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Laskewitz A, Kieffer TEC, van Benthem KL, Erwich JJHM, Faas MM, Prins JR. Differences in Immune phenotype in decidual tissue from multigravid women compared to primigravid women. Am J Reprod Immunol 2023; 89:e13658. [PMID: 36414574 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Women with a previous uncomplicated pregnancy have lower risks of immune-associated pregnancy disorders in a subsequent pregnancy. This could indicate a different maternal immune response in multigravid women compared to primigravid women. In a previous study, we showed persistent higher memory T cell proportions with higher CD69 expression after uncomplicated pregnancies. To our knowledge no studies have reported on immune cells in general, and immune memory cells and macrophages specifically in multigravid and primigravid women. METHOD OF STUDY T cells and macrophages were isolated from term decidua parietalis and decidua basalis tissue from healthy primigravid women (n = 12) and multigravid women (n = 12). Using flow cytometry, different T cell populations including memory T cells and macrophages were analyzed. To analyze whether a different immune phenotype is already present in early pregnancy, decidual tissue from uncomplicated ongoing pregnancies between 9 and 12 weeks of gestation from multigravida and primigravid women was investigated using qRT-PCR. RESULTS Nearly all T cell subsets analyzed in the decidua parietalis had significantly higher CD69+ proportions in multigravid women compared to primigravid women. A higher proportion of decidual (CD50- ) M2-like macrophages was found in the decidua parietalis in multigravid women compared to primigravid women. In first trimester decidual tissue higher FOXP3 mRNA expression was found in multigravid women compared to primigravid women. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that decidual tissue from multigravid women has a more activated and immunoregulatory phenotype compared to decidual tissue from primigravid women in early pregnancy and at term which could suggest a more balanced immune adaptation towards pregnancy after earlier uncomplicated pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Laskewitz
- Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tom E C Kieffer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Currently: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, OLVG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karlijn L van Benthem
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Jaap H M Erwich
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marijke M Faas
- Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jelmer R Prins
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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2
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Lower FOXP3 mRNA Expression in First-Trimester Decidual Tissue from Uncomplicated Term Pregnancies with a Male Fetus. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:1950879. [PMID: 30003112 PMCID: PMC5996436 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1950879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancies with a male fetus are associated with higher risks of pregnancy complications through maladaptation of the maternal immune system. The pathophysiology of this phenomenon is unknown. A possible pathway could be a fetal sex-dependent maternal immune response, since males have a Y chromosome encoding specific allogenic proteins, possibly contributing to a different response and higher complication risks. To analyze whether fetal sex affects mRNA expression of maternal immune genes in early pregnancy, real-time PCR quantification was performed in the decidual tissue from primigravid pregnancies (n = 20) between 10 and 12 weeks with uncomplicated term outcomes. Early-pregnancy decidual mRNA expression of the regulatory T-cell marker, FOXP3, was sixfold lower (p < 0.01) in pregnancies with a male fetus compared to pregnancies with a female fetus. Additionally, mRNA expression of IFNγ was sixfold (p < 0.05) lower in pregnancies with a male fetus. The present data imply maternal immunologic differences between pregnancies with male and female fetuses which could be involved in different pregnancy pathophysiologic outcomes. Moreover, this study indicates that researchers in reproductive immunology should always consider fetal sex bias.
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Cockle JV, Gopichandran N, Walker JJ, Levene MI, Orsi NM. Matrix Metalloproteinases and Their Tissue Inhibitors in Preterm Perinatal Complications. Reprod Sci 2016; 14:629-45. [DOI: 10.1177/1933719107304563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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4
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Kim MS, Yu JH, Lee MY, Kim AL, Jo MH, Kim M, Cho SR, Kim YH. Differential Expression of Extracellular Matrix and Adhesion Molecules in Fetal-Origin Amniotic Epithelial Cells of Preeclamptic Pregnancy. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156038. [PMID: 27218821 PMCID: PMC4878795 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia is a common disease that can occur during human pregnancy and is a leading cause of both maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Inadequate trophoblast invasion and deficient remodeling of uterine spiral arteries are associated with preeclampsia (PE). The development of this syndrome is thought to be related to multiple factors. Recently, we isolated patient-specific human amniotic epithelial cells (AECs) from the placentas of 3 women with normal pregnancy and 3 with preeclamptic pregnancy. Since the characteristics of human AECs in PE are different from those in normal pregnancy, we sought to confirm the genes differentially expressed between preeclamptic pregnancy and normal pregnancy. Therefore, we performed transcriptome analysis to investigate the candidate genes associated with the possible pathophysiology of preeclampsia. Pathway analysis was performed using the Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) online resource. In this study, we selected a total of 12 pathways and focused on extracellular matrix-related and biological adhesion molecules. Using RT-PCR array and real-time PCR, we confirmed that COL16A1, ITGB2, and LAMA3 were significantly up-regulated, but ITGA1, ITGA3, ITGA6, MMP1, MMP3, MMP10 and MMP11 were significantly down-regulated in preeclamptic fetal origin cells. Taken together, we suggest that the genes and pathways identified here may be responsible for the occurrence and development of PE, and controlling their expression may play a role in communication with fetal-maternal placenta to keep normal pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung-Sun Kim
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Yonsei Stem Cell Research Center, Avison Biomedical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Hea Yu
- Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Yonsei Stem Cell Research Center, Avison Biomedical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min-Young Lee
- Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Yonsei Stem Cell Research Center, Avison Biomedical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ah Leum Kim
- Institute of Women’s Life Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi Hyun Jo
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Institute of Women’s Life Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - MinGi Kim
- Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Yonsei Stem Cell Research Center, Avison Biomedical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Rae Cho
- Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Yonsei Stem Cell Research Center, Avison Biomedical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail: (YHK); (SRC)
| | - Young-Han Kim
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Institute of Women’s Life Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail: (YHK); (SRC)
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5
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Majali-Martinez A, Hiden U, Ghaffari-Tabrizi-Wizsy N, Lang U, Desoye G, Dieber-Rotheneder M. Placental membrane-type metalloproteinases (MT-MMPs): Key players in pregnancy. Cell Adh Migr 2016; 10:136-46. [PMID: 26745344 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2015.1110671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane-type matrix metalloproteinases (MT-MMPs) are a sub-family of zinc-dependent endopeptidases involved in the degradation of the extracellular matrix. Although MT-MMPs have been mainly characterized in tumor biology, they also play a relevant role during pregnancy. Placental MT-MMPs are required for cytotrophoblast migration and invasion of the uterine wall and in the remodeling of the spiral arteries. They are involved in the fusion of cytotrophoblasts to form the syncytiotrophoblast as well as in angiogenesis. All these processes are crucial for establishing and maintaining a successful pregnancy and, thus, MT-MMP activity has to be tightly regulated in time and space. Indeed, a de-regulation of MT-MMP expression has been linked with pregnancy complications such as preeclampsia (PE), fetal growth restriction (FGR), gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and was also found in maternal obesity. Here we review what is currently known about MT-MMPs in the placenta, with a focus on their general features, their localization and their involvement in pregnancy disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ursula Hiden
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Medical University of Graz , Graz , Austria
| | | | - Uwe Lang
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Medical University of Graz , Graz , Austria
| | - Gernot Desoye
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Medical University of Graz , Graz , Austria
| | - Martina Dieber-Rotheneder
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Medical University of Graz , Graz , Austria.,c Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz , Graz , Austria
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6
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Leeuwerke M, Eilander MS, Pruis MGM, Lendvai Á, Erwich JJHM, Scherjon SA, Plösch T, Eijsink JJH. DNA Methylation and Expression Patterns of Selected Genes in First-Trimester Placental Tissue from Pregnancies with Small-for-Gestational-Age Infants at Birth. Biol Reprod 2016; 94:37. [PMID: 26740591 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.115.131698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Variations in DNA methylation levels in the placenta are thought to influence gene expression and are associated with complications of pregnancy, like fetal growth restriction (FGR). The most important cause for FGR is placental dysfunction. Here, we examined whether changes in DNA methylation, followed by gene expression changes, are mechanistically involved in the etiology of FGR. In this retrospective case-control study, we examined the association between small-for-gestational-age (SGA) children and both DNA methylation and gene expression levels of the genes WNT2, IGF2/H19, SERPINA3, HERVWE1, and PPARG in first-trimester placental tissue. We also examined the repetitive element LINE-1. These candidate genes have been reported in the literature to be associated with SGA. We used first-trimester placental tissue from chorionic villus biopsies. A total of 35 SGA children (with a birth weight below the 10th percentile) were matched to 70 controls based on their gestational age. DNA methylation levels were analyzed by pyrosequencing and mRNA levels were analyzed by real-time PCR. None of the average DNA methylation levels, measured for each gene, showed a significant difference between SGA placental tissue compared to control tissue. However, hypermethylation of WNT2 was detected on two CpG positions in SGA. This was not associated with changes in gene expression. Apart from two CpG positions of the WNT2 gene, in early placenta samples, no evident changes in DNA methylation or expression were found. This indicates that the already reported changes in term placenta are not present in the early placenta, and therefore must arise after the first trimester.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariëtte Leeuwerke
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michelle S Eilander
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maurien G M Pruis
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ágnes Lendvai
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Jaap H M Erwich
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sicco A Scherjon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Torsten Plösch
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jasper J H Eijsink
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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7
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Biopsy techniques to study the human placental bed. Placenta 2015; 36:775-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Increased expression of prostasin contributes to early-onset severe preeclampsia through inhibiting trophoblast invasion. J Perinatol 2015; 35:16-22. [PMID: 25078863 DOI: 10.1038/jp.2014.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the potential role of prostasin, as an invasion suppressor, in the process of trophoblast invasion in preeclampsia. STUDY DESIGN This case-control study included 19 early-onset severe preeclampsia (⩽ 34 weeks), 20 late-onset severe preeclampsia (>34 weeks) and 20 normal term pregnant women. Immunohistochemistry was conducted to identify the cellular localization of prostasin, as well as the matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) and MMP9 in the placenta tissues. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed to analyze the expression of these three proteins in placental homogenates. The effect of prostasin on the invasive and migratory ability of trophoblast cells was detected by transwell assays. We also examined the regulation of the prostasin antibody in the MMP2 and MMP9 secretion by HTR-8/SVneo cells via blocking the prostasin activity. RESULT This study demonstrated that the prostasin, MMP2 and MMP9 were all expressed in the placental syncytiotrophoblasts. Increased expression of prostasin was detected in cases with early-onset severe preeclampsia compared with the late-onset and control groups (P < 0.05), whereas the expression patterns of MMP2 and MMP9 in placental homogenates were opposite to that of prostasin (P < 0.05). Recombinant prostasin inhibited the invasion and migration of trophoblast cells, whereas prostasin antibody enhanced the MMP2 and MMP9 secretion in a dose- and time-dependent manner. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that prostasin may suppress the invasion process in preeclampsia by attenuating MMP2 and MMP9 secretion.
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9
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Cheng MH, Wang PH. Placentation abnormalities in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 9:37-49. [DOI: 10.1586/14737159.9.1.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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10
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Palei ACT, Granger JP, Tanus-Santos JE. Matrix metalloproteinases as drug targets in preeclampsia. Curr Drug Targets 2013; 14:325-34. [PMID: 23316964 DOI: 10.2174/1389450111314030004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Preeclampsia is an important syndrome complicating pregnancy. While the pathogenesis of preeclampsia is not entirely known, poor placental perfusion leading to widespread maternal endothelial dysfunction is accepted as a major mechanism. It has been suggested that altered placental expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) may cause shallow cytotrophoblastic invasion and incomplete remodeling of the spiral arteries. MMPs are also thought to link placental ischemia to the cardiovascular alterations of preeclampsia. In fact, MMPs may promote vasoconstriction and surface receptors cleavage affecting the vasculature. Therefore, the overall goal of this review article is to provide an overview of the pathophisiology of preeclampsia, more specifically regarding the role of MMPs in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia and the potential of MMP inhibitors as therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C T Palei
- aDepartment of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State St., Jackson, MS 39216, USA
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11
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Clark PA, Xie J, Li S, Zhang X, Coonrod S, Roberson MS. Matrix metalloproteinase 9 is a distal-less 3 target-gene in placental trophoblast cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2013; 305:C173-81. [PMID: 23657566 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00205.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are enzymes that regulate extracellular matrix composition and contribute to cell migration. Microarray studies in mouse placenta suggested that MMP-9 transcript abundance was dependent on distal-less 3 (Dlx3), a placental-specific transcriptional regulator; however, it was not clear if this was a direct or indirect effect. Here we investigate mechanism(s) for Dlx3-dependent MMP-9 gene transcription and gelatinase activity in placental trophoblasts. Initial studies confirmed that MMP-9 activity was reduced in placental explants from Dlx3(-/-) mice and that murine MMP-9 promoter activity was induced by Dlx3 overexpression. Two binding sites within a murine MMP-9 promoter fragment bound Dlx3, and mutations in both elements reduced basal MMP-9-luciferase reporter activity and abolished regulation by Dlx3. Chromatin immunoprecipitation studies in JEG3 cells confirmed Dlx3 binding to the endogenous human MMP-9 promoter at three distinct sites and knockdown of human Dlx3 resulted in reduced endogenous MMP-9 transcripts and secreted activity. These studies provide novel evidence that Dlx3 is involved directly in the transcriptional regulation of mouse and human MMP-9 gene expression in placental trophoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Clark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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12
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microRNA-29b contributes to pre-eclampsia through its effects on apoptosis, invasion and angiogenesis of trophoblast cells. Clin Sci (Lond) 2012; 124:27-40. [PMID: 22716646 DOI: 10.1042/cs20120121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PE (pre-eclampsia), a pregnancy-specific disorder, is characterized by increased trophoblast cell death and deficient trophoblast invasion and reduced trophoblast-mediated remodelling of spiral arteries. The present study was performed to determine the function of miR-29b (microRNA-29b) in trophoblast cells and its underlying role in the pathogenesis of PE. The prediction of miR-29b target genes was performed using computer-based programs, including Targetscan, Pictar and miRBase. The function of these target genes was analysed further by gene ontology (GO). The effects of miR-29b on apoptosis, and invasion and angiogenesis of trophoblast cell lines (HTR-8/SVneo, BeWo and JAR) were examined by flow cytometry and Matrigel assay respectively. We found that miR-29b induced apoptosis and inhibited invasion and angiogenesis of trophoblast cells. Further studies confirmed that miR-29b regulated the expression of MCL1 (myeloid cell leukaemia sequence 1), MMP2 (encoding matrix metallproteinase 2), VEGFA (vascular endothelial growth factor A) and ITGB1 (integrin β1) genes by directly binding to their 3'-UTRs (untranslated regions). Moreover, we identified that there was an inverse correlation between miR-29b and its target genes in subjects with PE. Taken together, these findings support a novel role for miR-29b in invasion, apoptosis and angiogenesis of trophoblast cells, and miR-29b may become a new potential therapeutic target for PE.
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13
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Prins JR, Hylkema MN, Erwich JJH, Huitema S, Dekkema GJ, Dijkstra FE, Faas MM, Melgert BN. Smoking during pregnancy influences the maternal immune response in mice and humans. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2012; 207:76.e1-14. [PMID: 22607666 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2012.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE During pregnancy the maternal immune system has to adapt its response to accommodate the fetus. The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of smoking on the maternal immune system. STUDY DESIGN First-trimester decidual tissue and peripheral blood of smoking and nonsmoking women were analyzed by real time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and flow cytometry. A mouse model was used to further analyze the effects of smoking. Murine tissue was analyzed by flow cytometry, real-time RT-PCR, and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Smoking caused lower percentages of viable pups in mice and lower birthweights in humans. Smoking mothers, both mice and human, had more natural killer cells and inflammatory macrophages locally, whereas systemically they had lower percentages of regulatory T cells than nonsmoking controls. CONCLUSION Maternal smoke exposure during pregnancy influences local and systemic immune responses in both women and mice. Such changes may be involved in adverse pregnancy outcomes in smoking individuals.
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Prins JR, Faas MM, Melgert BN, Huitema S, Timmer A, Hylkema MN, Erwich JJHM. Altered expression of immune-associated genes in first-trimester human decidua of pregnancies later complicated with hypertension or foetal growth restriction. Placenta 2012; 33:453-5. [PMID: 22386644 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2012.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Revised: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
During pregnancy the maternal immune system has to coordinate uterine spiral-artery remodelling, trophoblast invasion, and acceptance of the semi-allogenic fetus simultaneously. As dysregulation of the immune system is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, we analysed first-trimester deciduas of pregnancies for immune parameters in later complicated pregnancies. Higher IL6 and macrophage mRNA expression, and lower ratios of regulatory macrophages were found in first-trimester deciduas of pregnancies later complicated with pregnancy-induced hypertension. Lower Gata3 (Th2) mRNA expression was found in deciduas of pregnancies with later foetal growth restriction. Our results suggest that adverse pregnancy outcomes are associated with immunological disturbances in first-trimester deciduas.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Prins
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Medical Center Groningen, P.O. Box 30001, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
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15
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Anacker J, Segerer SE, Hagemann C, Feix S, Kapp M, Bausch R, Kämmerer U. Human decidua and invasive trophoblasts are rich sources of nearly all human matrix metalloproteinases. Mol Hum Reprod 2011; 17:637-52. [PMID: 21565864 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gar033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Trophoblast cell (CTB) invasion into the maternal endometrium plays a crucial role during human embryo implantation and placentation. As for all invasive cell types, the ability of CTB to infiltrate the uterine wall is facilitated by the activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which is regulated by tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs). There is evidence for the expression of several MMPs and TIMPs in decidua. However, published data are limited. Therefore, to set a foundation for future research, we screened a panel of healthy human deciduas obtained during first, second and third trimester of pregnancy in addition to isolated decidual cell populations for the expression of all known human MMPs and TIMPs by RT-PCR, western blot and immunohistochemistry. In the decidual samples, we detected almost all MMPs and all four TIMPs at mRNA level. While the expression of proMMP-3 and active MMP-13 and -23 was down-regulated in the course of pregnancy, the pro forms of MMP-8, -19 and -23, active MMP-9, -10, -12, -15, -16, -26 and -28, and pro- and active MMP-14 increased towards the end of gestation. All MMPs and TIMPs were expressed in uterine natural killer cells, decidual fibroblasts and/or trophoblasts, with the exception of MMP-20 and -25. In summary, a remarkably broad spectrum of MMPs was expressed at the human feto-maternal interface, reflecting the highly invasive and remodelling effect on placenta formation. It can be speculated that expression of MMPs correlates with the invasive potential of CTBs together with a crucial role in activation of labour at term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Anacker
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany.
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16
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Drewlo S, Czikk M, Baczyk D, Lye S, Kingdom J. Glial cell missing-1 mediates over-expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-4 in severe pre-eclamptic placental villi. Hum Reprod 2011; 26:1025-34. [PMID: 21406447 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/der053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe pre-eclampsia (sPE) causes significant maternal morbidity and intrauterine growth restriction as a result of severe placental dysfunction. Defects in the formation of both extra-villous and villous trophoblast are characteristic of this disease. The outer syncytiotrophoblast layer covering the placental villi develops syncytial knots and focal necrosis while reduced invasion of the extra-villous trophoblast results in a reduced maternal blood supply and ischemia of the placental villi. The transcription factor glial cell missing-1 (GCM1) regulates formation of both types of trophoblast. GCM1 expression is reduced in placental villi of women with sPE but the functional downstream consequences of reduced GCM1 expression are unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS In floating first trimester villous explants we demonstrated increased mRNA (2.5-fold, n = 12) and protein level (9.8-fold) of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-4 (TIMP4) following repression of GCM1 (70 ± 7%) by small interfering-RNA, using RT-PCR and western blot, respectively. Similar increases in TIMP4 mRNA (4.2-fold, n = 7, P< 0.001 versus control) and protein levels were found following gene silencing of GCM1 in BeWo cells (<90% knock down of protein). TIMP4 protein was increased in placenta from women with sPE (3.5 ± 0.4 pg/µg, n = 8), compared with preterm (1.7 ± 0.17 pg/µg, n = 9) and term controls (1.6 ± 0.16 pg/µg, n = 9; P< 0.01; quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and visualized using immunohistochemistry) with reduced GCM1 expression, mostly in the pathologic syncytial knots. CONCLUSIONS TIMP4 is a downstream target of GCM1 that may link the consequences of reduced GCM-1-directed trophoblast differentiation to histologic and functional components of disordered placentation in sPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Drewlo
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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17
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Adamova Z, Ozkan S, Khalil RA. Vascular and cellular calcium in normal and hypertensive pregnancy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 4:172-90. [PMID: 19500073 DOI: 10.2174/157488409789375320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2008] [Accepted: 02/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Normal pregnancy is associated with significant hemodynamic changes in the cardiovascular system in order to meet the metabolic demands of mother and fetus. These changes include increased cardiac output, decreased vascular resistance, and vascular remodeling in the uterine and systemic circulation. Preeclampsia (PE) is a major complication of pregnancy characterized by proteinuria and hypertension. Several risk factors have been implicated in the pathogenesis of PE including genetic and dietary factors. Ca2+ is an essential dietary element and an important regulator of many cellular processes including vascular function. The importance of adequate dietary Ca2+ intake during pregnancy is supported by many studies. Pregnancy-associated changes in Ca2+ metabolism and plasma Ca2+ have been observed. During pregnancy, changes in intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+](i)) have been described in red blood cells, platelets and immune cells. Also, during pregnancy, an increase in [Ca2+](i) in endothelial cells (EC) stimulates the production of vasodilator substances such as nitric oxide and prostacyclin. Normal pregnancy is also associated with decreased vascular smooth muscle (VSM) [Ca2+](i) and possibly the Ca2+-sensitization pathways of VSM contraction including protein kinase C, Rho-kinase, and mitogen-activated protein kinase. Ca2+-dependent matrix metalloproteinases could also promote extracellular matrix degradation and vascular remodeling during pregnancy. Disruption in the balance between dietary, plasma and vascular cell Ca2+ may be responsible for some of the manifestation of PE including procoagulation, decreased vasodilation, and increased vasoconstriction and vascular resistance. The potential benefits of Ca2+ supplements during pregnancy, and the use of modulators of vascular Ca2+ to reduce the manifestations of PE in susceptible women remain an important area for experimental and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Adamova
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Shokry M, Omran OM, Hassan HI, Elsedfy GO, Hussein MRA. Expression of matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 in human trophoblasts of normal and preeclamptic placentas: preliminary findings. Exp Mol Pathol 2009; 87:219-25. [PMID: 19716817 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2009.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2009] [Revised: 06/24/2009] [Accepted: 08/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Here we test the hypothesis that "the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 2 and 9 proteins is altered in preeclamptic placentas compared to placentas of normal pregnancy." PATIENTS AND METHODS This case-control study includes preeclamptic placentas (40 women with preeclampsia) from a singleton pregnancy and placentas of normal pregnancies (control group, 40 women with uncomplicated pregnancy). The expression patterns of metalloproteinases 2 and 9 were examined using immunohistochemical staining methods. RESULTS Compared to uncomplicated pregnancy, the incidence of intrauterine growth restriction was high and the mean birth weight was markedly low in patients with preeclampsia. Both metalloproteinase 2 and 9 proteins were frequently and strongly expressed in the majority of placentas of uncomplicated pregnancies (control group). Metalloproteinase 9 expression was absent in the majority of the preeclamptic placentas. In the remaining cases of preeclamptic placentas, the expression of metalloproteinase 9 was weak. In contrast, a strong metalloproteinase 2 protein expression was seen in the majority of the preeclamptic placentas. CONCLUSIONS These preliminary data demonstrate the expression of metalloproteinase 2 and 9 proteins in the placentas of uncomplicated pregnancies. The absence/reduced expression of metalloproteinase 9 in the preeclamptic placentas may be related to insufficient invasion of trophoblast, leading to superficial and unsuccessful placentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Shokry
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University Hospitals, Assiut, Egypt.
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19
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Naruse K, Lash GE, Innes BA, Otun HA, Searle RF, Robson SC, Bulmer JN. Localization of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-9 and tissue inhibitors for MMPs (TIMPs) in uterine natural killer cells in early human pregnancy. Hum Reprod 2008; 24:553-61. [PMID: 19088110 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/den408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Invasion by extravillous trophoblast into uterine decidua and myometrium with remodeling of spiral arteries is essential for normal human pregnancy and is tightly regulated. Uterine natural killer (uNK) cells appear to be a major maternal regulator of placentation through the secretion of growth factors, cytokines and proteinases. METHOD Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 activity in placental bed biopsies was studied using in situ gelatin zymography. Expression by uNK cells of MMP-2, MMP-9 and their tissue inhibitors, TIMP-1, TIMP-2 and TIMP-3, was localized in the placental bed by immunohistochemistry. Levels of MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1, TIMP-2 and TIMP-3 secreted into 24 h cell culture supernatants of isolated uNK and unseparated (total) decidual cells (8-10 and 12-14 weeks gestation, n = 10 each group) were determined by gelatin gel zymography or western blot as appropriate. RESULTS Gelatinase activity in situ appeared greater in decidua than myometrium. uNK cells showed strong immunostaining for MMP-2 and TIMP-2. MMP-9 activity was lower in uNK cells than total decidual supernatants (8-10 weeks: P = 0.0003; 12-14 weeks: P = 0.0012). In contrast, there was no difference in MMP-2 secreted by either uNK cell or total decidual cultures. CONCLUSIONS uNK cells from early human pregnancy decidua possess innate protease activity, especially MMP-2, providing further evidence for a role for these cells in regulation of trophoblast invasion and spiral artery remodeling in early placentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiko Naruse
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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20
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Kim YH, Hwang HS, Kim YT, Kim HS, Park YW. Modulation of Matrix Metalloproteinase Secretion by Adenosine A3 Receptor in Preeclamptic Villous Explants. Reprod Sci 2008; 15:939-49. [DOI: 10.1177/1933719108322431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Young-Han Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Korea
| | - Han-Sung Hwang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Tae Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Korea
| | - Haeng-Soo Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ajou University College of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Yong-Won Park
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Korea,
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21
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Seeho S, Park J, Rowe J, Morris J, Gallery E. Villous explant culture using early gestation tissue from ongoing pregnancies with known normal outcomes: the effect of oxygen on trophoblast outgrowth and migration. Hum Reprod 2008; 23:1170-9. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/den066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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22
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Coolman M, de Maat M, Van Heerde WL, Felida L, Schoormans S, Steegers EAP, Bertina RM, de Groot CJM. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 gene -1562C/T polymorphism mitigates preeclampsia. Placenta 2006; 28:709-13. [PMID: 17137622 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2006.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2006] [Revised: 06/20/2006] [Accepted: 06/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although the aetiology of preeclampsia is unknown, there is substantial evidence that it finds its roots in abnormal placentation. Prerequisites for successful placentation include trophoblast invasion, degradation and remodelling of the uterine decidual extracellular matrix, and apoptosis without thrombosis. We tested this hypothesis by analysing the effect of functional polymorphisms in the genes coding for MMP9, MMP3 and annexin A5 on the risk of preeclampsia using a case-control design. In 163 women with preeclampsia and 163 controls we studied the association with polymorphisms in the MMP9 (-1562 C/T), MMP3 (-1612 5A/6A) and annexin A5 (-1 C/T) genes using logistic regression analysis. A lower prevalence of the rare T allele of the MMP9 (-1562 C/T) polymorphism in women with preeclampsia was found (odds ratio 0.48, 95% confidence interval 0.25-0.90). The distribution of the MMP3 (-1612 5A/6A) and annexin A5 (-1 C/T) gene polymorphisms were similar in cases and controls. Our results suggest that the MMP9-1562T allele is associated with a reduced risk of preeclampsia and therefore may protect against maladaptation of the spiral arteries and decreased decidual degradation. The elevated MMP9 concentrations reported to be associated with the -1562T allele might be essential for the development of an adequate maternal-fetal interface early in pregnancy by facilitating trophoblast apoptosis and degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Coolman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Division of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Lombard C, Saulnier J, Wallach J. Assays of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) activities: a review. Biochimie 2005; 87:265-72. [PMID: 15781313 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2005.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2004] [Accepted: 01/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Measurement of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity often remains a challenge, mainly in complex media. Two sets of methods are currently used. The first one measures the hydrolysis of natural protein substrates (labeled or not) and includes the popular zymography. These techniques which are quite sensitive, cannot generally be carried out on a continuous basis. The second one takes mainly advantage of the increase of fluorescence, which is associated to the hydrolysis of initially quenched fluorogenic peptide substrates. Quite recently, another group, which is a compromise between the other two, has been developed. It measures the hydrolysis of synthetic triple-helical peptide substrates. These different methods are described and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Lombard
- Laboratoire de biochimie analytique et synthèse bioorganique, UFR Chimie-Biochimie, Université Claude-Bernard Lyon 1, 69622 Villeurbanne cedex, France
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