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Rahmati F, Sethi D, Shu W, Asgari Lajayer B, Mosaferi M, Thomson A, Price GW. Advances in microbial exoenzymes bioengineering for improvement of bioplastics degradation. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 355:141749. [PMID: 38521099 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Plastic pollution has become a major global concern, posing numerous challenges for the environment and wildlife. Most conventional ways of plastics degradation are inefficient and cause great damage to ecosystems. The development of biodegradable plastics offers a promising solution for waste management. These plastics are designed to break down under various conditions, opening up new possibilities to mitigate the negative impact of traditional plastics. Microbes, including bacteria and fungi, play a crucial role in the degradation of bioplastics by producing and secreting extracellular enzymes, such as cutinase, lipases, and proteases. However, these microbial enzymes are sensitive to extreme environmental conditions, such as temperature and acidity, affecting their functions and stability. To address these challenges, scientists have employed protein engineering and immobilization techniques to enhance enzyme stability and predict protein structures. Strategies such as improving enzyme and substrate interaction, increasing enzyme thermostability, reinforcing the bonding between the active site of the enzyme and substrate, and refining enzyme activity are being utilized to boost enzyme immobilization and functionality. Recently, bioengineering through gene cloning and expression in potential microorganisms, has revolutionized the biodegradation of bioplastics. This review aimed to discuss the most recent protein engineering strategies for modifying bioplastic-degrading enzymes in terms of stability and functionality, including enzyme thermostability enhancement, reinforcing the substrate binding to the enzyme active site, refining with other enzymes, and improvement of enzyme surface and substrate action. Additionally, discovered bioplastic-degrading exoenzymes by metagenomics techniques were emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Rahmati
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Qom Branch, Islamic Azad University (IAU), Qom 37185364, Iran
| | - Debadatta Sethi
- Sugarcane Research Station, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Nayagarh, India
| | - Weixi Shu
- Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, B2N 5E3, Canada
| | | | - Mohammad Mosaferi
- Health and Environment Research Center, Tabriz Health Services Management Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Allan Thomson
- Perennia Food and Agriculture Corporation., 173 Dr. Bernie MacDonald Dr., Bible Hill, Truro, NS, B6L 2H5, Canada
| | - G W Price
- Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, B2N 5E3, Canada.
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Chemical and Molecular Characterization of Wound-Induced Suberization in Poplar (Populus alba × P. tremula) Stem Bark. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11091143. [PMID: 35567144 PMCID: PMC9102228 DOI: 10.3390/plants11091143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Upon mechanical damage, plants produce wound responses to protect internal tissues from infections and desiccation. Suberin, a heteropolymer found on the inner face of primary cell walls, is deposited in specific tissues under normal development, enhanced under abiotic stress conditions and synthesized by any tissue upon mechanical damage. Wound-healing suberization of tree bark has been investigated at the anatomical level but very little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying this important stress response. Here, we investigated a time course of wound-induced suberization in poplar bark. Microscopic changes showed that polyphenolics accumulate 3 days post wounding, with aliphatic suberin deposition observed 5 days post wounding. A wound periderm was formed 9 days post wounding. Chemical analyses of the suberin polyester accumulated during the wound-healing response indicated that suberin monomers increased from 0.25 to 7.98 mg/g DW for days 0 to 28, respectively. Monomer proportions varied across the wound-healing process, with an overall ratio of 2:1 (monomers:glycerol) found across the first 14 days post wounding, with this ratio increasing to 7:2 by day 28. The expression of selected candidate genes of poplar suberin metabolism was investigated using qRT-PCR. Genes queried belonging to lipid polyester and phenylpropanoid metabolism appeared to have redundant functions in native and wound-induced suberization. Our data show that, anatomically, the wounding response in poplar bark is similar to that described in periderms of other species. It also provides novel insight into this process at the chemical and molecular levels, which have not been previously studied in trees.
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Simões R, Miranda I, Pereira H. Cutin extraction and composition determined under differing depolymerisation conditions in cork oak leaves. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2022; 33:127-135. [PMID: 34155712 DOI: 10.1002/pca.3075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cutin is a biopolyester involved in waterproofing aerial plant organs, including leaves. Cutin quantification and compositional profiling require depolymerisation, namely by methanolysis, but specific protocols are not available. OBJECTIVES Investigate how different methanolysis conditions regarding catalyst concentration effect cutin depolymerisation and monomer release, to better define protocols for cutin content determination and composition profiling. MATERIAL AND METHODS Cork oak (Quercus suber) dewaxed leaves were reacted with five sodium methoxide (NaOMe) concentrations. Extracts were analysed: glycerol by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and long-chain lipids by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). RESULTS Cutin was completely removed by 3% NaOMe (8.4% of dewaxed leaves), while mild 0.1% and 0.01% NaOMe methanolysis only depolymerised 14% of total cutin. Reactivity of cutin ester bonds is not homogeneous and glyceridic ester bonds are more easily cleaved, releasing the existing glycerol already under the mildest conditions (0.53% with 0.01% NaOMe and 0.41% with 3% NaOMe). The composition of cutin extracts varies with depolymerisation extent, with easier release of alkanoic acids and alkanols, respectively, 34.9% and 8.8% of total monomers at 0.1% NaOMe, while ω-hydroxyacids (49.3% of total monomers) and α,ω-diacids (9.0% of the monomers) are solubilised under more intensive reactive conditions. CONCLUSION Cutin of Quercus suber leaves is confirmed as a glyceridic polyester of ω-hydroxyacids and alkanoic acids, with minor content of α,ω-diacids, and including coumarate moieties. The protocol for the determination of cutin content and compositional profiling was established regarding catalyst concentration. The molar composition of cutin suggests a macromolecular assembly based on glycerol linked to lipid oligomeric chains with moderate cross-linking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Simões
- Centro de Estudos Florestais, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Isabel Miranda
- Centro de Estudos Florestais, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Helena Pereira
- Centro de Estudos Florestais, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Reynoud N, Petit J, Bres C, Lahaye M, Rothan C, Marion D, Bakan B. The Complex Architecture of Plant Cuticles and Its Relation to Multiple Biological Functions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:782773. [PMID: 34956280 PMCID: PMC8702516 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.782773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Terrestrialization of vascular plants, i.e., Angiosperm, is associated with the development of cuticular barriers that prevent biotic and abiotic stresses and support plant growth and development. To fulfill these multiple functions, cuticles have developed a unique supramolecular and dynamic assembly of molecules and macromolecules. Plant cuticles are not only an assembly of lipid compounds, i.e., waxes and cutin polyester, as generally presented in the literature, but also of polysaccharides and phenolic compounds, each fulfilling a role dependent on the presence of the others. This mini-review is focused on recent developments and hypotheses on cuticle architecture-function relationships through the prism of non-lipid components, i.e., cuticle-embedded polysaccharides and polyester-bound phenolics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Reynoud
- INRAE, Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, Nantes, France
| | - Johann Petit
- INRAE, University of Bordeaux, UMR BFP, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Cécile Bres
- INRAE, University of Bordeaux, UMR BFP, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Marc Lahaye
- INRAE, Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, Nantes, France
| | | | - Didier Marion
- INRAE, Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, Nantes, France
| | - Bénédicte Bakan
- INRAE, Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, Nantes, France
- *Correspondence: Bénédicte Bakan,
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Simões R, Miranda I, Pereira H. Chemical composition of leaf cutin in six Quercus suber provenances. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 181:112570. [PMID: 33166753 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The cutin content and composition of cork oak (Quercus suber) leaves was determined in six provenances with different seed geographical origin spreading across the species natural distribution. The cutin layer on the leaf surface was on average 518 μg/cm2 of leaf area and represented 6.7% of the leaf dry weight, with no significant differences among provenances. Cutin depolymerisation was carried out by transesterification on whole leaves. The cutin composition of cork oak leaves is presented here for the first time. It is essentially composed of long-chain aliphatic ω-hydroxy fatty acids (44.4% of the total monomers), mostly with mid-chain hydroxyl and epoxy groups, fatty acids (20.7%), and a smaller proportion of α,ω-dicarboxylic acids (6.5%). The predominant compounds are 10,16-dihydroxy hexadecanoic acid (17.7-25.2%) and 9,10,18-trihydroxyoctadecanoic acid (15.6-18.0%). Alkanols represent 2.8% and aromatic compounds 12.8%, mainly coumarates. Isolation of cuticles from Q. suber leaves was performed using an enzymatic separation procedure and the fragments were analysed. Cuticle isolation is difficult and direct depolymerisation applied to whole leaves proved a suitable method to study cutin monomeric composition, which did not differ substantially to that of the isolated cuticles. No differences between provenances were found regarding cutin content and composition, thereby ruling out a significant genetic determination of these traits, but rather a highly adaptive phenotypic plasticity of cork oak. Although overall similar in their chemical nature, cutin and suberin in cork oak differ in the proportion of the major chemical families, i.e. ω-hydroxy acids, α,ω-diacids, and fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Simões
- Centro de Estudos Florestais, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Isabel Miranda
- Centro de Estudos Florestais, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Helena Pereira
- Centro de Estudos Florestais, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017, Lisboa, Portugal
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Marques AV, Pereira H. A methodological approach for the simultaneous quantification of glycerol and fatty acids from cork suberin in a single GC run. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2019; 30:687-699. [PMID: 31215088 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Suberin, as part of plant protective barriers, is one of the most important natural polymers after cellulose and lignin. For a full elucidation of suberin structure the quantification of glycerol, fatty α,ω-diacids and ω-hydroxyacids, the major building blocks of suberin, is of primary importance. Glycerol is often lost in the most used analytical procedures or rarely determined by deficient or too laborious techniques. OBJECTIVES Propose a simple, accessible and reliable methanolysis work-up procedure for an accurate and simultaneous quantification of glycerol and suberin fatty monomers in the same GC run. MATERIAL AND METHODS Cork from Quercus suber L. was depolymerised by methanolysis. Glycerol was derivatised to an organic soluble form before the suberin monomers recovery in water/organic solvent partition. Gas chromatography flame ionisation detector (GC-FID) response factors were determined for glycerol, ferulic acid and one for each fatty monomer substructure. Additionally, 1,2,4-butanetriol and methyl nonadecanoate were used as internal standards. RESULTS The proposed experimental approach allowed the glycerol and all the fatty suberin monomers in the same GC run to be quantified accurately. Glycerol represented 30.6 area%, 14.2 mass% and 38.4 molar% of suberin and the COOH/OH groups ratio was 0.6:1 in the proposed experimental approach in contrast with 0.10 area% and COOH/OH ratio of 3:1 in the most used protocol. Furthermore, ω-hydroxyacids/α,ω-diacids mass ratio was 1:1 as opposed to an area ratio of 1.5:1. CONCLUSION The proposed work-up procedure revealed to be a reliable analytical tool for the complete analysis of suberin allowing the future knowledge to grow towards a better understanding of suberin structure throughout its range and variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- António V Marques
- Área Departamental de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Centro de Estudos Florestais, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Helena Pereira
- Centro de Estudos Florestais, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Wang JG, Gao XM, Ma ZL, Chen J, Liu YN, Shi WQ. Metabolomic and transcriptomic profiling of three types of litchi pericarps reveals that changes in the hormone balance constitute the molecular basis of the fruit cracking susceptibility of Litchi chinensis cv. Baitangying. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:5295-5308. [PMID: 31440876 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-04986-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Many Litchi chinensis cv. Baitangying orchards are suffering from a serious fruit cracking problem, but few studies have improved our understanding of the mechanism or the molecular basis of cracking susceptibility in 'Baitangying'. We conducted metabolome and transcriptome analyses of three types of litchi pericarps. To prevent passive progression after fruit cracking from affecting the results, we mainly focused on 11 metabolites and 101 genes that showed the same regulatory status and overlap in pairwise comparisons of cracking 'Baitangying' versus noncracking 'Baitangying' and noncracking 'Baitangying' versus noncracking 'Feizixiao'. Compared with the cracking-resistant cultivar 'Feizixiao', the 'Baitangying' pericarp has higher abscisic acid contents, and the presence of relevant metabolites and genes suggests increased biosynthesis of ethylene and jasmonic acid and decreased auxin and brassinosteroid biosynthesis. The fruit cracking-susceptible trait in 'Baitangying' might be associated with differences in the balance of these five types of hormones between the pericarp of this cultivar and that of 'Feizixiao'. Additionally, combined analyses showed a correspondence between the metabolite profiles and transcript patterns. qRT-PCR validation indicated the reliability of our high-throughput results. The acquired information might help in further studying the mechanisms that mediate fruit cracking susceptibility in 'Baitangying' and other litchi cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Gang Wang
- College of Agro-forestry Engineering & Planning, Tongren University, Tongren, 554300, China. .,South Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Science, Zhanjiang, 524091, China. .,Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruit Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhanjiang, 524091, China. .,Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Nutrition, Zhanjiang, 524091, Hainan Province, China.
| | - Xiao-Min Gao
- College of Agro-forestry Engineering & Planning, Tongren University, Tongren, 554300, China.,South Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Science, Zhanjiang, 524091, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruit Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhanjiang, 524091, China
| | - Zhi-Ling Ma
- South Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Science, Zhanjiang, 524091, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruit Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhanjiang, 524091, China
| | - Jing Chen
- South Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Science, Zhanjiang, 524091, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruit Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhanjiang, 524091, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Nutrition, Zhanjiang, 524091, Hainan Province, China
| | - Ya-Nan Liu
- South Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Science, Zhanjiang, 524091, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruit Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhanjiang, 524091, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Nutrition, Zhanjiang, 524091, Hainan Province, China
| | - Wei-Qi Shi
- South Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Science, Zhanjiang, 524091, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruit Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhanjiang, 524091, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Nutrition, Zhanjiang, 524091, Hainan Province, China
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Vulavala VKR, Fogelman E, Faigenboim A, Shoseyov O, Ginzberg I. The transcriptome of potato tuber phellogen reveals cellular functions of cork cambium and genes involved in periderm formation and maturation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10216. [PMID: 31308437 PMCID: PMC6629697 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46681-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The periderm is a protective corky tissue that is formed through the cambial activity of phellogen cells, when the outer epidermis is damaged. Timely periderm formation is critical to prevent pathogen invasion and water loss. The outer layers of the potato periderm, the tuber skin, serves as a model to study cork development. Early in tuber development the phellogen becomes active and produces the skin. During tuber maturation it becomes inactive and the skin adheres to the tuber flesh. The characterization of potato phellogen may contribute to the management of costly agricultural problems related to incomplete skin-set and the resulting skinning injuries, and provide us with new knowledge regarding cork development in planta. A transcriptome of potato tuber phellogen isolated by laser capture microdissection indicated similarity to vascular cambium and the cork from trees. Highly expressed genes and transcription factors indicated that phellogen activation involves cytokinesis and gene reprograming for the establishment of a dedifferentiation state; whereas inactivation is characterized by activity of genes that direct organ identity in meristem and cell-wall modifications. The expression of selected genes was analyzed using qPCR in native and wound periderm at distinct developmental stages. This allowed the identification of genes involved in periderm formation and maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijaya K R Vulavala
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, the Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P. O. Box 15159, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel.,The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Edna Fogelman
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, the Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P. O. Box 15159, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel
| | - Adi Faigenboim
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, the Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P. O. Box 15159, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel
| | - Oded Shoseyov
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Idit Ginzberg
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, the Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P. O. Box 15159, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel.
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The Root Cap Cuticle: A Cell Wall Structure for Seedling Establishment and Lateral Root Formation. Cell 2019; 176:1367-1378.e8. [PMID: 30773319 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The root cap surrounding the tip of plant roots is thought to protect the delicate stem cells in the root meristem. We discovered that the first layer of root cap cells is covered by an electron-opaque cell wall modification resembling a plant cuticle. Cuticles are polyester-based protective structures considered exclusive to aerial plant organs. Mutations in cutin biosynthesis genes affect the composition and ultrastructure of this cuticular structure, confirming its cutin-like characteristics. Strikingly, targeted degradation of the root cap cuticle causes a hypersensitivity to abiotic stresses during seedling establishment. Furthermore, lateral root primordia also display a cuticle that, when defective, causes delayed outgrowth and organ deformations, suggesting that it facilitates lateral root emergence. Our results show that the previously unrecognized root cap cuticle protects the root meristem during the critical phase of seedling establishment and promotes the efficient formation of lateral roots.
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Woolfson KN, Haggitt ML, Zhang Y, Kachura A, Bjelica A, Rey Rincon MA, Kaberi KM, Bernards MA. Differential induction of polar and non-polar metabolism during wound-induced suberization in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tubers. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 93:931-942. [PMID: 29315972 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Wound-induced suberin deposition involves the temporal and spatial coordination of phenolic and fatty acid metabolism. Phenolic metabolism leads to both soluble metabolites that accumulate as defense compounds as well as hydroxycinnamoyl derivatives that form the basis of the poly(phenolic) domain found in suberized tissue. Fatty acid metabolism involves the biosynthesis of very-long-chain fatty acids, 1-alkanols, ω-hydroxy fatty acids and α,ω-dioic acids that form a poly(aliphatic) domain, commonly referred to as suberin. Using the abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis inhibitor fluridone (FD), we reduced wound-induced de novo biosynthesis of ABA in potato tubers, and measured the impact on the expression of genes involved in phenolic metabolism (StPAL1, StC4H, StCCR, StTHT), aliphatic metabolism (StCYP86A33, StCYP86B12, StFAR3, StKCS6), metabolism linking phenolics and aliphatics (StFHT) or acyl chains and glycerol (StGPAT5, StGPAT6), and in the delivery of aliphatic monomers to the site of suberization (StABCG1). In FD-treated tissue, both aliphatic gene expression and accumulation of aliphatic suberin monomers were delayed. Exogenous ABA restored normal aliphatic suberin deposition in FD-treated tissue, and enhanced aliphatic gene expression and poly(aliphatic) domain deposition when applied alone. By contrast, phenolic metabolism genes were not affected by FD treatment, while FD + ABA and ABA treatments slightly enhanced the accumulation of polar metabolites. These data support a role for ABA in the differential induction of phenolic and aliphatic metabolism during wound-induced suberization in potato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathlyn N Woolfson
- Department of Biology and the Biotron, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Meghan L Haggitt
- Department of Biology and the Biotron, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Yanni Zhang
- Department of Biology and the Biotron, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Alexandra Kachura
- Department of Biology and the Biotron, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Anica Bjelica
- Department of Biology and the Biotron, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - M Alejandra Rey Rincon
- Department of Biology and the Biotron, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Karina M Kaberi
- Department of Biology and the Biotron, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Mark A Bernards
- Department of Biology and the Biotron, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
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11
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Assembly of the Cutin Polyester: From Cells to Extracellular Cell Walls. PLANTS 2017; 6:plants6040057. [PMID: 29156572 PMCID: PMC5750633 DOI: 10.3390/plants6040057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cuticular matrices covering aerial plant organs or delimiting compartments in these organs are composed of an insoluble hydrophobic polymer of high molecular mass, i.e., cutin, that encompass some cell wall polysaccharides and is filled by waxes. Cutin is a polyester of hydroxy and-or epoxy fatty acids including a low amount of glycerol. Screening of Arabidopsis and more recently of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) mutants allowed the delineation of the metabolic pathway involved in the formation of cutin monomers, as well as their translocation in the apoplast. Furthermore, these studies identified an extracellular enzyme involved in the polymerization of these monomers, i.e., cutin synthase 1 (CUS1), an acyl transferase of the GDSL lipase protein family. By comparing the structure of tomato fruit cutins from wild type and down-regulated CUS1 mutants, as well as with the CUS1-catalyzed formation of oligomers in vitro, hypothetical models can be elaborated on the polymerization of cutins. The polymorphism of the GDSL-lipase family raises a number of questions concerning the function of the different isoforms in relation with the formation of a composite material, the cuticle, containing entangled hydrophilic and hydrophobic polymers, i.e., polysaccharides and cutin, and plasticizers, i.e., waxes.
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12
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Ingram G, Nawrath C. The roles of the cuticle in plant development: organ adhesions and beyond. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:5307-5321. [PMID: 28992283 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Cuticles, which are composed of a variety of aliphatic molecules, impregnate epidermal cell walls forming diffusion barriers that cover almost all the aerial surfaces in higher plants. In addition to revealing important roles for cuticles in protecting plants against water loss and other environmental stresses and aggressions, mutants with permeable cuticles show major defects in plant development, such as abnormal organ formation as well as altered seed germination and viability. However, understanding the mechanistic basis for these developmental defects represents a significant challenge due to the pleiotropic nature of phenotypes and the altered physiological status/viability of some mutant backgrounds. Here we discuss both the basis of developmental phenotypes associated with defects in cuticle function and mechanisms underlying developmental processes that implicate cuticle modification. Developmental abnormalities in cuticle mutants originate at early developmental time points, when cuticle composition and properties are very difficult to measure. Nonetheless, we aim to extract principles from existing data in order to pinpoint the key cuticle components and properties required for normal plant development. Based on our analysis, we will highlight several major questions that need to be addressed and technical hurdles that need to be overcome in order to advance our current understanding of the developmental importance of plant cuticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwyneth Ingram
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, CNRS, INRA, UCB Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, F-69342 Lyon, France
| | - Christiane Nawrath
- University of Lausanne, Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Biophore Building, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Pineau E, Xu L, Renault H, Trolet A, Navrot N, Ullmann P, Légeret B, Verdier G, Beisson F, Pinot F. Arabidopsis thaliana EPOXIDE HYDROLASE1 (AtEH1) is a cytosolic epoxide hydrolase involved in the synthesis of poly-hydroxylated cutin monomers. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 215:173-186. [PMID: 28497532 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Epoxide hydrolases (EHs) are present in all living organisms. They have been extensively characterized in mammals; however, their biological functions in plants have not been demonstrated. Based on in silico analysis, we identified AtEH1 (At3g05600), a putative Arabidopsis thaliana epoxide hydrolase possibly involved in cutin monomer synthesis. We expressed AtEH1 in yeast and studied its localization in vivo. We also analyzed the composition of cutin from A. thaliana lines in which this gene was knocked out. Incubation of recombinant AtEH1 with epoxy fatty acids confirmed its capacity to hydrolyze epoxides of C18 fatty acids into vicinal diols. Transfection of Nicotiana benthamiana leaves with constructs expressing AtEH1 fused to enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) indicated that AtEH1 is localized in the cytosol. Analysis of cutin monomers in loss-of-function Ateh1-1 and Ateh1-2 mutants showed an accumulation of 18-hydroxy-9,10-epoxyoctadecenoic acid and a concomitant decrease in corresponding vicinal diols in leaf and seed cutin. Compared with wild-type seeds, Ateh1 seeds showed delayed germination under osmotic stress conditions and increased seed coat permeability to tetrazolium red. This work reports a physiological role for a plant EH and identifies AtEH1 as a new member of the complex machinery involved in cutin synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Pineau
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IBMP UPR 2357, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Lin Xu
- Institute of Biosciences and Biotechnologies, CEA-CNRS-Aix Marseille Université, UMR 7265, LB3M, F-13108, Cadarache, France
| | - Hugues Renault
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IBMP UPR 2357, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Adrien Trolet
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IBMP UPR 2357, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Nicolas Navrot
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IBMP UPR 2357, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Pascaline Ullmann
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IBMP UPR 2357, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Bertrand Légeret
- Institute of Biosciences and Biotechnologies, CEA-CNRS-Aix Marseille Université, UMR 7265, LB3M, F-13108, Cadarache, France
| | - Gaëtan Verdier
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IBMP UPR 2357, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Fred Beisson
- Institute of Biosciences and Biotechnologies, CEA-CNRS-Aix Marseille Université, UMR 7265, LB3M, F-13108, Cadarache, France
| | - Franck Pinot
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IBMP UPR 2357, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
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Legay S, Cocco E, André CM, Guignard C, Hausman JF, Guerriero G. Differential Lipid Composition and Gene Expression in the Semi-Russeted "Cox Orange Pippin" Apple Variety. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1656. [PMID: 29018466 PMCID: PMC5623121 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Russeting is characterized by a particular rough and brown phenotype, which is mainly due to the accumulation of suberin in the inner part of the epidermal cell walls. In our previous bulk transcriptomic analysis, comparing fully russeted, and waxy apple varieties, showed, in apple fruit skin, a massive decreased expression of cutin, wax and some pentacyclic triterpene biosynthesis genes in the russeted varieties, with an expected concomitant enhanced expression of the suberin biosynthetic genes. In the present work, we performed a deep investigation of the aliphatic composition of the cutin, suberin, waxes, and triterpenes in the waxy and russeted patches of the semi-russeted apple variety "Cox Orange Pippin." A targeted gene expression profiling was performed to validate candidate genes which were identified in our previous work and might be involved in the respective metabolic pathways. Our results showed that a decrease of cuticular waxes, ursolic acid and oleanolic acid, accompanied by an accumulation of alkyl-hydroxycinamates and betulinic acid, occurs in the russeted patches. The suberin monomer composition is characterized by specific occurrence of 20, 22, and 24 carbon aliphatic chains, whereas cutin is mainly represented by common C16 and C18 aliphatic chains. This work depicts, for the first time in apple, the complex composition of suberin, cutin, waxes and triterpenes, and confirms the strong interplay between these epidermal polymers in apple fruit skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Legay
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Belvaux, Luxembourg
- Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Sylvain Legay
| | - Emmanuelle Cocco
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | | | - Cédric Guignard
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | | | - Gea Guerriero
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Belvaux, Luxembourg
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