1
|
Differentiation of Motor Neuron-Like Cells from Tonsil-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Their Possible Application to Neuromuscular Junction Formation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20112702. [PMID: 31159418 PMCID: PMC6600529 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human tonsil-derived mesenchymal stem cells (T-MSCs) are newly identified MSCs and present typical features of MSCs, including having the differentiation capacity into the three germ layers and excellent proliferation capacity. They are easily sourced and are useful for stem cell therapy in various disease states. We previously reported that T-MSCs could be differentiated into skeletal myocytes and Schwann-like cells; therefore, they are a promising candidate for cell therapies for neuromuscular disease. Motor neurons (MNs), which regulate spontaneous behavior, are affected by a wide range of MN diseases (MNDs) for which there are no effective remedies. We investigated the differentiation potential of MN-like cells derived from T-MSCs (T-MSC-MNCs) for application to therapy of MNDs. After the process of MN differentiation, the expression of MN-related markers, including Islet 1, HB9/HLXB9 (HB9), and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), was increased when compared with undifferentiated T-MSCs. The secretion of acetylcholine to the conditioned medium was significantly increased after MN differentiation. We cocultured T-MSC-MNCs and human skeletal muscle cells, and confirmed the presence of the acetylcholine receptor clusters, which demonstrated the formation of neuromuscular junctions. The potential functional improvements afforded by these T-MSC-MNCs could be useful in the treatment of MNDs caused by genetic mutation, viral infection, or environmental problems.
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang J, Yang C, Chen J, Luo M, Qu Y, Mu D, Chen Q. Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells and umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells improve neonatal rat memory after hypoxia-ischemia. Behav Brain Res 2019; 362:56-63. [PMID: 30639506 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Current treatment options for hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) are limited. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSCs) and cord blood mononuclear cells (CB-MNCs) offer great potential for the treatment of many neurological diseases. The aim of the present study was to identify which cell type is more effective for the treatment of HIE. PKH26-labeled UC-MSCs and CB-MNCs were transplanted into rats with hypoxia-ischemia (HI)-induced brain damage. Apoptotic cell numbers in the brain, as labeled by TUNEL, were assessed. Myelination and gliosis were investigated using myelin basic protein and glial fibrillary acidic protein immunohistochemistry, respectively. The Morris water maze was used to assess animal learning abilities. Our data show that transplantation of UC-MSCs or CB-MNCs after HI reduced astrogliosis, prevented neuronal loss in the striatum, and markedly improved functional brain outcomes after a 28-day recovery period. Moreover, treatment with CB-MNCs increased the proportion of mature oligodendrocytes and improved myelination in cortical areas. Both UC-MSCs and CB-MNCs may result in the recovery of neurological function in HI rats. Based on our data, UC-MSCs and UCB-MNCs may be particularly effective stem cell subsets for treatment of neonatal HIE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Sichuan Cord Blood Bank/Sichuan Neo-Life Stem Cell Biotech Inc., Chengdu, 610037, Sichuan, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Maowen Luo
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Sichuan Cord Blood Bank/Sichuan Neo-Life Stem Cell Biotech Inc., Chengdu, 610037, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Qu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Obstetric & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of the Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Dezhi Mu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Obstetric & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of the Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Sichuan Cord Blood Bank/Sichuan Neo-Life Stem Cell Biotech Inc., Chengdu, 610037, Sichuan, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sanches EF, Valentim L, de Almeida Sassi F, Bernardi L, Arteni N, Weis SN, Odorcyk FK, Pranke P, Netto CA. Intracardiac Injection of Dental Pulp Stem Cells After Neonatal Hypoxia-Ischemia Prevents Cognitive Deficits in Rats. Neurochem Res 2018; 43:2268-2276. [PMID: 30255215 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2647-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) is associated to cognitive and motor impairments and until the moment there is no proven treatment. The underlying neuroprotective mechanisms of stem cells are partially understood and include decrease in excitotoxicity, apoptosis and inflammation suppression. This study was conducted in order to test the effects of intracardiac transplantation of human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) for treating HI damage. Seven-day-old Wistar rats were divided into four groups: sham-saline, sham-hDPSCs, HI-saline, and HI-hDPSCs. Motor and cognitive tasks were performed from postnatal day 30. HI-induced cognitive deficits in the novel-object recognition test and in spatial reference memory impairment which were prevented by hDPSCs. No motor impairments were observed in HI animals. Immunofluorescence analysis showed human-positive nuclei in hDPSC-treated animals closely associated with anti-GFAP staining in the lesion scar tissue, suggesting that these cells were able to migrate to the injury site and could be providing support to CNS cells. Our study evidence novel evidence that hDPSC can contribute to the recovery following hypoxia-ischemia and highlight the need of further investigation in order to better understand the exact mechanisms underlying its neuroprotective effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Farias Sanches
- Brain Ischemia and Neuroprotection Laboratory, Departament of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 91035-003, Brazil.
| | - Lauren Valentim
- Haematology and Stem Cell Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Brain Ischemia and Neuroprotection Laboratory, Departament of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 91035-003, Brazil
| | - Felipe de Almeida Sassi
- Haematology and Stem Cell Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Brain Ischemia and Neuroprotection Laboratory, Departament of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 91035-003, Brazil
| | - Lisiane Bernardi
- Haematology and Stem Cell Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Nice Arteni
- Brain Ischemia and Neuroprotection Laboratory, Departament of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 91035-003, Brazil
| | - Simone Nardin Weis
- Brain Ischemia and Neuroprotection Laboratory, Departament of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 91035-003, Brazil
| | - Felipe Kawa Odorcyk
- Brain Ischemia and Neuroprotection Laboratory, Departament of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 91035-003, Brazil
| | - Patricia Pranke
- Haematology and Stem Cell Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Stem Cell Research Institute, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alexandre Netto
- Brain Ischemia and Neuroprotection Laboratory, Departament of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 91035-003, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Macrin D, Joseph JP, Pillai AA, Devi A. Eminent Sources of Adult Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Their Therapeutic Imminence. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2018; 13:741-756. [PMID: 28812219 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-017-9759-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the recent times, stem cell biology has garnered the attention of the scientific fraternity and the general public alike due to the immense therapeutic potential that it holds in the field of regenerative medicine. A breakthrough in this direction came with the isolation of stem cells from human embryo and their differentiation into cell types of all three germ layers. However, the isolation of mesenchymal stem cells from adult tissues proved to be advantageous over embryonic stem cells due to the ethical and immunological naivety. Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) isolated from the bone marrow were found to differentiate into multiple cell lineages with the help of appropriate differentiation factors. Furthermore, other sources of stem cells including adipose tissue, dental pulp, and breast milk have been identified. Newer sources of stem cells have been emerging recently and their clinical applications are also being studied. In this review, we examine the eminent sources of Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs), their immunophenotypes, and therapeutic imminence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dannie Macrin
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Joel P Joseph
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Arikketh Devi
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Eve DJ, Sanberg PR, Buzanska L, Sarnowska A, Domanska-Janik K. Human Somatic Stem Cell Neural Differentiation Potential. Results Probl Cell Differ 2018; 66:21-87. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-93485-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
|
6
|
Fetal mesenchymal stromal cells from cryopreserved human chorionic villi: cytogenetic and molecular analysis of genome stability in long-term cultures. Cytotherapy 2014; 15:1340-51. [PMID: 24094486 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2013.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS First-trimester chorionic villi (CV) are an attractive source of human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSC) for possible applications in cellular therapy and regenerative medicine. Human MSC from CV were monitored for genetic stability in long-term cultures. METHODS We set up a good manufacturing practice cryopreservation procedure for small amounts of native CV samples. After isolation, hMSC were in vitro cultured and analyzed for biological end points. Genome stability at different passages of expansion was explored by karyotype, genome-wide array-comparative genomic hybridization and microsatellite genotyping. RESULTS Growth curve analysis revealed a high proliferative potential of CV-derived cells. Immunophenotyping showed expression of typical MSC markers and absence of hematopoietic markers. Analysis of multilineage potential demonstrated efficient differentiation into adipocytes, osteocytes, chondrocytes and induction of neuro-glial commitment. In angiogenic experiments, differentiation in endothelial cells was detected by in vitro Matrigel assay after vascular endothelial growth factor stimulation. Data obtained from karyotyping, array-comparative genomic hybridization and microsatellite genotyping comparing early with late DNA passages did not show any genomic variation at least up to passage 10. Aneuploid clones appeared in four of 14 cases at latest passages, immediately before culture growth arrest. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that hCV-MSC are genetically stable in long-term cultures at least up to passage 10 and that it is possible to achieve clinically relevant amounts of hCV-MSC even after few stages of expansion. Genome abnormalities at higher passages can occasionally occur and are always associated with spontaneous growth arrest. Under these circumstances, hCV-MSC could be suitable for therapeutic purposes.
Collapse
|
7
|
Liu X, Ye R, Yan T, Yu SP, Wei L, Xu G, Fan X, Jiang Y, Stetler RA, Liu G, Chen J. Cell based therapies for ischemic stroke: from basic science to bedside. Prog Neurobiol 2013; 115:92-115. [PMID: 24333397 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cell therapy is emerging as a viable therapy to restore neurological function after stroke. Many types of stem/progenitor cells from different sources have been explored for their feasibility and efficacy for the treatment of stroke. Transplanted cells not only have the potential to replace the lost circuitry, but also produce growth and trophic factors, or stimulate the release of such factors from host brain cells, thereby enhancing endogenous brain repair processes. Although stem/progenitor cells have shown a promising role in ischemic stroke in experimental studies as well as initial clinical pilot studies, cellular therapy is still at an early stage in humans. Many critical issues need to be addressed including the therapeutic time window, cell type selection, delivery route, and in vivo monitoring of their migration pattern. This review attempts to provide a comprehensive synopsis of preclinical evidence and clinical experience of various donor cell types, their restorative mechanisms, delivery routes, imaging strategies, future prospects and challenges for translating cell therapies as a neurorestorative regimen in clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinfeng Liu
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China.
| | - Ruidong Ye
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Yan
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Neurology, Tianjin General Hospital, Tianjin University School of Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Shan Ping Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ling Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gelin Xu
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinying Fan
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongjun Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - R Anne Stetler
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - George Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jieli Chen
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Park S, Koh SE, Hur CY, Lee WD, Lim J, Lee YJ. Comparison of human first and third trimester placental mesenchymal stem cell. Cell Biol Int 2013; 37:242-9. [DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Saeyoung Park
- Maria Biotech Co.; 102-9 Sinsuldong; 130-812 Seoul; Korea
| | - Seong-Eun Koh
- Department of Rehabilitation, School of Medicine; Konkuk University, 4-12 Hwayangdong; Seoul; Korea
| | | | - Won-Don Lee
- Maria Fertility Hospital; 103-10 Sinsuldong; Seoul; Korea
| | - Jinho Lim
- Maria Fertility Hospital; 103-10 Sinsuldong; Seoul; Korea
| | - Young-Jay Lee
- Maria Biotech Co.; 102-9 Sinsuldong; 130-812 Seoul; Korea
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Volarevic V, Erceg S, Bhattacharya SS, Stojkovic P, Horner P, Stojkovic M. Stem cell-based therapy for spinal cord injury. Cell Transplant 2012; 22:1309-23. [PMID: 23043847 DOI: 10.3727/096368912x657260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells (SCs) represent a new therapeutic approach for spinal cord injury (SCI) by enabling improved sensory and motor functions in animal models. The main goal of SC-based therapy for SCI is the replacement of neurons and glial cells that undergo cell death soon after injury. Stem cells are able to promote remyelination via oligodendroglia cell replacement to produce trophic factors enhancing neurite outgrowth, axonal elongation, and fiber density and to activate resident or transplanted progenitor cells across the lesion cavity. While several SC transplantation strategies have shown promising yet partial efficacy, mechanistic proof is generally lacking and is arguably the largest impediment toward faster progress and clinical application. The main challenge ahead is to spur on cooperation between clinicians, researchers, and patients in order to define and optimize the mechanisms of SC function and to establish the ideal source/s of SCs that produce efficient and also safe therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav Volarevic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Medical Faculty, University of Kragujevac, Serbia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Jones GN, Moschidou D, Puga-Iglesias TI, Kuleszewicz K, Vanleene M, Shefelbine SJ, Bou-Gharios G, Fisk NM, David AL, De Coppi P, Guillot PV. Ontological differences in first compared to third trimester human fetal placental chorionic stem cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43395. [PMID: 22962584 PMCID: PMC3433473 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSC) isolated from fetal tissues hold promise for use in tissue engineering applications and cell-based therapies, but their collection is restricted ethically and technically. In contrast, the placenta is a potential source of readily-obtainable stem cells throughout pregnancy. In fetal tissues, early gestational stem cells are known to have advantageous characteristics over neonatal and adult stem cells. Accordingly, we investigated whether early fetal placental chorionic stem cells (e-CSC) were physiologically superior to their late gestation fetal chorionic counterparts (l-CSC). We showed that e-CSC shared a common phenotype with l-CSC, differentiating down the osteogenic, adipogenic and neurogenic pathways, and containing a subset of cells endogenously expressing NANOG, SOX2, c-MYC, and KLF4, as well as an array of genes expressed in pluripotent stem cells and primordial germ cells, including CD24, NANOG, SSEA4, SSEA3, TRA-1-60, TRA-1-81, STELLA, FRAGILIS, NANOS3, DAZL and SSEA1. However, we showed that e-CSC have characteristics of an earlier state of stemness compared to l-CSC, such as smaller size, faster kinetics, uniquely expressing OCT4A variant 1 and showing higher levels of expression of NANOG, SOX2, c-MYC and KLF4 than l-CSC. Furthermore e-CSC, but not l-CSC, formed embryoid bodies containing cells from the three germ layer lineages. Finally, we showed that e-CSC demonstrate higher tissue repair in vivo; when transplanted in the osteogenesis imperfecta mice, e-CSC, but not l-CSC increased bone quality and plasticity; and when applied to a skin wound, e-CSC, but not l-CSC, accelerated healing compared to controls. Our results provide insight into the ontogeny of the stemness phenotype during fetal development and suggest that the more primitive characteristics of early compared to late gestation fetal chorionic stem cells may be translationally advantageous.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gemma N. Jones
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dafni Moschidou
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Katarzyna Kuleszewicz
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maximilien Vanleene
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - George Bou-Gharios
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas M. Fisk
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anna L. David
- Prenatal Cell and Gene Therapy Group, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paolo De Coppi
- Surgery Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pascale V. Guillot
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Dopaminergic differentiation of neural progenitors derived from placental mesenchymal stem cells in the brains of Parkinson's disease model rats and alleviation of asymmetric rotational behavior. Brain Res 2012; 1466:158-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
12
|
Volarevic V, Ljujic B, Stojkovic P, Lukic A, Arsenijevic N, Stojkovic M. Human stem cell research and regenerative medicine--present and future. Br Med Bull 2011; 99:155-68. [PMID: 21669982 DOI: 10.1093/bmb/ldr027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Stem cells are cells with the ability to grow and differentiate into more than 200 cell types. SOURCES OF DATA We review here the characteristics and potential of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and adult stem cells (ASCs). AREAS OF AGREEMENT The differentiation ability of all stem cell types could be stimulated to obtain specialized cells that represent renewable sources of functional cells useful for cell-based therapy. AREAS OF CONTROVERSY The proof of functional differentiated cells needs to be investigated in more detail using both in vitro and in vivo assays including animal disease models and clinical studies. GROWING POINTS Much progress has been made in the ASCs-based therapies. Meanwhile hESCs and iPSCs have dramatically emerged as novel approaches to understand pathogenesis of different diseases. AREAS TIMELY FOR DEVELOPING RESEARCH A number of new strategies become very important in regenerative medicine. However, we discuss the limitations of stem cells and latest development in the reprogramming research.
Collapse
|