843.12 μg/mL. The FTIR analysis suggested the presence of natural products were confirmed by carboxylic acids, ketones, hydroxyl groups, or esters. The GC-MS profile of extracts revealed the presence of phytosterols, tetracyclic triterpenes, multiple fatty acids, and sugars. This report confirms the antimicrobial, cytotoxic, and anti-inflammatory activities of T. vanhouttei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge L. Mejía-Méndez
- Laboratory of Phytochemistry Research, Chemical Biological Sciences Department, Universidad de las Américas Puebla, Ex Hacienda Sta. Catarina Mártir S/N, San Andrés Cholula 72810, Mexico;
| | - Ana C. Lorenzo-Leal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada;
| | - Horacio Bach
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada;
| | - Edgar R. López-Mena
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Campus Guadalajara, Av. Gral. Ramón Corona No 2514, Colonia Nuevo México, Zapopan 45121, Mexico; (E.R.L.-M.); (D.E.N.-L.)
| | - Diego E. Navarro-López
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Campus Guadalajara, Av. Gral. Ramón Corona No 2514, Colonia Nuevo México, Zapopan 45121, Mexico; (E.R.L.-M.); (D.E.N.-L.)
| | - Luis R. Hernández
- Laboratory of Phytochemistry Research, Chemical Biological Sciences Department, Universidad de las Américas Puebla, Ex Hacienda Sta. Catarina Mártir S/N, San Andrés Cholula 72810, Mexico;
| | - Zaida N. Juárez
- Chemistry Area, Deanship of Biological Sciences, Universidad Popular Autónoma del Estado de Puebla, 21 Sur 1103 Barrio Santiago, Puebla 72410, Mexico;
| | - Eugenio Sánchez-Arreola
- Laboratory of Phytochemistry Research, Chemical Biological Sciences Department, Universidad de las Américas Puebla, Ex Hacienda Sta. Catarina Mártir S/N, San Andrés Cholula 72810, Mexico;
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Kamra K, Jung J, Kim JH. A phylogenomic study of Iridaceae Juss. based on complete plastid genome sequences. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1066708. [PMID: 36844099 PMCID: PMC9948625 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1066708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The plastid genome has proven to be an effective tool for examining deep correlations in plant phylogenetics, owing to its highly conserved structure, uniparental inheritance, and limited variation in evolutionary rates. Iridaceae, comprising more than 2,000 species, includes numerous economically significant taxa that are frequently utilized in food industries and medicines and for ornamental and horticulture purposes. Molecular studies on chloroplast DNA have confirmed the position of this family in the order Asparagales with non-asparagoids. The current subfamilial classification of Iridaceae recognizes seven subfamilies-Isophysioideae, Nivenioideae, Iridoideae, Crocoideae, Geosiridaceae, Aristeoideae, and Patersonioideae-which are supported by limited plastid DNA regions. To date, no comparative phylogenomic studies have been conducted on the family Iridaceae. We assembled and annotated (de novo) the plastid genomes of 24 taxa together with seven published species representing all the seven subfamilies of Iridaceae and performed comparative genomics using the Illumina MiSeq platform. The plastomes of the autotrophic Iridaceae represent 79 protein-coding, 30 tRNA, and four rRNA genes, with lengths ranging from 150,062 to 164,622 bp. The phylogenetic analysis of the plastome sequences based on maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference analyses suggested that Watsonia and Gladiolus were closely related, supported by strong support values, which differed considerably from recent phylogenetic studies. In addition, we identified genomic events, such as sequence inversions, deletions, mutations, and pseudogenization, in some species. Furthermore, the largest nucleotide variability was found in the seven plastome regions, which can be used in future phylogenetic studies. Notably, three subfamilies-Crocoideae, Nivenioideae, and Aristeoideae-shared a common ycf2 gene locus deletion. Our study is a preliminary report of a comparative study of the complete plastid genomes of 7/7 subfamilies and 9/10 tribes, elucidating the structural characteristics and shedding light on plastome evolution and phylogenetic relationships within Iridaceae. Additionally, further research is required to update the relative position of Watsonia within the tribal classification of the subfamily Crocoideae.
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Matraszek-Gawron R, Chwil M, Terlecki K, Skoczylas MM. Current Knowledge of the Antidepressant Activity of Chemical Compounds from Crocus sativus L. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 16:58. [PMID: 36678554 PMCID: PMC9860663 DOI: 10.3390/ph16010058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychotropic effect of Crocus sativus L. (family Iridaceae) biologically active chemical compounds are quite well documented and they can therefore be used in addition to the conventional pharmacological treatment of depression. This systematic review on antidepressant compounds in saffron crocus and their mechanisms of action and side effects is based on publications released between 1995−2022 and data indexed in 15 databases under the following search terms: antidepressant effect, central nervous system, Crocus sativus, cognitive impairement, crocin, crocetin, depression, dopamine, dopaminergic and serotonergic systems, picrocrocin, phytotherapy, neurotransmitters, safranal, saffron, serotonin, and biologically active compounds. The comparative analysis of the publications was based on 414 original research papers. The investigated literature indicates the effectiveness and safety of aqueous and alcoholic extracts and biologically active chemical compounds (alkaloids, anthocyanins, carotenoids, flavonoid, phenolic, saponins, and terpenoids) isolated from various organs (corms, leaves, flower petal, and stigmas) in adjuvant treatment of depression and anxiety. Monoamine reuptake inhibition, N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonism, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-α agonism are the main proposed mechanism of the antidepressant action. The antidepressant and neuroprotective effect of extract components is associated with their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. The mechanism of their action, interactions with conventional drugs and other herbal preparations and the safety of use are not fully understood; therefore, further detailed research in this field is necessary. The presented results regarding the application of C. sativus in phytotherapy are promising in terms of the use of herbal preparations to support the treatment of depression. This is particularly important given the steady increase in the incidence of this disease worldwide and social effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Matraszek-Gawron
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 15 Street, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Mirosława Chwil
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 15 Street, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Karol Terlecki
- Department of Vascular Surgery and Angiology, Medical University of Lublin, Racławickie 1 Street, 20-059 Lublin, Poland
| | - Michał Marian Skoczylas
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Unii Lubelskiej 1 Street, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland
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Liu KD, Yang WQ, Dai MZ, Xu Y, Qin YP, Dong YY, Fu J, Qu J. Phenolic constituents with anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activities from the rhizomes of Iris domestica. Phytochemistry 2022; 203:113370. [PMID: 35977602 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Four undescribed flavonoid glucosides (iridins B-C, tectoridin A and ampelopsinin A); one undescribed phenolic glucoside (diplostephioside B); one undescribed phenolic compound (phenanthrenetriol A); and seventeen known compounds were isolated from the rhizomes of Iris domestica. The chemical structures of the undescribed compounds were established by spectroscopic/spectrometric data interpretation using HRESIMS, NMR, and ECD. Tectoridin A, nigricin A and naringenin exhibited anti-inflammatory activities with inhibition rates of 53.71%, 57.68% and 88.71%, respectively, against the NF-κB signaling pathway at a concentration of 10 μM. 4'-O-methylnyasol (10 μM) exhibited 84.91% antiproliferative activity against the K562 human leukemia cell line with an IC50 value of 4.20 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Dong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Wan-Qi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Zhu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Peng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Ying Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China.
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Liu KD, Yang WQ, Dai MZ, Sun SK, Fu J, Qu J. New stilbenes and phenolic constituents from the rhizomes of Belamcanda chinensis. J Asian Nat Prod Res 2022; 24:935-944. [PMID: 36000737 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2022.2112573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A pair of stilbenes with γ-lactam unit [(+)-1 and (-)-1], a new phenolic glucoside (2), and a new isoflavone glucoside (3), together with two known compounds (4-5) were isolated from the rhizomes of Belamcanda chinensis. The chemical structures of the undescribed compounds were elucidated on the basis of detailed spectroscopic analyses. Compounds 1, 4, and 5 (10 μM) exhibited anti-inflammatory activities with inhibition rates of 30.46%, 60.34%, and 37.91%, respectively, against the NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Dong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Wan-Qi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ming-Zhu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Shi-Kai Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jiang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jing Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
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Siracusa L, Onofri A, Galesi R, Impelluso C, Pulvirenti L, Ruberto G, Gresta F, Spampinato G, Cristaudo A. An integrated approach for the characterization of wild Crocus species adopting phenotypical and phytochemical traits. Phytochemistry 2022; 202:113315. [PMID: 35810876 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Crocus is a taxonomically complex genus, characterized by high intra- and inter-specific variability. Five wild Crocus taxa - Crocus biflorus, C. longiflorus, C. neapolitanus, C. siculus and C. thomasii from three different areas of Southern Italy (Calabria, Basilicata and Sicily) have been investigated. We considered both flower morphological traits (inner and outer perigone segments, style branches and anthers) and the chemical profile of specialised metabolites (apocarotenoids: crocins; flavonoids: flavonols) in style branches, which were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography, coupled with a diode array detector and mass spectrometry (HPLC-UV-DAD-ESI-MS). Saffron (C. sativus) was also included as the 'control' species. The length of perigone tube, outer and inner tepals, anthers and style branches gave the highest contribution to the discrimination of different taxa. Concerning the specialised metabolite profiles, 20 flavonols and 24 crocins have been identified and quantified in the Crocus extracts and used to discriminate among samples, confirming that Crocus taxa can be considered as an important natural source of these substances. The chemical profiles of the different populations showed some distinctive qualitative and quantitative patterns that contributed to a certain degree of discrimination among species, in fact, flavonoids content range is comprised between 2.7 and 145.9 mg/g, whereas crocins range between 19.8 and 604.0 mg/g. It is thus hypothesized that the combination of morphological and phytochemical screenings may be an effective methodology to characterize wild Crocus genotypes from Southern Italy, also in comparison to C. sativus (saffron).
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Siracusa
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare del CNR (ICB-CNR), 95126, Catania, Italy
| | - Andrea Onofri
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121, Perugia, Italy
| | - Rosario Galesi
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, 95128, Catania, Italy
| | - Carmen Impelluso
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, 95128, Catania, Italy
| | - Luana Pulvirenti
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare del CNR (ICB-CNR), 95126, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ruberto
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare del CNR (ICB-CNR), 95126, Catania, Italy.
| | - Fabio Gresta
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanni Spampinato
- Department of AGRARIA, Mediterranea University of Reggio Calabria, Località Feo di Vito, 89122, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Antonia Cristaudo
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, 95128, Catania, Italy
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11
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Siu TY, Wong KH, Kong BLH, Wu HY, But GWC, Shaw P, Lau DTW. The complete chloroplast genome of Iris speculatrix Hance, a rare and endangered plant native to Hong Kong. Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2022; 7:864-866. [PMID: 35602327 PMCID: PMC9116264 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2022.2073842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Iris speculatrix is a rare and endangered plant first discovered in and native to Hong Kong. The whole chloroplast genome of I. speculatrix is 152,368 bp in length. It contained a large single copy region (82,003 bp), a small single copy region (17,941 bp), and two inverted repeats (26,212 bp). Phylogenetic analysis of 17 species of Iridaceae was conducted. I. speculatrix was found to be sister to a group of 12 Iris species, including I. setosa, I. lacteal, and I. uniflora. The sequenced chloroplast whole genome would be useful to understand the phylogeny and to conservation of I. speculatrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tin-Yan Siu
- Shiu-Ying Hu Herbarium, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
| | - Kwan-Ho Wong
- Shiu-Ying Hu Herbarium, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
| | - Bobby Lim-Ho Kong
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin R & D Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
| | - Hoi-Yan Wu
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin R & D Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
| | | | - Pang‑Chui Shaw
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin R & D Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants (CUHK) and Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
| | - David Tai-Wai Lau
- Shiu-Ying Hu Herbarium, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin R & D Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
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12
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Li J, Ni G, Liu Y, Wang R, Yu D. Long-chain fatty acid acylated derivatives of isoflavone glycosides from the rhizomes of Iris domestica. Phytochemistry 2022; 193:112977. [PMID: 34715401 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Six undescribed long-chain fatty acid esters of isoflavone glycosides were obtained from the rhizomes of Iris domestica (L.). Their structures were elucidated by comprehensive spectroscopic data, alkaline hydrolysis, and acid hydrolysis. This is the first report of the long-chain (C14-C18) fatty acid derivatives of isoflavone glycosides from natural products. Belamcandnoate B and D exhibited moderate cytotoxic activities against HCT-116, HepG2, and BGC823 cell lines with IC50 values of 1.69-6.86 μM. Belamcandnoate B and E exhibited 72.27 and 58.98% inhibitory activities, respectively, against Fe2+/cysteine-induced liver microsomal lipid peroxidation at a concentration of 10 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Renzhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Dequan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Otgon O, Nadmid S, Paetz C, Dahse HM, Voigt K, Bartram S, Boland W, Dagvadorj E. Chromane Derivatives from Underground Parts of Iris tenuifolia and Their In Vitro Antimicrobial, Cytotoxicity and Antiproliferative Evaluation. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216705. [PMID: 34771113 PMCID: PMC8588511 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytochemical investigation of the ethanol extract of underground parts of Iris tenuifolia Pall. afforded five new compounds; an unusual macrolide termed moniristenulide (1), 5-methoxy-6,7-methylenedioxy-4-O-2′-cycloflavan (2), 5,7,2′,3′-tetrahydroxyflavanone (3), 5-hydroxy-6,7-dimethoxyisoflavone-2′-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (9), 5,2′,3′-dihydroxy-6,7-dimethoxyisoflavone (10), along with seven known compounds (4–8, 11–12). The structures of all purified compounds were established by analysis of 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and HR-ESI-MS. The antimicrobial activity of the compounds 1–3, 5, 9, and 10 was investigated using the agar diffusion method against fungi, Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In consequence, new compound 3 was found to possess the highest antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis VRE and Mycobacterium vaccae. Cell proliferation and cytotoxicity tests were also applied on all isolated compounds and plant crude extract in vitro with the result of potent inhibitory effect against leukemia cells. In particular, the newly discovered isoflavone 10 was active against both of the leukemia cells K-562 and THP-1 while 4–6 of the flavanone type compounds were active against only THP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oldokh Otgon
- Department of Chemistry, School of Biomedicine, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, S. Zorig Street 3, Ulaanbaatar 14210, Mongolia;
| | - Suvd Nadmid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, S. Zorig Street 3, Ulaanbaatar 14210, Mongolia;
| | - Christian Paetz
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany; (C.P.); (S.B.); (W.B.)
| | - Hans-Martin Dahse
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Adolf-Reichwein-Strasse 23, D-07745 Jena, Germany; (H.-M.D.); (K.V.)
| | - Kerstin Voigt
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Adolf-Reichwein-Strasse 23, D-07745 Jena, Germany; (H.-M.D.); (K.V.)
| | - Stefan Bartram
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany; (C.P.); (S.B.); (W.B.)
| | - Wilhelm Boland
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany; (C.P.); (S.B.); (W.B.)
| | - Enkhmaa Dagvadorj
- Department of Chemistry, School of Biomedicine, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, S. Zorig Street 3, Ulaanbaatar 14210, Mongolia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +976-99084787
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Zalmat AS, Sotola VA, Nice CC, Martin NH. Genetic structure in Louisiana Iris species reveals patterns of recent and historical admixture. Am J Bot 2021; 108:2257-2268. [PMID: 34618352 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE When divergent lineages come into secondary contact, reproductive isolation may be incomplete, thus providing an opportunity to investigate how speciation is manifested in the genome. The Louisiana Irises (Iris, series Hexagonae) comprise a group of three or more ecologically and reproductively divergent lineages that can produce hybrids where they come into contact. We estimated standing genetic variation to understand the current distribution of population structure in the Louisiana Irises. METHODS We used genotyping-by-sequencing techniques to sample the genomes of Louisiana Iris species across their ranges. We sampled 20 populations (n = 632 individuals) across 11,249 loci and used Entropy and PCA models to assess population genetic data. RESULTS We discovered evidence for interspecific gene flow in parts of the range. Our analysis revealed patterns of population structure at odds with widely accepted nominal taxonomy. We discovered undescribed hybrid populations, designated as belonging to the I. brevicaulis lineage. Iris nelsonii shared significant ancestry with only one of the purported parent species, I. fulva, evidence inconsistent with a hybrid origin. CONCLUSIONS This study provides several key findings important to the investigation of standing genetic variation in the Louisiana Iris species complex. Compared to the other nominal species, I. brevicaulis contains a large amount of genetic diversity. In addition, we discovered a previously unknown hybrid zone between I. brevicaulis and I. hexagona along the Texas coast. Finally, our results do not support the long-standing hypothesis that I. nelsonii has mixed ancestry from three parental taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S Zalmat
- Department of Biology, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, 78666-0202, USA
| | - V Alex Sotola
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602-7223, USA
| | - Chris C Nice
- Department of Biology, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, 78666-0202, USA
| | - Noland H Martin
- Department of Biology, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, 78666-0202, USA
- Director of the Population and Conservation Biology Program, Department of Biology, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, 78666-0202, USA
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Khallaf ISA, Bayoumi SAL, Malak LG, Hussein AMR, Mohammed AF, El-Mokhtar MA, Farag SF. The inhibition of inducible nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated rat macrophages and in silico studies by flavonoids from Iris spuria L. rhizomes. J Ethnopharmacol 2021; 278:114311. [PMID: 34111536 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Iris is the largest genus in the family Iridaceae. Iris plants are distributed in tropical regions of the world. They are used as ornamentals and traditionally used to treat a variety of ailments. AIM This study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of flavonoids isolated from Iris spuria L. MATERIALS AND METHODS The isolated flavonoids (1-4) were identified on the basis of different spectroscopic methods (1D- and 2D-NMR) and co-TLC with authentic samples. The anti-inflammatory effect was tested on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) production from rat-isolated peritoneal macrophages. Modeling and docking simulations of the compounds were performed using Molecular Operating Environment software and the crystal structure of the murine inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). RESULTS Four flavonoids (1-4) had been isolated from the rhizomes of Iris spuria L. (Hocka Hoona) for the first time. They were characterized as 5,7,2'-trihydroxy-6-methoxyflavanone (1), tectorigenin 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (2), tectorigenin 4'-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (3), and tectorigenin 4'-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl(1 → 6)-β-D-glucopyranoside] (4). The selective inducible NO synthase inhibitor; aminoguanidine was used as a positive control. The production of nitric oxide (NO) was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner of the isolated compounds along with isoflavonoids (5-9) previously isolated from Iris spuria L. (Calizona). A concentration of 60 μg/ml of all tested compounds showed a significant inhibitory effect compared to media with LPS. Molecular modeling experiments supported the obtained biological data. CONCLUSION Our results reveal that flavonoids isolated from I. spuria L. (Hocka Hoona) and I. spuria L. (Calizona) appear to have a potential anti-inflammatory effect via inhibition of iNOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman S A Khallaf
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt
| | - Soad A L Bayoumi
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt.
| | - Lourin G Malak
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt
| | - Abeer M R Hussein
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt
| | - Anber F Mohammed
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A El-Mokhtar
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt
| | - Salwa F Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt; Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
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16
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Kamarudin AA, Sayuti NH, Saad N, Razak NAA, Esa NM. Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb. Bulb: Review of the Pharmacological Activities and Its Prospects for Application. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136747. [PMID: 34201683 PMCID: PMC8268349 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural product is an excellent candidate for alternative medicine for disease management. The bulb of E. bulbosa is one of the notable Iridaceae family with a variety therapeutic potential that is widely cultivated in Southeast Asia. The bulb has been used traditionally among the Dayak community as a folk medicine to treat several diseases like diabetes, breast cancer, nasal congestion, and fertility problems. The bulb is exceptionally rich in phytochemicals like phenolic and flavonoid derivatives, naphthalene, anthraquinone, and naphthoquinone. The electronic database was searched using various keywords, i.e., E. bulbosa, E. americana, E. palmifolia, E. platifolia, and others due to the interchangeably used scientific names of different countries. Scientific investigations revealed that various pharmacological activities were recorded from the bulb of E. bulbosa including anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-bacterial, anti-fungi, anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, dermatological problems, anti-oxidant, and anti-fertility. The potential application of the bulb in the food industry and in animal nutrition was also discussed to demonstrate its great versatility. This is a compact study and is the first study to review the extensive pharmacological activities of the E. bulbosa bulb and its potential applications. The development of innovative food and pharma products from the bulb of E. bulbosa is of great interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammar Akram Kamarudin
- Natural Medicine and Product Research Laboratory (NaturMeds), Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.A.K.); (N.H.S.); (N.A.A.R.)
| | - Nor Hafiza Sayuti
- Natural Medicine and Product Research Laboratory (NaturMeds), Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.A.K.); (N.H.S.); (N.A.A.R.)
| | - Norazalina Saad
- Laboratory of Cancer Research UPM-MAKNA (CANRES), Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Nor Asma Ab. Razak
- Natural Medicine and Product Research Laboratory (NaturMeds), Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.A.K.); (N.H.S.); (N.A.A.R.)
| | - Norhaizan Mohd. Esa
- Natural Medicine and Product Research Laboratory (NaturMeds), Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.A.K.); (N.H.S.); (N.A.A.R.)
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence:
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Li C, Hu S, Ding Y, Bi G, Su C, Xia Z. The complete chloroplast genome of Chinese medicinal herb Belamcanda chinensis (L.) Redouté ( Iridaceae). Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2021; 6:331-332. [PMID: 33628873 PMCID: PMC7889214 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2020.1866455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The species of Belamcanda chinensis (L.) Redouté. is one of the Chinese traditional medicinal herb. In this study, we first report the complete chloroplast (cp) genome of B. chinensis. The chloroplast (cp) genome was determined to be 153,735 bp and the GC contents was 37.9%. The sequence includes a large single-copy (LSC) region of 83, 199 bp, a small single-copy (SSC) region of 18,168 bp, and two separated inverted regions of 26,184 bp each. It contains 132 genes, including 86 protein-coding genes, 38 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. Based on 10 chloroplast genomes data, the maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis revealed that B. chinensis was sister to Iris (Bootstrap = 100%) within Iridaceae. This result will be helpful for the conservation and breeding programs of the B. chinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuicui Li
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Saiwen Hu
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yining Ding
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Guangyao Bi
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Chun Su
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shanxi, China
| | - Zhi Xia
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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Ayati Z, Yang G, Ayati MH, Emami SA, Chang D. Saffron for mild cognitive impairment and dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:333. [PMID: 33167948 PMCID: PMC7650148 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-03102-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Saffron (stigma of Crocus sativus L.) from Iridaceae family is a well-known traditional herbal medicine that has been used for hundreds of years to treat several diseases such as depressive mood, cancer and cardiovascular disorders. Recently, anti-dementia property of saffron has been indicated. However, the effects of saffron for the management of dementia remain controversial. The aim of the present study is to explore the effectiveness and safety of saffron in treating mild cognitive impairment and dementia. Methods An electronic database search of some major English and Chinese databases was conducted until 31st May 2019 to identify relevant randomised clinical trials (RCT). The primary outcome was cognitive function and the secondary outcomes included daily living function, global clinical assessment, quality of life (QoL), psychiatric assessment and safety. Rev-Man 5.3 software was applied to perform the meta-analyses. Results A total of four RCTs were included in this review. The analysis revealed that saffron significantly improves cognitive function measured by the Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale-cognitive subscale (ADAS-cog) and Clinical Dementia Rating Scale-Sums of Boxes (CDR-SB), compared to placebo groups. In addition, there was no significant difference between saffron and conventional medicine, as measured by cognitive scales such as ADAS-cog and CDR-SB. Saffron improved daily living function, but the changes were not statistically significant. No serious adverse events were reported in the included studies. Conclusions Saffron may have the potential to improve cognitive function and activities of daily living in patients with Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). However, due to limited high-quality studies there is insufficient evidence to make any recommendations for clinical use. Further clinical trials on larger sample sizes are warranted to shed more light on its efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Ayati
- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,NICM Heath Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Guoyan Yang
- NICM Heath Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | | | - Seyed Ahmad Emami
- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Dennis Chang
- NICM Heath Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia.
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Weber T, Jakše J, Sladonja B, Hruševar D, Landeka N, Brana S, Bohanec B, Milović M, Vladović D, Mitić B, Poljuha D. Molecular Study of Selected Taxonomically Critical Taxa of the Genus Iris L. from the Broader Alpine-Dinaric Area. Plants (Basel) 2020; 9:E1229. [PMID: 32961899 DOI: 10.3390/plants9091229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Some wild, morphologically diverse taxa of the genus Iris in the broad Alpine-Dinaric area have never been explored molecularly, and/or have ambiguous systematic status. The main aims of our research were to perform a molecular study of critical Iris taxa from that area (especially a narrow endemic accepted species I. adriatica, for which we also analysed genome size) and to explore the contribution of eight microsatellites and highly variable chloroplast DNA (ndhJ, rpoC1) markers to the understanding of the Iris taxa taxonomy and phylogeny. Both the microsatellite-based UPGMA and plastid markers-based maximum likelihood analysis discriminated three main clusters in the set of 32 analysed samples, which correspond well to the lower taxonomic categories of the genus, and support separate status of ambiguous regional taxa (e.g., I. sibirica subsp. erirrhiza, I. x croatica and I. x rotschildii). The first molecular data on I. adriatica revealed its genome size (2C = 12.639 ± 0.202 pg) and indicated the existence of ecotypes. For future molecular characterisation of the genus we recommend the utilisation of microsatellite markers supplemented with a combination of plastid markers.
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Mykhailenko O, Gudžinskas Z, Kovalyov V, Desenko V, Ivanauskas L, Bezruk I, Georgiyants V. Effect of ecological factors on the accumulation of phenolic compounds in Iris species from Latvia, Lithuania and Ukraine. Phytochem Anal 2020; 31:545-563. [PMID: 31965645 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It is important to conduct studies on the influence of environmental factors on the accumulation of secondary metabolites in plants, as well as the cultivation of plants and harvesting of their raw material. OBJECTIVE In this study, we examined the influence of habitat types, soil composition, climatic factors and altitude on the content of phenolic compounds in Iris species from different populations in Latvia, Lithuania and Ukraine. METHODOLOGY According to high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis, 25 compounds (flavonoids, isoflavonoids, isoflavonoid glucosides, xanthones, phenolcarboxylic acids) were identified in the methanol extracts of 16 samples of Iris rhizomes. The quantitative data were further analysed by principal component analysis (PCA) to reveal the impact of environmental factors on the accumulation of compounds in plants. RESULTS Iris pseudacorus from Latvia and Lithuania had a more diverse composition of phenolic compounds than samples from Ukraine. Sampled plants of the Iris subg. Iris had a higher content of the analysed compounds than those of Iris subg. Limniris. PCA results showed that the levels of phenolic compounds in Iris rhizomes were influenced by the content of soil nutrients. The phosphorus and potassium content had a significant impact on the levels of phenolic compounds, whereas the impact of nitrogen content was not significant. Meteorological factors had a small impact; however, sunshine duration had a significant positive effect and the amount of precipitation had a significant negative impact. CONCLUSION The results of this study suggest that rhizomes of Iris species may be an important source of pharmacologically active compounds such as flavonoids, isoflavonoids and xanthones. Studies on the effect of environmental factors on the production and accumulation of secondary metabolites in Iris species are important because they contribute to knowledge of quantitative parameters of secondary metabolites in medicinal plants and could be employed for the cultivation and harvesting of raw material for medicinal purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olha Mykhailenko
- Department of Botany, National University of Pharmacy, Valentynivska Str. 4, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Zigmantas Gudžinskas
- Nature Research Centre, Institute of Botany, Žaliųjų Ežerų Str. 49, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Volodymyr Kovalyov
- Department of Pharmacognosy, National University of Pharmacy, Valentynivska Str. 4, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Volodymyr Desenko
- Kharkiv Branch of the State Institution Soil Protection Institute of Ukraine, Kosmichna Str. 21A, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Liudas Ivanauskas
- Department of Analytical and Toxicological Chemistry, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, A. Mickevičiaus Str. 9, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Ivan Bezruk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National University of Pharmacy, Valentynivska Str. 4, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Victoriya Georgiyants
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National University of Pharmacy, Valentynivska Str. 4, Kharkiv, Ukraine
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Abstract
Iris loczyi is a perennial rhizomatous herb distributed in Central Asia. We examined genomic architecture of the complete chloroplast genome in I. loczyi by assembling the Illumina MiSeq reads using de novo strategy. The chloroplast genome is 150,940 bp in length harboring 79 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNA genes, and four rRNA genes. It exhibits typical quadripartite structure comprising LSC (80,907 bp), SSC (17,853 bp), and a pair of IRs (26,090 bp). Phylogenetic analysis of 20 chloroplast genomes from Asparagales revealed that Iridaceae is a monophyletic group and the I. loczyi is clustered together with the congener, I. sanguinea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Young Choi
- Forest Biodiversity Division, Korea National Arboretum, Pocheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hwan Oh
- Forest Biodiversity Division, Korea National Arboretum, Pocheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Gee Jang
- Department of Biology Education, Kongju National University, Gongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Won Kim
- Forest Biodiversity Division, Korea National Arboretum, Pocheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Aleksey Kim
- Forest Biodiversity Division, Korea National Arboretum, Pocheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Rang Lee
- Forest Biodiversity Division, Korea National Arboretum, Pocheon, Republic of Korea
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22
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Matraszek-Gawron R, Chwil M, Terlecka P, Skoczylas MM. Recent Studies on Anti-Depressant Bioactive Substances in Selected Species from the Genera Hemerocallis and Gladiolus: A Systematic Review. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:ph12040172. [PMID: 31775329 PMCID: PMC6958339 DOI: 10.3390/ph12040172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbal therapy is a potential alternative applied to pharmacological alleviation of depression symptoms and treatment of this disorder, which is predicted by the World Health Organization (WHO) to be the most serious health problem worldwide over the next several years. It has been well documented that many herbs with psychotropic effects have far fewer side effects than a variety of pharmaceutical agents used by psychiatrists for the treatment of depression. This systematic review presents literature data on the antidepressant activity of representatives of the genera Hemerocallis (H. fulva and H. citrina Baroni, family Xanthorrhoeaceae) and Gladiolus (G. dalenii, family Iridaceae) and on biologically active compounds and their mechanisms of action to consider the application of herbal preparations supporting the treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Matraszek-Gawron
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 15 Akademicka Street, 20-950 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Mirosława Chwil
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 15 Akademicka Street, 20-950 Lublin, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-81-445-66-24
| | - Paulina Terlecka
- Chair and Department of Pneumology, Oncology and Allergology, Medical University of Lublin, 8 Jaczewskiego Street, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Michał M. Skoczylas
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 1 Unii Lubelskiej Street, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland;
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Abstract
Two new iridal-type triterpenoids, named forrestins A and B (1 and 2), were isolated from Iris forrestii Dykes by comprehensive chromatographic methods. The structures of 1 and 2 were elucidated by interpretation of extensive spectroscopic data including 1D and 2D NMR and HRESIMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Ni
- a State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050 , China
| | - Jia-Yuan Li
- a State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050 , China
| | - De-Quan Yu
- a State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050 , China
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24
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Hashemi-Shahri SH, Golshan A, Mohajeri SA, Baharara J, Amini E, Salek F, Sahebkar A, Tayarani-Najaran Z. ROS-scavenging and Anti-tyrosinase Properties of Crocetin on B16F10 Murine Melanoma Cells. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2019; 18:1064-1069. [PMID: 29237384 DOI: 10.2174/1871520618666171213143455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crocus sativus (Iridaceae) has been traditionally used in the Iranian folk medicine and as a culinary additive. Major components of the plant that are responsible for biological properties are saffranal, crocin, picrocrocin and crocetin. Although the level of crocetin is not high, some of the important activities of saffron such as antioxidant activity have been attributed to crocetin. OBJECTIVE In the present study, we investigated the effects of crocetin on melanogenesis in B16 melanoma cells. METHODS The effect of crocetin on intracellular and mushroom tyrosinase activity and the content of melanin was evaluated spectrophotometrically. Tyrosinase and Microphthalmia-Associated Transcription Factor (MITF) protein levels were compared between Crocetin-treated and control cells after western blot analysis. The antioxidative activity of crocetin was also investigated. RESULTS Crocetin could inhibit mushroom tyrosinase activity and lower the amount of melanin in B16 melanoma cells. Protein levels of tyrosinase and MITF were also decreased by crocetin. Crocetin also showed antioxidant activity and depleted cellular Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) content but had no cytotoxicity in alamarBlue® assay. CONCLUSION Taken together, decreased tyrosinase activity, melanin content, tyrosinase and MITF proteins levels, and ROS production showed the inhibition of melanogenesis in B16F10 cells by crocetin. Hence, crocetin could be suggested as a potential dermatological whitening agent in skin care products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed H Hashemi-Shahri
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Alireza Golshan
- Research Center of Natural Products Safety and Medicinal Plants, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Seyed A Mohajeri
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Javad Baharara
- Department of Biology, Research Center for Applied Biology, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Elaheh Amini
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Salek
- Research Center for Applied Biology, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zahra Tayarani-Najaran
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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25
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Mykhailenko O, Kovalyov V, Goryacha O, Ivanauskas L, Georgiyants V. Biologically active compounds and pharmacological activities of species of the genus Crocus: A review. Phytochemistry 2019; 162:56-89. [PMID: 30856530 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The present article is the first comprehensive review on the chemical composition and pharmacological activities of the raw materials of Crocus species. In the present review, data on chemical constituents and pharmacological profile of Crocus sativus stigmas, as well as of other plant parts (perianth, stamens, leaves, corms) of different Crocus spp. are given. This review discusses all the classes of compounds (carotenoids, flavonoids, anthocyanins, terpenoids, phenol carboxylic acids, etc.) detected in raw materials of Crocus plants providing information on the current state of knowledge on phytochemicals of Crocus species. Almost all structural formulas of the compounds identified and isolated from Crocus species are given; all compounds are presented in accordance with the types of the studied raw materials. The latest hypotheses relating to the biosynthesis pathways of the main biologically active compounds of saffron (crocin, picrocrocin, safranal), as well as chemotaxonomy of Crocus genus are briefly summarized. The present review discusses the most thoroughly studied pharmacological activities (namely, antioxidant, antiparasitic, hypolipidemic, antihypertensive, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, antitumor, cytotoxic, antidepressant) of saffron stigmas extracts, of its individual phytochemicals (safranal, crocin, crocetin), as well as pharmacological activities of raw materials of other Crocus species. This comprehensive review will be informative for scientists searching for new properties of saffron stigmas, as well as for saffron producers, since the present review highlights the prospects for the use of waste products in the production of the expensive spice. In addition, the present review provides information on pharmacological properties and composition of other Crocus species as promising medicinal and food plants. In the present review the emphasis will be put on the chemical constituents of Crocus species and the intraspecies variation in phytochemicals and pharmacological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Mykhailenko
- Department of Botany, National University of Pharmacy, 61168, Kharkiv, str. Valentynivska, 4, Ukraine.
| | - Volodymyr Kovalyov
- Department of Pharmacognosy, National University of Pharmacy, 61168, Kharkiv, str. Valentynivska, 4, Ukraine.
| | - Olga Goryacha
- Department of Pharmacognosy, National University of Pharmacy, 61168, Kharkiv, str. Valentynivska, 4, Ukraine.
| | - Liudas Ivanauskas
- Department of Analytical and Toxicological Chemistry, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, A. Mickevičiaus g. 9, LT 44307, Kaunas, Lithuania.
| | - Victoriya Georgiyants
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National University of Pharmacy, 61168, Kharkiv, str. Valentynivska, 4, Ukraine.
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26
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Zito P, Rosselli S, Bruno M, Maggio A, Sajeva M. Floral scent in Iris planifolia ( Iridaceae) suggests food reward. Phytochemistry 2019; 158:86-90. [PMID: 30481663 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Iris species can adopt different pollination strategies to attract their pollinators, generalized shelter-mimicking, specialized deceptive sexual-mimicking or food-rewarding. As attractive stimuli, Iris flowers may use their colours, large-size, symmetry, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). However, relatively few studies investigated Iris floral olfactory cues in the context of plant-visitor/pollinator interactions. In the present study we combined the identification of the floral volatiles of the nectariferous I. planifolia with insects visiting its flowers to gather data on its biology. Floral volatiles were collected in the natural environment by dynamic headspace and analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Insect visitors/pollinators were also recorded. The volatile bouquet was aromatic-dominated with 1,4 dimethoxybenzene as major compound. Among the insects visiting its flowers, bumble and honey bees were the most abundant followed by hover flies. Overall, our results suggest that I. planifolia advertises its food reward by an aromatic dominated volatile composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Zito
- University of Palermo, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Viale delle Scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Sergio Rosselli
- University of Palermo, Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, Viale delle Scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maurizio Bruno
- University of Palermo, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Viale delle Scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonella Maggio
- University of Palermo, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Viale delle Scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maurizio Sajeva
- University of Palermo, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Viale delle Scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy
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27
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Ha DT, Binh BT, Thu NT, Bich Thu NT, Thanh Tung PH, Oh WK. Four New Compounds Isolated from the Aerial Part of Belamcanda chinensis (L.) and Their Effect on Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell (VSMC) Proliferation. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2019; 67:41-46. [PMID: 30606949 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c18-00645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bio-guided fractionation of the 70% ethanol extract of Belamcanda chinensis (L.) DC. revealed four new compounds, including 6″-O-acetylembinin (5), 3″-O-acetylembinin (6), irigenin 3'-O-β-glucopyranoside (8), and 2'-acetyl-1,3-O-diferuloylsucrose (9), along with five known compounds (1-4, 7). Their chemical structures were determined using extensive NMR data, mass spectroscopy, and comparison with published literature. Among the isolates, compounds 1 and 4-7 achieved good regulation of the growth and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Thi Ha
- Department of Phytochemistry, National Institute of Medical Materials
| | - Bui Thi Binh
- Department of Phytochemistry, National Institute of Medical Materials.,Thai Binh University of Medicine and Pharmacy
| | - Nguyen Thi Thu
- Department of Phytochemistry, National Institute of Medical Materials
| | | | - Pham Ha Thanh Tung
- Korea Bioactive Natural Material Bank, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University
| | - Won Keun Oh
- Korea Bioactive Natural Material Bank, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University
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28
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Xu W, Luo G, Yu F, Jia Q, Zheng Y, Bi X, Lei J. Characterization of anthocyanins in the hybrid progenies derived from Iris dichotoma and I. domestica by HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS analysis. Phytochemistry 2018; 150:60-74. [PMID: 29550699 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Iris dichotoma with different flower colors and I. domestica are beardless wild irises belonging to the family Iridaceae that bloom in the summer and have long flowering periods. In this study, we collected three accessions of I. dichotoma with violet, yellow, and white flowers, respectively, in China, and crossed them with I. domestica individuals. The flower color of the hybrids derived from these crosses was categorized into eight groups: violet, purple, brown, orange, red, pink, yellow, and white. From this population, 45 individuals were selected for analysis, and their fully expanded inner and outer perianths were harvested for extraction of anthocyanins. Using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) analysis, 29 anthocyanins were identified by comparing MS and UV-visible spectra and elution order based on published data and guidelines. The 29 anthocyanins were classified into six groups: non-acylated glycosides (3RG, 3RG5G), acetylglycosides (3acRG5G), p-coumaroylglycosides (3pCRG, 3pCRG5G), caffeoylglycosides (3CRG5G), feruloylglycosides (3feRG, 3feRG5G), and acetyl-(p-coumaroyl) glycosides (3ac-pCRG5G). Acylated anthocyanin contents were considerably higher than non-acylated anthocyanin contents in the individuals evaluated, regardless of flower color, except in the yellow-flowered I. dichotoma and its yellow-flowered progeny. We found ten anthocyanins derived from pelargonidin, including pelargonidin 3-O-(caffeoyl)rutinoside-5-O-glucoside (Pg3CRG5G), pelargonidin 3-O-(feruloyl)rutinoside-5-O-glucoside (Pg3feRG5G), and pelargonidin 3-O-(feruloyl)rutinoside (Pg3feRG), that have not yet been reported in other Iris species. Moreover, delphinidin 3-O-(feruloyl) rutinoside-5-O-glucoside (Dp3feRG5G), and delphinidin 3-O-(feruloyl)rutinoside (Dp3feRG) were also characterized for the first time in Iris. Two to five major anthocyanins were detected in the petals of the violet and purple groups, whereas those of the brown group contained three to six anthocyanins. Petals of the orange, red, and pink groups contained two to four major anthocyanins. The total variance explained by the first two principal components (PC) in a PC analysis of the intensities of the compound peaks detected in individuals representing the eight color groups was 44.7%. Individuals were classified into 10 types (A-I to A-X) according to their anthocyanidin composition in the flower petals. Knowledge of the types of anthocyanins determining flower petal color will aid comprehensive understanding of flower color characteristics in hybrid progeny and will contribute to the development of breeding Iris cultivars of diverse flower colors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenji Xu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Gangjun Luo
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Fengyang Yu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Qingxiang Jia
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Yang Zheng
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Xiaoying Bi
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Jiajun Lei
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
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29
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Forgiarini C, Curto M, Stiehl-Alves EM, Bräuchler C, Kollmann J, Meimberg H, Teixeira de Souza-Chies T. Fifteen microsatellite markers for Herbertia zebrina ( Iridaceae): An endangered species from South American grasslands. Appl Plant Sci 2017; 5:apps1700035. [PMID: 28529837 PMCID: PMC5435410 DOI: 10.3732/apps.1700035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Polymorphic microsatellite loci were developed and used to genotype individuals of Herbertia zebrina (Iridaceae) as a first step for assessment of intraspecific genetic diversity. METHODS AND RESULTS Primer pairs for 47 markers were developed: 20 from a microsatellite-enriched library and 27 from a next-generation sequencing run using the Illumina MiSeq platform. Of those, 15 loci were considered successful, of which 12 were polymorphic and three were monomorphic. The primers were tested in 50 individuals from three populations of H. zebrina. Two to 14 alleles per locus were identified, and observed and expected heterozygosity were 0.00-0.95 and 0.18-0.89, respectively. Tests of cross-amplification to evaluate the applicability of these markers showed positive results in one congeneric species, H. darwinii, and in a phylogenetically closely related species, Calydorea crocoides. CONCLUSIONS These microsatellite markers can be used for studies of genetic variation and genetic population structure, as well as to support conservation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Forgiarini
- Department of Biosciences, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Manuel Curto
- Institute of Integrative Nature Conservation Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Science, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eudes Maria Stiehl-Alves
- Department of Biosciences, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Christian Bräuchler
- Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Chair of Restoration Ecology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Kollmann
- Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Chair of Restoration Ecology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Harald Meimberg
- Institute of Integrative Nature Conservation Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Science, Vienna, Austria
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30
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Alam A, Jaiswal V, Akhtar S, Jayashree BS, Dhar KL. Isolation of isoflavones from Iris kashmiriana Baker as potential anti proliferative agents targeting NF-kappaB. Phytochemistry 2017; 136:70-80. [PMID: 28108024 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is possibly one of the most devastating and complex disease and therefore involves chemotherapy as one of the frontline strategies in its therapy. However, expected toxicity and resistance with chemotherapeutic agents encourage us to use the plant derived natural chemotherapeutic sources at the clinical stage of cancer therapy. In view of this strategy, herein new glycosides and isoflavonoids were isolated from Iris kashmiriana Baker and subjected to structure elucidation followed by their biological evaluation. Isolated compounds and their derivatives were purified by the column chromatography and structural identification was made by a combination of various spectroscopic technique vis. UV, IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, DEPT, 2-D NMR and mass spectrometry coupled with chemical analysis. Furthermore, an in silico library of isolated isoflavones and its analogues were designed. NF-kappaB (transcription factor that facilitates angiogenesis, inflammation, invasion and metastasis) was selected as a target to evaluate the anticancer and antioxidant activity of isoflavones and its analogues. Designed library of isoflavones and analogues were docked into the active site of NF-kappa B and the most active 15 analogues were selected for synthesis. Finally, all compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxicity against various cell lines and antioxidant activity with different methods that demonstrate their anti-cancer and anti-oxidant potential. The cell cycle specificity of the cytotoxicity was further analyzed by corresponding analysis, using flow cytometer. Most of the compounds exhibit moderate activity, whereas the 5,7,8-trihydroxy-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4H-chromen-4-one, 5,7,8-trihydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4H-chromen-4-one, 5,7,8-triacetoxyoxy-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4H-chromen-4-one and 6,7-diacetoxyoxy-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4H-chromen-4-one showed distinct broad-spectrum anticancer activity with IC50 values ranges between 3.8 and 5.6 μg/mL. Cell cycle analysis indicates that these compounds induced cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afroze Alam
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173229, India.
| | - Varun Jaiswal
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173229, India
| | - Sohail Akhtar
- LE STUDIUM(®) Loire Valley Institute for Advanced Studies, Centre-Val de Loire Region, France; Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR4301, Orléans, France
| | - B S Jayashree
- Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University, Udupi, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - K L Dhar
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173229, India.
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31
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Ibrahim SRM, Mohamed GA, Zayed MF, Ross SA. 8-Hydroxyirilone 5-methyl ether and 8-hydroxyirilone, new antioxidant and α-amylase inhibitors isoflavonoids from Iris germanica rhizomes. Bioorg Chem 2016; 70:192-198. [PMID: 28069265 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 12/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Iris species are well recognized as wealthy sources of isoflavonoids. In the present study, phytochemical investigation of the rhizomes of Iris germanica (Iridaceae) procure the isolation of two new isoflavonoids namely, 8-hydroxyirilone 5-methyl ether (2) and 8-hydroxyirilone (3), along with eight known isoflavonoids: irilone 4'-methyl ether (1), irilone (4), irisolidone (5), irigenin S (6), irigenin (7), irilone 4'-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (8), iridin S (9), and iridin (10). The isolated flavonoids were structurally characterized with the assist of comprehensive spectroscopic analyses (UV, IR, 1D and 2D NMR, and HRMS) and comparing with the published data. They were estimated for their antioxidant and antidaibetic capacities using DPPH and α-amylase inhibition assays, respectively. Compounds 2, 3, and 4 exhibited prominent antioxidant activities with IC50 values of 12.92, 9.23, and 10.46μM, respectively compared to propyl gallate (IC50 7.11μM). Moreover, 2-5 possessed highest α-amylase inhibitory activity with % inhibition 66.1, 78.3, 67.3, and 70.1, respectively in comparison to acarbose (reference α-amylase inhibitor). Additionally, their structure-activity relationship has been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrin R M Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Al Madinah Al Munawwarah 30078, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt.
| | - Gamal A Mohamed
- Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, 71524 Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mohamed F Zayed
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Al Madinah Al Munawwarah 30078, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Samir A Ross
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA
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32
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Pellegrino G, Bellusci F, Palermo AM. Who helps whom? Pollination strategy of Iris tuberosa and its relationship with a sexually deceptive orchid. J Plant Res 2016; 129:1051-1059. [PMID: 27480219 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-016-0853-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Reproductive success of plants may be affected by interactions with co-flowering species either negatively, through competition for pollinators, or positively, by means of a magnet species effect and floral mimicry. In this study, potential interactions between Iris tuberosa, a rewarding species, and Ophrys fusca, a sexually deceptive orchid, were explored in four populations in southern Italy. In each population plots showing different ratios of the examined species were arranged in the field, and in each plot the number of pollinators and fruit set were assessed. In addition, flower size and floral hydrocarbons produced by the two species were analysed. Morphological and scent data pointed out that flower size and aliphatic compounds did not differ significantly between the two species. Interestingly, both species shared tricosane and 11-nonacosene, electrophysiologically active compounds in the shared dominant pollinator Adrena. We have found that fruit production and number of pollinators in I. tuberosa varied significantly among plots, while percentage of capsules and number of pollinators of O. fusca captured showed no significant differences across plots. These results suggested, that the presence of O. fusca contributes differentially to pollinator attraction, and thus, to total reproductive success of I. tuberosa, according to a different ratio of aggregation. These findings suggest that I. tuberosa profits from the greater abundance of insects attracted by the presence of orchid specimens, and that a sexually deceptive orchid may be a magnet species in pollination strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Pellegrino
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Via Bucci 6/B, 87036, Rende, CS, Italy.
| | - Francesca Bellusci
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Via Bucci 6/B, 87036, Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Palermo
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Via Bucci 6/B, 87036, Rende, CS, Italy
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Mopper S, Wiens KC, Goranova GA. Competition, salinity, and clonal growth in native and introduced irises. Am J Bot 2016; 103:1575-1581. [PMID: 27613515 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1600075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Iris pseudacorus spread rapidly into North America after introduction from Europe in the 1800s and now co-occurs with native I. hexagona in freshwater Louisiana wetlands. Native irises support and interact with multiple trophic levels, whereas I. pseudacorus is classified an invasive pest because it grows aggressively, reduces biodiversity, and displaces native vegetation. Salinity levels are increasing in coastal wetlands worldwide. We examined how salt-stress affects competitive interactions between these conspecifics. METHODS We established a three-way full-factorial common-garden experiment that included species (I. pseudacorus, I. hexagona), competition (no competition, intraspecific competition, and interspecific competition), and salinity (0, 4, 8 parts per thousand NaCl), with six replicates per treatment. KEY RESULTS After 18 mo, Iris pseudacorus produced much more biomass than the native species did (F1, 92 = 71.5, P < 0.0001). Interspecific competition did not affect the introduced iris, but biomass of the native was strongly reduced (competition × species interaction: F2, 95 = 76.7, P = 0.002). Salinity significantly reduced biomass of both species (F2, 92 = 21.8, P < 0.0001), with no species × salinity interaction (F2, 84 = 1.85, P = 0.16). CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that salt stress strongly reduced clonal reproduction in native and introduced irises; however, the introduced iris had a competitive advantage over the native, regardless of environmental salinity levels. Based on patterns in clonal reproduction, the introduced iris could potentially threaten native iris populations. We are currently investigating seed production and mortality during competition and stress because both clonal and sexual reproduction must be considered when predicting long-term population dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Mopper
- Ecology Center, 703 Thoroughbred Drive, University of Louisiana, Lafayette, Louisiana 70507 USADepartment of Biology, 410 East Saint Mary Blvd., University of Louisiana, Lafayette, Louisiana 70503 USA
| | - Karen C Wiens
- Ecology Center, 703 Thoroughbred Drive, University of Louisiana, Lafayette, Louisiana 70507 USADepartment of Biology, 410 East Saint Mary Blvd., University of Louisiana, Lafayette, Louisiana 70503 USA
| | - Greta A Goranova
- Ecology Center, 703 Thoroughbred Drive, University of Louisiana, Lafayette, Louisiana 70507 USADepartment of Biology, 410 East Saint Mary Blvd., University of Louisiana, Lafayette, Louisiana 70503 USA
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Guo J. Mechanisms for the evolution of complex and diversely elaborated sepals in Iris identified by comparative analysis of developmental sequences. Am J Bot 2015; 102:819-32. [PMID: 26101409 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1400519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Crested sepals, which have evolved at least five times in Iris, are adaxially elaborated with a sinuous and/or uneven median structure (crest) along the proximal-distal axis and sometimes with various lateral structures (ridges, crests, and linear protuberances) flanking the median crest. These structural elaborations are complex yet diverse in form, providing a good opportunity to investigate developmental mechanisms for the diversification of reproductive lateral organs. METHODS Morphologies of the median and lateral structures at different developmental stages from selected crested sepals representing the major types of structural elaborations were recorded using scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy. Developmental (morphogenetic) events that contribute to changes in shape (e.g., sinuousness, unevenness) between consecutive stages were recorded. Developmental sequences-trajectories that consist of a series of developmental events-were compared in a phylogenetic context. KEY RESULTS Three developmental events (development of outgrowths, greater expansion of the upper zone, and greater expansion of the lower zone), are shared across lineages, occur in the same developmental sequences, and are responsible for the changes in shape during the development of diverse structural elaborations. In addition, two novel developmental events and the development of trichomes on elaborate structures were observed within the core-crested clade. CONCLUSIONS Developmental sequences are conserved across independently evolved crested lineages. Heterochronic and heterotopic shifts of developmental events play the major role in the diversification of elaborations of crested sepals in Iris. The evolution of novel developmental events and the development of trichomes also contribute to the diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyan Guo
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602 USA
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Abstract
Variation in plant and floral size can have conflicting effects on pollination and fruit production in flowering plants. This research examines the contributions of plant height, flower size and pollinator visitation to reproductive success in four populations of Iris tuberosa. The plants were pollinated exclusively by hymenopteran species, primarily during sunny days. Pollination supplementation increased the proportion of flowers that matured into fruit, with 95 % fruit set for hand-pollinated compared with 74.15 % for naturally pollinated flowers. The pollinator visitation rate and the proportion of fruit produced were not significantly different between tall and short plants or between small and large flowers. Furthermore, the increase in plant size and floral display did not increase the frequency of pollinator visitations and so did not increase the fruit set. Thus, despite the widespread effects of flowering plant size on pollinator attraction and plant reproduction in other species, these effects are lacking in I. tuberosa. This study quantifies the role of pollinators in the reproductive success of I. tuberosa. Pollinators visited tall/short plants and large/small flowers in equal proportion, suggesting that plant and floral display size do not affect pollinator attraction and reproductive success in I. tuberosa. These results suggest that sexual reproduction of I. tuberosa is fairly limited by pollinators and not by resource limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Pellegrino
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, I-87036 Rende, Italy
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Forest F, Goldblatt P, Manning JC, Baker D, Colville JF, Devey DS, Jose S, Kaye M, Buerki S. Pollinator shifts as triggers of speciation in painted petal irises (Lapeirousia: Iridaceae). Ann Bot 2014; 113:357-71. [PMID: 24323246 PMCID: PMC3890393 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Adaptation to different pollinators has been hypothesized as one of the main factors promoting the formation of new species in the Cape region of South Africa. Other researchers favour alternative causes such as shifts in edaphic preferences. Using a phylogenetic framework and taking into consideration the biogeographical scenario explaining the distribution of the group as well as the distribution of pollinators, this study compares pollination strategies with substrate adaptations to develop hypotheses of the primary factors leading to speciation in Lapeirousia (Iridaceae), a genus of corm-bearing geophytes well represented in the Cape and presenting an important diversity of pollination syndromes and edaphic preferences. METHODS Phylogenetic relationships are reconstructed within Lapeirousia using nuclear and plastid DNA sequence data. State-of-the-art methods in biogeography, divergence time estimation, character optimization and diversification rate assessments are used to examine the evolution of pollination syndromes and substrate shifts in the history of the group. Based on the phylogenetic results, ecological factors are compared for nine sister species pairs in Lapeirousia. KEY RESULTS Seventeen pollinator shifts and ten changes in substrate types were inferred during the evolution of the genus Lapeirousia. Of the nine species pairs examined, all show divergence in pollination syndromes, while only four pairs present different substrate types. CONCLUSIONS The available evidence points to a predominant influence of pollinator shifts over substrate types on the speciation process within Lapeirousia, contrary to previous studies that favoured a more important role for edaphic factors in these processes. This work also highlights the importance of biogeographical patterns in the study of pollination syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Forest
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3DS, UK
- For correspondence. E-mail
| | - Peter Goldblatt
- B.A. Krukoff Curator of African Botany, Missouri Botanical Garden, PO Box 299, St Louis, MO 63166, USA
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
| | - John C. Manning
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
- South African National Biodiversity Institute, Kirstenbosch Research Centre, Private Bag X7, Claremont 7735, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - David Baker
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3DS, UK
| | - Jonathan F. Colville
- South African National Biodiversity Institute, Kirstenbosch Research Centre, Private Bag X7, Claremont 7735, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dion S. Devey
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3DS, UK
| | - Sarah Jose
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3DS, UK
| | - Maria Kaye
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3DS, UK
| | - Sven Buerki
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3DS, UK
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Gohari AR, Saeidnia S, Mahmoodabadi MK. An overview on saffron, phytochemicals, and medicinal properties. Pharmacogn Rev 2013; 7:61-6. [PMID: 23922458 PMCID: PMC3731881 DOI: 10.4103/0973-7847.112850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Saffron is the most valuable medicinal food product because of its importance in Iran's agricultural economy. The dried stigmas of the plant Crocus sativus (Iridaceae) are processing to produce saffron as a well-known spice which has some other importance in pharmaceutics, cosmetics, perfumery, and textile dye-producing industries. Recently, reports about the pharmacological activity of this plant increase its importance in the world. The world's annual saffron production is estimated around 300 tons per year (Iran produces 76% of total) and also saffron is considered to be the most expensive spice in the world; hence, there are efforts for its artificial production or defraud. Therefore, the quality conservation of saffron needs to certify in the international trade market following international ISO or the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) criteria and standards. In this paper, the recent (or sometimes less documented) reports on phytochemistry, pharmacology, and standard methods for quality evaluation of saffron, as a medicinal food spice, from field cultivation to market are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Reza Gohari
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Tacuatiá LO, Eggers L, Kaltchuk-Santos E, Souza-Chies TT. Population genetic structure of Sisyrinchium micranthum Cav. ( Iridaceae) in Itapuã State Park, Southern Brazil. Genet Mol Biol 2012; 35:99-105. [PMID: 22481881 PMCID: PMC3313523 DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572012005000012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sisyrinchium micranthum Cav. is a member of the family Iridaceae, which is distributed over the American continent. In Brazil, this species is found, not only in disturbed areas and coastal regions, but is also very common in urban centers, such as public parks, during the spring. Chromosome counts for North American specimens are 2n = 32 and 2n = 48, whereas in southern Brazil, there is a polyploidy series with three chromosome numbers, 2n = 16, 2n = 32, and 2n = 48. Population analyses using DNA molecular markers are inexistent for this species, in spite of its wide distribution and morphological variation. To study the genetic population structure of S. micranthum, five natural populations were accessed in a conservation park within the Atlantic Rain Forest Biome in southern Brazil. Here, the chromosome numbers 2n = 16 and 2n = 48 had already been described. Molecular analysis showed that the populations are highly structured with low gene flow among them. The population with 2n = 48 was genetically less variable than and distinct from the other populations. Population genetics in relation to cytogenetic data provided new insights regarding the genetic diversification and mating system of S. micranthum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Olinda Tacuatiá
- Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Genética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Alves LIF, Lima SAA, Felix LP. Chromosome characterization and variability in some Iridaceae from Northeastern Brazil. Genet Mol Biol 2011; 34:259-67. [PMID: 21734827 PMCID: PMC3115320 DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572011000200016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The chromosomes of 15 species of Iridaceae of the genera Alophia, Cipura, Eleutherine, Neomarica and Trimezia (subfamily Iridoideae) were examined after conventional Giemsa staining. The karyotypes of Alophia drummondii (2n = 14+1B, 28, 42 and 56), Cipura paludosa (2n = 14), C. xanthomelas (2n = 28) and Eleutherine bulbosa (2n = 12) were asymmetric; Neomarica candida, N. caerulea, N. humilis, N. glauca, N. gracilis, N. northiana and Neomarica sp. (2n = 18); N. cf. paradoxa (2n = 28), Trimezia fosteriana (2n = 52), T. martinicensis (2n = 54) and T. connata (2n = 82) were all generally symmetric. New diploid numbers of 2n = 56 for Alophia drummondii, 2n = 18 for N. candida, N. humilis, N. glauca, and N. gracilis, 2n = 28 for N. cf. paradoxa, and 2n = 82 for T. connata are reported. The karyotypic evolution of the studied species is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lânia Isis F Alves
- Laboratório de Citogenética Vegetal, Setor de Botânica, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, PB, Brazil
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