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Swadźba J, Panek A, Wąsowicz P, Anyszek T, Martin E. High Concentration of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies 2 Years after COVID-19 Vaccination Stems Not Only from Boosters but Also from Widespread, Often Unrecognized, Contact with the Virus. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:471. [PMID: 38793722 PMCID: PMC11125768 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12050471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
This study follows 99 subjects vaccinated with Pfizer/BioNTech COVID-19 vaccines over two years, with particular focus on the last year of observation (between days 360 and 720). The response to the vaccination was assessed with Diasorin's SARS-CoV-2 TrimericSpike IgG. Screening for SARS-CoV-2 infection was performed with Abbott's SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid IgG immunoassay. Data from questionnaires were also analyzed. Two years after the first vaccine dose administration, 100% of the subjects were positive for anti-spike SARS-CoV-2 IgG and the median antibody level was still high (3600 BAU/mL), dropping insignificantly over the last year. Simultaneously, a substantial increase in seropositivity in anti-nucleocapsid SARS-CoV-2 IgG was noted, reaching 33%. There was no statistically significant agreement between anti-N seropositivity and reported COVID-19. Higher anti-spike concentrations and lower COVID-19 incidence was seen in the older vaccinees. It was noted that only subjects boosted between days 360 and 720 showed an increase in anti-spike IgG concentrations. The higher antibody concentrations (median 7440 BAU/mL) on day 360 were noted in participants not infected over the following year. Vaccination, including booster administrations, and natural, even unrecognized, contact with SARS-CoV-2 entwined two years after the primary vaccination, leading to high anti-spike antibody concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Swadźba
- Medical Faculty, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University, 30-705 Krakow, Poland; (J.S.); (T.A.)
- Medical Department Diagnostyka S.A., 31-864 Krakow, Poland; (A.P.); (P.W.)
| | - Andrzej Panek
- Medical Department Diagnostyka S.A., 31-864 Krakow, Poland; (A.P.); (P.W.)
| | - Paweł Wąsowicz
- Medical Department Diagnostyka S.A., 31-864 Krakow, Poland; (A.P.); (P.W.)
| | - Tomasz Anyszek
- Medical Faculty, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University, 30-705 Krakow, Poland; (J.S.); (T.A.)
- Medical Department Diagnostyka S.A., 31-864 Krakow, Poland; (A.P.); (P.W.)
| | - Emilia Martin
- Medical Department Diagnostyka S.A., 31-864 Krakow, Poland; (A.P.); (P.W.)
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Swadźba J, Anyszek T, Panek A, Chojęta A, Wyrzykowska K, Martin E. Head-to-Head Comparison of 5 Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Assays Performance in One Hundred COVID-19 Vaccinees, over an 8-Month Course. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:1426. [PMID: 35741236 PMCID: PMC9221713 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12061426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunoassays used to measure anti-spike SARS-CoV-2 antibodies are widely available on the market. However, their performance in COVID-19 vaccinees is not yet adequately assessed. Our study provides a head-to-head comparison of five methods: Abbott's S1-RBD IgG, Roche's S1-RBD total antibody, Euroimmun's S1 IgG, and DiaSorin's TrimericS IgG and S1/S2 IgG assays. Testing was performed in one hundred vaccinated subjects, at eight timepoints over eight months after vaccination. The results differed substantially between methods; however, they correlated strongly and demonstrated the individuals' responses to both doses of vaccination and the waning of humoral immunity after eight months. Importantly, we encountered a high percentage of results above the assay-specific upper quantitation limit (UQL) for undiluted samples. This was the most pronounced for the Roche's and Euroimmun's assays. The Abbott's assay showed the lowest percentage of results above the UQL. We also attempted to find a common way to establish antibody concentrations that might be classified as high. However, this resulted in between 10% and 100% of such results for different methods on day 240'. This highlights the need for an assay-specific approach for adjusting the cut-offs that may indicate COVID-19 immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Swadźba
- Medical Department Diagnostyka S.A., 31-864 Krakow, Poland; (J.S.); (T.A.); (A.P.); (A.C.); (K.W.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University, 30-705 Krakow, Poland
| | - Tomasz Anyszek
- Medical Department Diagnostyka S.A., 31-864 Krakow, Poland; (J.S.); (T.A.); (A.P.); (A.C.); (K.W.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University, 30-705 Krakow, Poland
| | - Andrzej Panek
- Medical Department Diagnostyka S.A., 31-864 Krakow, Poland; (J.S.); (T.A.); (A.P.); (A.C.); (K.W.)
| | - Agnieszka Chojęta
- Medical Department Diagnostyka S.A., 31-864 Krakow, Poland; (J.S.); (T.A.); (A.P.); (A.C.); (K.W.)
| | - Kinga Wyrzykowska
- Medical Department Diagnostyka S.A., 31-864 Krakow, Poland; (J.S.); (T.A.); (A.P.); (A.C.); (K.W.)
| | - Emilia Martin
- Medical Department Diagnostyka S.A., 31-864 Krakow, Poland; (J.S.); (T.A.); (A.P.); (A.C.); (K.W.)
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Bui LM, Thi Thu Phung H, Ho Thi TT, Singh V, Maurya R, Khambhati K, Wu CC, Uddin MJ, Trung DM, Chu DT. Recent findings and applications of biomedical engineering for COVID-19 diagnosis: a critical review. Bioengineered 2021; 12:8594-8613. [PMID: 34607509 PMCID: PMC8806999 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1987821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is one of the most severe global health crises that humanity has ever faced. Researchers have restlessly focused on developing solutions for monitoring and tracing the viral culprit, SARS-CoV-2, as vital steps to break the chain of infection. Even though biomedical engineering (BME) is considered a rising field of medical sciences, it has demonstrated its pivotal role in nurturing the maturation of COVID-19 diagnostic technologies. Within a very short period of time, BME research applied to COVID-19 diagnosis has advanced with ever-increasing knowledge and inventions, especially in adapting available virus detection technologies into clinical practice and exploiting the power of interdisciplinary research to design novel diagnostic tools or improve the detection efficiency. To assist the development of BME in COVID-19 diagnosis, this review highlights the most recent diagnostic approaches and evaluates the potential of each research direction in the context of the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Minh Bui
- NTT Hi-Tech Institute, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Huong Thi Thu Phung
- NTT Hi-Tech Institute, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Thuy-Tien Ho Thi
- Center for Biomedicine and Community Health, International School, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Vijai Singh
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Mehsana, Gujarat, India
| | - Rupesh Maurya
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Mehsana, Gujarat, India
| | - Khushal Khambhati
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Mehsana, Gujarat, India
| | - Chia-Ching Wu
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Md Jamal Uddin
- ABEx Bio-Research Center, East Azampur, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Minh Trung
- Institute of Biomedicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Dinh Toi Chu
- Center for Biomedicine and Community Health, International School, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Swadźba J, Anyszek T, Panek A, Martin E. Anti-Spike SARS-CoV-2 IgG Assessment with a Commercial Assay during a 4-Month Course after COVID-19 Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1367. [PMID: 34835298 PMCID: PMC8617658 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9111367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We intended to assess the humoral response induced by the Pfizer/BioNTech Comirnaty COVID-19 vaccine with commercially available immunoassays: anti-spike (S) IgG and IgM, and anti-nucleocapsid (N) IgG antibodies, over a 4-month course. One hundred subjects, including 15 COVID-19 convalescents, comprised the study cohort. The SARS-CoV-2 antibodies concentrations were measured on day 0' and 10', 20', 30', 60', 90', and 120' after the first dose administration. Over the course of the study, 100% of the participants developed and sustained anti-SARS-CoV-2 S IgG antibodies. The highest concentration, exceeding the quantification range of the test (2080 BAU/mL), was reached by 67% of the subjects on day 30'. The concentration of the antibodies remained stable between days 30' and 90' but was followed by a significant decrease between days 90' and 120'. The stronger and more persistent humoral response was noted for women. The COVID-19 convalescents developed higher antibody levels, particularly 10 days after the first Comirnaty dose. Twenty-three out of the eighty-five naïve vaccinees failed to develop a detectable IgM response. LIAISON® SARS-CoV-2 TrimericS IgG (DiaSorin S.p.A, Saluggia, Italy) may be useful in the assessment of the humoral response to the Comirnaty vaccine. In contrast, Abbott's anti-S SARS-CoV-2 IgM has a limited utility in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Swadźba
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University, 30-705 Krakow, Poland; (J.S.); (T.A.)
- Medical Department Diagnostyka S.A., 31-864 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Anyszek
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University, 30-705 Krakow, Poland; (J.S.); (T.A.)
- Medical Department Diagnostyka S.A., 31-864 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Andrzej Panek
- Medical Department Diagnostyka S.A., 31-864 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Emilia Martin
- Medical Department Diagnostyka S.A., 31-864 Krakow, Poland;
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Ghosh AK, Kaiser M, Molla MMA, Nafisa T, Yeasmin M, Ratul RH, Sharif MM, Akram A, Hosen N, Mamunur R, Amin MR, Islam A, Hoque ME, Landt O, Lytton SD. Molecular and Serological Characterization of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant in Bangladesh in 2021. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112310. [PMID: 34835116 PMCID: PMC8623815 DOI: 10.3390/v13112310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel SARS-CoV-2 variants are emerging at an alarming rate. The delta variant and other variants of concern (VoC) carry spike (S)-protein mutations, which have the potential to evade protective immunity, to trigger break-through infections after COVID-19 vaccination, and to propagate future waves of COVID-19 pandemic. To identify SARS CoV-2 variants in Bangladesh, patients who are RT-PCR-positive for COVID-19 infections in Dhaka were screened by a RT-PCR melting curve analysis for spike protein mutations. To assess the anti-SARS CoV-2 antibody responses, the levels of the anti-S -proteins IgA and IgG and the anti-N-protein IgG were measured by ELISA. Of a total of 36 RT-PCR positive samples (75%), 27 were identified as delta variants, with one carrying an additional Q677H mutation and two with single nucleotide substitutions at position 23029 (compared to Wuhan-Hu-1 reference NC 045512) in the genome sequence. Three (8.3%) were identified as beta variants, two (5.5%) were identified as alpha variants, three (8.3%) were identified as having a B.1.1.318 lineage, and one sample was identified as an eta variant (B.1.525) carrying an additional V687L mutation. The trend of higher viral load (lower Cp values) among delta variants than in the alpha and beta variants was of borderline statistical significance (p = 0.045). Prospective studies with larger Bangladeshi cohorts are warranted to confirm the emergence of S-protein mutations and their association with antibody response in natural infection and potential breakthrough in vaccinated subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asish Kumar Ghosh
- Department of Virology, Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh; (A.K.G.); (R.H.R.); (M.M.S.); (M.R.A.)
| | - Marco Kaiser
- GenExpress Gesellschaft für Proteindesign GmbH, Eresburgstraße 22-23 D, 12103 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Md. Maruf Ahmed Molla
- National Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Referral Center, Sher E-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh; (M.M.A.M.); (T.N.); (M.Y.); (A.A.); (N.H.); (M.E.H.)
| | - Tasnim Nafisa
- National Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Referral Center, Sher E-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh; (M.M.A.M.); (T.N.); (M.Y.); (A.A.); (N.H.); (M.E.H.)
| | - Mahmuda Yeasmin
- National Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Referral Center, Sher E-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh; (M.M.A.M.); (T.N.); (M.Y.); (A.A.); (N.H.); (M.E.H.)
| | - Rifat Hossain Ratul
- Department of Virology, Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh; (A.K.G.); (R.H.R.); (M.M.S.); (M.R.A.)
| | - Md. Mohiuddin Sharif
- Department of Virology, Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh; (A.K.G.); (R.H.R.); (M.M.S.); (M.R.A.)
| | - Arifa Akram
- National Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Referral Center, Sher E-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh; (M.M.A.M.); (T.N.); (M.Y.); (A.A.); (N.H.); (M.E.H.)
| | - Nur Hosen
- National Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Referral Center, Sher E-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh; (M.M.A.M.); (T.N.); (M.Y.); (A.A.); (N.H.); (M.E.H.)
| | - Rashid Mamunur
- Bangladesh Institute Tropical Infectious Disease (BITID), Fouzderhat, Chittagong 4317, Bangladesh;
| | - Md. Robed Amin
- Department of Virology, Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh; (A.K.G.); (R.H.R.); (M.M.S.); (M.R.A.)
| | - Alimul Islam
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh;
| | - Md. Ehsanul Hoque
- National Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Referral Center, Sher E-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh; (M.M.A.M.); (T.N.); (M.Y.); (A.A.); (N.H.); (M.E.H.)
| | - Olfert Landt
- TIB Molbiol GmbH, Eresburgstraße 22-23, 12103 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Simon D. Lytton
- SeraDiaLogistics, 81545 Munich, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-172-49-11169
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Mouliou DS, Gourgoulianis KI. False-positive and false-negative COVID-19 cases: respiratory prevention and management strategies, vaccination, and further perspectives. Expert Rev Respir Med 2021; 15:993-1002. [PMID: 33896332 PMCID: PMC8074645 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2021.1917389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: A novel Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was reported via nucleic acid identification in December, 2019. Accuracy of SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic assays has emerged as a major barrier to COVID-19 diagnosis, particularly in cases requiring urgent or emergent treatment. Areas covered: In this review, we explore the major reasons for false-positive and false-negative SARS-CoV-2 test results. How clinical characteristics, specific respiratory comorbidities and SARS-CoV-2 vaccination impact on existing diagnostic assays are highlighted. Different COVID-19 management algorithms based on each test and limitations are thoroughly presented. Expert opinion: The diagnostic accuracy and the capacity of every available assay, which need to be interpreted in the light of the background incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the communities in which they are used, are essential in order to minimize the number of falsely tested cases. Automated testing platforms may enhance diagnostic accuracy by minimizing the potential for human error in assays’ performance. Prior immunization against SARS-CoV-2 impairs the utility of serologic testing of suspected COVID-19 cases. Future avenues of research to evaluate lung tissue innate immune responses hold promise as a target for research to optimize SARS-CoV-2 and future infections’ testing accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra S Mouliou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
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