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Zhou DX, Kong XM, Huang XM, Li N, Feng N, Xu JW. Breeding a new Ganoderma lucidum strain with increased contents of individual ganoderic acids by mono-mono crossing of genetically modified monokaryons. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1410368. [PMID: 38873146 PMCID: PMC11169689 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1410368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Ganoderic acids (GAs) are major functional components of Ganoderma lucidum. The study aimed to breed a new G. lucidum strain with increased contents of individual GAs. Two mating-compatible monokaryotic strains, G. 260125 and G. 260124, were successfully isolated from the dikaryotic G. lucidum CGMCC 5.0026 via protoplast formation and regeneration. The Vitreoscilla hemoglobin gene (vgb) and squalene synthase gene (sqs) were overexpressed in the monokaryotic G. 260124 and G. 260125 strain, respectively. Mating between the G. 260124 strain overexpressing vgb and the G. 260125 strain overexpressing sqs resulted in the formation of the new hybrid dikaryotic G. lucidum strain sqs-vgb. The maximum contents of ganoderic acid (GA)-T, GA-Me, and GA-P in the fruiting body of the mated sqs-vgb strain were 23.1, 15.3, and 39.8 μg/g dry weight (DW), respectively, 2.23-, 1.75-, and 2.69-fold greater than those in G. lucidum 5.0026. The squalene and lanosterol contents increased 2.35- and 1.75-fold, respectively, in the fruiting body of the mated sqs-vgb strain compared with those in the G. lucidum 5.0026. In addition, the maximum expression levels of the sqs and lanosterol synthase gene (ls) were increased 3.23- and 2.13-fold, respectively, in the mated sqs-vgb strain. In summary, we developed a new G. lucidum strain with higher contents of individual GAs in the fruiting body by integrating genetic engineering and mono-mono crossing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding-Xi Zhou
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Xiang-Ming Kong
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiong-Min Huang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Na Li
- Faculty of Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Na Feng
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Shanghai, China
| | - Jun-Wei Xu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
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2
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Wang P, Feng X, Lv Z, Liu J, Teng Q, Chen T, Liu Q. Temporal dynamics of lignin degradation in Quercus acutissima sawdust during Ganoderma lucidum cultivation. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 268:131686. [PMID: 38643923 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Despite a fair amount of lignin conversion during mycelial growth, previous structural analyses have not yet revealed how lignin changes continuously and what the relationship is between lignin and ligninolytic enzymes. To clarify these aspects, Quercus acutissima sawdust attaching Ganoderma lucidum mycelium collected from different growth stage was subjected to analysis of lignin structure and ligninolytic enzyme activity. Two key periods of lignin degradation are found during the cultivation of G. lucidum: hypha rapid growth period and primordium formation period. In the first stage, laccase activity is associated with the opening of structures such as methoxyls, β-O-4' substructures and guaiacyl units in lignin, as well as the shortening of lignin chains. Manganese peroxidases and lignin peroxidases are more suitable for degrading short chain lignin. The structure of phenylcoumarans and syringyl changes greatly in the second stage. The results from sawdust attaching mycelium provide new insights to help improve the cultivation substrate formulation of G. lucidum and understand biomass valorization better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Department of Vegetables, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaobin Feng
- Cangzhou Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Hebei 061000, China
| | - Ziwen Lv
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Vegetables, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qian Teng
- Department of Vegetables, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tong Chen
- Department of Vegetables, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qinghong Liu
- Department of Vegetables, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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3
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Cui M, Zhao Y, Zhang X, Zhao W. Abscisic acid-mediated cytosolic Ca 2+ modulates triterpenoid accumulation of Ganoderma lucidum. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2023; 24:1174-1179. [PMID: 38057274 PMCID: PMC10710909 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b2300279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum is a mushroom widely used for its edible and medicinal properties. Primary bioactive constituents of G. lucidum are ganoderic triterpenoids (GTs), which exhibit important pharmacological activity. Abscisic acid (ABA), a plant hormone, is associated with plant growth, development, and stress responses. ABA can also affect the growth, metabolism, and physiological activities of different fungi and participates in the regulation of the tetracyclic triterpenes of some plants. Our findings indicated that ABA treatment promoted GT accumulation by regulating the gene expression levels (squalene synthase (sqs), 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (hmgr), and lanosterol synthase (ls)), and also activated cytosolic Ca2+ channels. Furthermore, under ABA mediation, exogenous Ca2+ donors and inhibitors directly affected the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration and related gene expression in Ca2+ signaling. Our study also revealed that ABA-mediated cytosolic Ca2+ played a crucial regulatory role in GT biosynthesis, accompanied by antioxidant defense modulation with increasing superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity, and the resistance ability of O2•- and glutathione (GSH) contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meilin Cui
- College of Food Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030031, China.
| | - Yitao Zhao
- College of Food Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030031, China
| | - Xiuhong Zhang
- College of Food Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030031, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- College of Food Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030031, China
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4
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Liu Z, Liu R, Zou L. Development of a Transformation System for the Medicinal Fungus Sanghuangporus baumii and Acquisition of High-Value Strain. MYCOBIOLOGY 2023; 51:169-177. [PMID: 37359953 PMCID: PMC10288903 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2023.2220164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
To further explore the molecular mechanism of triterpenoid biosynthesis and acquire high-value strain of Sanghuangporus baumii, the Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (ATMT) system was studied. The key triterpenoid biosynthesis-associated gene isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase (IDI) was transformed into S. baumii by ATMT system. Then, the qRT-PCR technique was used to analyze gene transcript level, and the widely targeted metabolomics was used to investigate individual triterpenoid content. Total triterpenoid content and anti-oxidant activity were determined by spectrophotometer. In this study, we for the first time established an efficient ATMT system and transferred the IDI gene into S. baumii. Relative to the wild-type (WT) strain, the IDI-transformant (IT) strain showed significantly higher transcript levels of IDI and total triterpenoid content. We then investigated individual triterpenoids in S. baumii, which led to the identification of 10 distinct triterpenoids. The contents of individual triterpenoids produced by the IT2 strain were 1.76-10.03 times higher than those produced by the WT strain. The triterpenoid production showed a significant positive correlation with the IDI gene expression. Besides, IT2 strain showed better anti-oxidant activity. The findings provide valuable information about the biosynthetic pathway of triterpenoids and provide a strategy for cultivating high-value S. baumii strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengcai Liu
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Ruipeng Liu
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Li Zou
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
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5
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Bondzie-Quaye P, Swallah MS, Acheampong A, Elsherbiny SM, Acheampong EO, Huang Q. Advances in the biosynthesis, diversification, and hyperproduction of ganoderic acids in Ganoderma lucidum. Mycol Prog 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-023-01881-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
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6
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A Review of Ganoderma Triterpenoids and Their Bioactivities. Biomolecules 2022; 13:biom13010024. [PMID: 36671409 PMCID: PMC9856212 DOI: 10.3390/biom13010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
For centuries, Ganoderma has been used as a traditional medicine in Asian countries to prevent and treat various diseases. Numerous publications are stating that Ganoderma species have a variety of beneficial medicinal properties, and investigations on different metabolic regulations of Ganoderma species, extracts or isolated compounds have been performed both in vitro and in vivo. However, it has frequently been questioned whether Ganoderma is simply a dietary supplement for health or just a useful "medication" for restorative purposes. More than 600 chemical compounds including alkaloids, meroterpenoids, nucleobases, nucleosides, polysaccharides, proteins, steroids and triterpenes were extracted and identified from Ganoderma, with triterpenes serving as the primary components. In recent years, Ganoderma triterpenes and other small molecular constituents have aroused the interest of chemists and pharmacologists. Meanwhile, considering the significance of the triterpene constituents in the development of new drugs, this review describes 495 compounds from 25 Ganoderma species published between 1984 and 2022, commenting on their source, biosynthetic pathway, identification, biological activities and biosynthesis, together with applications of advanced analytical techniques to the characterization of Ganoderma triterpenoids.
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7
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Luo Q, Li N, Xu JW. A methyltransferase LaeA regulates ganoderic acid biosynthesis in Ganoderma lingzhi. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1025983. [PMID: 36312944 PMCID: PMC9614229 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1025983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The methyltransferase LaeA is a global regulator involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites by ascomycete fungi. However, little is known of its regulatory role in basidiomycete fungi. In this study, the laeA gene was identified in the basidiomycete Ganoderma lingzhi and its function in regulating the biosynthesis of anti-tumor ganoderic acids was evaluated. A laeA deletion (ΔlaeA) Ganoderma strain exhibited significantly reduced concentration of ganoderic acids. qRT-PCR analysis further revealed that the transcription levels of genes involved in the biosynthesis of ganoderic acids were drastically lower in the ΔlaeA strain. Moreover, deletion of laeA resulted in decreased accumulation of intermediates and abundances of asexual spores in liquid static culture of G. lingzhi. In contrast, constitutive overexpression of laeA resulted in increased concentration of ganoderic acids. These results demonstrate an essential role of LaeA in the regulation of ganoderic acid biosynthesis in Ganoderma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Luo
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Na Li
- Faculty of Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Jun-Wei Xu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
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8
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Liu Z, Liu R, Tong X, Zou L. New Insights into Methyl Jasmonate Regulation of Triterpenoid Biosynthesis in Medicinal Fungal Species Sanghuangporusbaumii (Pilát) L.W. Zhou & Y.C. Dai. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8090889. [PMID: 36135614 PMCID: PMC9504552 DOI: 10.3390/jof8090889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Triterpenoids are secondary metabolites produced by the fungus Sanghuangporus baumii that have important pharmacological activities. However, the yield of triterpenoids is low and cannot meet market demand. Here, we treated S. baumii with several concentrations of MeJA (methyl jasmonate) and found that the total triterpenoid content was highest (23.31 mg/g) when the MeJA concentration was 250 μmol/L. qRT-PCR was used to quantify the transcription of five key genes involved in triterpenoid biosynthesis. The results showed that the relative transcription of most genes increased with increasing MeJA concentration, indicating that MeJA is a potent inducer of triterpenoid biosynthesis in S. baumii. To further explore whether other terpenoid biosynthesis pathways are also involved in the accumulation of triterpenoids induced by MeJA, we measured the contents of cis-Zeatin (cZ), gibberellins (GAs), and the transcript levels of related biosynthesis genes. We found that MeJA significantly inhibited the biosynthesis of cZ, GAs, and the transcription of related genes. The repressive effects of MeJA on cZ and GA accumulation were further confirmed by growth rate and biomass assays. In conclusion, our study provides an effective method to enhance the triterpenoid content of S. baumii, and also provides novel insights into the mechanism of MeJA-induced triterpenoid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Li Zou
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0451-86660457
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9
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Biosynthesis and regulation of terpenoids from basidiomycetes: exploration of new research. AMB Express 2021; 11:150. [PMID: 34779947 PMCID: PMC8594250 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-021-01304-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Basidiomycetes, also known as club fungi, consist of a specific group of fungi. Basidiomycetes produce a large number of secondary metabolites, of which sesquiterpenoids, diterpenoids and triterpenoids are the primary components. However, these terpenoids tend to be present in low amounts, which makes it difficult to meet application requirements. Terpenoid biosynthesis improves the quantity of these secondary metabolites. However, current understanding of the biosynthetic mechanism of terpenoids in basidiomycetes is insufficient. Therefore, this article reviews the latest research on the biosynthesis of terpenoids in basidiomycetes and summarizes the CYP450 involved in the biosynthesis of terpenoids in basidiomycetes. We also propose opportunities and challenges for chassis microbial heterologous production of terpenoids in basidiomycetes and provide a reference basis for the better development of basidiomycete engineering.
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10
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Liu X, Xia Y, Zhang Y, Liang L, Xiong Z, Wang G, Song X, Ai L. Enhancement of antroquinonol production via the overexpression of 4-hydroxybenzoate polyprenyltransferase biosynthesis-related genes in Antrodia cinnamomea. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 184:112677. [PMID: 33556840 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Antroquinonol (AQ) as one of the most potent bioactive components in Antrodia cinnamomea (Fomitopsidaceae) shows a broad spectrum of anticancer effects. The lower yield of AQ has hampered its possible clinical application. AQ production may potentially be improved by genetic engineering. In this study, the protoplast-polyethylene glycol method combined with hygromycin as a selection marker was used in the genetic engineering of A. cinnamomea S-29. The optimization of several crucial parameters revealed that the optimal condition for generating maximal viable protoplasts was digestion of 4-day-old germlings with a mixture of enzymes (lysing enzyme, snailase, and cellulase) and 1.0 M MgSO4 for 4 h. The ubiA and CoQ2 genes, which are involved in the synthesis of 4-hydroxybenzoate polyprenyltransferase, were cloned and overexpressed in A. cinnamomea. The results showed that ubiA and CoQ2 overexpression significantly increased AQ production in submerged fermentation. The overexpressing strain produced maximum AQ concentrations of 14.75 ± 0.41 mg/L and 19.25 ± 0.29 mg/L in pCT74-gpd-ubiA and pCT74-gpd-CoQ2 transformants, respectively. These concentrations were 2.00 and 2.61 times greater than those produced by the control, respectively. This research exemplifies how the production of metabolites may be increased by genetic manipulation, and will be invaluable to guide the genetic engineering of other mushrooms that produce medically useful compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Liu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, PR China
| | - Yongjun Xia
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, PR China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Chem and Bio Processing Technology of Farm Produces, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, 310023, PR China
| | - Lihong Liang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, PR China
| | - Zhiqiang Xiong
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, PR China
| | - Guangqiang Wang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, PR China
| | - Xin Song
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, PR China
| | - Lianzhong Ai
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, PR China.
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11
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Sun B, You H, Xu JW. Enhancement of ganoderic acid production by promoting sporulation in a liquid static culture of Ganoderma species. J Biotechnol 2021; 328:72-77. [PMID: 33485862 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ganoderic acids (GAs) produced by Ganoderma are a type of lanostane-type triterpenoids with anticancer and antimetastatic activities; however, low production of GAs limits its wide application. In this study, a novel strategy by promoting sporulation of Ganoderma was developed to increase GA production. First, a high-spore producing Ganoderma strain G. 260125 was obtained from dikaryotic strain CGMCC 5.0026, and the sporulation-specific gene of this strain exhibits a higher transcription level than CGMCC 5.0026. Then, the effect of promoting sporulation on GA content was investigated. The maximum ganoderic acid (GA)-T, GA-Mk, and GA-Me contents in G. 260125 in shake flasks were 358.97, 78.32, and 12.75 μg/100 mg dry weight, respectively, which were 3.42, 2.91, and 1.73 times higher than those obtained in CGMCC 5.0026. Moreover, total and individual GA contents in spores were significantly higher than those in liquid static culture. Both concentrations of intermediates and transcription levels of GA biosynthetic genes also improved in G. 260125 during fermentation compared with those in CGMCC 5.0026. For scaling-up experiments, GA-T, GA-Me, and GA-Mk production in G. 260125 improved by 2.2-, 2.6-, and 2.1-fold compared with those in CGMCC 5.0026. In addition, the effectiveness of the developed strategy was also confirmed in three different Ganoderma strains. This work illustrated that promoting sporulation efficiently improves GA production in liquid static cultures of Ganoderma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Sun
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Hao You
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Jun-Wei Xu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China.
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12
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Wang Q, Xu M, Zhao L, Wang F, Li Y, Shi G, Ding Z. Transcriptome dynamics and metabolite analysis revealed the candidate genes and regulatory mechanism of ganoderic acid biosynthesis during liquid superficial-static culture of Ganoderma lucidum. Microb Biotechnol 2020; 14:600-613. [PMID: 32975886 PMCID: PMC7936306 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Ganoderic acid (GA), an important secondary metabolite of Ganoderma lucidum, exhibited many significant pharmacological activities. In this study, the biosynthetic mechanism of GAs was investigated by comparing metabolites and transcriptome dynamics during liquid superficial‐static culture (LSSC) and submerged culture (SC). LSSC was a better method to produce GA because thirteen GAs were identified from mycelia by UPLC‐QTOF‐MS, and the content of all GAs was higher in LSSC than in SC. Ergosterol was accumulated during the SC process in G. lucidum. Transcriptome dynamics analysis revealed CYP5150L8 was the key gene regulating lanosterol flux into GA biosynthesis. Other sixteen CYP450 genes were significantly higher expressed during the culture time in LSSC and could be potential candidate genes associated with the biosynthesis of different GAs. In addition, six of the ten expressed genes in ergosterol biosynthetic pathway shown upregulated at some time points in SC. These results not only provide a fundamental information of the key genes in ergosterol and GA biosynthetic pathway, but also provide directions for future elucidating the regulatory mechanisms of GAs in G. lucidum and enabling us to promote the development and utilization of LSSC at the industrial level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Mengmeng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Liting Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Feng Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Youran Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Guiyang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Zhongyang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
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13
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Liu Z, Sun T, Wang S, Zou L. Cloning, molecular properties and differential expression analysis of the isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase gene in Sanghuangporus baumii. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2020.1792342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zengcai Liu
- Department of Forest Protection, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Tingting Sun
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Food Engineering, Harbin University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Shixin Wang
- Department of Forest Protection, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Li Zou
- Department of Forest Protection, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China
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14
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Liu K, Sun B, You H, Tu JL, Yu X, Zhao P, Xu JW. Dual sgRNA-directed gene deletion in basidiomycete Ganoderma lucidum using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Microb Biotechnol 2020; 13:386-396. [PMID: 31958883 PMCID: PMC7017817 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum is an important medicinal mushroom in traditional Chinese medicine. However, the lack of adequate genetic tools has hindered molecular genetic research in and the genetic modification of this species. Here, we report that the presence of an intron is necessary for the efficient expression of the heterologous phosphinothricin-resistance and green fluorescent protein genes in G. lucidum. Moreover, we improved the CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene disruption frequency in G. lucidum by adding an intron upstream of the Cas9 gene. Our results showed that the disruption frequency of the orotidine 5'-monophosphate decarboxylase gene (ura3) in transformants containing the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene intron in the Cas9 plasmid is 14-18 in 107 protoplasts, which is 10.6 times higher than that in transformants without any intron sequence. Furthermore, genomic fragment deletions in the ura3 and GL17624 genes were achieved via a dual sgRNA-directed CRISPR/Cas9 system in G. lucidum. We achieved a ura3 deletion frequency of 36.7% in G. lucidum. The developed method provides a powerful platform to generate gene deletion mutants and will facilitate functional genomic studies in G. lucidum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Liu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Bin Sun
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Hao You
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Jun-Liang Tu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Xuya Yu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Jun-Wei Xu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
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Xu J, Yue T, Yu X, Zhao P, Li T, Li N. Enhanced production of individual ganoderic acids by integrating Vitreoscilla haemoglobin expression and calcium ion induction in liquid static cultures of Ganoderma lingzhi. Microb Biotechnol 2019; 12:1180-1187. [PMID: 30821132 PMCID: PMC6801144 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ganoderic acids produced by Ganoderma exhibit anticancer and antimetastatic activities. A novel approach by combining Vitreoscilla haemoglobin (VHb) expression and calcium ion induction was developed to enhance ganoderic acid (GA) production in liquid static cultures of G. lingzhi. The maximum contents of GA-O, GA-S and GA-Me were 1451.33 ± 67.50, 1431.23 ± 79.74 and 1283.81 ± 85.13 μg per 100 mg cell weight, respectively under the integrated approach, which are the highest contents as ever reported in Ganoderma. The contents of squalene and lanosterol were increased by 2.0- and 3.0-fold in this case compared with those in the control. The transcription levels of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, farnesyl-diphosphate synthase, squalene synthase and cytochrome P450 CYP5150L8 were upregulated by 2.56-, 3.31-, 2.59- and 6.12-fold respectively. Additionally, the expression of VHb improved the ratio of type I to type II GA in liquid static cultivation of G. lingzhi. The transcription levels of cyp512a2, cyp512v2 and cyp512a13, candidate cytochrome P450 genes involved in oxidative modification of the lanostane skeleton in GA biosynthesis, were also increased by 2.28-, 2.65- and 3.54-fold in the VHb-expressing strain respectively. Our results illustrated that the approach described here efficiently improved GA production in G. lingzhi fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun‐Wei Xu
- Faculty of Life Science and TechnologyKunming University of Science and TechnologyKunming650500China
| | - Tong‐Hui Yue
- Faculty of Life Science and TechnologyKunming University of Science and TechnologyKunming650500China
| | - Xuya Yu
- Faculty of Life Science and TechnologyKunming University of Science and TechnologyKunming650500China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Faculty of Life Science and TechnologyKunming University of Science and TechnologyKunming650500China
| | - Tao Li
- Faculty of Life Science and TechnologyKunming University of Science and TechnologyKunming650500China
| | - Na Li
- Faculty of ScienceKunming University of Science and TechnologyKunming650500China
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Zhu J, Sun Z, Shi D, Song S, Lian L, Shi L, Ren A, Yu H, Zhao M. Dual functions of AreA, a GATA transcription factor, on influencing ganoderic acid biosynthesis in Ganoderma lucidum. Environ Microbiol 2019; 21:4166-4179. [PMID: 31381838 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen metabolism repression (NMR) has been well studied in filamentous fungi, but the molecular mechanism of its effects on fungal secondary metabolism has been generally unexplored. Ganoderic acid (GA) biosynthesis in Ganoderma lucidum differs between ammonia and nitrate nitrogen sources. To explain the functions of NMR in secondary metabolism, AreA, which is a core transcription factor of NMR, was characterized in G. lucidum. The transcription level of AreA was dramatically increased (approximately 4.5-folds), with the nitrate as the sole nitrogen source, compared with that with ammonia as the source. In addition, the expression of related genes involved in NMR was changed (upregulated of MeaB and downregulated of Nmr and GlnA) when AreA was knockdown. Yeast one-hybrid and electrophoretic mobility shift assay results showed that AreA could directly bind to the promoter of fps (encoding farnesyl-diphosphate synthase) to activate its expression. However, GA biosynthesis was increased (27% in the ammonia source and 77% in the nitrate source) in AreAi mutant strains versus that in control strains. These results showed that another important factor must participate in regulating GA biosynthesis other than the direct activation of AreA. Furthermore, we found that the content of nitric oxide (NO) was increased approximately 2.7-folds in the nitrate source compared with that in the ammonia. By adding the NO donor (SNP) or scavenger (cPTIO) and using NR-silenced or NR-overexpressed strains, we found that there was a negative correlation between the NO contents and GA biosynthesis. NO generated by nitrate reductase (NR) during the nitrogen utilization burst and could negatively influence GA biosynthesis. As a global transcription factor, AreA could also regulate the expression of NR. Our studies provide novel insight into the dual functions of AreA in GA biosynthesis during nitrogen assimilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zehua Sun
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Dengke Shi
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuqi Song
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingdan Lian
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ang Ren
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanshou Yu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingwen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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17
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Fei Y, Li N, Zhang DH, Xu JW. Increased production of ganoderic acids by overexpression of homologous farnesyl diphosphate synthase and kinetic modeling of ganoderic acid production in Ganoderma lucidum. Microb Cell Fact 2019; 18:115. [PMID: 31253150 PMCID: PMC6599323 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-019-1164-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ganoderic acids (GAs), derived from the medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum, possess anticancer and other important pharmacological activities. To improve production of GAs, a homologous farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPS) gene was overexpressed in G. lucidum. Moreover, the influence of FPS gene overexpression on GA production was investigated by developing the corresponding mathematical models. Results The maximum levels of total GAs and individual GAs (GA-T, GA-S, and GA-Me) in the transgenic strain were 2.76 mg/100 mg dry weight (DW), 41 ± 2, 21 ± 5, and 28 ± 1 μg/100 mg DW, respectively, which were increased by 2.28-, 2.27-, 2.62-, and 2.80-folds compared with those in the control. Transcription levels of squalene synthase (SQS) and lanosterol synthase (LS) genes during GA biosynthesis were upregulated by 2.28- and 1.73-folds, respectively, in the transgenic G. lucidum. In addition, the developed unstructured models had a satisfactory fit for the process of GA production in submerged cultures of G. lucidum. Analysis of the kinetic process showed that FPS gene overexpression had a stronger positive impact on GA production compared with its influence on cell growth. Also, FPS gene overexpression led to a higher non-growth-associated-constant β (1.151) over the growth-associated-constant α (0.026) in the developed models. Conclusions FPS gene overexpression is an effective strategy to improve the production of GAs in G. lucidum. The developed mathematical models are useful for developing a better GA production process in future large-scale bioreactors. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12934-019-1164-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fei
- School of Statistics and Mathematics, Yunnan University of Finance and Economics, Kunming, 650221, China
| | - Na Li
- School of Statistics and Mathematics, Yunnan University of Finance and Economics, Kunming, 650221, China.,Faculty of Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - De-Huai Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Jun-Wei Xu
- School of Statistics and Mathematics, Yunnan University of Finance and Economics, Kunming, 650221, China. .,Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China.
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Gu L, Zheng Y, Lian D, Zhong X, Liu X. Production of triterpenoids from Ganoderma lucidum : Elicitation strategy and signal transduction. Process Biochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2018.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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19
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Wang WF, Xiao H, Zhong JJ. Biosynthesis of a ganoderic acid in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
by expressing a cytochrome P450 gene from Ganoderma lucidum. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 115:1842-1854. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, and Laboratory of Molecular Biochemical Engineering & Advanced Fermentation Technology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
| | - Han Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, and Laboratory of Molecular Biochemical Engineering & Advanced Fermentation Technology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
| | - Jian-Jiang Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, and Laboratory of Molecular Biochemical Engineering & Advanced Fermentation Technology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
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Dai YC, Zhou LW, Hattori T, Cao Y, Stalpers JA, Ryvarden L, Buchanan P, Oberwinkler F, Hallenberg N, Liu PG, Wu SH. Ganoderma lingzhi (Polyporales, Basidiomycota): the scientific binomial for the widely cultivated medicinal fungus Lingzhi. Mycol Prog 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-017-1347-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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21
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Zhang DH, Jiang LX, Li N, Yu X, Zhao P, Li T, Xu JW. Overexpression of the Squalene Epoxidase Gene Alone and in Combination with the 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl Coenzyme A Gene Increases Ganoderic Acid Production in Ganoderma lingzhi. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:4683-4690. [PMID: 28530827 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The squalene epoxidase (SE) gene from the biosynthetic pathway of ganoderic acid (GA) was cloned and overexpressed in Ganoderma lingzhi. The strain that overexpressed the SE produced approximately 2 times more GA molecules than the wild-type (WT) strain. Moreover, SE overexpression upregulated lanosterol synthase gene expression in the biosynthetic pathway. These results indicated that SE stimulates GA accumulation. Then, the SE and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMGR) genes were simultaneously overexpressed in G. lingzhi. Compared with the individual overexpression of SE or HMGR, the combined overexpression of the two genes further enhanced individual GA production. The overexpressing strain produced maximum GA-T, GA-S, GA-Mk, and GA-Me contents of 90.4 ± 7.5, 35.9 ± 5.4, 6.2 ± 0.5, and 61.8 ± 5.8 μg/100 mg dry weight, respectively. These values were 5.9, 4.5, 2.4, and 5.8 times higher than those produced by the WT strain. This is the first example of the successful manipulation of multiple biosynthetic genes to improve GA content in G. lingzhi.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Huai Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Lu-Xi Jiang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Na Li
- Faculty of Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Xuya Yu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Tao Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Jun-Wei Xu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming, 650500, China
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23
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Making Use of Genomic Information to Explore the Biotechnological Potential of Medicinal Mushrooms. MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS OF THE WORLD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-5978-0_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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