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O'Reilly RC, Soundar S, Tonb D, Bolling L, Yoo E, Nadal T, Grindle C, Field E, He Z. The role of gastric pepsin in the inflammatory cascade of pediatric otitis media. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2015; 141:350-7. [PMID: 25633964 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoto.2014.3581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Otitis media is characterized as an ongoing inflammation with accumulation of an effusion in the middle ear cleft. The molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis, particularly the inflammatory response, remain largely unknown. We hypothesize that aspiration of gastric contents into the nasopharynx may be responsible for the initiation of the inflammatory process or aggravate a preexisting condition. OBJECTIVE To investigate the correlation of gastric pepsin A with inflammatory cytokines, bacterial infection, and clinical outcomes. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Prospective study of 129 pediatric patients undergoing myringotomy with tube placement for otitis media at a tertiary care pediatric hospital. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Ear samples were tested for pepsin A; cytokines interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor; and bacterial culture inoculation. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and regression analysis to identify risk factors for the presence of pepsin A and to correlate pepsin A levels with cytokine levels, infection status, and clinical outcomes. RESULTS Of the 129 patients, 199 ear samples were obtained; 82 samples (41%) and 64 patients (50%) were positive for pepsin A as measured by immunoassay. Pepsin A positivity correlated with age younger than 3.0 years (mean [SD], 2.3 [2.1] years in the positive group vs 3.3 [3.0] years in the negative group) and with all 3 cytokine levels (mean [SD] tumor necrosis factor, 29.5 [45.9] pg/mL in the positive group vs 13.2 [21.6] pg/mL in the negative group; IL-6, 6791.7 [9389.1] pg/mL in the positive group vs 2849.9 [4066.3] pg/mL in the negative group; and IL-8, 6828.2 [8122.3] pg/mL in the positive group vs 2925.1 [3364.5] pg/mL in the negative group [all P < .05]); however, logistic regression analysis showed that only IL-8 (odds ratio, 3.96; 95% CI, 1.3-12.0; P = .02) and age (odds ratio, 3.83; 95% CI, 1.2-12.7; P = .03) were significant independent variables. No statistically significant association was found with other parameters. Multiple linear regressions revealed that the levels of pepsin A were correlated with IL-8 levels (R2 = 0.248; P < .001) and the need for second or third tubes 6 to 12 months after the first (R2 = 0.102; P = .006). The presence of pepsin A in the middle ear was not associated with increased bacterial infection. Interleukin 8 was independent and significantly associated with both pepsin A levels and bacterial infection (R2 = 0.144 and 0.263, respectively; P = .001 for both). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Extraesophageal reflux as indicated by the presence of pepsin A is closely involved in the middle ear inflammatory process and may worsen the disease in some children; however, a proof of cause and effect between extraesophageal reflux and middle ear inflammation requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C O'Reilly
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware
| | - Sam Soundar
- Department of Biomedical Research, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware
| | - Dalal Tonb
- Department of Biomedical Research, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware
| | - Laura Bolling
- Department of Biomedical Research, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware
| | - Estelle Yoo
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware3Center for Ear, Nose & Throat, Lanham, Maryland
| | - Tracey Nadal
- Department of Biomedical Research, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware
| | - Christopher Grindle
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware4Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Division of Otolaryngology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Hartford
| | - Erin Field
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware
| | - Zhaoping He
- Department of Biomedical Research, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware
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Yang YH, Bolling L, Priolo MA, Grunlan JC. Super gas barrier and selectivity of graphene oxide-polymer multilayer thin films. Adv Mater 2013; 25:503-8. [PMID: 23023816 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201202951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Super gas barrier thin films, fabricated with layer-by-layer assembly of polyethylenimine and graphene oxide, exhibit significantly reduced oxygen and carbon dioxide transmission rates. This thin film's nanobrick wall structure also provides high gas selectivity for hydrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Hao Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3123, USA
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Yang YH, Bolling L, Haile M, Grunlan JC. Improving oxygen barrier and reducing moisture sensitivity of weak polyelectrolyte multilayer thin films with crosslinking. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra21845c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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Gopalareddy V, He Z, Soundar S, Bolling L, Shah M, Penfil S, McCloskey JJ, Mehta DI. Assessment of the prevalence of microaspiration by gastric pepsin in the airway of ventilated children. Acta Paediatr 2008; 97:55-60. [PMID: 18076720 DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2007.00578.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM Mechanically ventilated patients are at risk for aspiration of gastric contents. The aim of this observational study was to determine the prevalence of micro-aspiration in children with cuffed and uncuffed endotracheal (ET) tubes and with tracheostomies and to assess the effect of feeding status on aspiration. Micro-aspiration was determined by measuring gastric pepsin in tracheal aspirates. METHODS We studied 27 children on ventilators in paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) and 10 children undergoing elective surgeries for various indications. Tracheal aspirates were collected from children on ventilatory support in the intensive care unit during medically indicated suctioning and from the group of children undergoing elective surgery in the operation room. Pepsin was detected by enzymatic assay. RESULTS Overall 70% of cases in PICU were positive for pepsin in at least one of the aspirates. Pepsin positivity was significantly lower in the cuffed group than in the uncuffed and tracheostomy groups. Tube feedings did not significantly influence the prevalence of pepsin positivity. CONCLUSIONS Measurement of gastric pepsin in tracheobronchial fluid is a sensitive tool to detect aspirations in mechanically ventilated children and to assess the efficacy of preventive measures in PICU settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vani Gopalareddy
- Gastroenterology, Levine Children's Hospital, Charlotte, NC, USA
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He Z, O'Reilly RC, Bolling L, Soundar S, Shah M, Cook S, Schmidt RJ, Bloedon E, Mehta DI. Detection of gastric pepsin in middle ear fluid of children with otitis media. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2007; 137:59-64. [PMID: 17599566 DOI: 10.1016/j.otohns.2007.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2006] [Accepted: 02/01/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We sought to confirm the finding of pepsin/pepsinogen in the middle ear fluid of children with otitis media in a larger sample size using a sensitive and specific pepsin assay. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING We evaluated 152 children (225 ear samples) in a prospective study at a tertiary care children's hospital. The presence of pepsin in middle ear aspirates was determined using enzymatic assay. RESULTS Of the patients, 14.4 percent (22 of 152) had detectable pepsin activity in one or both of the ear samples with no pepsin activity detected in control serum. Average pepsin concentration in the samples was 96.6 +/- 170.8 ng/ml, ranging from 13 to 687 ng/ml. Pepsin concentration in the middle ear of children younger than 1.0 year was significantly higher than in older age groups. CONCLUSION AND SIGNIFICANCE Results indicate that pepsin/pepsinogen is present in the middle ears of children with otitis media, although not at the high rate previously reported. Gastric reflux may be one causative factor in the pathogenesis of otitis media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoping He
- Nemours Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19899, USA.
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Arroyo-García R, Ruiz-García L, Bolling L, Ocete R, López MA, Arnold C, Ergul A, Söylemezoğlu G, Uzun HI, Cabello F, Ibáñez J, Aradhya MK, Atanassov A, Atanassov I, Balint S, Cenis JL, Costantini L, Goris-Lavets S, Grando MS, Klein BY, McGovern PE, Merdinoglu D, Pejic I, Pelsy F, Primikirios N, Risovannaya V, Roubelakis-Angelakis KA, Snoussi H, Sotiri P, Tamhankar S, This P, Troshin L, Malpica JM, Lefort F, Martinez-Zapater JM. Multiple origins of cultivated grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. ssp. sativa) based on chloroplast DNA polymorphisms. Mol Ecol 2006; 15:3707-14. [PMID: 17032268 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2006.03049.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The domestication of the Eurasian grape (Vitis vinifera ssp. sativa) from its wild ancestor (Vitis vinifera ssp. sylvestris) has long been claimed to have occurred in Transcaucasia where its greatest genetic diversity is found and where very early archaeological evidence, including grape pips and artefacts of a 'wine culture', have been excavated. Whether from Transcaucasia or the nearby Taurus or Zagros Mountains, it is hypothesized that this wine culture spread southwards and eventually westwards around the Mediterranean basin, together with the transplantation of cultivated grape cuttings. However, the existence of morphological differentiation between cultivars from eastern and western ends of the modern distribution of the Eurasian grape suggests the existence of different genetic contribution from local sylvestris populations or multilocal selection and domestication of sylvestris genotypes. To tackle this issue, we analysed chlorotype variation and distribution in 1201 samples of sylvestris and sativa genotypes from the whole area of the species' distribution and studied their genetic relationships. The results suggest the existence of at least two important origins for the cultivated germplasm, one in the Near East and another in the western Mediterranean region, the latter of which gave rise to many of the current Western European cultivars. Indeed, over 70% of the Iberian Peninsula cultivars display chlorotypes that are only compatible with their having derived from western sylvestris populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Arroyo-García
- Departamento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, C/Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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He Z, Bolling L, Tonb D, Nadal T, Mehta DI. An automated method for the determination of intestinal disaccharidase and glucoamylase activities. J Autom Methods Manag Chem 2006; 2006:93947. [PMID: 17671629 PMCID: PMC1903450 DOI: 10.1155/jammc/2006/93947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2006] [Revised: 03/03/2006] [Accepted: 04/10/2006] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Determination of disaccharidase and glucoamylase activities is important for the diagnosis of intestinal diseases. We adapted a widely accepted manual method to an automated system that uses the same reagents reaction volumes, incubation times, and biopsy size as the manual method. A dye was added to the homogenates as the internal quality control to monitor the pipetting precision of the automated system. When the automated system was tested using human intestinal homogenates, the activities of all the routinely tested disaccharidases, including lactase, maltase, sucrase, and palatinase, as well as the activity of glucoamylase, showed perfect agreement with the manual method and were highly reproducible. The automated analyzer can perform the same routine assays of disaccharidases and glucoamylase with high consistency and accuracy and reduce testing costs by performing a larger sample size with the same number of staff. Additional developments, such as barcoding and built-in plate reading, would result in a completely automated system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoping He
- Nemours Biomedical ResearchAlfred I. duPont Hospital for ChildrenWilmingtonDE19803USA
| | - Laura Bolling
- Nemours Biomedical ResearchAlfred I. duPont Hospital for ChildrenWilmingtonDE19803USA
| | - Dalal Tonb
- Nemours Biomedical ResearchAlfred I. duPont Hospital for ChildrenWilmingtonDE19803USA
| | - Tracey Nadal
- Nemours Biomedical ResearchAlfred I. duPont Hospital for ChildrenWilmingtonDE19803USA
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Higginbottom A, Takahashi Y, Bolling L, Coonrod SA, White JM, Partridge LJ, Monk PN. Structural requirements for the inhibitory action of the CD9 large extracellular domain in sperm/oocyte binding and fusion. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 311:208-14. [PMID: 14575715 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.09.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
CD9 has been shown to be essential for sperm/oocyte fusion in mice, the only non-redundant role found for a member of the tetraspanin family. CD9 can act in cis, reconstituting sperm/oocyte fusion when ectopically expressed in oocytes from CD9 null mice, or in trans, inhibiting sperm fusion when the large extracellular domain (LED) is added to CD9-positive oocytes as a soluble protein. In contrast to cis inhibition, the structural requirements of the trans inhibition by soluble CD9 LED are unknown. Here we show that human CD9 LED is as potent an inhibitor as mouse CD9 LED in mouse sperm/oocyte fusion assays and that CD9 LED can also inhibit sperm/oocyte binding. The two disulphide bridges that define membership of the tetraspanin family are critical for structure and function of human CD9 LED and mutation of a pentapeptide sequence in the hypervariable region further defines the critical region for trans inhibition.
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Tomczuk M, Takahashi Y, Huang J, Murase S, Mistretta M, Klaffky E, Sutherland A, Bolling L, Coonrod S, Marcinkiewicz C, Sheppard D, Stepp MA, White JM. Role of multiple beta1 integrins in cell adhesion to the disintegrin domains of ADAMs 2 and 3. Exp Cell Res 2003; 290:68-81. [PMID: 14516789 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-4827(03)00307-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
ADAM disintegrin domains can support integrin-mediated cell adhesion. However, the profile of which integrins are employed for adhesion to a given disintegrin domain remains unclear. For example, we suggested that the disintegrin domains of mouse sperm ADAMs 2 and 3 can interact with the alpha6beta1 integrin on mouse eggs. Others concluded that these disintegrin domains interact instead with the alpha9beta1 integrin. To address these differing results, we first studied adhesion of mouse F9 embryonal carcinoma cells and human G361 melanoma cells to the disintegrin domains of mouse ADAMs 2 and 3. Both cell lines express alpha6beta1 and alpha9beta1 integrins at their surfaces. Antibodies to the alpha6 integrin subunit inhibited adhesion of both cell lines. An antibody that recognizes human alpha9 integrin inhibited adhesion of G361 cells. VLO5, a snake disintegrin that antagonizes alpha4beta1 and alpha9beta1 integrins, potently inhibited adhesion of both cell lines. We next explored expression of the alpha9 integrin subunit in mouse eggs. In contrast to our ability to detect alpha6beta1, we were unable to convincingly detect alpha9beta1 integrin on the surface of mouse eggs. Moreover, treatment of mouse eggs with 250 nm VLO5, which is 250 fold over its approximately IC(50) for inhibition of somatic cell adhesion, had minimal effect on sperm-egg binding or fusion. We did detect alpha9 integrin protein on epithelial cells of the oviduct. Additional studies showed that antibodies to the alpha6 and alpha7 integrins additively inhibited adhesion of mouse trophoblast stem cells and that an antibody to the alpha4 integrin inhibited adhesion of MOLT-3 cells to these disintegrin domains: Our data suggest that multiple integrins (on the same cell) can participate in adhesion to a given ADAM disintegrin domain and that interactions between ADAMs and integrins may be important for sperm transit through the oviduct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Tomczuk
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0732, USA
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Hao Z, Wolkowicz MJ, Shetty J, Klotz K, Bolling L, Sen B, Westbrook VA, Coonrod S, Flickinger CJ, Herr JC. SAMP32, a testis-specific, isoantigenic sperm acrosomal membrane-associated protein. Biol Reprod 2002; 66:735-44. [PMID: 11870081 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod66.3.735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify novel human sperm membrane antigens, we analyzed two-dimensional gels of sperm extracts containing hydrophobic proteins that partitioned into Triton X-114. Four protein spots with isoelectric points (pIs) ranging from 4.5 to 5.5 and apparent molecular weights from 32 to 34 kDa were sequenced by mass spectrometry and found to contain common peptide sequences. Cloning the corresponding cDNA revealed that these protein spots were products of a single gene (SAMP32), encoding a protein of 32 kDa with a predicted pI of 4.57. SAMP32 has a potential transmembrane domain in the carboxyl terminus and is phosphorylated in vivo on serine 256. Northern blotting of eight human tissues and RNA dot blotting of 76 human tissues showed that SAMP32 expression was testis specific. SAMP32 contained an amino terminal domain homologous to the major malarial circumsporozoite surface protein and a domain similar to that of Krp1 from Schizosaccharomyces pombe in its carboxyl terminus. The SAMP32 locus consists of seven exons on chromosome 6q15-16.2. Antiserum against recombinant SAMP32 recognized protein spots originally cored from a two-dimensional gel. This antiserum strongly stained the equatorial segment and faintly stained the acrosome cap of ejaculated human spermatozoa by immunofluorescence. Immunoelectron microscopy showed that SAMP32 was associated with the inner acrosomal membrane in the principal and the equatorial segments of the sperm acrosome. By immunostaining enzyme-dissociated testicular cells, SAMP32 was localized to Golgi phase round spermatids and subsequent stages of acrosome biogenesis. Recombinant SAMP32 reacted with serum from an infertile man, suggesting that it is isoantigenic. Antibodies against recombinant SAMP32 inhibited both the binding and the fusion of human sperm to zona-free hamster eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonglin Hao
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Research in Contraceptive and Reproductive Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
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Bacheler LT, Anton ED, Kudish P, Baker D, Bunville J, Krakowski K, Bolling L, Aujay M, Wang XV, Ellis D, Becker MF, Lasut AL, George HJ, Spalding DR, Hollis G, Abremski K. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 mutations selected in patients failing efavirenz combination therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000; 44:2475-84. [PMID: 10952598 PMCID: PMC90088 DOI: 10.1128/aac.44.9.2475-2484.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Efavirenz is a potent and selective nonnucleoside inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase (RT). Nucleotide sequence analyses of the protease and RT genes (coding region for amino acids 1 to 229) of multiple cloned HIV-1 genomes from virus found in the plasma of patients in phase II clinical studies of efavirenz combination therapy were undertaken in order to identify the spectrum of mutations in plasma-borne HIV-1 associated with virological treatment failure. A K103N substitution was the HIV-1 RT gene mutation most frequently observed among plasma samples from patients for whom combination therapy including efavirenz failed, occurring in at least 90% of cases of efavirenz-indinavir or efavirenz-zidovudine (ZDV)-lamivudine (3TC) treatment failure. V108I and P225H mutations were observed frequently, predominantly in viral genomes that also contained other nonnucleoside RT inhibitor (NNRTI) resistance mutations. L100I, K101E, K101Q, Y188H, Y188L, G190S, G190A, and G190E mutations were also observed. V106A, Y181C, and Y188C mutations, which have been associated with high levels of resistance to other NNRTIs, were rare in the patient samples in this study, both before and after exposure to efavirenz. The spectrum of mutations observed in cases of virological treatment failure was similar for patients initially dosed with efavirenz at 200, 400, or 600 mg once a day and for patients treated with efavirenz in combination with indinavir, stavudine, or ZDV-3TC. The proportion of patients carrying NNRTI resistance mutations, usually K103N, increased dramatically at the time of initial viral load rebound in cases of treatment failure after exposure to efavirenz. Viruses with multiple, linked NNRTI mutations, especially K103N-V108I and K103N-P225H double mutants, accumulated more slowly following the emergence of K103N mutant viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- L T Bacheler
- DuPont Pharmaceuticals Company, Experimental Station, Wilmington, Delaware 19880-0336, USA.
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