1
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Giaccari C, Cecere F, Argenziano L, Pagano A, Galvao A, Acampora D, Rossi G, Hay Mele B, Acurzio B, Coonrod S, Cubellis MV, Cerrato F, Andrews S, Cecconi S, Kelsey G, Riccio A. A maternal-effect Padi6 variant causes nuclear and cytoplasmic abnormalities in oocytes, as well as failure of epigenetic reprogramming and zygotic genome activation in embryos. Genes Dev 2024; 38:131-150. [PMID: 38453481 PMCID: PMC10982689 DOI: 10.1101/gad.351238.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Maternal inactivation of genes encoding components of the subcortical maternal complex (SCMC) and its associated member, PADI6, generally results in early embryo lethality. In humans, SCMC gene variants were found in the healthy mothers of children affected by multilocus imprinting disturbances (MLID). However, how the SCMC controls the DNA methylation required to regulate imprinting remains poorly defined. We generated a mouse line carrying a Padi6 missense variant that was identified in a family with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome and MLID. If homozygous in female mice, this variant resulted in interruption of embryo development at the two-cell stage. Single-cell multiomic analyses demonstrated defective maturation of Padi6 mutant oocytes and incomplete DNA demethylation, down-regulation of zygotic genome activation (ZGA) genes, up-regulation of maternal decay genes, and developmental delay in two-cell embryos developing from Padi6 mutant oocytes but little effect on genomic imprinting. Western blotting and immunofluorescence analyses showed reduced levels of UHRF1 in oocytes and abnormal localization of DNMT1 and UHRF1 in both oocytes and zygotes. Treatment with 5-azacytidine reverted DNA hypermethylation but did not rescue the developmental arrest of mutant embryos. Taken together, this study demonstrates that PADI6 controls both nuclear and cytoplasmic oocyte processes that are necessary for preimplantation epigenetic reprogramming and ZGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Giaccari
- Department of Environmental Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Caserta 81100, Italy
| | - Francesco Cecere
- Department of Environmental Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Caserta 81100, Italy
| | - Lucia Argenziano
- Department of Environmental Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Caserta 81100, Italy
| | - Angela Pagano
- Department of Environmental Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Caserta 81100, Italy
| | - Antonio Galvao
- Epigenetics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, United Kingdom
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, United Kingdom
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn 10-748, Poland
| | - Dario Acampora
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics (IGB) "Adriano Buzzati-Traverso," Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Gianna Rossi
- Department of Life, Health, and Environmental Sciences, Università dell'Aquila, L'Aquila 67100, Italy
| | - Bruno Hay Mele
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II," Napoli 80126, Italy
| | - Basilia Acurzio
- Department of Environmental Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Caserta 81100, Italy
| | - Scott Coonrod
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | | | - Flavia Cerrato
- Department of Environmental Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Caserta 81100, Italy
| | - Simon Andrews
- Bioinformatics Unit, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Sandra Cecconi
- Department of Life, Health, and Environmental Sciences, Università dell'Aquila, L'Aquila 67100, Italy
| | - Gavin Kelsey
- Epigenetics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, United Kingdom;
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, United Kingdom
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Riccio
- Department of Environmental Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Caserta 81100, Italy;
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics (IGB) "Adriano Buzzati-Traverso," Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Naples 80131, Italy
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2
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Lu YC, Chu T, Hall MS, Fu DJ, Shi Q, Chiu A, An D, Wang LH, Pardo Y, Southard T, Danko CG, Liphardt J, Nikitin AY, Wu M, Fischbach C, Coonrod S, Ma M. Physical confinement induces malignant transformation in mammary epithelial cells. Biomaterials 2019; 217:119307. [PMID: 31271857 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The physical microenvironment of tumor cells plays an important role in cancer initiation and progression. Here, we present evidence that confinement - a new physical parameter that is apart from matrix stiffness - can also induce malignant transformation in mammary epithelial cells. We discovered that MCF10A cells, a benign mammary cell line that forms growth-arrested polarized acini in Matrigel, transforms into cancer-like cells within the same Matrigel material following confinement in alginate shell hydrogel microcapsules. The confined cells exhibited a range of tumor-like behaviors, including uncontrolled cellular proliferation and invasion. Additionally, 4-6 weeks after transplantation into the mammary fad pads of immunocompromised mice, the confined cells formed large palpable masses that exhibited histological features similar to that of carcinomas. Taken together, our findings suggest that physical confinement represents a previously unrecognized mechanism for malignancy induction in mammary epithelial cells and also provide a new, microcapsule-based, high throughput model system for testing new breast cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Chun Lu
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, 111 Wing Drive, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Tinyi Chu
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 235 Hungerford Hill Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Matthew S Hall
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, 111 Wing Drive, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Dah-Jiun Fu
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 930 Campus Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Quanming Shi
- Bioengineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega Shriram Center, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA; BioX Institute, Stanford University, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Alan Chiu
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, 111 Wing Drive, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Duo An
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, 111 Wing Drive, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Long-Hai Wang
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, 111 Wing Drive, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Yehudah Pardo
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Teresa Southard
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 930 Campus Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Charles G Danko
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 235 Hungerford Hill Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA; Department of Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 930 Campus Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Jan Liphardt
- Bioengineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega Shriram Center, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA; BioX Institute, Stanford University, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Alexander Yu Nikitin
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 930 Campus Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Mingming Wu
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, 111 Wing Drive, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Claudia Fischbach
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA; Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Scott Coonrod
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 235 Hungerford Hill Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA; Department of Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 930 Campus Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Minglin Ma
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, 111 Wing Drive, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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3
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Abstract
The oocyte cytoplasmic lattices (CPLs) have long been predicted to function as a storage form for the maternal contribution of ribosomes to the early embryo. Our previous studies have demonstrated that ribosomal component S6 is stored in the oocyte CPLs and peptidylarginine deiminase 6 (PADI6) is critical for CPLs formation. Additionally, we found that depletion of PADI6 reduced de novo protein synthesis prior to the maternal-to-embryonic transition, therefore causing embryos to arrest at the 2-cell stage. Here, we present evidence further supporting the association of ribosomes with the CPLs by demonstrating that rRNAs are dramatically decreased in Padi6 KO oocytes. We also show that the abundance and localization of mRNAs is affected upon PADI6 depletion, suggesting that mRNAs are very possibly associated with CPLs. Consistent with this observation, the amount of the major RNA binding protein, MSY2, that is associated with the insoluble fraction of the oocytes after Triton X-100 extraction is also markedly decreased in the Padi6 KO oocytes. Furthermore, treatment of the oocytes with RNase A followed by Triton X-100 extraction severely impairs the localization of PADI6 and MSY2 in oocytes. These results indicate that mRNAs, possibly in a complex with MSY2 and PADI6, are bound in the CPLs and may play a role in securing the mRNA-MSY2 complex to the CPLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiu Liu
- a Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology of Jiangsu Province , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China.,b Department of Microbiology , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Eric Morency
- c Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University , Ithaca , NY USA
| | - Tingting Li
- d State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Hao Qin
- d State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Xiaoqian Zhang
- d State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Xuesen Zhang
- d State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Scott Coonrod
- c Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University , Ithaca , NY USA
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4
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Choi S, Coonrod S, Estroff L, Fischbach C. Chemical and physical properties of carbonated hydroxyapatite affect breast cancer cell behavior. Acta Biomater 2015; 24:333-42. [PMID: 26072364 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Breast microcalcifications are routinely explored for mammographic detection of breast cancer and are primarily composed of non-stoichiometric hydroxyapatite (Ca10-x(PO4)6-x(CO3)x(OH)2-x) (HA). Interestingly, HA morphology and carbonate substitution vary in malignant vs. benign lesions. However, whether or not these changes (i) are functionally linked and (ii) impact malignancy remains unclear due in part to lack of model systems that permit evaluating these possibilities. Here, we have adapted a 96 well-based mineralized culture platform to investigate breast cancer cell behavior in response to systematic changes in the chemical and physical properties of HA. By adjusting the carbonate content of the simulated body fluid (SBF) solutions used during growth, we can control the morphology and carbonate substitution of the deposited HA. Our results suggest that both the combined and individual effects of these differences alter breast cancer cell growth and secretion of tumorigenic interleukin-8 (IL-8). Consequently, changes in both HA carbonate incorporation and morphology impact the behavior of breast cancer cells. Collectively, our data underline the importance of biomineralized culture platforms to evaluate the functional contribution of HA material properties to the pathogenesis of breast cancer. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Breast microcalcifications are small mineral deposits primarily composed of hydroxyapatite (HA). HA physicochemical properties have been of considerable interest, as these are often altered during breast cancer progression and linked to malignancy. However, the functional relationship between these changes and malignancy remains unclear due in part to lack of model systems. Here, we have adapted a previously developed a 96 well-based culture platform to evaluate breast cancer cell behavior in response to systematic changes in HA properties. Our results demonstrate that changes in HA morphology and carbonate content influence breast cancer cell growth and interleukin-8 secretion, and suggest that characterizing the effect of HA properties on breast cancer cells may improve our understanding of breast cancer development and progression.
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5
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Lata JP, Gao L, Mukai C, Cohen R, Nelson JL, Anguish L, Coonrod S, Travis AJ. Effects of Nanoparticle Size on Multilayer Formation and Kinetics of Tethered Enzymes. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 26:1931-8. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James P. Lata
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, ‡Biomedical Engineering, and §Atkinson Center
for a Sustainable Future, Cornell University, , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Lizeng Gao
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, ‡Biomedical Engineering, and §Atkinson Center
for a Sustainable Future, Cornell University, , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Chinatsu Mukai
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, ‡Biomedical Engineering, and §Atkinson Center
for a Sustainable Future, Cornell University, , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Roy Cohen
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, ‡Biomedical Engineering, and §Atkinson Center
for a Sustainable Future, Cornell University, , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Jacquelyn L. Nelson
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, ‡Biomedical Engineering, and §Atkinson Center
for a Sustainable Future, Cornell University, , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Lynne Anguish
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, ‡Biomedical Engineering, and §Atkinson Center
for a Sustainable Future, Cornell University, , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Scott Coonrod
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, ‡Biomedical Engineering, and §Atkinson Center
for a Sustainable Future, Cornell University, , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Alexander J. Travis
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, ‡Biomedical Engineering, and §Atkinson Center
for a Sustainable Future, Cornell University, , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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6
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Lewallen DM, Bicker KL, Madoux F, Chase P, Anguish L, Coonrod S, Hodder P, Thompson PR. A FluoPol-ABPP PAD2 high-throughput screen identifies the first calcium site inhibitor targeting the PADs. ACS Chem Biol 2014; 9:913-21. [PMID: 24467619 PMCID: PMC4108211 DOI: 10.1021/cb400841k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The protein arginine deiminases (PADs)
catalyze the post-translational
hydrolysis of peptidyl-arginine to form peptidyl-citrulline in a process
termed deimination or citrullination. PADs likely play a role in the
progression of a range of disease states because dysregulated PAD
activity is observed in a host of inflammatory diseases and cancer.
For example, recent studies have shown that PAD2 activates ERα
target gene expression in breast cancer cells by citrullinating histone
H3 at ER target promoters. To date, all known PAD inhibitors bind
directly to the enzyme active site. PADs, however, also require calcium
ions to drive a conformational change between the inactive apo-state
and the fully active calcium bound holoenzyme, suggesting that it
would be possible to identify inhibitors that bind the apoenzyme and
prevent this conformational change. As such, we set out to develop
a screen that can identify PAD2 inhibitors that bind to either the
apo or calcium bound form of PAD2. Herein, we provide definitive proof
of concept for this approach and report the first PAD inhibitor, ruthenium
red (Ki of 17 μM), to preferentially
bind the apoenzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Franck Madoux
- Baker
Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Hungerford Hill Rd., Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | - Peter Chase
- Baker
Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Hungerford Hill Rd., Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | | | | | - Peter Hodder
- Baker
Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Hungerford Hill Rd., Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
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7
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Clark PA, Xie J, Li S, Zhang X, Coonrod S, Roberson MS. Matrix metalloproteinase 9 is a distal-less 3 target-gene in placental trophoblast cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2013; 305:C173-81. [PMID: 23657566 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00205.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are enzymes that regulate extracellular matrix composition and contribute to cell migration. Microarray studies in mouse placenta suggested that MMP-9 transcript abundance was dependent on distal-less 3 (Dlx3), a placental-specific transcriptional regulator; however, it was not clear if this was a direct or indirect effect. Here we investigate mechanism(s) for Dlx3-dependent MMP-9 gene transcription and gelatinase activity in placental trophoblasts. Initial studies confirmed that MMP-9 activity was reduced in placental explants from Dlx3(-/-) mice and that murine MMP-9 promoter activity was induced by Dlx3 overexpression. Two binding sites within a murine MMP-9 promoter fragment bound Dlx3, and mutations in both elements reduced basal MMP-9-luciferase reporter activity and abolished regulation by Dlx3. Chromatin immunoprecipitation studies in JEG3 cells confirmed Dlx3 binding to the endogenous human MMP-9 promoter at three distinct sites and knockdown of human Dlx3 resulted in reduced endogenous MMP-9 transcripts and secreted activity. These studies provide novel evidence that Dlx3 is involved directly in the transcriptional regulation of mouse and human MMP-9 gene expression in placental trophoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Clark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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8
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Abstract
The visualization of subcellular organelles and structures is a valuable tool for understanding cellular changes that occur in oocytes and early embryos as a result of genetic alterations, incubation conditions, drug treatments, and many other manipulations. Preparing oocytes for transmission electron microscopic analysis can be challenging as these cells cannot be visualized without a microscope and they are more susceptible to mechanical disruption during manipulation. Here we describe methods for immobilizing oocytes on either a solid surface or within a matrix and then document our embedding techniques which work well for preserving the ultrastructure of the mouse oocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne Anguish
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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9
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Brown JK, Knight PA, Thornton EM, Pate JA, Coonrod S, Miller HRP, Pemberton AD. Trichinella spiralis induces de novo expression of group IVC phospholipase A2 in the intestinal epithelium. Int J Parasitol 2007; 38:143-7. [PMID: 18001740 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2007.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2007] [Revised: 10/01/2007] [Accepted: 10/03/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzymes play a central role in the initiation, propagation and resolution of inflammation. Here, we describe de novo expression of group IVC PLA2 (PLA2g4c) within the intestinal epithelium of Trichinella spiralis parasitised mice. This mouse mast cell protease-1 sensitive, calcium-independent PLA2 is not detectable in the jejunal epithelium of uninfected mice but becomes highly expressed within the epithelial compartment within days of nematode establishment. We propose that epithelial PLA2g4c accounts for the increased lysophospholipase activity observed during intestinal nematodiasis and that it plays a major role in the inflammatory response to nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy K Brown
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
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10
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Esposito G, Vitale AM, Leijten FPJ, Strik AM, Koonen-Reemst AMCB, Yurttas P, Robben TJAA, Coonrod S, Gossen JA. Peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) 6 is essential for oocyte cytoskeletal sheet formation and female fertility. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2007; 273:25-31. [PMID: 17587491 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2007.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2006] [Revised: 04/16/2007] [Accepted: 05/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Peptidylarginine deiminase 6 (PAD6) is an enzyme that is uniquely expressed in male and female germ cells. To study the function of this enzyme in vivo we generated mice deficient for PAD6. Here we show that inactivation of the PAD6 gene in mice leads to female infertility whereas male fertility is not affected. The absence of the PAD6 protein and consequently absence of citrullination activity in oocytes results in dispersal of the cytoskeletal sheets in oocytes, indicating an essential role of these germ cell-specific structures in zygote/embryo development. PAD6 deficient mice do not show any other overt phenotype. Thus, we identify citrullination as a new regulator of fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Esposito
- Department of Target Discovery, NV Organon, 5340 BH Oss, The Netherlands
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11
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Abstract
In an effort to better understand oocyte function, we utilized two-dimensional (2D) electrophoresis and mass spectrometry to identify proteins that are differentially expressed during murine oocyte maturation. Proteins from 500 germinal vesicle (GV) and metaphase II-(MII) arrested oocytes were extracted, resolved on 2D electrophoretic gels, and stained with silver. Analysis of the gels indicated that 12 proteins appeared to be differentially expressed between the GV and MII stage. These proteins were then cored from the 2D gels and identified by mass spectrometry as: transforming acidic coiled-coil protein 3 (TACC3), heat shock protein 105 (HSP105), programmed cell death six-interacting protein (PDCD6IP), stress-inducible phosphoprotein (STI1), importin alpha2, adenylsuccinate synthase (ADDS), nudix, spindlin, lipocalin, lysozyme, translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP), and nucleoplasmin 2 (NPM2). Interestingly, PDCD6IP, importin alpha2, spindlin, and NPM2 appear slightly larger in mass and more acidic on the MII oocyte gel compared to the GV oocyte gel, suggesting that they may be post-translationally modified during oocyte maturation. Given NPM2 is an oocyte-restricted protein, we chose to further investigate its properties during oocyte maturation and preimplantation development. Real-Time RT-PCR showed that NPM2 mRNA levels rapidly decline at fertilization. Indirect immunofluorescence analysis showed that, with the exception of cortical localization in MII-arrested oocytes, NPM2 is localized to the nucleus of both GV stage oocytes and all stages of preimplantation embryos. We then performed one-dimensional (1D) western blot analysis of mouse oocytes and preimplantation embryos and found that, as implicated by the 2D gel comparison, NPM2 undergoes a phosphatase-sensitive electrophoretic mobility shift during the GV to MII transition. The slower migrating NPM2 form is also present in pronuclear embryos but by the two-cell stage, the majority of NPM2 exists as the faster migrating form, which persists to the blastocyst stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra M Vitale
- Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, USA.
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12
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Coonrod S, Vitale A, Duan C, Bristol-Gould S, Herr J, Goldberg E. Testis-Specific Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH-C4; Ldh3) in Murine Oocytes and Preimplantation Embryos. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 27:502-9. [PMID: 16582413 DOI: 10.2164/jandrol.05185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
LDH-C(4) (Ldh3) is a member of the lactate dehydrogenase family of isozymes that catalyze the terminal reaction in the glycolytic pathway. In mammals, 3 genes, ldha, ldhb, and Ldhc, encode the subunits that assemble into catalytically active homo- and heterotetramers. Differential expression of these genes determines the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isozyme composition of tissues, and, as is well known, A subunits predominate in skeletal muscle and B subunits are abundantly produced in brain and heart, with the Ldh2 isozyme the most abundant form in oocytes. The C peptide can be detected first in pachytene spermatocytes and constitutes the primary LDH of spermatozoa. Originally the Ldhc gene (Ldh3 in terminology applied to murine cells) was considered to be testis specific on the basis of immunochemical, enzymatic, and molecular analyses. Here we report the detection of this isozyme in the murine oocyte and early embryo. Our results indicate that Ldh3 mRNA is transcribed in oocytes and cannot be detected in fertilized eggs. Ldh3 protein, however, persists to the blastocyst stage of embryonic development localizing mainly to the cortex region of oocytes, eggs, zygotes, and embryonic blastomeres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Coonrod
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
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Abstract
Methylation of histones by protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) is increasingly being found to play an important and dynamic role in gene regulation. In mammals, PRMT1- and CARM1-catalyzed histone asymmetric dimethyl-arginine is involved in gene activation while PRMT5-catalyzed histone symmetric dimethyl-arginine is associated with gene repression. Insight into mechanisms by which histone arginine methylation can be dynamically regulated comes from recent reports demonstrating that conversion of histone methylarginine residues to citrulline by peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PADI4) leads to transcriptional repression. While the downstream cellular effects of histone arginine methylation remain poorly understood, recent findings indicate that protein arginine methylation, in general, is required for mammalian development and is also likely important for cellular proliferation and differentiation. Given the surge of interest in histone arginine methylation, this review article will focus on recent progress in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Wysocka
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA
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14
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Vitale A, Perlin J, Leonelli L, Herr J, Wright P, Digilio L, Coonrod S. Mouse cPLA2gamma, a novel oocyte and early embryo-abundant phospholipase A2 gamma-like protein, is targeted to the nuclear envelope during germinal vesicle breakdown. Dev Biol 2005; 282:374-84. [PMID: 15950603 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2004] [Revised: 03/17/2005] [Accepted: 03/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This report documents the characterization of a novel mouse oocyte protein which was originally identified by microsequence analysis of a 67.8 kDa protein spot (pI 5.7) on a Coomassie-stained two-dimensional (2D) gel of murine egg proteins. Tandem mass spectroscopic analysis of the peptides obtained from the cored protein yielded sequences that appeared to match only ovary, egg, and preimplantation embryo cDNAs. We then cloned the novel gene by RACE-PCR, and analysis of the deduced cDNA sequence found that this maternal product was approximately 56% identical to human cytosolic phospholipase A2gamma (cPLA2gamma). Based on this sequence homology, we named the molecule mouse cytosolic phospholipase A2gamma (cPLA2gamma). As with human cPLA2gamma, mouse cPLA2gamma contains a lipase consensus sequence and lacks the calcium binding domain that is found in other PLA2 proteins. However, mouse cPLA2gamma is different from human cPLA2gamma in that mouse cPLA2gamma expression is restricted to the ovary and that the protein does not contain the myristoylation and prenylation lipid-anchoring motifs that are present in human cPLA2gamma. Within oocytes, mouse cPLA2gamma localizes mainly to the oocyte cortex and to the nucleoplasm. Interestingly, during germinal vesicle breakdown, mouse cPLA2gamma aggregates dynamically relocate from the oocyte cortex to the nuclear envelope, suggesting a possible role for this putative egg-restricted phospholipase A2gamma in membrane remodeling. Furthermore, mouse cPLA2gamma protein continues to be expressed in the embryo until the 4-8-cell stage of development, suggesting that mouse cPLA2gamma may function as a previously uncharacterized maternal effect gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Vitale
- Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Tomczuk M, Takahashi Y, Huang J, Murase S, Mistretta M, Klaffky E, Sutherland A, Bolling L, Coonrod S, Marcinkiewicz C, Sheppard D, Stepp MA, White JM. Role of multiple beta1 integrins in cell adhesion to the disintegrin domains of ADAMs 2 and 3. Exp Cell Res 2003; 290:68-81. [PMID: 14516789 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-4827(03)00307-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
ADAM disintegrin domains can support integrin-mediated cell adhesion. However, the profile of which integrins are employed for adhesion to a given disintegrin domain remains unclear. For example, we suggested that the disintegrin domains of mouse sperm ADAMs 2 and 3 can interact with the alpha6beta1 integrin on mouse eggs. Others concluded that these disintegrin domains interact instead with the alpha9beta1 integrin. To address these differing results, we first studied adhesion of mouse F9 embryonal carcinoma cells and human G361 melanoma cells to the disintegrin domains of mouse ADAMs 2 and 3. Both cell lines express alpha6beta1 and alpha9beta1 integrins at their surfaces. Antibodies to the alpha6 integrin subunit inhibited adhesion of both cell lines. An antibody that recognizes human alpha9 integrin inhibited adhesion of G361 cells. VLO5, a snake disintegrin that antagonizes alpha4beta1 and alpha9beta1 integrins, potently inhibited adhesion of both cell lines. We next explored expression of the alpha9 integrin subunit in mouse eggs. In contrast to our ability to detect alpha6beta1, we were unable to convincingly detect alpha9beta1 integrin on the surface of mouse eggs. Moreover, treatment of mouse eggs with 250 nm VLO5, which is 250 fold over its approximately IC(50) for inhibition of somatic cell adhesion, had minimal effect on sperm-egg binding or fusion. We did detect alpha9 integrin protein on epithelial cells of the oviduct. Additional studies showed that antibodies to the alpha6 and alpha7 integrins additively inhibited adhesion of mouse trophoblast stem cells and that an antibody to the alpha4 integrin inhibited adhesion of MOLT-3 cells to these disintegrin domains: Our data suggest that multiple integrins (on the same cell) can participate in adhesion to a given ADAM disintegrin domain and that interactions between ADAMs and integrins may be important for sperm transit through the oviduct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Tomczuk
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0732, USA
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Hao Z, Wolkowicz MJ, Shetty J, Klotz K, Bolling L, Sen B, Westbrook VA, Coonrod S, Flickinger CJ, Herr JC. SAMP32, a testis-specific, isoantigenic sperm acrosomal membrane-associated protein. Biol Reprod 2002; 66:735-44. [PMID: 11870081 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod66.3.735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify novel human sperm membrane antigens, we analyzed two-dimensional gels of sperm extracts containing hydrophobic proteins that partitioned into Triton X-114. Four protein spots with isoelectric points (pIs) ranging from 4.5 to 5.5 and apparent molecular weights from 32 to 34 kDa were sequenced by mass spectrometry and found to contain common peptide sequences. Cloning the corresponding cDNA revealed that these protein spots were products of a single gene (SAMP32), encoding a protein of 32 kDa with a predicted pI of 4.57. SAMP32 has a potential transmembrane domain in the carboxyl terminus and is phosphorylated in vivo on serine 256. Northern blotting of eight human tissues and RNA dot blotting of 76 human tissues showed that SAMP32 expression was testis specific. SAMP32 contained an amino terminal domain homologous to the major malarial circumsporozoite surface protein and a domain similar to that of Krp1 from Schizosaccharomyces pombe in its carboxyl terminus. The SAMP32 locus consists of seven exons on chromosome 6q15-16.2. Antiserum against recombinant SAMP32 recognized protein spots originally cored from a two-dimensional gel. This antiserum strongly stained the equatorial segment and faintly stained the acrosome cap of ejaculated human spermatozoa by immunofluorescence. Immunoelectron microscopy showed that SAMP32 was associated with the inner acrosomal membrane in the principal and the equatorial segments of the sperm acrosome. By immunostaining enzyme-dissociated testicular cells, SAMP32 was localized to Golgi phase round spermatids and subsequent stages of acrosome biogenesis. Recombinant SAMP32 reacted with serum from an infertile man, suggesting that it is isoantigenic. Antibodies against recombinant SAMP32 inhibited both the binding and the fusion of human sperm to zona-free hamster eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonglin Hao
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Research in Contraceptive and Reproductive Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
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Laing MA, Coonrod S, Hinton BT, Downie JW, Tozer R, Rudnicki MA, Hassell JA. Male sexual dysfunction in mice bearing targeted mutant alleles of the PEA3 ets gene. Mol Cell Biol 2000; 20:9337-45. [PMID: 11094084 PMCID: PMC102190 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.20.24.9337-9345.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PEA3, a member of the Ets family of transcriptional regulatory proteins, is expressed in a unique spatial and temporal pattern during mouse embryogenesis; its overexpression is positively correlated with HER2-mediated breast tumorigenesis in both humans and mice. To determine whether PEA3 plays a part in development and oncogenesis and to uncover its normal physiological role, we generated mice lacking functional PEA3 by gene targeting in embryonic stem cells. PEA3(-/-) mice arose from heterozygous crosses with the expected Mendelian frequency, revealing that PEA3 is dispensable for embryogenesis. PEA3 mutant mice displayed no overt phenotype and lived a normal life span. However, PEA3-deficient males failed to reproduce. PEA3 is expressed in several male sexual organs, but gross and histological analyses of the organs from PEA3(-/-) mice revealed no abnormalities. Spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis also appeared normal in mice homozygous for the PEA3 mutation, and their sperm were capable of fertilizing eggs in vitro. PEA3(-/-) males engaged in normal mating behavior, but they did not set copulatory plugs and sperm could not be detected in the uteri of females that had mated with PEA3(-/-) males. Erections could be evoked by abdominal pressure in PEA3-deficient male mice, and the results of in vitro experiments revealed that the corpus cavernosum isolated from PEA3 mutant males relaxed in response to acetylcholine. Therefore, the infertility of PEA3 mutant males involves either mechanisms proximal to the cavernosal smooth muscle or an ejaculatory dysfunction. However, PEA3 mutant mice are phenotypically distinguishable from other knockout mice with such deficits and thus provide a unique model for further investigation of male sexual dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Laing
- Institute for Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1
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Coonrod S, Naaby-Hansen S, Shetty J, Herr J. PI-PLC releases a 25-40 kDa protein cluster from the hamster oolemma and affects the sperm penetration assay. Mol Hum Reprod 1999; 5:1027-33. [PMID: 10541564 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/5.11.1027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) on human sperm-hamster oocyte interaction were investigated to determine whether PI-PLC cleavable glycosylphosphatidyinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins are involved in sperm-egg binding and fusion. Two-dimensional electrophoresis was then utilized to visualize proteins released from hamster oocytes following PI-PLC treatment. For the binding and fusion assay, either spermatozoa or eggs were treated with 1 IU/ml PI-PLC for 30 min and washed prior to gamete co-incubation. Treatment of human spermatozoa with PI-PLC significantly (P </= 0.05) enhanced sperm-egg binding while having no effect on sperm-egg fusion. Treatment of zona-free hamster oocytes with PI-PLC blocked sperm-egg binding and fusion. In order to identify the oolemmal GPI-anchored proteins involved in fertilization, egg surface proteins were labelled with sulpho-NHS biotin and either mock treated or treated with PI-PLC. Egg protein extracts and egg supernatant proteins from each group were then analysed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by avidin blotting. Comparison of blots demonstrated that a predominant biotinylated 25-40 kDa protein cluster (pI 5-6) apparent in the mock treated egg extract blot was absent in the PI-PLC treated egg extract blot. A protein cluster of identical molecular weight and isoelectric point as the predominant 25-40 kDa protein cluster was observed in the PI-PLC supernatant blot while no proteins could be seen in the control supernatant blot. These results demonstrate that treatment of hamster oocytes with PI-PLC inhibits sperm-egg interaction and releases a 25-40 kDa protein cluster (pI 5-6) from the oolemma. It is likely that this released protein cluster represents an oolemmal GPI-linked surface protein(s) which is involved in human sperm-hamster egg interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Coonrod
- Center for Recombinant Gamete Contraceptive Vaccinogens, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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Herr JC, Thomas D, Bush LA, Coonrod S, Khole V, Howards SS, Flickinger CJ. Sperm mitochondria-associated cysteine-rich protein (SMCP) is an autoantigen in Lewis rats. Biol Reprod 1999; 61:428-35. [PMID: 10411523 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod61.2.428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
A common repertoire of rat sperm antigens have previously been identified by Western blotting of sperm proteins with sera obtained after vasectomy or isoimmunization with sperm. Aside from a determination of their apparent masses, however, the biochemical characteristics of these antigens have remained unknown. In this study, a rat testis cDNA expression library was screened with polyclonal antibodies obtained from rats immunized with isologous spermatozoa to identify and sequence a full-length clone encoding rat sperm mitochondria-associated cysteine-rich protein (SMCP). The open reading frame of SMCP was expressed in the pET22b vector, and recombinant SMCP (rec-SMCP) was purified. Sera from rats that had been vasectomized or hyperimmunized with isologous sperm specifically recognized rec-SMCP whereas preimmune sera from these experimental groups did not react. Rabbit antiserum produced to rec-SMCP recognized rec-SMCP on Western blots and precisely immunolocalized SMCP to the mid-piece of rat sperm. On Western blots against sperm extracts, the rabbit antibody recognized a major protein band of approximately 22-25 kDa that co-migrated with bands of identical mass that were recognized by sera from hyperimmune or vasectomized rats. These findings demonstrate that SMCP is a sperm autoantigen, recognized following vasectomy, and an isoantigen, recognized by antibodies generated through isologous immunization with sperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Herr
- Department of Cell Biology, The Center for Recombinant Gamete Contraceptive Vaccinogens, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA.
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Lou YH, Coonrod S, Kramer W, Tung KS. Destruction of zona pellucida of ovulated oocytes by anti-ZP3 antibodies: a potential mechanism of ZP-based contraceptive vaccine. J Reprod Immunol 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0165-0378(97)90396-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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