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Junker F, Bunzel M. Chromatography based profiling of feruloylated arabinans and galactans. Carbohydr Res 2024; 538:109076. [PMID: 38537364 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2024.109076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Profiling of pectic arabinans and galactans by analysis of the released oligosaccharides after backbone cleavage provides information on the complexity of the polymer structure. In plants of the family Amaranthaceae, arabinan and galactan substitution with ferulates extends the polysaccharide complexity, changing its chemical properties. Knowledge of the ferulate environment is crucial to understand structure-function-relationships of feruloylated pectins. Here, we present an approach to separate enzymatically generated feruloylated and non-feruloylated arabino- and galactooligosaccharides, followed by deesterification and semiquantitative analysis by HPAEC-PAD using previously reported relative response factors. Application of this approach to sugar beet pectins and insoluble and soluble dietary fiber preparations of amaranth and quinoa suggests that ferulates are preferably incorporated into more complex structures, as nicely demonstrated for feruloylated galactans. Also, ferulate substitution appears to negatively affect enzymatic cleavage by using endo-enzymes. As a consequence, we were able to tentatively identify new feruloylated tri- and tetrasaccharides of galactans isolated from sugar beet pectins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Junker
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Mirko Bunzel
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany.
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2
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Zhang M, Qin H, An R, Zhang W, Liu J, Yu Q, Liu W, Huang X. Isolation, purification, structural characterization and antitumor activities of a polysaccharide from Lilium davidii var. unicolor Cotton. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.132941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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3
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de Lima Brito I, Chantelle L, Magnani M, de Magalhães Cordeiro AMT. Nutritional, therapeutic and technological perspectives of Quinoa (
Chenopodium quinoa
Willd.): A review. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.16601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle de Lima Brito
- Department of Management and Agroindustrial Technology, Center of Human, Social and Agrarian Sciences (CCHSA) Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB) João Pessoa Paraíba Brazil
| | - Laís Chantelle
- Department of Chemistry, NPE‐LACOM Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB) João Pessoa Paraíba Brazil
| | - Marciane Magnani
- Department of Food Engineering, Tecnology Center (CT) Federal University of Paraíba João Pessoa Paraíba Brazil
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4
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Bindereif B, Eichhöfer H, Bunzel M, Karbstein H, Wefers D, van der Schaaf U. Arabinan side-chains strongly affect the emulsifying properties of acid-extracted sugar beet pectins. Food Hydrocoll 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2021.106968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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5
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Junker F, Michalski K, Guthausen G, Bunzel M. Characterization of covalent, feruloylated polysaccharide gels by pulsed field gradient-stimulated echo (PFG-STE)-NMR. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 267:118232. [PMID: 34119184 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Translational mobility of guest molecules such as water and glucose in gels that are based on feruloylated polysaccharides appears to be critical to understand their nutritional and functional properties. Here, the applicability of PFG-STE-NMR on feruloylated gels was proven, and relationships to rheological data were studied. Arabinoxylans and pectins were extracted from by-products using varying conditions. Laccase induced coupling of these chemically characterized polymers resulted for most of the feruloylated polysaccharides in homogeneous gels. Rheological studies confirmed that polysaccharide composition affects viscoelastic properties of the resulting gels. Generally, diffusion of water and glucose is hindered in gels. In the feruloylated polysaccharide gels, both polysaccharide concentration and extraction conditions affect the diffusion behavior of these molecules. A simple correlation between rheological data and mobility of guest molecules has not generally been found: although long time acid extracted pectins form highly elastic gels, water diffusion in these gels is less hindered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Junker
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Karin Michalski
- Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Engler-Bunte-Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Gisela Guthausen
- Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Engler-Bunte-Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Mirko Bunzel
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Steck J, Kaufhold L, Bunzel M. Structural Profiling of Xyloglucans from Food Plants by High-Performance Anion-Exchange Chromatography with Parallel Pulsed Amperometric and Mass Spectrometric Detection. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:8838-8849. [PMID: 34339210 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c02967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Xyloglucans are the dominant hemicelluloses in the primary cell wall of dicotyledonous plants, fulfilling numerous functions. However, routine methods of cell wall analytical chemistry such as methylation analysis are time-consuming and often not adequate to capture the structural diversity of xyloglucans. Here, a xyloglucan profiling method based on the enzymatic release of xyloglucan oligosaccharides by a xyloglucan-specific endo-β-(1→4)-glucanase and subsequent analysis of these oligosaccharides by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography (HPAEC) with parallel pulsed amperometric and mass spectrometric detection was developed. For this purpose, a set of 23 authentic xyloglucan oligosaccharides was generated, structurally characterized by mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy, and established as analytical standard compounds. Coupling of HPAEC with parallel electrochemical and MS detection was demonstrated to be an excellent tool to analyze xyloglucan-derived oligosaccharides. The applicability of the method was demonstrated by characterizing the xyloglucan architecture from a set of nine economically relevant food plants from the botanical orders Caryophyllales (rhubarb, buckwheat, amaranth, and quinoa), Cucurbitales (Hokkaido squash), Laurales (avocado), Myrtales (pomegranate), and Sapindales (mango and orange) for the first time. In future studies, this method can ideally be used to monitor structural alterations of xyloglucans as a result of genetic engineering, plant/tissue maturation, and processing of plant material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Steck
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
| | - Larissa Kaufhold
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
| | - Mirko Bunzel
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
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Schmid V, Trabert A, Keller J, Bunzel M, Karbstein HP, Emin MA. Defined shear and heat treatment of apple pomace: impact on dietary fiber structures and functional properties. Eur Food Res Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-021-03776-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AbstractFood by-products can be modified by extrusion processing. However, the impact of thermal and mechanical stress, respectively, on the structure and thus functional properties of dietary fiber-rich food by-products is still unknown. In the extrusion process, thermal and mechanical stress are coupled, not constant, and difficult to measure or calculate. Thus, their influence on structural changes and functional properties cannot be evaluated separately. In this work, a specific shear cell, denoted by closed cavity rheometer, was used to treat apple pomace with defined thermal and/or mechanical stress. Dietary fiber composition and fiber polysaccharide structures appeared to be more susceptible to high temperatures than mechanical stress. With increasing temperature (and mechanical stress) soluble and low-molecular-weight soluble dietary fiber contents increased, whereas insoluble fiber contents decreased. Arabinans as rhamnogalacturonan type I polysaccharides and galacturonic acid containing pectic polysaccharides were identified as being most susceptible to degradation under these conditions. Furthermore, the defined treatment affected the functional properties. Although changes in the water solubility index (WSI) and/or the water absorption index (WAI) were not detected up to 90 °C, WSI and WAI decreased significantly at a treatment temperature of 120 °C. However, at very high temperatures (160 °C), WSI and WAI increased. The application of shear and longer treatment times resulted in higher WSI values and complex viscosities as compared to low shear stress.
Graphic abstract
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8
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Liu X, Renard CM, Rolland-Sabaté A, Bureau S, Le Bourvellec C. Modification of apple, beet and kiwifruit cell walls by boiling in acid conditions: Common and specific responses. Food Hydrocoll 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.106266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Schmid V, Trabert A, Keller J(S, Bunzel M, Karbstein HP, Emin MA. Functionalization of Enzymatically Treated Apple Pomace from Juice Production by Extrusion Processing. Foods 2021; 10:foods10030485. [PMID: 33668342 PMCID: PMC7996331 DOI: 10.3390/foods10030485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Food by-products can be used as natural and sustainable food ingredients. However, a modification is needed to improve the technofunctional properties according to the specific needs of designated applications. A lab-scale twin-screw extruder was used to process enzymatically treated apple pomace from commercial fruit juice production. To vary the range of the thermomechanical treatment, various screw speeds (200, 600, 1000 min−1), and screw configurations were applied to the raw material. Detailed chemical and functional analyses were performed to develop a comprehensive understanding of the impact of the extrusion processing on apple pomace composition and technofunctional properties as well as structures of individual polymers. Extrusion at moderate thermomechanical conditions increased the water absorption, swelling, and viscosity of the material. An increase in thermomechanical stress resulted in a higher water solubility index, but negatively affected the water absorption index, viscosity, and swelling. Scanning electron microscopy showed an extrusion-processing-related disruption of the cell wall. Dietary fiber analysis revealed an increase of soluble dietary fiber from 12.6 to 17.2 g/100 g dry matter at maximum thermo-mechanical treatment. Dietary fiber polysaccharide analysis demonstrated compositional changes, mainly in the insoluble dietary fiber fraction. In short, pectin polysaccharides seem to be susceptible to thermo-mechanical stress, especially arabinans as neutral side chains of rhamnogalacturonan I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Schmid
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Chair of Food Process Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (V.S.); (H.P.K.)
| | - Antje Trabert
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (A.T.); (J.K.); (M.B.)
| | - Judith (Schäfer) Keller
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (A.T.); (J.K.); (M.B.)
| | - Mirko Bunzel
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (A.T.); (J.K.); (M.B.)
| | - Heike P. Karbstein
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Chair of Food Process Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (V.S.); (H.P.K.)
| | - M. Azad Emin
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Chair of Food Process Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (V.S.); (H.P.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-721-608-48311
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Mzoughi Z, Majdoub H. Pectic polysaccharides from edible halophytes: Insight on extraction processes, structural characterizations and immunomodulatory potentials. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 173:554-579. [PMID: 33508358 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.01.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The preparation, chemical properties and bio-activities of polysaccharides derived from halophytes have gained an increasing interest in the past few years. Phytochemical and pharmacological reports have shown that carbohydrates are important biologically active compounds of halophytes with numerous biological potentials. It is believed that the mechanisms involved in these bio-activities are due to the modulation of immune system. The main objective of this summary is to appraise available literature of a comparative study on the extraction, structural characterizations and biological potentials, particularly immunomodulatory effects, of carbohydrates isolated from halophytes (10 families). This review also attempts to discuss on bioactivities of polysaccharides related with their structure-activity relationship. Data indicated that the highest polysaccharides yield of around 35% was obtained under microwave irradiation. Structurally, results revealed that the most of extracted carbohydrates are pectic polysaccharides which mainly composed of arabinose (from 0.9 to 72%), accompanied by other monosaccharides (galactose, glucose, rhamnose, mannose and xylose), significant amounts of uronic acids (from 18.9 to 90.1%) and some proportions of fucose (from 0.2 to 8.3%). The molecular mass of these pectic polysaccharides was varied from 10 to 2650 kDa. Hence, the evaluation of these polysaccharides offers a great opportunity to discover novel therapeutic agents that presented especially beneficial immunomodulatory properties. Moreover, reports indicated that uronic acids, molecular weights, as well as the presence of sulfate and unmethylated acidic groups may play a significant role in biological activities of carbohydrates from halophyte species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeineb Mzoughi
- University of Monastir, Laboratory of Interfaces and Advanced Materials, Faculty of Sciences of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia.
| | - Hatem Majdoub
- University of Monastir, Laboratory of Interfaces and Advanced Materials, Faculty of Sciences of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia
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11
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Ghosh D, Karmakar P. Insight into anti-oxidative carbohydrate polymers from medicinal plants: Structure-activity relationships, mechanism of actions and interactions with bovine serum albumin. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 166:1022-1034. [PMID: 33166557 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Recently, research associated with natural anti-oxidants leads to the chemical characterization of many compounds possessing strong anti-oxidant activity. Among these anti-oxidants, naturally occurring carbohydrate polymers containing pectic arabinogalactans esterified with phenolic acids in monomeric and dimeric forms are noteworthy. The presence of highly branched arabinogalactan type II side chains and sugar linked phenolic acid residues have been resolved as important parameters. The anti-oxidant activity of these compounds depend on their ability to convert free radicals into stable by-products and themselves oxidized to more stable and less reactive resonance stabilized radicals. Moreover, these carbohydrate polymers form water soluble stable complexes with protein. Such findings support their applications in a diversity of fields including food industry and pharmacy. This review highlights experimental evidences supporting that the carbohydrate polymers containing phenolic polysaccharides may become promising drug candidate for the prevention of aging and age related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debjani Ghosh
- Bhatar Girls' High School, Bhatar, Purba Bardhaman, West Bengal, India.
| | - Parnajyoti Karmakar
- Government General Degree College at Kalna-I, Medgachi, Muragacha, Purba Bardhaman, West Bengal, India
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Dietary fiber polysaccharides of amaranth, buckwheat and quinoa grains: A review of chemical structure, biological functions and food uses. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 248:116819. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Modification of Apple Pomace by Extrusion Processing: Studies on the Composition, Polymer Structures, and Functional Properties. Foods 2020; 9:foods9101385. [PMID: 33019534 PMCID: PMC7601807 DOI: 10.3390/foods9101385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
By-products of fruit and vegetable processing are an inexpensive and sustainable source of dietary fiber, potentially offering valuable functional properties such as water binding and thickening. Due to these favorable properties, they can be utilized to reformulate widely-consumed foods, e.g., bakery products or beverages. In this study, apple pomace was used as a model system to study whether extrusion technology affects food by-product functionality and thus has the potential to broaden the application of by-products in foods. The effect of the process parameters and the extent of thermo-mechanical treatment on the structural and functional properties of apple pomace were analyzed after extrusion trials using various screw speeds, water contents, and barrel temperatures. Compared to the raw material, apple pomace extruded at Tbarrel = 100 °C, n = 700 min-1 and mH2O = 17% showed an increased water solubility up to 33%. The water absorption increased from 5 to 19 Pa·s and the paste viscosity from 5 to 339 Pa·s by extrusion processing. Analyses of dietary fiber contents and fiber polysaccharide structures revealed that thermo-mechanical stress (n = 700 min-1, mH2O = 22%) increased the content of soluble dietary fiber from 12.5 to 16.7 g/100 g dry matter, and that the harshest conditions even enabled the formation of low-molecular-weight dietary fiber. Arabinans (as neutral rhamnogalacturonan I side chains) appeared to be most sensitive to thermo-mechanical stress, whereas xylans (i.e., a group of minor polysaccharides) were an example of a more stable fiber polysaccharide. Also, the degree of methylation of the pectic polysaccharides was strongly reduced from 50% to 15% when thermo-mechanical stress was applied. Imaging and pore size analysis showed that extrusion processing could disrupt the rigid cell wall macromolecular structure.
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Mechanical properties and compositional characteristics of beet (Beta vulgaris L.) varieties and their response to nitrogen application. Eur Food Res Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-020-03562-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMechanical properties of sugar beet are important during harvesting and processing. To potentially correlate mechanical properties with structural features of cell wall polymers, four different Beta varieties (Beta vulgaris L.) were characterized for their mechanical properties and cell wall composition. In addition, the influence of nitrogen fertilization was analyzed. Additional nitrogen fertilization only slightly influenced mechanical properties and cell wall composition. Hardly any structural differences of cell wall polysaccharides were observed for all Beta varieties. Slight differences in alcohol insoluble residue and protein contents, in amino acid profiles of proteins, and in esterification degree of pectins were found. The Beta varieties differed in their contents of cell wall bound phenolic components, and particularly in their dry matter contents. Analyses of mechanical properties of the Beta varieties demonstrated differences in tissue firmness and compressive strength. However, no evidence was found that the observed differences of cell wall composition are responsible for the divergent mechanical properties, with the exception of water contents that were higher in samples with less compressive strength.
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Mzoughi Z, Souid G, Timoumi R, Le Cerf D, Majdoub H. Partial characterization of the edible Spinacia oleracea polysaccharides: Cytoprotective and antioxidant potentials against Cd induced toxicity in HCT116 and HEK293 cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 136:332-340. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.06.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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16
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Waterstraat M, Bunzel M. A stable isotope dilution approach to analyze ferulic acid oligomers in plant cell walls using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:5047-5062. [PMID: 31172238 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01924-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Diferulic (DFA) and triferulic acids (TriFA) acylate and cross-link plant cell wall polysaccharides, thereby being important structural elements within the cell wall, also affecting physicochemical properties of the isolated polysaccharides. Due to the large number of potential regio- and configurational isomers and due to the fact that oligoferulic acids are not commercially available as standard compounds, analysis of oligoferulic acids after alkaline hydrolysis is challenging. Eighteen di- and triferulic acids were synthesized both non-labeled as well as 13C-labeled. By using these standard compounds, a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) (electrospray ionization, negative mode)-based stable isotope dilution approach was developed, fully validated and applied to plant materials. Whereas this stable isotope dilution approach is most useful to analyze plant materials with complex matrices (especially lignified tissues), less complicated matrices may not require this approach. Therefore, an alternative LC-MS/MS-based method that is based on using a single internal standard compound only was developed, too, validated, and compared to the stable isotope dilution approach. Although the stable isotope dilution approach appears to be superior, plant samples with simple matrices can also be screened by using the single internal standard method developed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Waterstraat
- Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20a, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Mirko Bunzel
- Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20a, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Polysaccharide-Rich Fractions from Rosa rugosa Thunb.-Composition and Chemopreventive Potential. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24071354. [PMID: 30959857 PMCID: PMC6480326 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24071354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The huge health-beneficial potential of polysaccharides encourages the search for novel sources and applications of these compounds. One poorly explored source of polysaccharides is the rose. The content and biological activity of polysaccharides in rose organs is an almost completely unaddressed topic, therefore, polysaccharide-rich extracts (crude polysaccharides, CPLs) from petals, leaves, hips, and achenes of Rosa rugosa Thunb. were studied for their composition and the influence on various cellular processes involved in the development of cancer and other civilization diseases. The study revealed the presence of water-soluble and -insoluble polysaccharides (including β-glucans) and protein-polysaccharide conjugates in rose organs. Rose hips were found to be the most abundant source of polysaccharides. Different polysaccharide-rich extracts showed the ability to inhibit pro-inflammatory enzymes (COX-1, COX-2, hyaluronidase), a radical scavenging effect (against DPPH• and ABTS•+), and antiproliferative activity (in the A549 lung and SW480 colon cancer cell lines) in in vitro assays. Therefore, rose crude polysaccharides are very promising and can potentially be used as natural chemopreventive agents.
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Li X, Liu G, Tu Y, Li J, Yan S. Ferulic acid pretreatment alleviates the decrease in hardness of cooked Chinese radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. longipinnatus Bailey). Food Chem 2019; 278:502-508. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.10.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Schäfer J, Sattler M, Iqbal Y, Lewandowski I, Bunzel M. Characterization of Miscanthus cell wall polymers. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY. BIOENERGY 2019; 11:191-205. [PMID: 31007724 PMCID: PMC6472555 DOI: 10.1111/gcbb.12538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Efficient utilization of lignocellulosic Miscanthus biomass for the production of biochemicals, such as ethanol, is challenging due to its recalcitrance, which is influenced by the individual plant cell wall polymers and their interactions. Lignocellulosic biomass composition differs depending on several factors, such as plant age, harvest date, organ type, and genotype. Here, four selected Miscanthus genotypes (Miscanthus sinensis, Miscanthus sacchariflorus, Miscanthus × giganteus, Miscanthus sinensis × Miscanthus sacchariflorus hybrid) were grown and harvested, separated into stems and leaves, and characterized for their non-starch polysaccharide composition and structures, lignin contents and structures, and hydroxycinnamate profiles (monomers and ferulic acid dehydrodimers). Polysaccharides of all genotypes are mainly composed of cellulose and low-substituted arabinoxylans. Ratios of hemicelluloses to cellulose were comparable, with the exception of Miscanthus sinensis that showed a higher hemicellulose/cellulose ratio. Lignin contents of Miscanthus stems were higher than those of Miscanthus leaves. Considering the same organs, the four genotypes did not differ in their Klason lignin contents, but Miscanthus × giganteus showed the highest acetylbromide soluble lignin content. Lignin polymers isolated from stems varied in their S/G ratios and linkage type distributions across genotypes. p-Coumaric acid was the most abundant ester-bound hydroxycinnamte monomer in all samples. Ferulic acid dehydrodimers were analyzed as cell wall cross-links, with 8-5-coupled diferulic acid being the main dimer, followed by 8-O-4-, and 5-5-diferulic acid. Contents of p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, and ferulic acid dimers varied depending on genotype and organ type. The largest amount of cell wall cross-links was analyzed for Miscanthus sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Schäfer
- Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Institute of Applied BiosciencesKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)KarlsruheGermany
| | - Melinda Sattler
- Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Institute of Applied BiosciencesKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)KarlsruheGermany
| | - Yasir Iqbal
- Biobased Products and Energy Crops (340b), Institute of Crop ScienceUniversity of HohenheimStuttgartGermany
| | - Iris Lewandowski
- Biobased Products and Energy Crops (340b), Institute of Crop ScienceUniversity of HohenheimStuttgartGermany
| | - Mirko Bunzel
- Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Institute of Applied BiosciencesKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)KarlsruheGermany
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20
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Optimization of antioxidant and antiglycated activities of polysaccharides from Arthrocnemum indicum leaves. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 113:774-782. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Dong CX, Liu L, Wang CY, Fu Z, Zhang Y, Hou X, Peng C, Ran RX, Yao Z. Structural characterization of polysaccharides from Saposhnikovia divaricata and their antagonistic effects against the immunosuppression by the culture supernatants of melanoma cells on RAW264.7 macrophages. Int J Biol Macromol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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22
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Mzoughi Z, Abdelhamid A, Rihouey C, Le Cerf D, Bouraoui A, Majdoub H. Optimized extraction of pectin-like polysaccharide from Suaeda fruticosa leaves: Characterization, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 185:127-137. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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23
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Schäfer J, Bunzel M. Maturation-related modifications of cell wall structures of kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes). Eur Food Res Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-017-3008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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24
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de Oliveira Silva E, Batista R. Ferulic Acid and Naturally Occurring Compounds Bearing a Feruloyl Moiety: A Review on Their Structures, Occurrence, and Potential Health Benefits. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2017; 16:580-616. [PMID: 33371567 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitous compound 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid, also known as ferulic acid (FA), constitutes a bioactive ingredient of many foods that may offer beneficial effects against disorders related to oxidative stress, including cancer, diabetes, and neurodegenerative diseases. This review discusses the antioxidant properties of FA, establishing relationships to several biological activities already described for this natural product. Next, 387 naturally occurring compounds, all isolated from plants and published between 1990 and 2015, the structures of which bear 1 or more feruloyl moieties, are covered in this review along with their structural formulas, botanical sources, and bioactivities. The compounds' distribution, structural patterns, bioactivities, and perspectives on food research are also succinctly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliane de Oliveira Silva
- Dept. of Organic Chemistry, Inst. of Chemistry, Federal Univ. of Bahia (UFBA), Rua Barão de Jeremoabo, s/n, Ondina, 40170-115, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Ronan Batista
- Dept. of Organic Chemistry, Inst. of Chemistry, Federal Univ. of Bahia (UFBA), Rua Barão de Jeremoabo, s/n, Ondina, 40170-115, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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25
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Schäfer J, Stanojlovic L, Trierweiler B, Bunzel M. Storage related changes of cell wall based dietary fiber components of broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) stems. Food Res Int 2016; 93:43-51. [PMID: 28290279 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2016.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Storage related changes in the cell wall composition potentially affect the texture of plant-based foods and the physiological effects of cell wall based dietary fiber components. Therefore, a detailed characterization of cell wall polysaccharides and lignins from broccoli stems was performed. Freshly harvested broccoli and broccoli stored at 20°C and 1°C for different periods of time were analyzed. Effects on dietary fiber contents, polysaccharide composition, and on lignin contents/composition were much more pronounced during storage at 20°C than at 1°C. During storage, insoluble dietary fiber contents of broccoli stems increased up to 13%. Storage related polysaccharide modifications include an increase of the portions of cellulose, xylans, and homogalacturonans and a decrease of the neutral pectic side-chains arabinans and galactans. Broccoli stem lignins are generally rich in guaiacyl units. Lignins from freshly harvested broccoli stems contain slightly larger amounts of p-hydroxyphenyl units than syringyl units. Syringyl units are predominantly incorporated into the lignin polymers during storage, resulting in increased acetyl bromide soluble lignin contents. NMR-based analysis of the interunit linkage types of broccoli stem lignins revealed comparably large portions of resinol structures for a guaiacyl rich lignin. Incorporation of syringyl units into the polymers over storage predominantly occurs through β-O-4-linkages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Schäfer
- Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20A, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Luisa Stanojlovic
- Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20A, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Bernhard Trierweiler
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institut (MRI), Haid-und-Neu-Straße 9, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Mirko Bunzel
- Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20A, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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26
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Wefers D, Bunzel M. NMR Spectroscopic Profiling of Arabinan and Galactan Structural Elements. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:9559-9568. [PMID: 27936685 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Pectic arabinans and galactans presumably affect the physiological and technological properties of plant cell walls and dietary fiber. Their complex structures are usually analyzed by time-consuming methods, which are based on chemical cleavage to monomers. To gain more detailed insights into the arabinan and galactan structures, a time-efficient approach based on enzymatic cleavage and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy was developed. Heteronuclear single quantum coherence spectroscopy (HSQC) marker signals were evaluated for various structural elements, and relative response factors were determined, allowing a semiquantitative estimation of the structural composition. The method was applied to analyze different insoluble plant materials and soluble polysaccharides. It was demonstrated that the developed approach yielded comparable information about various structural elements that can also be detected by using the conventional methylation analysis. However, by using the NMR method, additional structural information, such as the anomeric configuration of the monomers, is obtained, demonstrating the value of this novel approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Wefers
- Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Adenauerring 20a, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Mirko Bunzel
- Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Adenauerring 20a, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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27
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Schäfer J, Brett A, Trierweiler B, Bunzel M. Characterization of Cell Wall Composition of Radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. sativus) and Maturation Related Changes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:8625-8632. [PMID: 27744693 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b03693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cell wall composition affects the texture of plant-based foods. In addition, the main components of plant cell walls are dietary fiber constituents and are responsible for potential physiological effects that are largely affected by the structural composition of the cell walls. Radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. sativus) is known to develop a woody and firm texture during maturation and ripening, most likely due to changes in the cell wall composition. To describe these changes chemically, radish was cultivated and harvested at different time points, followed by detailed chemical analysis of insoluble fiber polysaccharides and lignin. During maturation, changes in polysaccharide profiles were observed, with a decrease in the portion of neutral pectic side chains and an increase in the xylan portion being predominant. Radish lignin was characterized by unexpectedly high incorporation of p-coumaryl alcohol into the polymer. Maturation dependent increases in lignin contents were accompanied by compositional changes of the lignin polymers with sinapyl alcohol being preferentially incorporated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Schäfer
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Adenauerring 20a, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Anika Brett
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Adenauerring 20a, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Bernhard Trierweiler
- Max Rubner-Institut (MRI) , Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Haid-und-Neu-Str. 9, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Mirko Bunzel
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Adenauerring 20a, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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28
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Wefers D, Bunzel M. Arabinan and Galactan Oligosaccharide Profiling by High-Performance Anion-Exchange Chromatography with Pulsed Amperometric Detection (HPAEC-PAD). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:4656-4664. [PMID: 27167141 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b01121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Arabinans and galactans are complex pectic polysaccharides, which greatly influence the physicochemical and physiological properties of plants and plant-based foods. Conventional methods to characterize these challenging polymers are based on derivatization and/or unselective chemical cleavage of the glycosidic bonds of the polysaccharides, resulting in partial loss of essential information such as anomeric configuration. Here, endo-arabinanase and endo-galactanase were used to selectively cleave pectic arabinans and galactans. The liberated oligosaccharides were purified and characterized by LC-MS and one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy resulting in known but also several previously unknown pectic structural elements. For the routine analysis of pectin hydrolysates by HPAEC-PAD, incubation conditions, chromatographic parameters, and relative response factors of the isolated pectic oligosaccharides against an internal standard were determined. The applicability of the method was demonstrated by analyzing different well-characterized plant cell wall materials. It was demonstrated that the developed method yields additional information about pectic arabinan and galactan structures that is not obtained from conventional methods such as methylation analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Wefers
- Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Adenauerring 20a, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Mirko Bunzel
- Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Adenauerring 20a, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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29
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Schäfer J, Wagner S, Trierweiler B, Bunzel M. Characterization of Cell Wall Components and Their Modifications during Postharvest Storage of Asparagus officinalis L.: Storage-Related Changes in Dietary Fiber Composition. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:478-486. [PMID: 26671648 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b05575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Changes in cell wall composition during storage of plant foods potentially alter the physiological effects of dietary fiber components. To investigate postharvest cell wall modifications of asparagus and their consequences in terms of insoluble dietary fiber structures, asparagus was stored at 20 and 1 °C for different periods of time. Structural analyses demonstrated postharvest changes in the polysaccharide profile, dominated by decreased portions of galactans. Increasing lignin contents correlated with compositional changes (monolignol ratios and linkage types) of the lignin polymer as demonstrated by chemical and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (2D-NMR) methods. Depending on the storage time and temperature, syringyl units were preferentially incorporated into the lignin polymer. Furthermore, a drastic increase in the level of ester-linked phenolic monomers (i.e., p-coumaric acid and ferulic acid) and polymer cross-links (di- and triferulic acids) was detected. The attachment of p-coumaric acid to lignin was demonstrated by 2D-NMR experiments. Potential consequences of postharvest modifications on physiological effects of asparagus dietary fiber are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Schäfer
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Adenauerring 20a, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Steffen Wagner
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Adenauerring 20a, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Bernhard Trierweiler
- Max Rubner-Institut (MRI) , Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Haid-und-Neu-Straße 9, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Mirko Bunzel
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Adenauerring 20a, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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30
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Wefers D, Bunzel M. Characterization of Dietary Fiber Polysaccharides from Dehulled Common Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) Seeds. Cereal Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1094/cchem-03-15-0056-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Wefers
- Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Adenauerring 20a, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Mirko Bunzel
- Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Adenauerring 20a, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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31
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Schendel RR, Karrer C, Bunzel D, Huch M, Hildebrand AA, Kulling SE, Bunzel M. Structural Transformation of 8-5-Coupled Dehydrodiferulates by Human Intestinal Microbiota. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:7975-7985. [PMID: 26287944 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b03234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Ingested dehydrodiferulates (DFAs) are partially released from cereal dietary fiber by human colonic microbiota, but little research has explored the further microbial metabolism of 8-5-coupled DFAs. This study investigated the in vitro microbial metabolism and elucidated major metabolites of free 8-5-DFAs (benzofuran and open forms) and an esterified analogue, 8-5-DFA diethyl ester (benzofuran). Synthesized standard compounds were incubated with fresh human fecal suspensions. Metabolites were isolated and structurally elucidated using high-resolution-LC-time-of-flight-(ToF)-MS, GC-MS, and NMR. Nine metabolite structures were unambiguously characterized with NMR, and four additional metabolites were tentatively identified to reveal structural conversion motifs: propenyl side chain hydrogenation (all substrates), O-demethylation and reductive ring-opening (8-5-DFA diethyl ester and free 8-5-DFA [benzofuran]), and de-esterification (8-5-DFA diethyl ester). A pathway of microbial 8-5-DFA metabolism was proposed based on metabolite formation kinetics. Importantly, de-esterification of the 8-5-DFA diethyl ester occurred primarily after and/or concurrently with other metabolism steps. Cleavage to monomers was not observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel R Schendel
- Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Adenauerring 20a, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Cecile Karrer
- Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Adenauerring 20a, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Diana Bunzel
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Max Rubner-Institute (MRI) , Haid-und-Neu-Straße 9, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Melanie Huch
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Max Rubner-Institute (MRI) , Haid-und-Neu-Straße 9, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Andreas A Hildebrand
- Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Adenauerring 20a, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sabine E Kulling
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Max Rubner-Institute (MRI) , Haid-und-Neu-Straße 9, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Mirko Bunzel
- Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Adenauerring 20a, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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