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Yin W, Bai Y, Wang S, Xu K, Liang J, Shang Q, Sa W, Wang L. Genome-wide analysis of pathogenesis-related protein-1 (PR-1) genes from Qingke (Hordeum vulgare L. var. nudum) reveals their roles in stress responses. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14899. [PMID: 37025870 PMCID: PMC10070925 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteins that are pathogenesis-related 1 (PR-1) can accumulate to high levels when plants employ defenses, being major participants in processes critical for stress responses as well as development of many species. Yet we still lack information concerning PR-1 family members in Qingke plants (Hordeum vulgare L. var. nudum). In this work, we distinguished 20 PR-1s from the Qingke genome whose encoded proteins often featured at the N-terminus a signal peptide; all 20 PR-1s were predicted to localize either periplasmically or extracellularly. The CAP domain was confirmed as being highly conserved in all these PR-1s. Phylogeny-based inference revealed that PR-1 proteins clustered into four major clades, with the majority of Qingke PR-1s distributed in clade I (17 out 20), and the other 3 distributed in clade II. Gene structure analysis showed that 16 PR-1s did not contain any introns, whereas the other four had 1-4 introns. We identified a variety of motifs that are cis-acting in the promoter regions of PR-1s; these included those potentially involved in Qingke's light response, hormonal and stress responses, circadian control and regulation of development and growth, in addition to sites where transcription factors bind to. Expression analysis uncovered several members of PR-1 genes that were strongly and rapidly induced by powdery mildew infection, phytohormones, and cold stimulus. Altogether, our study's findings enhance what is known about genetic features of PR-1 family members in H. vulgare plants, especially Qingke, and could thereby facilitate further exploration aiming to elucidate the functioning of these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, 251 Ningda Road, Xi'ning 810016, Qinghai, China
- Qinghai Academy of Animal and Veterinary Science, Qinghai University, 251 Ningda Road, Xi'ning 810016, Qinghai, China
| | - Yuhai Bai
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, 251 Ningda Road, Xi'ning 810016, Qinghai, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, 251 Ningda Road, Xi'ning 810016, Qinghai, China
| | - Kai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, 251 Ningda Road, Xi'ning 810016, Qinghai, China
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, 251 Ningda Road, Xi'ning 810016, Qinghai, China
| | - Jian Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, 251 Ningda Road, Xi'ning 810016, Qinghai, China
| | - Qianhan Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, 251 Ningda Road, Xi'ning 810016, Qinghai, China
| | - Wei Sa
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, 251 Ningda Road, Xi'ning 810016, Qinghai, China
| | - Le Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, 251 Ningda Road, Xi'ning 810016, Qinghai, China
- Corresponding author.
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Yu M, Arai N, Ochiai T, Ohyama T. Expression and function of an S1-type nuclease in the digestive fluid of a sundew, Drosera adelae. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 131:335-346. [PMID: 36546767 PMCID: PMC9992940 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Carnivorous plants trap and digest insects and similar-sized animals. Many studies have examined enzymes in the digestive fluids of these plants and have gradually unveiled the origins and gene expression of these enzymes. However, only a few attempts have been made at characterization of nucleases. This study aimed to reveal gene expression and the structural, functional and evolutionary characteristics of an S1-type nuclease (DAN1) in the digestive fluid of an Australian sundew, Drosera adelae, whose trap organ shows unique gene expression and related epigenetic regulation. METHODS Organ-specificity in Dan1 expression was examined using glandular tentacles, laminas, roots and inflorescences, and real-time PCR. The methylation status of the Dan1 promoter in each organ was clarified by bisulphite sequencing. The structural characteristics of DAN1 were studied by a comparison of primary structures of S1-type nucleases of three carnivorous and seven non-carnivorous plants. DAN1 was prepared using a cell-free protein synthesis system. Requirements for metal ions, optimum pH and temperature, and substrate preference were examined using conventional methods. KEY RESULTS Dan1 is exclusively expressed in the glandular tentacles and its promoter is almost completely unmethylated in all organs. This is in contrast to the S-like RNase gene da-I of Dr. adelae, which shows similar organ-specific expression, but is controlled by a promoter that is specifically unmethylated in the glandular tentacles. Comparison of amino acid sequences of S1-type nucleases identifies seven and three positions where amino acid residues are conserved only among the carnivorous plants and only among the non-carnivorous plants, respectively. DAN1 prefers a substrate RNA over DNA in the presence of Zn2+, Mn2+ or Ca2+ at an optimum pH of 4.0. CONCLUSIONS Uptake of phosphates from prey is suggested to be the main function of DAN1, which is very different from the known functions of S1-type nucleases. Evolution has modified the structure and expression of Dan1 to specifically function in the digestive fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Yu
- Major in Integrative Bioscience and Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Naoki Arai
- Faculty of Engineering, Kanagawa University, 3-27-1 Rokkakubashi, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 221-8686, Japan
| | - Tadahiro Ochiai
- Major in Integrative Bioscience and Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Takashi Ohyama
- Major in Integrative Bioscience and Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Education and Integrated Arts and Sciences, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
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Chen N, Shao Q, Xiong Z. Isolation and characterization of a pathogenesis-related protein 1 (SlPR1) gene with induced expression in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) during Ralstonia solanacearum infection. Gene 2023; 855:147105. [PMID: 36513189 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.147105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In order to explore the function of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins in regulating tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) biological stress response, a PR protein gene (SlPR1) (Gen ID: Solyc01g106620.2) was isolated from tomato by RT-PCR. The full-length cDNA was 760 bp, which encoded a total of 179 amino acids. The cDNA contained a 42 bp 5' non-coding region, a 178 bp 3' non-coding region, and an open reading frame (ORF) of 540 bp. Homologous sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis indicated that SlPR1 was highly homologous with a S. tuberosum PR1 protein, followed by S. pennellii. The predicted molecular weight of SlPR1 was 20,123.47 Da, the isoelectric point was 8.48, and the protein was found to be a secreted protein with a transmembrane structure. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) revealed that SlPR1 gene expression was highest in tomato stems, and could be induced by infection with Ralstonia solanacearum, and treatment with salicylic acid (SA) and methyl jasmonate acid (MeJA).Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of SlPR1 decreased plant resistance to bacterial wilt, suggesting that SlPR1 positively regulates tomato resistance to this disease.This study provides a reference for the further exploration of the role of SlPR1 in the response of tomato to bacterial wilt and other stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Chen
- College of Life Science and Resources and Environment, Yichun University, Yichun 336000, China.
| | - Qin Shao
- College of Life Science and Resources and Environment, Yichun University, Yichun 336000, China
| | - Zili Xiong
- Wenzhou Vocational College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou 325000, China.
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Böhm J, Scherzer S. Signaling and transport processes related to the carnivorous lifestyle of plants living on nutrient-poor soil. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:2017-2031. [PMID: 35235668 PMCID: PMC8890503 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In Eukaryotes, long-distance and rapid signal transmission is required in order to be able to react fast and flexibly to external stimuli. This long-distance signal transmission cannot take place by diffusion of signal molecules from the site of perception to the target tissue, as their speed is insufficient. Therefore, for adequate stimulus transmission, plants as well as animals make use of electrical signal transmission, as this can quickly cover long distances. This update summarises the most important advances in plant electrical signal transduction with a focus on the carnivorous Venus flytrap. It highlights the different types of electrical signals, examines their underlying ion fluxes and summarises the carnivorous processes downstream of the electrical signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Böhm
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sönke Scherzer
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
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Ravee R, Baharin A, Cho WT, Ting TY, Goh HH. Protease activity is maintained in Nepenthes ampullaria digestive fluids depleted of endogenous proteins with compositional changes. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 173:1967-1978. [PMID: 34455610 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nepenthes ampullaria is a unique carnivorous tropical pitcher plant with the detritivorous capability of sequestering nutrients from leaf litter apart from being insectivorous. The changes in the protein composition and protease activity of its pitcher fluids during the early opening of pitchers (D0 and D3C) were investigated via a proteomics approach and a controlled protein depletion experiment (D3L). A total of 193 proteins were identified. Common proteins such as pathogenesis-related protein, proteases (Nep [EC:3.4.23.12], SCP [EC:3.4.16.-]), peroxidase [EC:1.11.1.7], GDSL esterase/lipase [EC:3.1.1.-], and purple acid phosphatase [EC:3.1.3.2] were found in high abundance in the D0 pitchers and were replenished in D3L samples. This reflects their importance for biological processes upon pitcher opening. Meanwhile, prey-inducible chitinases [EC:3.2.1.14] were found in D0 but not in D3C and D3L samples, which suggests their degradation in the absence of prey. Protease activity assays demonstrated the replenishment of proteases in D3L with similar levels of proteolytic activities to that of D3C samples. This supports a feedback mechanism and signaling in the molecular regulation of endogenous protein secretion, turnover, and activity in Nepenthes pitcher fluids. Furthermore, we also discovered several new enzymes (XTH [EC:2.4.1.207], PAE [EC:3.1.1.98]) with possible functions in cell wall degradation that could contribute to the detritivory habit of N. ampullaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishiesvari Ravee
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Anis Baharin
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Weng-Tim Cho
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Tiew-Yik Ting
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hoe-Han Goh
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
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Rahman-Soad A, Dávila-Lara A, Paetz C, Mithöfer A. Plumbagin, a Potent Naphthoquinone from Nepenthes Plants with Growth Inhibiting and Larvicidal Activities. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26040825. [PMID: 33562562 PMCID: PMC7915728 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Some plant species are less susceptible to herbivore infestation than others. The reason for this is often unknown in detail but is very likely due to an efficient composition of secondary plant metabolites. Strikingly, carnivorous plants of the genus Nepenthes show extremely less herbivory both in the field and in green house. In order to identify the basis for the efficient defense against herbivorous insects in Nepenthes, we performed bioassays using larvae of the generalist lepidopteran herbivore, Spodoptera littoralis. Larvae fed with different tissues from Nepenthes x ventrata grew significantly less when feeding on a diet containing leaf tissue compared with pitcher-trap tissue. As dominating metabolite in Nepenthes tissues, we identified a naphthoquinone, plumbagin (5-hydroxy-2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone). When plumbagin was added at different concentrations to the diet of S. littoralis larvae, an EC50 value for larval growth inhibition was determined with 226.5 µg g-1 diet. To further determine the concentration causing higher larval mortality, sweet potato leaf discs were covered with increasing plumbagin concentrations in no-choice-assays; a higher mortality of the larvae was found beyond 60 µg plumbagin per leaf, corresponding to 750 µg g-1. Plant-derived insecticides have long been proposed as alternatives for pest management; plumbagin and derivatives might be such promising environmentally friendly candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asifur Rahman-Soad
- Research Group Plant Defense Physiology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany; (A.R.-S.); (A.D.-L.)
| | - Alberto Dávila-Lara
- Research Group Plant Defense Physiology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany; (A.R.-S.); (A.D.-L.)
| | - Christian Paetz
- Research Group Biosynthesis/NMR, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany;
| | - Axel Mithöfer
- Research Group Plant Defense Physiology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany; (A.R.-S.); (A.D.-L.)
- Correspondence:
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Peng SY, Lin LC, Yang ZW, Chang FR, Cheng YB, Tang JY, Chang HW. Combined Treatment with Low Cytotoxic Ethyl Acetate Nepenthes Extract and Ultraviolet-C Improves Antiproliferation to Oral Cancer Cells via Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9090876. [PMID: 32948007 PMCID: PMC7555961 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9090876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet-C (UVC) irradiation provides an alternative radiotherapy to X-ray. UVC sensitizer from natural products may improve radiotherapy at low cytotoxic side effects. The aim of this study is to assess the regulation for oral cancer cell proliferation by a combined treatment of UVC and our previously reported anti-oral cancer natural product (ethyl acetate extract of Nepenthes adrianii × clipeata; EANA). The detailed possible UVC sensitizing mechanisms of EANA such as effects on cell proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis, and DNA damage are investigated individually and in combination using 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTS) assay, flow cytometry, and western blotting at low dose conditions. In a 24 h MTS assay, the low dose EANA (5 μg/mL) and low dose UVC (12 J/m2) individually show 80% and combinedly 57% cell proliferation in oral cancer Ca9-22 cells; but no cytotoxicity to normal oral HGF-1 cells. Mechanistically, low dose EANA and low dose UVC individually induce apoptosis (subG1 accumulation, pancaspase activation, and caspases 3, 8, 9), oxidative stress (reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial superoxide, and mitochondrial membrane potential depletion), and DNA damage (γH2AX and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine). Moreover, the combined treatment (UVC/EANA) synergistically induces these changes. Combined low dose treatment-induced antiproliferation, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and DNA damage were suppressed by the ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine. In conclusion, UVC/EANA shows synergistic antiproliferation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and DNA damage to oral cancer cells in an oxidative stress-dependent manner. With the selective killing properties of low dose EANA and low dose UVC, EANA provides a novel UVC sensitizing agent to improve the anti-oral cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Yao Peng
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, PhD Program in Life Sciences, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (S.-Y.P.); (Z.-W.Y.)
| | - Li-Ching Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chi-Mei Foundation Medical Center, Tainan 71004, Taiwan;
- School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan 71703, Taiwan
| | - Zhe-Wei Yang
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, PhD Program in Life Sciences, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (S.-Y.P.); (Z.-W.Y.)
| | - Fang-Rong Chang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (F.-R.C.); (Y.-B.C.)
| | - Yuan-Bin Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (F.-R.C.); (Y.-B.C.)
| | - Jen-Yang Tang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (J.-Y.T.); (H.-W.C.); Tel.: +886-7-312-1101 (ext. 8105) (J.-Y.T.); +886-7-312-1101 (ext. 2691) (H.-W.C.)
| | - Hsueh-Wei Chang
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, PhD Program in Life Sciences, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (S.-Y.P.); (Z.-W.Y.)
- Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (J.-Y.T.); (H.-W.C.); Tel.: +886-7-312-1101 (ext. 8105) (J.-Y.T.); +886-7-312-1101 (ext. 2691) (H.-W.C.)
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8
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Transcriptome-wide shift from photosynthesis and energy metabolism upon endogenous fluid protein depletion in young Nepenthes ampullaria pitchers. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6575. [PMID: 32313042 PMCID: PMC7170878 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63696-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Carnivorous pitcher plants produce specialised pitcher organs containing secretory glands, which secrete acidic fluids with hydrolytic enzymes for prey digestion and nutrient absorption. The content of pitcher fluids has been the focus of many fluid protein profiling studies. These studies suggest an evolutionary convergence of a conserved group of similar enzymes in diverse families of pitcher plants. A recent study showed that endogenous proteins were replenished in the pitcher fluid, which indicates a feedback mechanism in protein secretion. This poses an interesting question on the physiological effect of plant protein loss. However, there is no study to date that describes the pitcher response to endogenous protein depletion. To address this gap of knowledge, we previously performed a comparative RNA-sequencing experiment of newly opened pitchers (D0) against pitchers after 3 days of opening (D3C) and pitchers with filtered endogenous proteins (>10 kDa) upon pitcher opening (D3L). Nepenthes ampullaria was chosen as a model study species due to their abundance and unique feeding behaviour on leaf litters. The analysis of unigenes with top 1% abundance found protein translation and stress response to be overrepresented in D0, compared to cell wall related, transport, and signalling for D3L. Differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis identified DEGs with functional enrichment in protein regulation, secondary metabolism, intracellular trafficking, secretion, and vesicular transport. The transcriptomic landscape of the pitcher dramatically shifted towards intracellular transport and defence response at the expense of energy metabolism and photosynthesis upon endogenous protein depletion. This is supported by secretome, transportome, and transcription factor analysis with RT-qPCR validation based on independent samples. This study provides the first glimpse into the molecular responses of pitchers to protein loss with implications to future cost/benefit analysis of carnivorous pitcher plant energetics and resource allocation for adaptation in stochastic environments.
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Zulkapli MM, Ab Ghani NS, Ting TY, Aizat WM, Goh HH. Transcriptomic and Proteomic Analyses of Nepenthes ampullaria and Nepenthes rafflesiana Reveal Parental Molecular Expression in the Pitchers of Their Hybrid, Nepenthes × hookeriana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:625507. [PMID: 33552113 PMCID: PMC7855304 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.625507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nepenthes is a genus comprising carnivorous tropical pitcher plants that have evolved trapping organs at the tip of their leaves for nutrient acquisition from insect trapping. Recent studies have applied proteomics approaches to identify proteins in the pitcher fluids for better understanding the carnivory mechanism, but protein identification is hindered by limited species-specific transcriptomes for Nepenthes. In this study, the proteomics informed by transcriptomics (PIT) approach was utilized to identify and compare proteins in the pitcher fluids of Nepenthes ampullaria, Nepenthes rafflesiana, and their hybrid Nepenthes × hookeriana through PacBio isoform sequencing (Iso-Seq) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) proteomic profiling. We generated full-length transcriptomes from all three species of 80,791 consensus isoforms with an average length of 1,692 bp as a reference for protein identification. The comparative analysis found that transcripts and proteins identified in the hybrid N. × hookeriana were more resembling N. rafflesiana, both of which are insectivorous compared with omnivorous N. ampullaria that can derive nutrients from leaf litters. Previously reported hydrolytic proteins were detected, including proteases, glucanases, chitinases, phosphatases, nucleases, peroxidases, lipid transfer protein, thaumatin-like protein, pathogenesis-related protein, and disease resistance proteins. Many new proteins with diverse predicted functions were also identified, such as amylase, invertase, catalase, kinases, ligases, synthases, esterases, transferases, transporters, and transcription factors. Despite the discovery of a few unique enzymes in N. ampullaria, we found no strong evidence of adaptive evolution to produce endogenous enzymes for the breakdown of leaf litter. A more complete picture of digestive fluid protein composition in this study provides important insights on the molecular physiology of pitchers and carnivory mechanism of Nepenthes species with distinct dietary habits.
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Ethyl Acetate Extract of Nepenthes ventricosa x maxima Exerts Preferential Killing to Oral Cancer Cells. DNA Cell Biol 2019; 38:763-772. [DOI: 10.1089/dna.2018.4436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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11
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Tang JY, Peng SY, Cheng YB, Wang CL, Farooqi AA, Yu TJ, Hou MF, Wang SC, Yen CH, Chan LP, Ou-Yang F, Chang HW. Ethyl acetate extract of Nepenthes adrianii x clipeata induces antiproliferation, apoptosis, and DNA damage against oral cancer cells through oxidative stress. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2019; 34:891-901. [PMID: 31157515 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Nepenthes plants are regarded as a kind of Traditional Chinese Medicine for several diseases but its anticancer activity remain unclear. The subject of this study is to evaluate the antiproliferation effects on oral cancer cells by Nepenthes plants using ethyl acetate extract of Nepenthes adrianii x clipeata (EANA). Cell viability was detected using MTS assay. Its detailed mechanisms including cell cycle, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and DNA damage were explored by flow cytometry or western blotting. For 24 hours EANA treatment, five kinds of oral cancer cells (CAL 27, Ca9-22, OECM-1, HSC-3, and SCC9) show IC50 values of cell viability ranging from 8 to 17 μg/mL but the viability of normal oral cells (HGF-1) remains over 80%. Subsequently, CAL 27 and Ca9-22 cells with high sensitivity to EANA were chosen to investigate the detailed mechanism. EANA displays the time course and concentration effects for inducing apoptosis based on flow cytometry (subG1 and annexin V analyses) and western blotting [cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (c-PARP)]. Oxidative stress and DNA damage were induced by EANA treatments in oral cancer cells through reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential disruption, mitochondrial superoxide, and γH2AX. All these changes of EANA treatments in oral cancer cells were reverted by the ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine pretreatment. Therefore, EANA induces preferential killing, apoptosis, and DNA damage against oral cancer cells through oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Yang Tang
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Yao Peng
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Bin Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Lin Wang
- Bioresource Collection and Research Center, Food Industry Research and Development Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | | | - Tzu-Jung Yu
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Feng Hou
- Division of Breast Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Chieh Wang
- College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hung Yen
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Leong-Perng Chan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Fu Ou-Yang
- Division of Breast Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Wei Chang
- Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Tang JY, Yu TJ, Lin LC, Peng SY, Wang CL, Ou-Yang F, Cheng YB, Chang HW. Ethyl acetate extracts of Nepenthes ventricosa x sibuyanensis leaves cause growth inhibition against oral cancer cells via oxidative stress. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:5227-5239. [PMID: 31308694 PMCID: PMC6614826 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s190460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The genus Nepenthes of the pitcher plants contains several natural and hybrid species that are commonly used in herbal medicine in several countries, but its possible use in cancer applications remains unknown as yet. Methods: In this study, we investigated the antioral cancer properties using ethyl acetate extracts of the Nepenthes hybrid (Nepenthes ventricosa x sibuyanensis), namely EANS. The bioactivity was detected by a MTS-based cell proliferation assay and flow cytometric or Western blot analysis for apoptosis, oxidative stress, and DNA damage. Results: Treatment for 24 hrs of EANS inhibited all three types of oral cancer cells that were tested (Ca9-22, CAL 27, and SCC9), with just a small difference to normal oral cells (HGF-1). This antiproliferation was inhibited by pretreatments with the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger N-acetylcysteine (NAC), and the apoptosis inhibitor (Z-VAD). EANS treatment increased the subG1 population and it also dose- and time-dependently induced annexin V- and pancaspase-detected apoptosis as well as cleaved caspases 3 and 9 overexpressions in the oral cancer cells (Ca9-22). After EANS treatment of Ca9-22 cells, intracellular ROS and mitochondrial superoxide (MitoSOX) were overexpressed and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was disrupted. Moreover, DNA damages such as γH2AX and 8-oxo-2ʹ-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) were increased after EANS treatment to Ca9-22 cells. The EANS-induced effects (namely, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and DNA damage) were suppressed by ROS scavenger. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrated that EANS inhibits ROS-mediated proliferation against oral cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Yang Tang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Jung Yu
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ching Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chi-Mei Foundation Medical Center, Tainan 71004, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.,Department of Optometry, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan 71703, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Yao Peng
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Lin Wang
- Bioresource Collection and Research Center, Food Industry Research and Development Institute, Hsinchu 30062, Taiwan
| | - Fu Ou-Yang
- Division of Breast Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.,Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Bin Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Wei Chang
- Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.,Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.,Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.,Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
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13
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Miguel S, Hehn A, Bourgaud F. Nepenthes: State of the art of an inspiring plant for biotechnologists. J Biotechnol 2017; 265:109-115. [PMID: 29191666 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Plant carnivory results from the adaptation of plants to their environment. The capture and digestion of preys, followed by their assimilation by the plant is a source of additional nutrients to overcome scarce nutrient in poor soils. Nepenthes are highly studied carnivorous plants and have developed a number of ecological traits which have attracted the attention of plant biologists. Multiple adaptive strategies developed by these plants make them a source of inspiration for many applications ranging from therapeutic treatments to biocontrol solution in agriculture. The outstanding tissue organization of the digestive pitcher can help to create new and original materials usable in everyday life. In this review article, we propose a state of the art of the latest studies carried out on these particular plants and we establish a list of potential tracks for their exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sissi Miguel
- Plant Advanced Technologies SA, 19 Avenue de la forêt de Haye, F-54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Alain Hehn
- INRA UMR 1121, Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement, 2 avenue de la forêt de Haye TSA 40602 54518, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; Université de Lorraine UMR 1121, Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement, 2 avenue de la forêt de Haye TSA 40602 54518, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
| | - Frédéric Bourgaud
- Plant Advanced Technologies SA, 19 Avenue de la forêt de Haye, F-54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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14
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Lam WN, Chong KY, Anand GS, Tan HTW. Dipteran larvae and microbes facilitate nutrient sequestration in the Nepenthes gracilis pitcher plant host. Biol Lett 2017; 13:rsbl.2016.0928. [PMID: 28250210 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2016.0928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The fluid-containing traps of Nepenthes carnivorous pitcher plants (Nepenthaceae) are often inhabited by organisms known as inquilines. Dipteran larvae are key components of such communities and are thought to facilitate pitcher nitrogen sequestration by converting prey protein into inorganic nitrogen, although this has never been demonstrated in Nepenthes Pitcher fluids are also inhabited by microbes, although the relationship(s) between these and the plant is still unclear. In this study, we examined the hypothesis of digestive mutualism between N. gracilis pitchers and both dipteran larvae and fluid microbes. Using dipteran larvae, prey and fluid volumes mimicking in situ pitcher conditions, we conducted in vitro experiments and measured changes in available fluid nitrogen in response to dipteran larvae and microbe presence. We showed that the presence of dipteran larvae resulted in significantly higher and faster releases of ammonium and soluble protein into fluids in artificial pitchers, and that the presence of fluid microbes did likewise for ammonium. We showed also that niche segregation occurs between phorid and culicid larvae, with the former fragmenting prey carcasses and the latter suppressing fluid microbe levels. These results clarify the relationships between several key pitcher-dwelling organisms, and show that pitcher communities facilitate nutrient sequestration in their host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weng Ngai Lam
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Republic of Singapore
| | - Kwek Yan Chong
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Republic of Singapore
| | - Ganesh S Anand
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Republic of Singapore
| | - Hugh Tiang Wah Tan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Republic of Singapore
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15
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Fukushima K, Fang X, Alvarez-Ponce D, Cai H, Carretero-Paulet L, Chen C, Chang TH, Farr KM, Fujita T, Hiwatashi Y, Hoshi Y, Imai T, Kasahara M, Librado P, Mao L, Mori H, Nishiyama T, Nozawa M, Pálfalvi G, Pollard ST, Rozas J, Sánchez-Gracia A, Sankoff D, Shibata TF, Shigenobu S, Sumikawa N, Uzawa T, Xie M, Zheng C, Pollock DD, Albert VA, Li S, Hasebe M. Genome of the pitcher plant Cephalotus reveals genetic changes associated with carnivory. Nat Ecol Evol 2017; 1:59. [DOI: 10.1038/s41559-016-0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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16
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Yilamujiang A, Reichelt M, Mithöfer A. Slow food: insect prey and chitin induce phytohormone accumulation and gene expression in carnivorous Nepenthes plants. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2016; 118:369-75. [PMID: 27325901 PMCID: PMC4970371 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Carnivorous Nepenthes plants use modified leaves forming pitfall traps to capture and digest prey, mainly insects, for additional nutrient supply. These traps, so called pitchers, contain a plant-derived fluid composed of many hydrolytic enzymes and defence-related proteins. In this study, the prey-induced induction of corresponding genes of those proteins and a role for phytohormones in this process was analysed. METHODS Tissue from insect prey-fed, chitin- and phytohormone-challenged pitchers was harvested and analysed for selected gene expressions by a quantitative PCR technique. Phytohormone levels were determined by LC-MS/MS. Nepenthesin proteolytic activities were measured in the digestive fluid using a fluorescence substrate. KEY RESULTS Insect prey in the pitchers induced the accumulation of phytohormones such as jasmonates as well as the transcription of studied genes encoding a chitinase 3 and a protease (nepenthesin I), whereas a defence-related protein (PR-1) gene was not induced. Treatment with chitin as a component of the insects' exoskeleton triggered the accumulation of jasmonates, the expression of nepenthesin I and chitinase 3 genes similar to jasmonic acid treatment, and induced protease activity in the fluid. All detectable responses were slowly induced. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that upon insect prey catch a sequence of signals is initiated: (1) insect-derived chitin, (2) jasmonate as endogenous phytohormone signal, (3) the induction of digestive gene expression and (4) protein expression. This resembles a similar hierarchy of events as described from plant pathogen/herbivore interactions, supporting the idea that carnivory evolved from plant defences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Reichelt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
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17
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Lee L, Zhang Y, Ozar B, Sensen CW, Schriemer DC. Carnivorous Nutrition in Pitcher Plants (Nepenthes spp.) via an Unusual Complement of Endogenous Enzymes. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:3108-17. [PMID: 27436081 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Plants belonging to the genus Nepenthes are carnivorous, using specialized pitfall traps called "pitchers" that attract, capture, and digest insects as a primary source of nutrients. We have used RNA sequencing to generate a cDNA library from the Nepenthes pitchers and applied it to mass spectrometry-based identification of the enzymes secreted into the pitcher fluid using a nonspecific digestion strategy superior to trypsin in this application. This first complete catalog of the pitcher fluid subproteome includes enzymes across a variety of functional classes. The most abundant proteins present in the secreted fluid are proteases, nucleases, peroxidases, chitinases, a phosphatase, and a glucanase. Nitrogen recovery involves a particularly rich complement of proteases. In addition to the two expected aspartic proteases, we discovered three novel nepenthensins, two prolyl endopeptidases that we name neprosins, and a putative serine carboxypeptidase. Additional proteins identified are relevant to pathogen-defense and secretion mechanisms. The full complement of acid-stable enzymes discovered in this study suggests that carnivory in the genus Nepenthes can be sustained by plant-based mechanisms alone and does not absolutely require bacterial symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Ye Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Brittany Ozar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Christoph W Sensen
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology , Graz 8010, Austria
| | - David C Schriemer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
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Kanokratana P, Mhuanthong W, Laothanachareon T, Tangphatsornruang S, Eurwilaichitr L, Kruetreepradit T, Mayes S, Champreda V. Comparative Study of Bacterial Communities in Nepenthes Pitchers and Their Correlation to Species and Fluid Acidity. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2016; 72:381-93. [PMID: 27287538 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-016-0798-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Pitchers are specialized digestive organs of carnivorous plants which evolved for trapping prey and represent a unique environment harboring hidden diversity of unexplored microbes forming transient hydrolytic microcosms. In this study, the diversity of bacterial communities in the pitcher fluids of seven local Nepenthes found in Thailand was assessed by tagged 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene amplicon sequencing on an Ion PGM™ platform. A total of 1,101,000 filtered sequences were obtained which were taxonomically classified into 20 phyla, 48 classes, 72 orders, 153 families, and 442 genera while the remainder (1.43 %) could not be assigned to any existing taxa. Proteobacteria represented the predominant members in closed pitchers and more diversified bacterial taxa particularly Bacteriodetes and Actinobacteria, showed increasing abundance in open pitchers containing insect bodies. Principal coordinate analysis revealed that distribution of bacterial taxa was not significantly related to the Nepenthes species but strongly correlated to the pH of the pitcher fluids (pH 1.7-6.7). Acidicella was a highly dominant bacterial genus in acidic pitcher fluids while Dyella and Mycobacterium were also common genera in most pitchers. A unique microbial community structure was found in Nepenthes ampullaria which could reflect their adaptation to digest leaf litter, in addition to insect prey. The work revealed the highly unexplored nature of bacterial microcosms in Nepenthes pitcher fluids and provides insights into their community structure in this unique ecological system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pattanop Kanokratana
- Enzyme Technology Laboratory, Bioresources Technology Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Paholyothin Road, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand.
| | - Wuttichai Mhuanthong
- Enzyme Technology Laboratory, Bioresources Technology Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Paholyothin Road, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Thanaporn Laothanachareon
- Enzyme Technology Laboratory, Bioresources Technology Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Paholyothin Road, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Sithichoke Tangphatsornruang
- Genome Institute, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Thailand Science Park, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Lily Eurwilaichitr
- Enzyme Technology Laboratory, Bioresources Technology Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Paholyothin Road, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Trongtham Kruetreepradit
- Southeast Asian Nepenthes Study and Research Foundation (SEANSRF), PO Box 36, Lamai, Koh Samui, Suratthani, 84310, Thailand
| | - Shawn Mayes
- Southeast Asian Nepenthes Study and Research Foundation (SEANSRF), PO Box 36, Lamai, Koh Samui, Suratthani, 84310, Thailand
| | - Verawat Champreda
- Enzyme Technology Laboratory, Bioresources Technology Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Paholyothin Road, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
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Khunjan U, Ekchaweng K, Panrat T, Tian M, Churngchow N. Molecular Cloning of HbPR-1 Gene from Rubber Tree, Expression of HbPR-1 Gene in Nicotiana benthamiana and Its Inhibition of Phytophthora palmivora. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157591. [PMID: 27337148 PMCID: PMC4940168 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This is the first report to present a full-length cDNA (designated HbPR-1) encoding a putative basic HbPR-1 protein from rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) treated with salicylic acid. It was characterized and also expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana using Agrobacterium-mediated transient gene expression system in order to investigate the role of HbPR-1 gene in rubber tree against its oomycete pathogen Phytopthora palmivora and to produce recombinant HbPR-1 protein for microbial inhibition test. The HbPR-1 cDNA was 647 bp long and contained an open reading frame of 492 nucleotides encoding 163 amino acid residues with a predicted molecular mass of 17,681 Da and an isoelectric point (pI) of 8.56, demonstrating that HbPR-1 protein belongs to the basic PR-1 type. The predicted 3D structure of HbPR-1 was composed of four α-helices, three β-sheets, seven strands, and one junction loop. Expression and purification of recombinant HbPR-1 protein were successful using Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression and one-step of affinity chromatography. Heterologous expression of HbPR-1 in N. benthamiana reduced necrosis areas which were inoculated with P. palmivora zoospores, indicating that the expressed HbPR-1 protein played an important role in plant resistance to pathogens. The purified recombinant HbPR-1 protein was found to inhibit 64% of P. palmivora zoospore germination on a water agar plate compared with control, suggesting that it was an antimicrobial protein against P. palmivora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uraiwan Khunjan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
- Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Manoa, HI, United States of America
| | - Kitiya Ekchaweng
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
- Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Manoa, HI, United States of America
| | - Tanate Panrat
- Digital Media Program, Prince of Songkla University International College, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
- Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics Research, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Miaoying Tian
- Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Manoa, HI, United States of America
| | - Nunta Churngchow
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
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20
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Rottloff S, Miguel S, Biteau F, Nisse E, Hammann P, Kuhn L, Chicher J, Bazile V, Gaume L, Mignard B, Hehn A, Bourgaud F. Proteome analysis of digestive fluids in Nepenthes pitchers. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2016; 117:479-95. [PMID: 26912512 PMCID: PMC4765550 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Carnivorous plants have developed strategies to enable growth in nutrient-poor soils. For the genus Nepenthes, this strategy represents producing pitcher-modified leaves that can trap and digest various prey. These pitchers produce a digestive fluid composed of proteins, including hydrolytic enzymes. The focus of this study was on the identification of these proteins. METHODS In order to better characterize and have an overview of these proteins, digestive fluid was sampled from pitchers at different stages of maturity from five species of Nepenthes (N. mirabilis, N. alata, N. sanguinea, N. bicalcarata and N. albomarginata) that vary in their ecological niches and grew under different conditions. Three complementary approaches based on transcriptomic resources, mass spectrometry and in silico analysis were used. KEY RESULTS This study permitted the identification of 29 proteins excreted in the pitchers. Twenty of these proteins were never reported in Nepenthes previously and included serine carboxypeptidases, α- and β-galactosidases, lipid transfer proteins and esterases/lipases. These 20 proteins display sequence signals allowing their secretion into the pitcher fluid. CONCLUSIONS Nepenthes pitcher plants have evolved an arsenal of enzymes to digest prey caught in their traps. The panel of new proteins identified in this study provides new insights into the digestive process of these carnivorous plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy Rottloff
- INRA UMR 1121, Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement, 2 avenue de la forêt de Haye TSA 40602, F-54518 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France, Université de Lorraine UMR 1121, Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement, 2 avenue de la forêt de Haye TSA 40602, F-54518 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France, Aura Optik GmbH, Hans-Knöll-Str. 6, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Sissi Miguel
- Plant Advanced Technologies SA, 13 Rue du bois de la Champelle, F-54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Flore Biteau
- INRA UMR 1121, Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement, 2 avenue de la forêt de Haye TSA 40602, F-54518 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France, Université de Lorraine UMR 1121, Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement, 2 avenue de la forêt de Haye TSA 40602, F-54518 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Estelle Nisse
- Plant Advanced Technologies SA, 13 Rue du bois de la Champelle, F-54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Philippe Hammann
- Plant Advanced Technologies SA, 13 Rue du bois de la Champelle, F-54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Lauriane Kuhn
- Proteomic Platform, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS, FRC 1589, 15 rue Descartes, F-67084 Strasbourg cedex, France and
| | - Johana Chicher
- Proteomic Platform, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS, FRC 1589, 15 rue Descartes, F-67084 Strasbourg cedex, France and
| | - Vincent Bazile
- Université Montpellier II and CNRS, UMR AMAP: Botanique et bioinformatique de l'architecture des plantes, TA A51/PS2, Bd de la Lironde, F-34398 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Laurence Gaume
- Université Montpellier II and CNRS, UMR AMAP: Botanique et bioinformatique de l'architecture des plantes, TA A51/PS2, Bd de la Lironde, F-34398 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Benoit Mignard
- Plant Advanced Technologies SA, 13 Rue du bois de la Champelle, F-54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Alain Hehn
- INRA UMR 1121, Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement, 2 avenue de la forêt de Haye TSA 40602, F-54518 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France, Université de Lorraine UMR 1121, Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement, 2 avenue de la forêt de Haye TSA 40602, F-54518 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France,
| | - Frédéric Bourgaud
- INRA UMR 1121, Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement, 2 avenue de la forêt de Haye TSA 40602, F-54518 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France, Université de Lorraine UMR 1121, Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement, 2 avenue de la forêt de Haye TSA 40602, F-54518 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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Kant MR, Jonckheere W, Knegt B, Lemos F, Liu J, Schimmel BCJ, Villarroel CA, Ataide LMS, Dermauw W, Glas JJ, Egas M, Janssen A, Van Leeuwen T, Schuurink RC, Sabelis MW, Alba JM. Mechanisms and ecological consequences of plant defence induction and suppression in herbivore communities. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2015; 115:1015-51. [PMID: 26019168 PMCID: PMC4648464 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcv054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plants are hotbeds for parasites such as arthropod herbivores, which acquire nutrients and energy from their hosts in order to grow and reproduce. Hence plants are selected to evolve resistance, which in turn selects for herbivores that can cope with this resistance. To preserve their fitness when attacked by herbivores, plants can employ complex strategies that include reallocation of resources and the production of defensive metabolites and structures. Plant defences can be either prefabricated or be produced only upon attack. Those that are ready-made are referred to as constitutive defences. Some constitutive defences are operational at any time while others require activation. Defences produced only when herbivores are present are referred to as induced defences. These can be established via de novo biosynthesis of defensive substances or via modifications of prefabricated substances and consequently these are active only when needed. Inducibility of defence may serve to save energy and to prevent self-intoxication but also implies that there is a delay in these defences becoming operational. Induced defences can be characterized by alterations in plant morphology and molecular chemistry and are associated with a decrease in herbivore performance. These alterations are set in motion by signals generated by herbivores. Finally, a subset of induced metabolites are released into the air as volatiles and function as a beacon for foraging natural enemies searching for prey, and this is referred to as induced indirect defence. SCOPE The objective of this review is to evaluate (1) which strategies plants have evolved to cope with herbivores and (2) which traits herbivores have evolved that enable them to counter these defences. The primary focus is on the induction and suppression of plant defences and the review outlines how the palette of traits that determine induction/suppression of, and resistance/susceptibility of herbivores to, plant defences can give rise to exploitative competition and facilitation within ecological communities "inhabiting" a plant. CONCLUSIONS Herbivores have evolved diverse strategies, which are not mutually exclusive, to decrease the negative effects of plant defences in order to maximize the conversion of plant material into offspring. Numerous adaptations have been found in herbivores, enabling them to dismantle or bypass defensive barriers, to avoid tissues with relatively high levels of defensive chemicals or to metabolize these chemicals once ingested. In addition, some herbivores interfere with the onset or completion of induced plant defences, resulting in the plant's resistance being partly or fully suppressed. The ability to suppress induced plant defences appears to occur across plant parasites from different kingdoms, including herbivorous arthropods, and there is remarkable diversity in suppression mechanisms. Suppression may strongly affect the structure of the food web, because the ability to suppress the activation of defences of a communal host may facilitate competitors, whereas the ability of a herbivore to cope with activated plant defences will not. Further characterization of the mechanisms and traits that give rise to suppression of plant defences will enable us to determine their role in shaping direct and indirect interactions in food webs and the extent to which these determine the coexistence and persistence of species.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Kant
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium and Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - W Jonckheere
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium and Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - B Knegt
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium and Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - F Lemos
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium and Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J Liu
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium and Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - B C J Schimmel
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium and Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - C A Villarroel
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium and Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - L M S Ataide
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium and Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - W Dermauw
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium and Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J J Glas
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium and Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M Egas
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium and Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A Janssen
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium and Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - T Van Leeuwen
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium and Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - R C Schuurink
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium and Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M W Sabelis
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium and Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J M Alba
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium and Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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22
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Buch F, Kaman WE, Bikker FJ, Yilamujiang A, Mithöfer A. Nepenthesin protease activity indicates digestive fluid dynamics in carnivorous nepenthes plants. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118853. [PMID: 25750992 PMCID: PMC4353617 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Carnivorous plants use different morphological features to attract, trap and digest prey, mainly insects. Plants from the genus Nepenthes possess specialized leaves called pitchers that function as pitfall-traps. These pitchers are filled with a digestive fluid that is generated by the plants themselves. In order to digest caught prey in their pitchers, Nepenthes plants produce various hydrolytic enzymes including aspartic proteases, nepenthesins (Nep). Knowledge about the generation and induction of these proteases is limited. Here, by employing a FRET (fluorescent resonance energy transfer)-based technique that uses a synthetic fluorescent substrate an easy and rapid detection of protease activities in the digestive fluids of various Nepenthes species was feasible. Biochemical studies and the heterologously expressed Nep II from Nepenthes mirabilis proved that the proteolytic activity relied on aspartic proteases, however an acid-mediated auto-activation mechanism was necessary. Employing the FRET-based approach, the induction and dynamics of nepenthesin in the digestive pitcher fluid of various Nepenthes plants could be studied directly with insect (Drosophila melanogaster) prey or plant material. Moreover, we observed that proteolytic activity was induced by the phytohormone jasmonic acid but not by salicylic acid suggesting that jasmonate-dependent signaling pathways are involved in plant carnivory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Buch
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans Knöll Straße 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Wendy E. Kaman
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, `s-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Floris J. Bikker
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ayufu Yilamujiang
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans Knöll Straße 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Axel Mithöfer
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans Knöll Straße 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
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