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Dong J, Zhao X, Song X, Wang S, Zhao X, Liang B, Long Y, Xing Z. Identification of Eleutherococcus senticosus NAC transcription factors and their mechanisms in mediating DNA methylation of EsFPS, EsSS, and EsSE promoters to regulate saponin synthesis. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:536. [PMID: 38816704 PMCID: PMC11140872 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10442-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The formation of pharmacologically active components in medicinal plants is significantly impacted by DNA methylation. However, the exact mechanisms through which DNA methylation regulates secondary metabolism remain incompletely understood. Research in model species has demonstrated that DNA methylation at the transcription factor binding site within functional gene promoters can impact the binding of transcription factors to target DNA, subsequently influencing gene expression. These findings suggest that the interaction between transcription factors and target DNA could be a significant mechanism through which DNA methylation regulates secondary metabolism in medicinal plants. RESULTS This research conducted a comprehensive analysis of the NAC family in E. senticosus, encompassing genome-wide characterization and functional analysis. A total of 117 EsNAC genes were identified and phylogenetically divided into 15 subfamilies. Tandem duplications and chromosome segment duplications were found to be the primary replication modes of these genes. Motif 2 was identified as the core conserved motif of the genes, and the cis-acting elements, gene structures, and expression patterns of each EsNAC gene were different. EsJUB1, EsNAC047, EsNAC098, and EsNAC005 were significantly associated with the DNA methylation ratio in E. senticosus. These four genes were located in the nucleus or cytoplasm and exhibited transcriptional self-activation activity. DNA methylation in EsFPS, EsSS, and EsSE promoters significantly reduced their activity. The methyl groups added to cytosine directly hindered the binding of the promoters to EsJUB1, EsNAC047, EsNAC098, and EsNAC005 and altered the expression of EsFPS, EsSS, and EsSE genes, eventually leading to changes in saponin synthesis in E. senticosus. CONCLUSIONS NAC transcription factors that are hindered from binding by methylated DNA are found in E. senticosus. The incapacity of these NACs to bind to the promoter of the methylated saponin synthase gene leads to subsequent alterations in gene expression and saponin synthesis. This research is the initial evidence showcasing the involvement of EsNAC in governing the impact of DNA methylation on saponin production in E. senticosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Dong
- College of Life Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, 063210, Hebei, China
| | - Xuelei Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, 063210, Hebei, China
| | - Xin Song
- College of Life Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, 063210, Hebei, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- College of Life Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, 063210, Hebei, China
| | - Xueying Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, 063210, Hebei, China
| | - Baoxiang Liang
- College of Life Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, 063210, Hebei, China
| | - Yuehong Long
- College of Life Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, 063210, Hebei, China.
| | - Zhaobin Xing
- College of Life Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, 063210, Hebei, China.
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Lin Y, Hu Q, Ye Q, Zhang H, Bao Z, Li Y, Mo LJ. Diosgenin biosynthesis pathway and its regulation in Dioscorea cirrhosa L. PeerJ 2024; 12:e16702. [PMID: 38282859 PMCID: PMC10812585 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Dioscorea cirrhosa L. (D. cirrhosa) tuber is a traditional medicinal plant that is abundant in various pharmacological substances. Although diosgenin is commonly found in many Dioscoreaceae plants, its presence in D. cirrhosa remained uncertain. To address this, HPLC-MS/MS analysis was conducted and 13 diosgenin metabolites were identified in D. cirrhosa tuber. Furthermore, we utilized transcriptome data to identify 21 key enzymes and 43 unigenes that are involved in diosgenin biosynthesis, leading to a proposed pathway for diosgenin biosynthesis in D. cirrhosa. A total of 3,365 unigenes belonging to 82 transcription factor (TF) families were annotated, including MYB, AP2/ERF, bZIP, bHLH, WRKY, NAC, C2H2, C3H, SNF2 and Aux/IAA. Correlation analysis revealed that 22 TFs are strongly associated with diosgenin biosynthesis genes (-r2- > 0.9, P < 0.05). Moreover, our analysis of the CYP450 gene family identified 206 CYP450 genes (CYP450s), with 40 being potential CYP450s. Gene phylogenetic analysis revealed that these CYP450s were associated with sterol C-22 hydroxylase, sterol-14-demethylase and amyrin oxidase in diosgenin biosynthesis. Our findings lay a foundation for future genetic engineering studies aimed at improving the biosynthesis of diosgenin compounds in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lin
- Dongguan Institute of Forestry Science, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiuyan Hu
- Dongguan Institute of Forestry Science, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiang Ye
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Haohua Zhang
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ziyu Bao
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongping Li
- Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Crops of Hainan Province, School of Horticulture, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Luo Jian Mo
- Dongguan Institute of Forestry Science, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
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3
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Yin X, Xiang Y, Huang F, Chen Y, Ding H, Du J, Chen X, Wang X, Wei X, Cai Y, Gao W, Guo D, Alolga RN, Kan X, Zhang B, Alejo‐Jacuinde G, Li P, Tran LP, Herrera‐Estrella L, Lu X, Qi L. Comparative genomics of the medicinal plants Lonicera macranthoides and L. japonica provides insight into genus genome evolution and hederagenin-based saponin biosynthesis. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2023; 21:2209-2223. [PMID: 37449344 PMCID: PMC10579715 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Lonicera macranthoides (LM) and L. japonica (LJ) are medicinal plants widely used in treating viral diseases, such as COVID-19. Although the two species are morphologically similar, their secondary metabolite profiles are significantly different. Here, metabolomics analysis showed that LM contained ~86.01 mg/g hederagenin-based saponins, 2000-fold higher than LJ. To gain molecular insights into its secondary metabolite production, a chromosome-level genome of LM was constructed, comprising 9 pseudo-chromosomes with 40 097 protein-encoding genes. Genome evolution analysis showed that LM and LJ were diverged 1.30-2.27 million years ago (MYA). The two plant species experienced a common whole-genome duplication event that occurred ∼53.9-55.2 MYA before speciation. Genes involved in hederagenin-based saponin biosynthesis were arranged in clusters on the chromosomes of LM and they were more highly expressed in LM than in LJ. Among them, oleanolic acid synthase (OAS) and UDP-glycosyltransferase 73 (UGT73) families were much more highly expressed in LM than in LJ. Specifically, LmOAS1 was identified to effectively catalyse the C-28 oxidation of β-Amyrin to form oleanolic acid, the precursor of hederagenin-based saponin. LmUGT73P1 was identified to catalyse cauloside A to produce α-hederin. We further identified the key amino acid residues of LmOAS1 and LmUGT73P1 for their enzymatic activities. Additionally, comparing with collinear genes in LJ, LmOAS1 and LmUGT73P1 had an interesting phenomenon of 'neighbourhood replication' in LM genome. Collectively, the genomic resource and candidate genes reported here set the foundation to fully reveal the genome evolution of the Lonicera genus and hederagenin-based saponin biosynthetic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojian Yin
- Clinical Metabolomics Center, School of Traditional Chinese PharmacyChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design BreedingNortheast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of SciencesChangchunChina
| | - Yaping Xiang
- Clinical Metabolomics Center, School of Traditional Chinese PharmacyChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Feng‐Qing Huang
- Clinical Metabolomics Center, School of Traditional Chinese PharmacyChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yahui Chen
- Clinical Metabolomics Center, School of Traditional Chinese PharmacyChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Hengwu Ding
- The Institute of Bioinformatics, College of Life SciencesAnhui Normal UniversityWuhuChina
| | - Jinfa Du
- Clinical Metabolomics Center, School of Traditional Chinese PharmacyChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xiaojie Chen
- Clinical Metabolomics Center, School of Traditional Chinese PharmacyChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xiaoxiao Wang
- Clinical Metabolomics Center, School of Traditional Chinese PharmacyChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xinru Wei
- Clinical Metabolomics Center, School of Traditional Chinese PharmacyChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yuan‐Yuan Cai
- Clinical Metabolomics Center, School of Traditional Chinese PharmacyChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Wen Gao
- Clinical Metabolomics Center, School of Traditional Chinese PharmacyChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Dongshu Guo
- Provincial Key Laboratory of AgrobiologyJiangsu Academy of Agricultural ScienceNanjingChina
| | - Raphael N. Alolga
- Clinical Metabolomics Center, School of Traditional Chinese PharmacyChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xianzhao Kan
- The Institute of Bioinformatics, College of Life SciencesAnhui Normal UniversityWuhuChina
| | - Baolong Zhang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of AgrobiologyJiangsu Academy of Agricultural ScienceNanjingChina
| | - Gerardo Alejo‐Jacuinde
- Institute of Genomics for Crop Abiotic Stress Tolerance, Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech UniversityLubbockTXUSA
| | - Ping Li
- Clinical Metabolomics Center, School of Traditional Chinese PharmacyChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Lam‐Son Phan Tran
- Institute of Genomics for Crop Abiotic Stress Tolerance, Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech UniversityLubbockTXUSA
| | - Luis Herrera‐Estrella
- Institute of Genomics for Crop Abiotic Stress Tolerance, Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech UniversityLubbockTXUSA
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genomica/ Unidad de Genómica Avanzada del Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPNIrapuatoMexico
| | - Xu Lu
- Clinical Metabolomics Center, School of Traditional Chinese PharmacyChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Lian‐Wen Qi
- Clinical Metabolomics Center, School of Traditional Chinese PharmacyChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina
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4
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Bulut M, Wendenburg R, Bitocchi E, Bellucci E, Kroc M, Gioia T, Susek K, Papa R, Fernie AR, Alseekh S. A comprehensive metabolomics and lipidomics atlas for the legumes common bean, chickpea, lentil and lupin. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 116:1152-1171. [PMID: 37285370 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Legumes represent an important component of human and livestock diets; they are rich in macro- and micronutrients such as proteins, dietary fibers and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Whilst several health-promoting and anti-nutritional properties have been associated with grain content, in-depth metabolomics characterization of major legume species remains elusive. In this article, we used both gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) to assess the metabolic diversity in the five legume species commonly grown in Europe, including common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), chickpea (Cicer arietinum), lentil (Lens culinaris), white lupin (Lupinus albus) and pearl lupin (Lupinus mutabilis), at the tissue level. We were able to detect and quantify over 3400 metabolites covering major nutritional and anti-nutritional compounds. Specifically, the metabolomics atlas includes 224 derivatized metabolites, 2283 specialized metabolites and 923 lipids. The data generated here will serve the community as a basis for future integration to metabolomics-assisted crop breeding and facilitate metabolite-based genome-wide association studies to dissect the genetic and biochemical bases of metabolism in legume species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Bulut
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Regina Wendenburg
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Elena Bitocchi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, 60131, Italy
| | - Elisa Bellucci
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, 60131, Italy
| | - Magdalena Kroc
- Legume Genomics Team, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszynska 34, Poznan, 60-479, Poland
| | - Tania Gioia
- School of Agricultural, Forestry, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, 85100, Italy
| | - Karolina Susek
- Legume Genomics Team, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszynska 34, Poznan, 60-479, Poland
| | - Roberto Papa
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, 60131, Italy
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Center for Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, 4000, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Saleh Alseekh
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Center for Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, 4000, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
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5
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Fernández-Calleja L, García-Domínguez M, Redondo BI, Martín JLG, Villar CJ, Lombó F. Isolation of two triterpenoids from Phlomis purpurea, one of them with anti-oomycete activity against Phytophthora cinnamomi, and insights into its biosynthetic pathway. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1180808. [PMID: 37692445 PMCID: PMC10485375 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1180808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora cinnamomi is an important plant pathogen responsible for dieback diseases in plant genera including Quercus, Fagus, Castanea, Eucalyptus, and Pinus, among others, all over the world. P. cinnamomi infection exerts tremendous ecological and economic losses. Several strategies have been developed to combat this pathogenic oomycete, including the search for novel anti-oomycete compounds. In this work, a Mediterranean vascular plant, Phlomis purpurea, has been screened for secondary bioactivity against this pathogen. The genus Phlomis includes a group of herbaceous plants and shrubs described as producers of many different bioactive compounds, including several triterpenoids. Triterpenoids are well-known molecules synthesized by plants and microorganisms with potent antioxidant, antitumoral, and antimicrobial activities. We have isolated by HPLC-DAD and characterized by HPLC-MS and NMR two nortriterpenoid compounds (phlomispentaol A and phlomispurtetraolone) from the root extracts of P. purpurea. One of them (phlomispentaol A) is active against the plant pathogenic oomycete P. cinnamomi (based on in vitro inhibition bioassays). Based on their chemical structure and their relationship to other plant triterpenoids, oleanolic acid is proposed to be the common precursor for these molecules. The anti-oomycete activity shown by phlomispentaol A represents a promising alternative to counteract the worldwide-scale damage caused to forest ecosystems by this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Fernández-Calleja
- Research Unit “Biotechnology in Nutraceuticals and Bioactive Compounds-BIONUC”, Departamento de Biología Funcional, Área de Microbiología, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - M. García-Domínguez
- Research Unit “Biotechnology in Nutraceuticals and Bioactive Compounds-BIONUC”, Departamento de Biología Funcional, Área de Microbiología, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - B. Isabel Redondo
- Department Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - J. L. Gómez Martín
- Research and Development Department, Campojerez SL, Jerez de los Caballeros, Badajoz, Spain
| | - C. J. Villar
- Research Unit “Biotechnology in Nutraceuticals and Bioactive Compounds-BIONUC”, Departamento de Biología Funcional, Área de Microbiología, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - F. Lombó
- Research Unit “Biotechnology in Nutraceuticals and Bioactive Compounds-BIONUC”, Departamento de Biología Funcional, Área de Microbiología, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
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Li Y, Wang J, Li L, Song W, Li M, Hua X, Wang Y, Yuan J, Xue Z. Natural products of pentacyclic triterpenoids: from discovery to heterologous biosynthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2023; 40:1303-1353. [PMID: 36454108 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00063f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Covering: up to 2022Pentacyclic triterpenoids are important natural bioactive substances that are widely present in plants and fungi. They have significant medicinal efficacy, play an important role in reducing blood glucose and protecting the liver, and have anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidation, anti-fatigue, anti-viral, and anti-cancer activities. Pentacyclic triterpenoids are derived from the isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway, which generates common precursors of triterpenes and steroids, followed by cyclization with oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs) and decoration via cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYP450s) and glycosyltransferases (GTs). Many biosynthetic pathways of triterpenoid saponins have been elucidated by studying their metabolic regulation network through the use of multiomics and identifying their functional genes. Unfortunately, natural resources of pentacyclic triterpenoids are limited due to their low content in plant tissues and the long growth cycle of plants. Based on the understanding of their biosynthetic pathway and transcriptional regulation, plant bioreactors and microbial cell factories are emerging as alternative means for the synthesis of desired triterpenoid saponins. The rapid development of synthetic biology, metabolic engineering, and fermentation technology has broadened channels for the accumulation of pentacyclic triterpenoid saponins. In this review, we summarize the classification, distribution, structural characteristics, and bioactivity of pentacyclic triterpenoids. We further discuss the biosynthetic pathways of pentacyclic triterpenoids and involved transcriptional regulation. Moreover, the recent progress and characteristics of heterologous biosynthesis in plants and microbial cell factories are discussed comparatively. Finally, we propose potential strategies to improve the accumulation of triterpenoid saponins, thereby providing a guide for their future biomanufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlin Li
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China.
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Linyong Li
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China.
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Wenhui Song
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China.
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Min Li
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China.
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Xin Hua
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China.
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Yu Wang
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China.
| | - Jifeng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Fujian, PR China.
| | - Zheyong Xue
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China.
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China
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Kaushal N, Verma D, Alok A, Pandey A, Singh K. Heterologous expression of Chlorophytum borivilianum Squalene epoxidase in tobacco modulates stigmasterol production and alters vegetative and reproductive growth. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2023; 42:909-919. [PMID: 36894686 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-023-03000-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
KEYMESSAGE CbSE overexpression increased stigmasterol levels and altered plant morphology. The genes upstream and downstream of CbSE were found to be upregulated, which confirms its regulatory role in the saponin biosynthetic pathway. Chlorophytum borivilianum is a high-value medicinal plant with many promising preclinical applications that include saponins as a major active ingredient. Squalene epoxidase (SE) is one of the major rate-limiting enzymes of the saponin biosynthetic pathway. Here, we functionally characterized C. borivilianum SE (CbSE) by over-expressing heterologously in Nicotiana tabacum. The heterologous expression of CbSE resulted in stunted pant growth with altered leaf and flower morphology. Next, RT-qPCR analysis of transgenic plants overexpressing CbSE revealed increased expression levels of Cycloartenol synthase (CAS), Beta amyrin synthase (βAS), and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase 51 (CYP51) (Cytochrome P450), which encode key enzymes for triterpenoid and phytosterol biosynthesis in C. borivilianum. Further, Methyl Jasmonate (MeJa) treatment upregulated Squalene synthase (SQS), SE, and Oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs) to a significant level. GC-MS analysis of the leaf and hairy roots of the transformants showed an increased stigmasterol content (0.5-1.0 fold) compared to wild type (WT) plants. These results indicate that CbSE is a rate-limiting gene, which encodes an efficient enzyme responsible for phytosterol and triterpenoid production in C. borivilianum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishant Kaushal
- Department of Biotechnology, BMS Block I, Panjab University, Sector 25, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Deepika Verma
- Department of Biotechnology, BMS Block I, Panjab University, Sector 25, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Anshu Alok
- Department of Biotechnology, BMS Block I, Panjab University, Sector 25, Chandigarh, 160014, India
- UMN · College of Food, Agricultural and Natural Resource Sciences, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Ashutosh Pandey
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Kashmir Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, BMS Block I, Panjab University, Sector 25, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
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Sethi A, Bhandawat A, Pati PK. Engineering medicinal plant-derived CYPs: a promising strategy for production of high-valued secondary metabolites. PLANTA 2022; 256:119. [PMID: 36378350 PMCID: PMC9664027 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-04024-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cytochorme P450s (CYPs) play a critical role in the catalysis of secondary metabolite biosynthetic pathways. For their commercial use, various strategies for metabolic pathway engineering using CYP as a potential target have been explored. Plants produce a vast diversity of secondary metabolites which are being used to treat various ailments and diseases. Some of these metabolites are difficult to obtain in large quantities limiting their industrial use. Cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) are important catalysts in the biosynthesis of highly valued secondary metabolites, and are found in all domains of life. With the development of high-throughput sequencing and high-resolution mass spectrometry, new biosynthetic pathways and associated CYPs are being identified. In this review, we present CYPs identified from medicinal plants as a potential game changer in the metabolic engineering of secondary metabolic pathways. We present the achievements made so far in enhancing the production of important bioactivities through pathway engineering, giving some popular examples. At last, current challenges and possible strategies to overcome the limitations associated with CYP engineering to enhance the biosynthesis of target secondary metabolites are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshika Sethi
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143 005, India
| | - Abhishek Bhandawat
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143 005, India
| | - Pratap Kumar Pati
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143 005, India.
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9
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Shen ZJ, Xu SX, Huang QY, Li ZY, Xu YD, Lin CS, Huang YJ. TMT proteomics analysis of a pseudocereal crop, quinoa ( Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), during seed maturation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:975073. [PMID: 36426144 PMCID: PMC9678934 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.975073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), an Andean native crop, is increasingly popular around the world due to its high nutritional content and stress tolerance. The production and the popularity of this strategic global food are greatly restricted by many limiting factors, such as seed pre-harvest sprouting, bitter saponin, etc. To solve these problems, the underlying mechanism of seed maturation in quinoa needs to be investigated. In this study, based on the investigation of morphological characteristics, a quantitative analysis of its global proteome was conducted using the combinational proteomics of tandem mass tag (TMT) labeling and parallel reaction monitoring (PRM). The proteome changes related to quinoa seed maturation conversion were monitored to aid its genetic improvement. Typical changes of morphological characteristics were discovered during seed maturation, including mean grain diameter, mean grain thickness, mean hundred-grain weight, palea, episperm color, etc. With TMT proteomics analysis, 581 differentially accumulated proteins (DAPs) were identified. Functional classification analysis and Gene Ontology enrichment analysis showed that most DAPs involved in photosynthesis were downregulated, indicating low levels of photosynthesis. DAPs that participated in glycolysis, such as glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, pyruvate decarboxylase, and alcohol dehydrogenase, were upregulated to fulfill the increasing requirement of energy consumption during maturation conversion. The storage proteins, such as globulins, legumins, vicilins, and oleosin, were also increased significantly during maturation conversion. Protein-protein interaction analysis and function annotation revealed that the upregulation of oleosin, oil body-associated proteins, and acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 2 resulted in the accumulation of oil in quinoa seeds. The downregulation of β-amyrin 28-oxidase was observed, indicating the decreasing saponin content, during maturation, which makes the quinoa "sweet". By the PRM and qRT-PCR analysis, the expression patterns of most selected DAPs were consistent with the result of TMT proteomics. Our study enhanced the understanding of the maturation conversion in quinoa. This might be the first and most important step toward the genetic improvement of quinoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Jun Shen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Subtropical Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Fujian Institute of Subtropical Botany, Xiamen, China
| | - Su-Xia Xu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Subtropical Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Fujian Institute of Subtropical Botany, Xiamen, China
| | - Qing-Yun Huang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Subtropical Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Fujian Institute of Subtropical Botany, Xiamen, China
| | - Zi-Yang Li
- Institute of Gene Science for Bamboo and Rattan Resources, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Ding Xu
- Landscape Architecture and Landscape Research Branch, China Academy of Urban Planning and Design, Beijing, China
| | - Chun-Song Lin
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Subtropical Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Fujian Institute of Subtropical Botany, Xiamen, China
| | - Yi-Jin Huang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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10
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Malhotra K, Franke J. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase-mediated tailoring of triterpenoids and steroids in plants. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022; 18:1289-1310. [PMID: 36225725 PMCID: PMC9520826 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP) superfamily comprises hemethiolate enzymes that perform remarkable regio- and stereospecific oxidative chemistry. As such, CYPs are key agents for the structural and functional tailoring of triterpenoids, one of the largest classes of plant natural products with widespread applications in pharmaceuticals, food, cosmetics, and agricultural industries. In this review, we provide a full overview of 149 functionally characterised CYPs involved in the biosynthesis of triterpenoids and steroids in primary as well as in specialised metabolism. We describe the phylogenetic distribution of triterpenoid- and steroid-modifying CYPs across the plant CYPome, present a structure-based summary of their reactions, and highlight recent examples of particular interest to the field. Our review therefore provides a comprehensive up-to-date picture of CYPs involved in the biosynthesis of triterpenoids and steroids in plants as a starting point for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karan Malhotra
- Institute of Botany, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jakob Franke
- Institute of Botany, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany
- Centre of Biomolecular Drug Research, Leibniz University Hannover, Schneiderberg 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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11
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Rice (Oryza sativa L.) cytochrome P450 protein 716A subfamily CYP716A16 regulates disease resistance. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:343. [PMID: 35505282 PMCID: PMC9066777 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08568-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The sustainable development of rice production is facing severe threats by a variety of pathogens, such as necrotrophic Rhizoctonia solani and hemibiotrophic Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). Mining and applying resistance genes to increase the durable resistance of rice is an effective method that can be used to control these diseases. Results In this research, we isolated and characterized CYP716A16, which is a positive regulator of rice to R. solani AG1-IA and Xoo, and belongs to the cytochrome P450 (CYP450) protein 716A subfamily. Overexpression (OE) of CYP716A16 resulted in enhanced resistance to R. solani AG1-IA and Xoo, while RNA interference (RNAi) of CYP716A16 resulted in increased susceptibility compared with wild-type (WT) plants. Additionally, jasmonic acid (JA)-dependent defense responses and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were activated in the CYP716A16-OE lines after R. solani AG1-IA inoculation. The comparative transcriptomic and metabolomics analysis of CYP716A16-OE and the WT lines showed that OE of CYP716A16 activated the biosynthesis of flavonoids and increased the amounts of narcissoside, methylophiopogonanone A, oroxin A, and amentoflavone in plants. Conclusion Based on these results, we suggest that JA-dependent response, ROS level, multiple resistance-related proteins, and flavonoid contents play an important role in CYP716A16-regulated R. solani AG1-IA and Xoo resistance. Our results broaden our knowledge regarding the function of a P450 protein 716A subfamily in disease resistance and provide new insight into the molecular mechanism of rice immune response. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08568-8.
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12
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Yu H, Liu M, Yin M, Shan T, Peng H, Wang J, Chang X, Peng D, Zha L, Gui S. Transcriptome analysis identifies putative genes involved in triterpenoid biosynthesis in Platycodon grandiflorus. PLANTA 2021; 254:34. [PMID: 34291354 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03677-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Comprehensive transcriptome analysis of different Platycodon grandiflorus tissues discovered genes related to triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis. Platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq.) A. DC. (P. grandiflorus), a traditional Chinese medicine, contains considerable triterpenoid saponins with broad pharmacological activities. Triterpenoid saponins are the major components of P. grandiflorus. Here, single-molecule real-time and next-generation sequencing technologies were combined to comprehensively analyse the transcriptome and identify genes involved in triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis in P. grandiflorus. We quantified four saponins in P. grandiflorus and found that their total content was highest in the roots and lowest in the stems and leaves. A total of 173,354 non-redundant transcripts were generated from the PacBio platform, and three full-length transcripts of β-amyrin synthase, the key synthase of β-amyrin, were identified. A total of 132,610 clean reads obtained from the DNBSEQ platform were utilised to explore key genes related to the triterpenoid saponin biosynthetic pathway in P. grandiflorus, and 96 differentially expressed genes were selected as candidates. The expression levels of these genes were verified by quantitative real-time PCR. Our reliable transcriptome data provide valuable information on the related biosynthesis pathway and may provide insights into the molecular mechanisms of triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis in P. grandiflorus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanwen Yu
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
| | - Mengli Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
| | - Minzhen Yin
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
| | - Tingyu Shan
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
| | - Huasheng Peng
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit (No. 2019RU057), National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Jutao Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
| | - Xiangwei Chang
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
| | - Daiyin Peng
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
| | - Liangping Zha
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China.
- Institute of Conservation and Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China.
| | - Shuangying Gui
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China.
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13
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Hou M, Wang R, Zhao S, Wang Z. Ginsenosides in Panax genus and their biosynthesis. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:1813-1834. [PMID: 34386322 PMCID: PMC8343117 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginsenosides are a series of glycosylated triterpenoids which belong to protopanaxadiol (PPD)-, protopanaxatriol (PPT)-, ocotillol (OCT)- and oleanane (OA)-type saponins known as active compounds of Panax genus. They are accumulated in plant roots, stems, leaves, and flowers. The content and composition of ginsenosides are varied in different ginseng species, and in different parts of a certain plant. In this review, we summarized the representative saponins structures, their distributions and the contents in nearly 20 Panax species, and updated the biosynthetic pathways of ginsenosides focusing on enzymes responsible for structural diversified ginsenoside biosynthesis. We also emphasized the transcription factors in ginsenoside biosynthesis and non-coding RNAs in the growth of Panax genus plants, and highlighted the current three major biotechnological applications for ginsenosides production. This review covered advances in the past four decades, providing more clues for chemical discrimination and assessment on certain ginseng plants, new perspectives for rational evaluation and utilization of ginseng resource, and potential strategies for production of specific ginsenosides.
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Key Words
- ABA, abscisic acid
- ADP, adenosine diphosphate
- AtCPR (ATR), Arabidopsis thaliana cytochrome P450 reductase
- BARS, baruol synthase
- Biosynthetic pathway
- Biotechnological approach
- CAS, cycloartenol synthase
- CDP, cytidine diphosphate
- CPQ, cucurbitadienol synthase
- CYP, cytochrome P450
- DDS, dammarenediol synthase
- DM, dammarenediol-II
- DMAPP, dimethylallyl diphosphate
- FPP, farnesyl pyrophosphate
- FPPS (FPS), farnesyl diphosphate synthase
- GDP, guanosine diphosphate
- Ginsenoside
- HEJA, 2-hydroxyethyl jasmonate
- HMGR, HMG-CoA reductase
- IPP, isopentenyl diphosphate
- ITS, internal transcribed spacer
- JA, jasmonic acid
- JA-Ile, (+)-7-iso-jasmonoyl-l-isoleucine
- JAR, JA-amino acid synthetase
- JAZ, jasmonate ZIM-domain
- KcMS, Kandelia candel multifunctional triterpene synthases
- LAS, lanosterol synthase
- LUP, lupeol synthase
- MEP, methylerythritol phosphate
- MVA, mevalonate
- MVD, mevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase
- MeJA, methyl jasmonate
- NDP, nucleotide diphosphate
- Non-coding RNAs
- OA, oleanane or oleanic acid
- OAS, oleanolic acid synthase
- OCT, ocotillol
- OSC, oxidosqualene cyclase
- PPD, protopanaxadiol
- PPDS, PPD synthase
- PPT, protopanaxatriol
- PPTS, PPT synthase
- Panax species
- RNAi, RNA interference
- SA, salicylic acid
- SE (SQE), squalene epoxidase
- SPL, squamosa promoter-binding protein-like
- SS (SQS), squalene synthase
- SUS, sucrose synthase
- TDP, thymine diphosphate
- Transcription factors
- UDP, uridine diphosphate
- UGPase, UDP-glucose pyrophosphosphprylase
- UGT, UDP-dependent glycosyltransferase
- WGD, whole genome duplication
- α-AS, α-amyrin synthase
- β-AS, β-amyrin synthase
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoqi Hou
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Rufeng Wang
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shujuan Zhao
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
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14
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Li M, Zhao M, Wei P, Zhang C, Lu W. Biosynthesis of Soyasapogenol B by Engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 193:3202-3213. [PMID: 34097255 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-021-03599-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Soyasapogenol B is an oleanane-type pentacyclic triterpene that has various applications in food and healthcare and has a higher biological activity than soyasaponin. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a potential platform for terpenoid production with mature genetic tools for metabolic pathway manipulation. In this study, we developed a biosynthesis method to produce soyasapogenol B. First, we expressed β-amyrin synthase derived from Glycyrrhiza glabra in S. cerevisiae to generate β-amyrin, as the precursor of soyasapogenol B. Several different types of promoters were then used to regulate the expression of key genes in the mevalonate pathway (MVA), and this subsequently increased the yield of β-amyrin to 17.6 mg/L, 25-fold more than that produced in the original strain L01 (0.68 mg/L). Then, using the β-amyrin-producing strain, we expressed soyasapogenol B synthases from Medicago truncatula (CYP93E2 and CYP72A61V2) and from G. glabra (CYP93E3 and CYP72A566). Soyasapogenol B yields were then optimized by using soyasapogenol B synthases and cytochrome P450 reductase from G. glabra. The most effective soyasapogenol B production strain was used for fermentation, and the yield of soyasapogenol B reached 2.9 mg/L in flask and 8.36 mg/L in a 5-L bioreactor with fed glucose and ethanol. This study demonstrated the heterologous synthesis of soyasapogenol B in S. cerevisiae using the combined expression of CYP93E3 and CYP72A566 in the synthesis pathway, which significantly increased the production of soyasapogenol B and provides a reference method for the biosynthesis of other triterpenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengya Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Panpan Wei
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanbo Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of System Bioengineering (Tianjin University), Ministry of Education, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyu Lu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of System Bioengineering (Tianjin University), Ministry of Education, Tianjin, People's Republic of China. .,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Yang Z, Chen S, Wang S, Hu Y, Zhang G, Dong Y, Yang S, Miao J, Chen W, Sheng J. Chromosomal-scale genome assembly of Eleutherococcus senticosus provides insights into chromosome evolution in Araliaceae. Mol Ecol Resour 2021; 21:2204-2220. [PMID: 33891787 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus, also known as ciwujia) belongs to the Araliaceae family, which contains more than 1,500 species in 41 genera with diverse chromosome numbers and genome sizes. General consensus posits that ancient whole-genome duplication events and rapid evolutionary radiation are the driving forces for this variation in genome properties. In an attempt to generate more genomic information for the Araliaceae family, we report a 1.30 Gb high-quality draft genome assembly (contig N50 = 309.43 kb) of E. senticosus via PacBio long reads and Hi-C chromatin interaction maps. We found that transposable elements accounted for 72.82% of the genome and a total of 36,372 protein-coding genes were predicted. Comparative analyses of the E. senticosus, Panax notoginseng and Daucus carota genomes revealed a burst expansion of Tekay chromoviral elements in Araliaceae after its divergence with Apiaceae. We also found that E. senticosus underwent a lineage-specific whole-genome duplication event Es-α and a whole-genome duplication event Araliaceae-β that was probably shared by all Araliaceae species. Even though the rediploidization of the E. senticosus genome is evident, pathway analyses show that these two whole-genome duplication events may have contributed to the adaptation of E. senticosus to a cold environment. Taken together, the high-quality genome assembly of E. senticosus provides a valuable genomic resource for future research on the evolution of Araliaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijiang Yang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China.,State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bioresources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Shanshan Chen
- BGI College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shufen Wang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Ying Hu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources Protection and Genetic Improvement, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
| | - Guanghui Zhang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China.,State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bioresources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Yang Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bioresources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Research Institute for Local Plateau Agriculture and Industry, Kunming, China
| | - Shengchao Yang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China.,State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bioresources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Jianhua Miao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources Protection and Genetic Improvement, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bioresources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Research Institute for Local Plateau Agriculture and Industry, Kunming, China.,College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agriculture University, Kunming, China
| | - Jun Sheng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bioresources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Research Institute for Local Plateau Agriculture and Industry, Kunming, China
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16
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Yao L, Wang J, He J, Huang L, Gao W. Endophytes, biotransforming microorganisms, and engineering microbial factories for triterpenoid saponins production. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 41:249-272. [PMID: 33472430 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2020.1869691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Triterpenoid saponins are structurally diverse secondary metabolites. They are the main active ingredient of many medicinal plants and have a wide range of pharmacological effects. Traditional production of triterpenoid saponins, directly extracted from cultivated plants, cannot meet the rapidly growing demand of pharmaceutical industry. Microorganisms with triterpenoid saponins production ability (especially Agrobacterium genus) and biotransformation ability, such as fungal species in Armillaria and Aspergillus genera and bacterial species in Bacillus and Intestinal microflora, represent a valuable source of active metabolites. With the development of synthetic biology, engineering microorganisms acquired more potential in terms of triterpenoid saponins production. This review focusses on potential mechanisms and the high yield strategies of microorganisms with inherent production or biotransformation ability of triterpenoid saponins. Advances in the engineering of microorganisms, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Yarrowia lipolytica, and Escherichia coli, for the biosynthesis triterpenoid saponins de novo have also been reported. Strategies to increase the yield of triterpenoid saponins in engineering microorganisms are summarized following four aspects, that is, introduction of high efficient gene, optimization of enzyme activity, enhancement of metabolic flux to target compounds, and optimization of fermentation conditions. Furthermore, the challenges and future directions for improving the yield of triterpenoid saponins biosynthesis in engineering microorganisms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Junping He
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Luqi Huang
- National Resource Center for Chinese Meteria Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing China
| | - Wenyuan Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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17
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Zhang FS, Zhang X, Wang QY, Pu YJ, Du CH, Qin XM, Tian HL, Lian YL, Li MS, Chen Y, Ma CG. Cloning, Yeast Expression, and Characterization of a β-Amyrin C-28 Oxidase (CYP716A249) Involved in Triterpenoid Biosynthesis in Polygala tenuifolia. Biol Pharm Bull 2020; 43:1839-1846. [PMID: 33268701 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b20-00343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Polygala tenuifolia Willd. is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine that is widely used in treating nervous system disorders. Triterpene saponins in P. tenuifolia (polygala saponins) have excellent biological activity. As a precursor for the synthesis of presenegin, oleanolic acid (OA) plays an important role in the biosynthesis of polygala saponins. However, the mechanism behind the biosynthesis of polygala saponins remains to be elucidated. In this study, we found that CYP716A249 (GenBank: ASB17946) oxidized the C-28 position of β-amyrin to produce OA. Using quantitative real-time PCR, we observed that CYP716A249 had the highest expression in the roots of 2-year-old P. tenuifolia, which provided a basis for the selection of samples for gene cloning. To identify the function of CYP716A249, the strain R-BE-20 was constructed by expressing β-amyrin synthase in yeast. Then, CYP716A249 was co-expressed with β-amyrin synthase to construct the strain R-BPE-20 by using the lithium acetate method. Finally, we detected β-amyrin and OA by ultra-HPLC-Q Exactive hybrid quadrupole-Orbitrap high-resolution accurate mass spectrometry and GC-MS. The results of this study provide insights into the biosynthesis pathway of polygala saponins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Sheng Zhang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University.,College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University
| | - Qian-Yu Wang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University.,College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University
| | - Ya-Jie Pu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University.,College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University
| | | | - Xue-Mei Qin
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University
| | - Hong-Ling Tian
- Research Institute of Economics Crop Shanxi Academy of Agriculture Science
| | | | | | - Yu Chen
- Shanxi Institute for Food and Drug Control
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18
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Zhao YJ, Li C. Biosynthesis of Plant Triterpenoid Saponins in Microbial Cell Factories. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:12155-12165. [PMID: 30387353 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b04657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Triterpenoid saponins are triterpenoid glycoside compounds which have been widely used in pharmaceutical, agricultural, and food industries. Traditionally, they are extracted from plants, which is time-consuming and environmentally unfriendly. Recently, de novo synthesis of triterpenoid saponins in microbial cell factories was realized, which provides a promising and green approach to alter the traditional supply way. However, the complex biosynthetic pathway and the poor suitability between the endogenous and heterogeneous pathways tremendously limit the yield of triterpenoid saponins. We introduce the biosynthetic pathways of triterpenoid saponins first, and we then summarize the microbial cell factories developed to produce these compounds. Further, we discuss the strategies applied to enhance the production. This paper systematically illustrates the biosynthesis of plant triterpenoid saponins in microbial cell factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jia Zhao
- Institute for Synthetic Biosystem, Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , China
| | - Chun Li
- Institute for Synthetic Biosystem, Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , China
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19
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Frankenberger L, D Mora T, de Siqueira CD, Filippin-Monteiro FB, de Moraes MH, Biavatti MW, Steindel M, Sandjo LP. UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS 2 characterisation of Cola nitida resin fractions with inhibitory effects on NO and TNF-α released by LPS-activated J774 macrophage and on Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania amazonensis. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2018; 29:577-589. [PMID: 29808594 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The resin of Cola nitida is used in western Cameroon as incense for spiritual protection and during ritual ceremonies. This plant secretion has never been investigated although previous chemical and biological studies on other resins have drawn many attentions. OBJECTIVE The resin fractions which revealed inhibitory effect on nitric oxide (NO) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) released by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated J774 macrophage as well as on intracellular forms of Leishmania amazonensis and Trypanosoma cruzi amastigote were chemically characterised. Moreover, their antiparasitic activities were compared to those of semi-synthetic triterpenes. METHODOLOGY The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by measuring the nitrite production and the TNF-α concentration in the supernatants of LPS-activated macrophages by antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Moreover, the antiparasitic assay was performed by infecting the host cells (THP-1) in a ratio parasite/cell 10:1 (L. amazonensis) and 2:1 (T. cruzi) and then exposed to the samples. The resin was separated in vacuo by liquid chromatography because of its sticky behaviour and the chemical profiles of the obtained fractions (F1-F4) were established by dereplication based on UPLC-ESI-MS2 data while semi-synthetic triterpenes were prepared from α-amyrin by oxidation reactions. RESULTS Fractions F1-F4 inhibited NO and TNF-α almost similarly. However, only F1, F3 and F4 showed promising antiparasitic activities while F2 was moderately active against both parasites. Hence, F1-F4 were exclusively composed of pentacyclic triterpenes bearing oleanane and ursane skeletons. Semi-synthetic compounds revealed no to moderate antiparasitic activity compared to the fractions. CONCLUSION Although it will be difficult to prove the interaction resin-spirit, interesting bioactivities were found in the resin fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Frankenberger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CCS, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Tamara D Mora
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Carolina D de Siqueira
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | | | - Milene H de Moraes
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Maique W Biavatti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CCS, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Mario Steindel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Louis P Sandjo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CCS, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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20
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Lu C, Zhang C, Zhao F, Li D, Lu W. Biosynthesis of ursolic acid and oleanolic acid inSaccharomyces cerevisiae. AIChE J 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.16370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunzhe Lu
- Dept. of Biological Engineering; School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Chuanbo Zhang
- Dept. of Biological Engineering; School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Fanglong Zhao
- Dept. of Biological Engineering; School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Dashuai Li
- Dept. of Biological Engineering; School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Wenyu Lu
- Dept. of Biological Engineering; School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 China
- Key Laboratory of system bioengineering (Tianjin University), Ministry of Education; Tianjin 300072 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin); Tianjin 300072 China
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21
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Bjørklund G, Dadar M, Martins N, Chirumbolo S, Goh BH, Smetanina K, Lysiuk R. Brief Challenges on Medicinal Plants: An Eye-Opening Look at Ageing-Related Disorders. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2018; 122:539-558. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Geir Bjørklund
- Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine; Mo i Rana Norway
| | - Maryam Dadar
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute; Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO); Karaj Iran
| | - Natália Martins
- Mountain Research Centre (CIMO), ESA; Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia; Bragança Portugal
| | - Salvatore Chirumbolo
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences; University of Verona; Verona Italy
| | - Bey Hing Goh
- Biofunctional Molecule Exploratory Research Group (BMEX); School of Pharmacy; Monash University Malaysia; Bandar Sunway Malaysia
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group (NBDD); School of Pharmacy; Monash University Malaysia; Bandar Sunway Malaysia
- Center of Health Outcomes Research and Therapeutic Safety; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Phayao; Phayao Thailand
- Asian Centre for Evidence Synthesis in Population; Implementation and Clinical Outcomes; Health and Well-Being Cluster; Global Asia in the 21st Century Platform; Monash University Malaysia; Bandar Sunway Malaysia
| | - Kateryna Smetanina
- Department of Management and Economy of Pharmacy; Postgraduate Faculty; Drug Technology and Pharmacoeconomics; Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University; Lviv Ukraine
| | - Roman Lysiuk
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Botany; Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University; Lviv Ukraine
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22
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Han JY, Chun JH, Oh SA, Park SB, Hwang HS, Lee H, Choi YE. Transcriptomic Analysis of Kalopanax septemlobus and Characterization of KsBAS, CYP716A94 and CYP72A397 Genes Involved in Hederagenin Saponin Biosynthesis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:319-330. [PMID: 29186583 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Kalopanax septemlobus, commonly named the castor aralia tree, is a highly valued woody medicinal tree belonging to the family Araliaceae. Kalopanax septemlobus contains approximately 15 triterpenoid saponins primarily constituted of hederagenin aglycones. Hederagenin is a representative precursor for hemolytic saponin in plants. In the present study, transcriptome analysis was performed to discover genes involved in hederagenin saponin biosynthesis in K. septemlobus. De novo assembly generated 82,698 unique sequences, including 17,747 contigs and 64,951 singletons, following 454 pyrosequencing. Oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs) are enzymes that catalyze the formation of diverse triterpene skeletons from 2,3-oxidosqualene. Heterologous expression of an OSC sequence in yeast revealed that KsBAS is a β-amyrin synthase gene. Cytochrome P450 genes (CYPs) make up a supergene family in the plant genome and play a key role in the biosynthesis of sapogenin aglycones. In total, 95 contigs and 110 singletons annotated as CYPs were obtained by sequencing the K. septemlobus transcriptome. By heterologous expression in yeast, we found that CYP716A94 was β-amyrin 28-oxidase involved in oleanolic acid production from β-amyrin, and CYP72A397 was oleanolic acid 23-hydroxylase involved in hederagenin production from oleanolic acid. Engineered yeast co-expressing KsBAS, CYP716A94 and CYP72A397 produced hederagenin. Kalopanax septemlobus CYP72A397 is a novel CYP enzyme that synthesizes hederagenin aglycone from oleanolic acid as a single product. In conclusion, we characterized three genes participating in sequential steps for hederagenin biosynthesis from β-amyrin, which are likely to play a major role in hederagenin saponin biosynthesis in K. septemlobus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Yeon Han
- Department of Forest Resources, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea
| | - Ju-Hyeon Chun
- Department of Forest Resources, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea
| | - Se Ah Oh
- Department of Forest Resources, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea
| | - Seong-Bum Park
- Department of Forest Resources, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea
| | - Hwan-Su Hwang
- Department of Forest Resources, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea
| | - Hyoshin Lee
- Division of Forest Biotechnology, Korea Forest Research Institute, Suwon 441-847, Korea
| | - Yong Eui Choi
- Department of Forest Resources, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea
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Cytochrome P450 CYP716A254 catalyzes the formation of oleanolic acid from β-amyrin during oleanane-type triterpenoid saponins biosynthesis in Anemone flaccida. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 495:1271-1277. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.11.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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