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Liu Z, Pang J, Li Y, Wei D, Yang J, Wang X, Luo Y. Catalytic selectivity and evolution of cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in monoterpene indole alkaloids biosynthesis. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2024; 176:e14515. [PMID: 39252390 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 08/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 enzyme (CYP)-catalyzed functional group transformations are pivotal in the biosynthesis of metabolic intermediates and products, as exemplified by the CYP-catalyzed C7-hydroxylation and the subsequent C7-C8 bond cleavage reaction responsible for the biosynthesis of the well-known antitumor monoterpene indole alkaloid (MIA) camptothecin. To determine the key amino acid residues responsible for the catalytic selectivity of the CYPs involved in MIA biosynthesis, we characterized the enzymes CYP72A728 and CYP72A729 as stereoselective 7-deoxyloganic acid 7-hydroxylases (7DLHs). We then conducted a comparative analysis of the amino acid sequences and the predicted structures of the CYP72A homologs involved in camptothecin biosynthesis, as well as those of the CYP72A homologs implicated in the pharmaceutically significant MIAs biosynthesis in Catharanthus roseus. The crucial amino acid residues for the catalytic selectivity of the CYP72A-catalyzed reactions were identified through fragmental and individual residue replacement, catalytic activity assays, molecular docking, and molecular dynamic simulations analysis. The fragments 1 and 3 of CYP72A565 were crucial for its C7-hydroxylation and C7-C8 bond cleavage activities. Mutating fragments 1 and 2 of CYP72A565 transformed the bifunctional CYP72A565 into a monofunctional 7DLH. Evolutionary analysis of the CYP72A homologs suggested that the bifunctional CYP72A in MIA-producing plants may have evolved into a monofunctional CYP72A. The gene pairs CYP72A728-CYP72A610 and CYP72A729-CYP72A565 may have originated from a whole genome duplication event. This study provides a molecular basis for the CYP72A-catalyzed hydroxylation and C-C bond cleavage activities of CYP72A565, as well as evolutionary insights of CYP72A homologs involved in MIAs biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Liu
- Center for Natural Products Research, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Pang
- Center for Natural Products Research, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Li
- Center for Natural Products Research, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Daijing Wei
- Center for Natural Products Research, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Center for Natural Products Research, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuefei Wang
- Center for Natural Products Research, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yinggang Luo
- Center for Natural Products Research, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
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Rao P, Yaroslavsky MA, Miller JC, Schuler MA. Catalytic Site Constraints in the P450s Mediating Loganic Acid (7DLH) and Secologanic Acid Synthesis (SLAS) in Camptotheca. Biochemistry 2023; 62:2763-2774. [PMID: 37656055 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.3c00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Terpene indole alkaloids (TIAs) are plant-derived natural products synthesized in low levels in medicinal plants such as Catharanthus roseus and Camptotheca acuminata. TIA pathways species utilize several CYP72A subfamily members to form loganic acid from 7-deoxyloganic acid (a simple hydroxylation) as well as secologanin and secologanic acid from loganin and loganic acid (a C-C bond scission). Divergences in the specificities of these P450s have allowed Camptotheca secologanic acid synthases (SLASs) to become bifunctional enzymes capable of performing both reactions. In contrast, Catharanthus 7-deoxyloganic acid hydroxylase (7DLH) and secologanin synthase (SLS) have remained monofunctional enzymes capable either of monooxygenation or C-C bond scission. Our in vitro reconstitutions have now demonstrated that Camptotheca also contains a monofunctional 7DLH capable only of hydroxylating 7-deoxyloganic acid. Mutageneses aimed at evaluating residues important for the tight specificity of Camptotheca 7DLH (CYP72A729) and the broad specificity of SLAS (CYP72A564) have identified several residues where reciprocal switches substantially affect their activities: Lys128His in 7DLH increases hydroxylation of 7-deoxyloganic acid, and His132Lys in SLAS decreases this hydroxylation and C-C bond scissions of loganic acid and loganin; Gly321Ser in 7DLH does not affect hydroxylation of 7-deoxyloganic acid, whereas Ser324Gly in SLAS significantly increases C-C bond scission of loganic acid; Asp332Glu in the acid-alcohol pair of 7DLH increases hydroxylation of 7-deoxyloganic acid, whereas Glu335Asp in SLAS completely eliminates both of its activities. These mutations that enhance or eliminate these respective activities have significant potential to aid engineering efforts aimed at increasing TIA production in cell cultures, microbial systems, and/or other plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Rao
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Mark A Yaroslavsky
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Justin C Miller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Mary A Schuler
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Morey KJ, Peebles CAM. Hairy roots: An untapped potential for production of plant products. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:937095. [PMID: 35991443 PMCID: PMC9389236 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.937095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
While plants are an abundant source of valuable natural products, it is often challenging to produce those products for commercial application. Often organic synthesis is too expensive for a viable commercial product and the biosynthetic pathways are often so complex that transferring them to a microorganism is not trivial or feasible. For plants not suited to agricultural production of natural products, hairy root cultures offer an attractive option for a production platform which offers genetic and biochemical stability, fast growth, and a hormone free culture media. Advances in metabolic engineering and synthetic biology tools to engineer hairy roots along with bioreactor technology is to a point where commercial application of the technology will soon be realized. We discuss different applications of hairy roots. We also use a case study of the advancements in understanding of the terpenoid indole alkaloid pathway in Catharanthus roseus hairy roots to illustrate the advancements and challenges in pathway discovery and in pathway engineering.
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Miller JC, Schuler MA. Single mutations toggle the substrate selectivity of multifunctional Camptotheca secologanic acid synthases (CYP72As). J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102237. [PMID: 35809640 PMCID: PMC9424959 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Terpene indole alkaloids (TIAs) are plant-derived specialized metabolites with widespread use in medicine. Species-specific pathways derive various TIAs from common intermediates, strictosidine or strictosidinic acid, produced by coupling tryptamine with secologanin or secologanic acid. The penultimate reaction in this pathway is catalyzed by either secologanin synthase (SLS) or secologanic acid synthase (SLAS) according to whether plants produce secologanin from loganin or secologanic acid from loganic acid. Previous work has identified SLSs and SLASs from different species, but the determinants of selectivity remain unclear. Here, combining molecular modeling, ancestral sequence reconstruction, and biochemical methodologies, we identified key residues that toggle SLS and SLAS selectivity in two CYP72A (cytochrome P450) subfamily enzymes from Camptotheca acuminata. We found that the positions of foremost importance are in substrate recognition sequence 1 (SRS1), where mutations to either of two adjacent histidine residues switched selectivity; His131Phe selects for and increases secologanin production whereas His132Asp selects for secologanic acid production. Furthermore, a change in SRS3 in the predicted substrate entry channel (Arg/Lys270Thr) and another in SRS4 at the start of the I-helix (Ser324Glu) decreased enzyme activity toward either substrate. We propose that the Camptotheca SLASs have maintained the broadened activities found in a common asterid ancestor, even as the Camptotheca lineage lost its ability to produce loganin while the campanulid and lamiid lineages specialized to produce secologanin by acquiring mutations in SRS1. The identification here of the residues essential for the broad substrate scope of SLASs presents opportunities for more tailored heterologous production of TIAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin C Miller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA 61801
| | - Mary A Schuler
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA 61801; Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA 61801; Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA 61801.
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Zhu H, Cai Y, Ma S, Futamura Y, Li J, Zhong W, Zhang X, Osada H, Zou H. Privileged Biorenewable Secologanin-Based Diversity-Oriented Synthesis for Pseudo-Natural Alkaloids: Uncovering Novel Neuroprotective and Antimalarial Frameworks. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:5320-5327. [PMID: 34636473 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202101868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Bioprivileged molecules hold great promise for supplementing petrochemicals in sustainable organic synthesis of a diverse bioactive products library. Secologanin, a biorenewable monoterpenoid glucoside with unique structural elements, is the key precursor for thousands of natural monoterpenoid alkaloids. Inspired by its inherent highly congested functional groups, a secologanin-based diversity-oriented synthesis (DOS) strategy for novel pseudo-natural alkaloids was developed. All the reactive units of secologanin were involved in these operation simplicity protocols under mild reaction conditions, including the one-step enantioselective transformation of exocyclic C8, C8/C11, and C8/C9/C10 as well as the chemoenzymatic manipulation of endocyclic C2/C6 via the attack by various nucleophiles. A combinatory scenario of the aforementioned reactions further provided diverse polycyclic products with multiple chiral centers. Preliminary activity screening of these newly constructed molecules led to the discovery of antimalarial and highly potent neuroprotective skeletons. The application of green biorenewable secologanin in diversity-oriented pseudo-natural monoterpenoid alkaloid synthesis might encourage the pursuit of valuable bioactive frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huajian Zhu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Yunrui Cai
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Shijia Ma
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Yushi Futamura
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Jinbiao Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Wen Zhong
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Xiangnan Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Hiroyuki Osada
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hongbin Zou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
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