1
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Yu Y, Wu J, Bao MF, Schinnerl J, Cai XH. Diverse aspidosperma-type alkaloids from the leaves of Tabernaemontana bovina with anti-hepatoma activity. Fitoterapia 2023; 169:105588. [PMID: 37336417 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2023.105588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Seventeen undescribed Aspidosperma-type alkaloids (ASPs), along with nine known ones were isolated from the leaves of Tabernaemontana bovina. Taberbovermines A and B were assigned to tabersonine-type with a contracted A- and E-ring, respectively. Taberbovermine C was attributed to tabersonine without D ring. These structures of the ASPs were established on the basis of comprehensive spectroscopic data, electronic circular dichroism calculations and X-ray diffraction. The summaries of structure-activity relationship of tabersonine class were discussed based on hepatoma cells screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Jing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Mei-Fen Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Johann Schinnerl
- Chemodiversity Research Group, Division of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Xiang-Hai Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China.
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2
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Xu M, Peng R, Min Q, Hui S, Chen X, Yang G, Qin S. Bisindole natural products: A vital source for the development of new anticancer drugs. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 243:114748. [PMID: 36170798 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Currently, the number of new cancer cases and deaths worldwide is increasing year on year. In addition to the requirement for cancer prevention, the top priority is still to seek the effective cure of cancer. In over a half century of constant exploration, increasing attention has been paid to the excellent anticancer activity of natural products, with more and more natural products isolated, identified and detected. For this study, the focus lies the natural products of bisindole, where two indole molecules are indirectly linked or directly polymerized, developing the diversity of structure and mechanism, accompanied with the better anticancer activity than monomers. There has been a long history of applying indirubin and vincristine in cancer treatment, verifying the anticancer effect of bisindoles. Vincribine, midostaurin and other anticancer drugs have also been developed and commercialized. In this paper, a review regarding the potential therapeutic effect of bisindole alkaloids extracted from various natural products was carried out, in which the progress made in research of 242 bisindole alkaloids for cancer treatment was introduced. These compounds may be applicable as medicinal products for clinical research in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengwei Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, PR China; Hubei Engineering Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine of South Hubei Province, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, PR China
| | - Rui Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, PR China; Hubei Engineering Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine of South Hubei Province, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, PR China
| | - Qing Min
- School of Pharmacy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, PR China; Hubei Engineering Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine of South Hubei Province, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, PR China
| | - Siwen Hui
- School of Pharmacy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, PR China; Hubei Engineering Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine of South Hubei Province, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, PR China; Department of Hepatology, China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, PR China
| | - Xin Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, PR China; Hubei Engineering Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine of South Hubei Province, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, PR China
| | - Guang Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China.
| | - Shuanglin Qin
- School of Pharmacy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, PR China; Hubei Engineering Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine of South Hubei Province, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, PR China; Department of Hepatology, China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, PR China.
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3
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Kang J, Lewis TR, Gardner A, Andrade RB, Wang RE. Semi-syntheses and interrogation of indole-substituted Aspidosperma terpenoid alkaloids. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:3988-3997. [PMID: 35503511 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00610c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrated here a series of Aspidosperma terpenoid alkaloids can be quickly prepared using semisynthesis from naturally sourced tabersonine, featuring multiple oxygen-based substituents on the indole ring such as hydroxy and methoxy groups. This panel of complex compounds enabled the exploration of indole modifications to optimize the indole alkaloids' anticancer activity, generating lead compounds (e.g., with C15-hydroxy, C16-methoxy, and/or C17-methoxy derivatizations) that potently inhibit cancer cell line growth in the single-digit micromolar range. These results can help guide the development of Aspidosperma terpenoid alkaloid therapeutics. Furthermore, this synthetic approach features late-stage facile derivatization on complex natural product molecules, providing a versatile path to indole derivatization of this family of alkaloids with diverse chemical functionalities for future medicinal chemistry and chemical biology discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 N. 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA.
| | - Todd R Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 N. 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA.
| | - Alex Gardner
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 N. 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA.
| | - Rodrigo B Andrade
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 N. 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA.
| | - Rongsheng E Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 N. 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA.
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4
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Tabernaecorymine a, an 18-normonoterpenoid indole alkaloid with antibacterial activity from Tabernaemontana corymbosa. Fitoterapia 2022; 157:105129. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2022.105129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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5
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Chen J, Yu Y, Wu J, Bao MF, Kongkiatpaiboon S, Schinnerl J, Cai XH. Trimeric and dimeric Aspidosperma-type alkaloids from leaves of Tabernaemontana divaricata 'Dwaft'. Bioorg Chem 2021; 116:105314. [PMID: 34500306 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Continued interest in bioactive monoterpenoid indole alkaloids and the purpose to explore the artificial cultivation influence on the chemical composition in the same plant species, 8 undescribed Aspidosperma-type alkaloids including two unprecedented trimers, taberdivarines A-B (1-2), and six new dimers, taberdivarines CH (3-8), together with 9 known bisindoles were isolated from the leaves of Tabernaemontana divaricata 'Dwaft'. Notably, taberdivarines A and B were the first cases of Aspidosperma-Aspidosperma-Aspidosperma-type alkaloids with furan ring linkage patterns of the natural products. Their structures were elucidated by comprehensive spectroscopic analyse. Compounds 1-8 were screened for the cytotoxicity against three human cancer cell lines, SMMC-7721, HT-29 and A549. Among them, Compound 6 exhibited significant activity against three cell lines with IC50 values of 0.30, 0.75 and 3.41 μM, respectively (IC50 = 3.02, 0.14 and 2.23 μM for the positive control, vinorelbine). Compound 1, 3, 4, 6, 7 and 8 also expressed varying degrees of activity. The structure-activity relationships (SARs) of these alkaloids were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Jing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mei-Fen Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Sumet Kongkiatpaiboon
- Drug Discovery and Development Center, Office of Advanced Science and Technology, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12121, Thailand
| | - Johann Schinnerl
- Chemodiversity Research Group, Division of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Xiang-Hai Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China.
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Monoterpene indole alkaloids from the roots of Bousigonia mekongensis and their anti-diabetic nephropathy activity. Fitoterapia 2021; 153:104964. [PMID: 34146637 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2021.104964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Four new monoterpene indole alkaloids (1-4) together with six known alkaloids (5-10) were isolated from the roots of Bousigonia mekongensis. Compounds 3 and 4 were the first examples of condylocarpan-adenine type alkaloids obtained from natural plant resource. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data. All compounds were evaluated for their inhibiting glucose-induced mesanginal cell proliferation and protecting high glucose-evoked podocyte injury activities. (-)-demethoxycarbonyldihydrogambirtannine (5) can significantly antagonize glucose-induced podocyte injury with EC50 value of 6.5 ± 1.2 μM.
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Nakayama A, Nakamura T, Zaima T, Fujimoto S, Karanjit S, Namba K. Concise Total Synthesis of Tronocarpine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:635-639. [PMID: 32969565 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202009966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A concise total synthesis of tronocarpine, a chippiine-type indole alkaloid, was accomplished. The key feature of this total synthesis is a one-pot construction of the pentacyclic skeleton containing an azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane core by tandem cyclization from an indole derivative with all carbon side chains and functional groups. This tandem cyclization consists of α,β-unsaturated aldehyde formation, intramolecular aldol reaction, six-membered lactamization, azide reduction, and seven-membered lactamization. The stereochemical outcome in this tandem cyclization is controlled by the stereocenter at the C14 position. This strategy can be utilized to synthesize other chippiine-type alkaloids with azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane skeletons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Nakayama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78 Shomachi, Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8505, Japan
| | - Tenta Nakamura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78 Shomachi, Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8505, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Zaima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78 Shomachi, Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8505, Japan
| | - Saho Fujimoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78 Shomachi, Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8505, Japan
| | - Sangita Karanjit
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78 Shomachi, Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8505, Japan
| | - Kosuke Namba
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78 Shomachi, Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8505, Japan
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Nakayama A, Nakamura T, Zaima T, Fujimoto S, Karanjit S, Namba K. Concise Total Synthesis of Tronocarpine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202009966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Nakayama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Tokushima University 1–78 Shomachi, Tokushima Tokushima 770-8505 Japan
| | - Tenta Nakamura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Tokushima University 1–78 Shomachi, Tokushima Tokushima 770-8505 Japan
| | - Toshihiro Zaima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Tokushima University 1–78 Shomachi, Tokushima Tokushima 770-8505 Japan
| | - Saho Fujimoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Tokushima University 1–78 Shomachi, Tokushima Tokushima 770-8505 Japan
| | - Sangita Karanjit
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Tokushima University 1–78 Shomachi, Tokushima Tokushima 770-8505 Japan
| | - Kosuke Namba
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Tokushima University 1–78 Shomachi, Tokushima Tokushima 770-8505 Japan
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9
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Zhang Y, Hu C. Anticancer activity of bisindole alkaloids derived from natural sources and synthetic bisindole hybrids. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2020; 353:e2000092. [PMID: 32468606 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202000092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The bisindole moiety, as a versatile pharmacophore, is one of the widespread heterocycles in naturally occurring and synthetic bioactive compounds. The bisindole alkaloids derived from natural sources possess structural and mechanistic diversity, and they were found to be generally more active than monoindole alkaloids against various cancer cell lines. Moreover, some bisindole alkaloids such as the tubulin inhibitors, vinorelbine and vinblastine, have already been approved for cancer therapy, suggesting that bisindole alkaloids are a significant source of anticancer agents and lead hits. Bisindole hybrids have the potential to overcome drug resistance, enhance efficiency, and reduce severe side effects. The bisindole-lactam hybrid midostaurin has already been approved for the treatment of adult patients with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia who are FLT3 mutation-positive, highlighting the importance of bisindole hybrids in the development of novel anticancer agents. In this review, we present a brief account of the bisindole alkaloids derived from nature and of synthetic hybrids with potential anticancer activity developed in the recent 10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chunhong Hu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Yu Y, Zhao SM, Bao MF, Cai XH. An Aspidosperma-type alkaloid dimer from Tabernaemontana bovina as a candidate for the inhibition of microglial activation. Org Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo00296h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
As a representative of twelve undescribed Aspidosperma-type alkaloid dimers, tabernaemontine F (6) inhibited microglial activation by blocking P38 MAPK activation, revealing a potential candidate for chronic neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China
- Kunming Institute of Botany
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Kunming 650201
- China
| | | | - Mei-Fen Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China
- Kunming Institute of Botany
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Kunming 650201
- China
| | - Xiang-Hai Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China
- Kunming Institute of Botany
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Kunming 650201
- China
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11
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Wang YL, Guo CR, Mu Y, Lin YL, Yan HJ, Wang ZW, Wang XJ. Bousigonine A and B, bis- and tri-indole alkaloids from Bousigonia mekongensis and their preventing high glucose-induced podocyte injury activity. Tetrahedron Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2019.151042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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12
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Yu Y, Bao MF, Wu J, Chen J, Yang YR, Schinnerl J, Cai XH. Tabernabovines A–C: Three Monoterpenoid Indole Alkaloids from the Leaves of Tabernaemontana bovina. Org Lett 2019; 21:5938-5942. [PMID: 31294995 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b02060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mei-Fen Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu-Rong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Johann Schinnerl
- Chemodiversity Research Group, Division of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Xiang-Hai Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming 650201, China
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14
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Zhou XJ, Zhao JQ, Chen XM, Zhuo JR, Zhang YP, Chen YZ, Zhang XM, Xu XY, Yuan WC. Organocatalyzed Asymmetric Dearomative Aza-Michael/Michael Addition Cascade of 2-Nitrobenzofurans and 2-Nitrobenzothiophenes with 2-Aminochalcones. J Org Chem 2019; 84:4381-4391. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jian Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jian-Qiang Zhao
- Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Xin-Meng Chen
- National Engineering Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun-Rui Zhuo
- National Engineering Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yan-Ping Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yong-Zheng Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiao-Ying Xu
- National Engineering Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Wei-Cheng Yuan
- National Engineering Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
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