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Sun B, Li Z, Peng Y, Wang F, Cheng Y, Liu Y, Ma L. Whole-Cell Display of Phospholipase D in Escherichia coli for High-Efficiency Extracellular Phosphatidylserine Production. Biomolecules 2024; 14:430. [PMID: 38672447 PMCID: PMC11048313 DOI: 10.3390/biom14040430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Phospholipids are widely utilized in various industries, including food, medicine, and cosmetics, due to their unique chemical properties and healthcare benefits. Phospholipase D (PLD) plays a crucial role in the biotransformation of phospholipids. Here, we have constructed a super-folder green fluorescent protein (sfGFP)-based phospholipase D (PLD) expression and surface-display system in Escherichia coli, enabling the surface display of sfGFP-PLDr34 on the bacteria. The displayed sfGFP-PLDr34 showed maximum enzymatic activity at pH 5.0 and 45 °C. The optimum Ca2+ concentrations for the transphosphatidylation activity and hydrolysis activity are 100 mM and 10 mM, respectively. The use of displayed sfGFP-PLDr34 for the conversion of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and L-serine to phosphatidylserine (PS) showed that nearly all the PC was converted into PS at the optimum conditions. The displayed enzyme can be reused for up to three rounds while still producing detectable levels of PS. Thus, Escherichia coli/sfGFP-PLD shows potential for the feasible industrial-scale production of PS. Moreover, this system is particularly valuable for quickly screening higher-activity PLDs. The fluorescence of sfGFP can indicate the expression level of the fused PLD and changes that occur during reuse.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China; (B.S.); (Z.L.); (Y.P.); (F.W.); (Y.C.)
| | - Lixin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China; (B.S.); (Z.L.); (Y.P.); (F.W.); (Y.C.)
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2
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Li M, Zhou Y, Duan X, Zhou L, Zhang T. Characterization of a phospholipase D from Streptomyces cinnamoneum SK43.003 suitable for phosphatidylserine synthesis. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2021; 69:1917-1928. [PMID: 34585426 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A phospholipase D high producing strain with transphosphatidylation activity that is suitable for phosphatidylserine synthesis was screened by our laboratory and named as Streptomyces cinnamoneum SK43.003. The enzyme structural and biochemical properties were investigated using the molecular biology method. A 1521-bp fragment of the phospholipase D gene from Streptomyces cinnamoneum SK43.003 was amplified by PCR and encoded for 506 amino acids. The primary structure contained two conserved HKD and GG/S motifs. The pld gene was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The purified enzyme exhibited the highest activity at a pH value of 6.0 andtemperature of 60°C. The enzyme was stable within a pH range of 4-7 for 24 h or at temperatures below 50°C. In addition, Triton X-100, Fe2+ , and Al3+ were beneficial to the enzyme activity, whereas Zn2+ and Cu2+ dramatically inhibited its activity. In a two-phase system, the enzyme could convert phosphatidylcholine to phosphatidylserine with a 92% transformation rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yanfeng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiaoli Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Licheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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3
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Highly Efficient Extracellular Production of Recombinant Streptomyces PMF Phospholipase D in Escherichia coli. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10091057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To achieve efficient bio-production of phospholipase D (PLD), PLDs from different organisms were expressed in E.coli. An efficient secretory expression system was thereby developed for PLD. First, PLDs from Streptomyces PMF and Streptomyces racemochromogenes were separately over-expressed in E.coli to compare their transphosphatidylation activity based on the synthesis of phosphatidylserine (PS), and PLDPMF was determined to have higher activity. To further improve PLDPMF synthesis, a secretory expression system suitable for PLDPMF was constructed and optimized with different signal peptides. The highest secretory efficiency was observed when the PLD * (PLDPMF with the native signal peptide Nat removed) was expressed fused with the fusion signal peptide PelB-Nat in E. coli. The fermentation conditions were also investigated to increase the production of recombinant PLD and 10.5 U/mL PLD was ultimately obtained under the optimized conditions. For the application of recombinant PLD to PS synthesis, the PLD properties were characterized and 30.2 g/L of PS was produced after 24 h of bioconversion when 50 g/L phosphatidylcholine (PC) was added.
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4
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Filkin SY, Lipkin AV, Fedorov AN. Phospholipase Superfamily: Structure, Functions, and Biotechnological Applications. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2020; 85:S177-S195. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297920140096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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5
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Immobilization of Phospholipase D on Silica-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles for the Synthesis of Functional Phosphatidylserine. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9040361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4/SiO2) were synthesized and applied in the immobilization of phospholipase D (PLDa2) via physical adsorption and covalent attachment. The immobilized PLDa2 was applied in the synthesis of functional phosphatidylserine (PS) through a transphophatidylation reaction. The synthesis process and characterizations of the carriers were examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The optimum immobilization conditions were evaluated, and the thermal and pH stability of immobilized and free PLDa2 were measured and compared. The tolerance to high temperature of immobilized PLDa2 increased remarkably by 10°C. Furthermore, the catalytic activity of the immobilized PLDa2 remained at 40% after eight recycles, which revealed that silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles have potential application for immobilization and catalytic reactions in a biphasic system.
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Cao K, Liu Y, Tian Y, Zhang Q, Cong P, Li H, Xu J, Li Z, Wang J, Mao X, Xue C. Reaction Specificity of Phospholipase D Prepared from Acinetobacter radioresistens a2 in Transphosphatidylation. Lipids 2018; 53:517-526. [PMID: 30071133 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipase D (PLD) can react with phospholipids as substrates, generally phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho), and the PLD-substrate intermediate can be cleaved by another alcohol, resulting in transphosphatidylation of the substrate, which can be used in the production of special lipids. In this study, the reaction conditions affecting the transphosphatidylation of PtdCho with serine were optimized and the reaction specificity of a novel PLD prepared from Acinetobacter radioresistens a2 was evaluated for transphosphatidylation with a variety of phospholipid substrates and head group donors. Based on the yield of phosphatidylserine, experimental kinetic data, maximum transphosphatidylation rate, and kinetic constant, the specificity of PLD in transphosphatidylation was found to be affected by unsaturated fatty-acid phospholipid substrates. The catalytic efficiency of PLD prepared from A. radioresistens a2 on the synthesis of natural phospholipids is on the order of l-serine > ethanolamine and glycerol ≫ inositol. Moreover, it was found that the transphosphatidylation of PtdCho with saccharides was related to the length of the carbon chain and the number of saccharide units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewei Cao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yanjun Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yingying Tian
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, National Laboratory Marine Science and Technology, 23 Hong Kong east Road, 266071, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Peixu Cong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hongyan Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jie Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Zhaojie Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jingfeng Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiangzhao Mao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Changhu Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, National Laboratory Marine Science and Technology, 23 Hong Kong east Road, 266071, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
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7
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Pokotylo I, Kravets V, Martinec J, Ruelland E. The phosphatidic acid paradox: Too many actions for one molecule class? Lessons from plants. Prog Lipid Res 2018; 71:43-53. [PMID: 29842906 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidic acid (PA) is a simple phospholipid observed in most organisms. PA acts as a key metabolic intermediate and a second messenger that regulates many cell activities. In plants, PA is involved in numerous cell responses induced by hormones, stress inputs and developmental processes. Interestingly, PA production can be triggered by opposite stressors, such as cold and heat, or by hormones that are considered to be antagonistic, such as abscisic acid and salicylic acid. This property questions the specificity of the responses controlled by PA. Are there generic responses to PA, meaning that cell regulation triggered by PA would be always the same, even in opposite physiological situations? Alternatively, do the responses to PA differ according to the physiological context within the cells? If so, the mechanisms that regulate the divergence of PA-controlled reactions are poorly defined. This review summarizes the latest opinions on how PA signalling is directed in plant cells and examines the intrinsic properties of PA that enable its regulatory diversity. We propose a concept whereby PA regulatory messages are perceived as complex "signatures" that take into account their production site, the availability of target proteins and the relevant cellular environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Pokotylo
- Université Paris-Est, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris, Créteil, France; Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Volodymyr Kravets
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Jan Martinec
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eric Ruelland
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine; CNRS, UMR7618, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris, Créteil, France.
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8
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Arhab Y, Rahier R, Noiriel A, Cherrier MV, Abousalham A. Expression and Purification of Recombinant Vigna unguiculata Phospholipase D in Pichia pastoris for Structural Studies. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1835:191-201. [PMID: 30109653 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8672-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The production of pure enzymes in high quantities is a proven strategy to study the catalytic mechanism as well as the solving of structure at the atomic scale for therapeutic or industrial purposes. Phospholipase D (PLD, EC 3.1.4.4) is found in a wide majority of living organisms and has been shown to be involved in signal transduction, vesicle trafficking, and membrane metabolism processes. Located at the membrane-cytoplasm interface, plant PLDs are soluble but also bear an evident hydrophobic aspect making challenging its expression and its purification in large quantity. So far there is no high-resolution three-dimensional structure for a eukaryotic PLD. The protocols herein describe the cloning of the eukaryotic recombinant PLDα of Vigna unguiculata (cowpea) into the yeast expression system Pichia pastoris and its two-step purification process. This allowed us to purify to homogeneity hundreds of micrograms of highly pure protein to conduct in fine structural studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yani Arhab
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Institut de Chimie et de Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, UMR 5246 CNRS, Métabolisme, Enzymes et Mécanismes Moléculaires (MEM²), Villeurbanne Cedex, 69622, France
| | - Renaud Rahier
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Institut de Chimie et de Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, UMR 5246 CNRS, Métabolisme, Enzymes et Mécanismes Moléculaires (MEM²), Villeurbanne Cedex, 69622, France
| | - Alexandre Noiriel
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Institut de Chimie et de Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, UMR 5246 CNRS, Métabolisme, Enzymes et Mécanismes Moléculaires (MEM²), Villeurbanne Cedex, 69622, France
| | - Mickael V Cherrier
- UMR 5086 Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, Université de Lyon-CNRS, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, Lyon Cedex 07, France
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, Grenoble, France
| | - Abdelkarim Abousalham
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Institut de Chimie et de Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, UMR 5246 CNRS, Métabolisme, Enzymes et Mécanismes Moléculaires (MEM²), Villeurbanne Cedex, 69622, France.
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9
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Dreßler L, Michel F, Thondorf I, Mansfeld J, Golbik R, Ulbrich-Hofmann R. Metal ions and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate as interacting effectors of α-type plant phospholipase D. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2017; 138:57-64. [PMID: 28283189 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2017.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant phospholipases D (PLD) are typically characterized by a C2 domain with at least two Ca2+ binding sites. In vitro, the predominantly expressed α-type PLDs need 20-100 mM CaCl2 for optimum activity, whereas the essential activator of β- or γ-type PLDs, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), plays a secondary role. In the present paper, we have studied the interplay between PIP2 and metal ion activation of the well-known α-type PLD from cabbage (PLDα). With mixed micelles containing phosphatidyl-p-nitrophenol as substrate, PIP2-concentrations in the nanomolar range are able to activate the enzyme in addition to the essential Ca2+ activation. Mg2+ ions are able to replace Ca2+ ions but they do not activate PLDα. Rather, they abolish the activation of the enzyme by Ca2+ ions in the absence, but not in the presence, of PIP2. The presence of PIP2 causes a shift in the pH optimum of PLDα activity to the acidic range. Employing fluorescence measurements and replacing Ca2+ by Tb3+ ions, confirmed the presence of two metal ion-binding sites, in which the one of lower affinity proved crucial for PLD activation. Moreover, we have generated a homology model of the C2 domain of this enzyme, which was used for Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations and docking studies. As is common for C2 domains, it shows two antiparallel β-sheets consisting of four β-strands each and loop regions that harbor two Ca2+ binding sites. Based on the findings of the MD simulation, one of the bound Ca2+ ions is coordinated by five amino acid residues. The second Ca2+ ion induces a loop movement upon its binding to three amino acid residues. Docking studies with PIP2 reveal, in addition to the previously postulated PIP2-binding site in the middle of the β-sheet structure, another PIP2-binding site near the two Ca2+ ions, which is in accordance with the experimental interplay of PIP2, Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Dreßler
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Florian Michel
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Iris Thondorf
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Johanna Mansfeld
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Ralph Golbik
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Renate Ulbrich-Hofmann
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, 06120 Halle, Germany.
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10
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Zhou WB, Gong JS, Hou HJ, Li H, Lu ZM, Xu HY, Xu ZH, Shi JS. Mining of a phospholipase D and its application in enzymatic preparation of phosphatidylserine. Bioengineered 2017; 9:80-89. [PMID: 28509615 PMCID: PMC5972935 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2017.1308992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine (PS) is useful as the additive in industries for memory improvement, mood enhancement and drug delivery. Conventionally, PS was extracted from soybeans, vegetable oils, egg yolk, and biomass; however, their low availability and high extraction cost were limiting factors. Phospholipase D (PLD) is a promising tool for enzymatic synthesis of PS due to its transphosphatidylation activity. In this contribution, a new and uncharacterized PLD was first obtained from GenBank database via genome mining strategy. The open reading frame consisted of 1614 bp and potentially encoded a protein of 538-amino-acid with a theoretical molecular mass of 60 kDa. The gene was successfully cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. Its enzymatic properties were experimentally characterized. The temperature and pH optima of PLD were determined to be 60°C and 7.5, respectively. Its hydrolytic activity was improved by addition of Ca2+ at 5 mM as compared with the control. The enzyme displayed suitable transphosphatidylation activity and PS could be synthesized with L-serine and soybean lecithin as substrates under the catalysis of PLD. This PLD enzyme might be a potential candidate for industrial applications in PS production. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on genome mining of PLDs from GenBank database.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Bin Zhou
- a School of Pharmaceutical Science , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , PR China
| | - Jin-Song Gong
- a School of Pharmaceutical Science , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , PR China
| | - Hai-Juan Hou
- a School of Pharmaceutical Science , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , PR China
| | - Heng Li
- a School of Pharmaceutical Science , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , PR China
| | - Zhen-Ming Lu
- a School of Pharmaceutical Science , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , PR China.,b National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , PR China
| | - Hong-Yu Xu
- a School of Pharmaceutical Science , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , PR China.,b National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , PR China
| | - Zheng-Hong Xu
- a School of Pharmaceutical Science , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , PR China.,b National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , PR China
| | - Jin-Song Shi
- a School of Pharmaceutical Science , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , PR China
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Phospholipid Hydrolysis and Transphosphatidylation by Phospholipase D from Indian Mustard Seeds in Two-Phase Systems. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-015-2784-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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12
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Borrelli GM, Trono D. Recombinant Lipases and Phospholipases and Their Use as Biocatalysts for Industrial Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:20774-840. [PMID: 26340621 PMCID: PMC4613230 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160920774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipases and phospholipases are interfacial enzymes that hydrolyze hydrophobic ester linkages of triacylglycerols and phospholipids, respectively. In addition to their role as esterases, these enzymes catalyze a plethora of other reactions; indeed, lipases also catalyze esterification, transesterification and interesterification reactions, and phospholipases also show acyltransferase, transacylase and transphosphatidylation activities. Thus, lipases and phospholipases represent versatile biocatalysts that are widely used in various industrial applications, such as for biodiesels, food, nutraceuticals, oil degumming and detergents; minor applications also include bioremediation, agriculture, cosmetics, leather and paper industries. These enzymes are ubiquitous in most living organisms, across animals, plants, yeasts, fungi and bacteria. For their greater availability and their ease of production, microbial lipases and phospholipases are preferred to those derived from animals and plants. Nevertheless, traditional purification strategies from microbe cultures have a number of disadvantages, which include non-reproducibility and low yields. Moreover, native microbial enzymes are not always suitable for biocatalytic processes. The development of molecular techniques for the production of recombinant heterologous proteins in a host system has overcome these constraints, as this allows high-level protein expression and production of new redesigned enzymes with improved catalytic properties. These can meet the requirements of specific industrial process better than the native enzymes. The purpose of this review is to give an overview of the structural and functional features of lipases and phospholipases, to describe the recent advances in optimization of the production of recombinant lipases and phospholipases, and to summarize the information available relating to their major applications in industrial processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia M Borrelli
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi dell'Economia Agraria, Centro di Ricerca per la Cerealicoltura, S.S. 673 Km 25, 200-71122 Foggia, Italy.
| | - Daniela Trono
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi dell'Economia Agraria, Centro di Ricerca per la Cerealicoltura, S.S. 673 Km 25, 200-71122 Foggia, Italy.
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