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Hau RK, Wright SH, Cherrington NJ. Addressing the Clinical Importance of Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporters in Drug Discovery and Development. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2023; 114:780-794. [PMID: 37404197 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), European Medicines Agency (EMA), and Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA) guidances on small-molecule drug-drug interactions (DDIs), with input from the International Transporter Consortium (ITC), recommend the evaluation of nine drug transporters. Although other clinically relevant drug uptake and efflux transporters have been discussed in ITC white papers, they have been excluded from further recommendation by the ITC and are not included in current regulatory guidances. These include the ubiquitously expressed equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENT) 1 and ENT2, which have been recognized by the ITC for their potential role in clinically relevant nucleoside analog drug interactions for patients with cancer. Although there is comparatively limited clinical evidence supporting their role in DDI risk or other adverse drug reactions (ADRs) compared with the nine highlighted transporters, several in vitro and in vivo studies have identified ENT interactions with non-nucleoside/non-nucleotide drugs, in addition to nucleoside/nucleotide analogs. Some noteworthy examples of compounds that interact with ENTs include cannabidiol and selected protein kinase inhibitors, as well as the nucleoside analogs remdesivir, EIDD-1931, gemcitabine, and fialuridine. Consequently, DDIs involving the ENTs may be responsible for therapeutic inefficacy or off-target toxicity. Evidence suggests that ENT1 and ENT2 should be considered as transporters potentially involved in clinically relevant DDIs and ADRs, thereby warranting further investigation and regulatory consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond K Hau
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Stephen H Wright
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Nathan J Cherrington
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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2
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Cerveny L, Karbanova S, Karahoda R, Horackova H, Jiraskova L, Ali MNH, Staud F. Assessment of the role of nucleoside transporters, P-glycoprotein, breast cancer resistance protein, and multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 in the placental transport of entecavir using in vitro, ex vivo, and in situ methods. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2023; 463:116427. [PMID: 36801311 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2023.116427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
The nucleoside analog entecavir (ETV) is a first-line pharmacotherapy for chronic hepatitis B in adult and pediatric patients. However, due to insufficient data on placental transfer and its effects on pregnancy, ETV administration is not recommended for women after conception. To expand knowledge of safety, we focused on evaluating the contribution of nucleoside transporters (NBMPR sensitive ENTs and Na+ dependent CNTs) and efflux transporters, P-glycoprotein (ABCB1), breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2), and multidrug resistance-associated transporter 2 (ABCC2), to the placental kinetics of ETV. We observed that NBMPR and nucleosides (adenosine and/or uridine) inhibited [3H]ETV uptake into BeWo cells, microvillous membrane vesicles, and fresh villous fragments prepared from the human term placenta, while Na+ depletion had no effect. Using a dual perfusion study in an open-circuit setup, we showed that maternal-to-fetal and fetal-to-maternal clearances of [3H]ETV in the rat term placenta were decreased by NBMPR and uridine. Net efflux ratios calculated for bidirectional transport studies performed in MDCKII cells expressing human ABCB1, ABCG2, or ABCC2 were close to the value of one. Consistently, no significant decrease in fetal perfusate was observed in the closed-circuit setup of dual perfusion studies, suggesting that active efflux does not significantly reduce maternal-to-fetal transport. In conclusion, ENTs (most likely ENT1), but not CNTs, ABCB1, ABCG2, and ABCC2, contribute significantly to the placental kinetics of ETV. Future studies should investigate the placental/fetal toxicity of ETV, the impact of drug-drug interactions on ENT1, and interindividual variability in ENT1 expression on the placental uptake and fetal exposure to ETV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Cerveny
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Sara Karbanova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Rona Karahoda
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Horackova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Jiraskova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Mohammed Naji Husaen Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Frantisek Staud
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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Calis P, Vojtech L, Hladik F, Gravett MG. A review of ex vivo placental perfusion models: an underutilized but promising method to study maternal-fetal interactions. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2022; 35:8823-8835. [PMID: 34818981 PMCID: PMC9126998 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2021.2005565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Studying the placenta can provide information about the mechanistic pathways of pregnancy disease. However, analyzing placental tissues and manipulating placental function in real-time during pregnancy is not feasible. The ex vivo placental perfusion model allows observing important aspects of the physiology and pathology of the placenta, while maintaining its viability and functional integrity, and without causing harm to mother or fetus. In this review, we describe and compare setups for this technically complex model and summarize outcomes from various published studies. We hope that our review will encourage wider use of ex vivo placental perfusion, which in turn would generate more knowledge to improve pregnancy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinar Calis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lucia Vojtech
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Florian Hladik
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael G. Gravett
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Cerveny L, Murthi P, Staud F. HIV in pregnancy: Mother-to-child transmission, pharmacotherapy, and toxicity. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166206. [PMID: 34197912 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
An estimated 1.3 million pregnant women were living with HIV in 2018. HIV infection is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes and all HIV-positive pregnant women, regardless of their clinical stage, should receive a combination of antiretroviral drugs to suppress maternal viral load and prevent vertical fetal infection. Although antiretroviral treatment in pregnant women has undoubtedly minimized mother-to-child transmission of HIV, several uncertainties remain. For example, while pregnancy is accompanied by changes in pharmacokinetic parameters, relevant data from clinical studies are lacking. Similarly, long-term adverse effects of exposure to antiretrovirals on fetuses have not been studied in detail. Here, we review current knowledge on HIV effects on the placenta and developing fetus, recommended antiretroviral regimens, and pharmacokinetic considerations with particular focus on placental transport. We also discuss recent advances in antiretroviral research and potential effects of antiretroviral treatment on placental/fetal development and programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Cerveny
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Padma Murthi
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Hudson Institute of Medical Research, The Ritchie Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Frantisek Staud
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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Yakout ESMA, Salam HAAE, Nawwar GAM. Bioactive Small Molecules Having a Fatty Residue. Part VI: Synthesis, Cytotoxicity Evaluation, and Molecular Docking Studies of New Pyrimidine Derivatives as Antitumor Agents. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s107042802012026x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Miller SR, Hau RK, Jilek JL, Morales MN, Wright SH, Cherrington NJ. Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor Interaction with Human Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporters 1 and 2. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 48:603-612. [PMID: 32393653 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.090720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENTs) transport nucleosides across the blood-testis barrier (BTB). ENTs are of interest to study the disposition of nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) in the human male genital tract because of their similarity in structure to nucleosides. HeLa S3 cells express ENT1 and ENT2 and were used to compare relative interactions of these transporters with selected NRTIs. Inhibition of [3H]uridine uptake by NBMPR was biphasic, with IC50 values of 11.3 nM for ENT1 and 9.6 μM for ENT2. Uptake measured with 100 nM NBMPR represented ENT2-mediated transport; subtracting that from total uptake represented ENT1-mediated transport. The kinetics of ENT1- and ENT2-mediated [3H]uridine uptake revealed no difference in Jmax (16.53 and 30.40 pmol cm-2 min-1) and an eightfold difference in Kt (13.6 and 108.9 μM). The resulting fivefold difference in intrinsic clearance (Jmax/Kt) for ENT1- and ENT2 transport accounted for observed inhibition of [3H]uridine uptake by 100 nM NBMPR. Millimolar concentrations of the NRTIs emtricitabine, didanosine, lamivudine, stavudine, tenofovir disoproxil, and zalcitabine had no effect on ENT transport activity, whereas abacavir, entecavir, and zidovudine inhibited both transporters with IC50 values of ∼200 µM, 2.5 mM, and 2 mM, respectively. Using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and [3H] compounds, the data suggest that entecavir is an ENT substrate, abacavir is an ENT inhibitor, and zidovudine uptake is carrier-mediated, although not an ENT substrate. These data show that HeLa S3 cells can be used to explore complex transporter selectivity and are an adequate model for studying ENTs present at the BTB. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study characterizes an in vitro model using S-[(4-nitrophenyl)methyl]-6-thioinosine to differentiate between equilibrative nucleoside transporter (ENT) 1- and ENT2-mediated uridine transport in HeLa cells. This provides a method to assess the influence of nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors on natively expressed transporter function. Determining substrate selectivity of the ENTs in HeLa cells can be effectively translated into the activity of these transporters in Sertoli cells that comprise the blood-testis barrier, thereby assisting targeted drug development of compounds capable of circumventing the blood-testis barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siennah R Miller
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (S.R.M., R.K.H., J.L.J., N.J.C.) and College of Medicine, Department of Physiology (M.N.M., S.H.W.), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Raymond K Hau
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (S.R.M., R.K.H., J.L.J., N.J.C.) and College of Medicine, Department of Physiology (M.N.M., S.H.W.), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Joseph L Jilek
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (S.R.M., R.K.H., J.L.J., N.J.C.) and College of Medicine, Department of Physiology (M.N.M., S.H.W.), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Mark N Morales
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (S.R.M., R.K.H., J.L.J., N.J.C.) and College of Medicine, Department of Physiology (M.N.M., S.H.W.), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Stephen H Wright
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (S.R.M., R.K.H., J.L.J., N.J.C.) and College of Medicine, Department of Physiology (M.N.M., S.H.W.), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Nathan J Cherrington
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (S.R.M., R.K.H., J.L.J., N.J.C.) and College of Medicine, Department of Physiology (M.N.M., S.H.W.), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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S-(4-Nitrobenzyl)-6-thioinosine (NBMPR) is Not a Selective Inhibitor of Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporters but Also Blocks Efflux Activity of Breast Cancer Resistance Protein. Pharm Res 2020; 37:58. [PMID: 32086630 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-2782-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE S-(4-Nitrobenzyl)-6-thioinosine (NBMPR) is routinely used at concentrations of 0.10 μM and 0.10 mM to specifically inhibit transport of nucleosides mediated by equilibrative nucleoside transporters 1 (ENT1) and 2 (ENT2), respectively. We recently showed that NBMPR (0.10 mM) might also inhibit placental active efflux of [3H]zidovudine and [3H]tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. Here we test the hypothesis that NBMPR abolishes the activity of P-glycoprotein (ABCB1) and/or breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2). METHODS We performed accumulation assays with Hoechst 33342 (a model dual substrate of ABCB1 and ABCG2) and bi-directional transport studies with the ABCG2 substrate [3H]glyburide in transduced MDCKII cells, accumulation studies in choriocarcinoma-derived BeWo cells, and in situ dual perfusions of rat term placenta with glyburide. RESULTS NBMPR inhibited Hoechst 33342 accumulation in MDCKII-ABCG2 cells (IC50 = 53 μM) but not in MDCKII-ABCB1 and MDCKII-parental cells. NBMPR (0.10 mM) also inhibited bi-directional [3H]glyburide transport across monolayers of MDCKII-ABCG2 cells and blocked ABCG2-mediated [3H]glyburide efflux by rat term placenta in situ. CONCLUSION NBMPR at a concentration of 0.10 mM abolishes ABCG2 activity. Researchers using NBMPR to evaluate the effect of ENTs on pharmacokinetics must therefore interpret their results carefully if studying compounds that are substrates of both ENTs and ABCG2.
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Zeng Q, Bai M, Li C, Lu S, Ma Z, Zhao Y, Zhou H, Jiang H, Sun D, Zheng C. Multiple Drug Transporters Contribute to the Placental Transfer of Emtricitabine. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:e00199-19. [PMID: 31160284 PMCID: PMC6658773 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00199-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Emtricitabine (FTC) is a first-line antiviral drug recommended for the treatment of AIDS during pregnancy. We hypothesized that transporters located in the placenta contribute to FTC transfer across the blood-placenta barrier. BeWo cells, cell models with stable or transient expression of transporter genes, primary human trophoblast cells (PHTCs), and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) were applied to demonstrate which transporters were involved. FTC accumulation in BeWo cells was reduced markedly by inhibitors of equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENTs), concentrative nucleoside transporters (CNTs), organic cation transporters (OCTs), and organic cation/carnitine transporter 1 (OCTN1) and increased by inhibitors of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) and multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRPs). ENT1, CNT1, OCTN1, MRP1/2/3, and BCRP, but not ENT2, CNT3, OCTN2, or multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1), were found to transport FTC. FTC accumulation in PHTCs was decreased significantly by inhibitors of ENTs and OCTN1. These results suggest that ENT1, CNT1, and OCTN1 probably contribute to FTC uptake from maternal circulation to trophoblasts and that ENT1, CNT1, and MRP1 are likely involved in FTC transport between trophoblasts and fetal blood, whereas BCRP and MRP1/2/3 facilitate FTC transport from trophoblasts to maternal circulation. Coexistence of tenofovir or efavirenz with FTC in the cell medium did not influence FTC accumulation in BeWo cells or PHTCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingquan Zeng
- Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mengru Bai
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Cui Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shuanghui Lu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhiyuan Ma
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yunchun Zhao
- Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huidi Jiang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dongli Sun
- Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Caihong Zheng
- Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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9
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Transport of ribavirin across the rat and human placental barrier: Roles of nucleoside and ATP-binding cassette drug efflux transporters. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 163:60-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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10
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Trophoblast: The central unit of fetal growth, protection and programming. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 105:35-40. [PMID: 30266525 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2018.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The placenta is the first organ to be created during mammalian development. As the main link between the mother and the fetus it has more diverse functions than any other organ, serving as a digestive, excretory, respiratory, endocrine, and immune system. The outer layer of the placenta, the trophoblast, plays a key role in fetal development by orchestrating all these functions. Recent research has associated perturbations of maternal conditions (such as malnutrition, stress or inflammation) with alterations of the trophoblasts' endocrine, transport and metabolic processes. As reviewed here, adaptations to these conditions enable the fetus to survive, but at the cost of permanently changing its physiology and structure. Moreover, these adaptations trigger fetal programming that increases predisposition to various pathological conditions in adult life, typically metabolic, cardiovascular or CNS diseases.
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Cerveny L, Ptackova Z, Ceckova M, Karahoda R, Karbanova S, Jiraskova L, Greenwood SL, Glazier JD, Staud F. Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporter 1 (ENT1, SLC29A1) Facilitates Transfer of the Antiretroviral Drug Abacavir across the Placenta. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:1817-1826. [PMID: 30097436 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.083329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Abacavir is a preferred antiretroviral drug for preventing mother-to-child human immunodeficiency virus transmission; however, mechanisms of its placental transfer have not been satisfactorily described to date. Because abacavir is a nucleoside-derived drug, we hypothesized that the nucleoside transporters, equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENTs, SLC29A) and/or Na+-dependent concentrative nucleoside transporters (CNTs, SLC28A), may play a role in its passage across the placenta. To test this hypothesis, we performed uptake experiments using the choriocarcinoma-derived BeWo cell line, human fresh villous fragments, and microvillous plasma membrane (MVM) vesicles. Using endogenous substrates of nucleoside transporters, [3H]-adenosine (ENTs, CNT2, and CNT3) and [3H]-thymidine (ENTs, CNT1, and CNT3), we showed significant activity of ENT1 and CNT2 in BeWo cells, whereas experiments in the villous fragments and MVM vesicles, representing a model of the apical membrane of a syncytiotrophoblast, revealed only ENT1 activity. When testing [3H]-abacavir uptakes, we showed that of the nucleoside transporters, ENT1 plays the dominant role in abacavir uptake into placental tissues, whereas contribution of Na+-dependent transport, most likely mediated by CNTs, was observed only in BeWo cells. Subsequent experiments with dually perfused rat term placentas showed that Ent1 contributes significantly to overall [3H]-abacavir placental transport. Finally, we quantified the expression of SLC29A in first- and third-trimester placentas, revealing that SLC29A1 is the dominant isoform. Neither SLC29A1 nor SLC29A2 expression changed over the course of placental development, but there was considerable interindividual variability in their expression. Therefore, drug-drug interactions and the effect of interindividual variability in placental ENT1 expression on abacavir disposition into fetal circulation should be further investigated to guarantee safe and effective abacavir-based combination therapies in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Cerveny
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic (L.C., Z.P., M.C., R.K., S.K., L.J., F.S.) and Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, St. Mary's Hospital, Central Manchester, University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom (S.L.G., J.D.G.)
| | - Zuzana Ptackova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic (L.C., Z.P., M.C., R.K., S.K., L.J., F.S.) and Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, St. Mary's Hospital, Central Manchester, University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom (S.L.G., J.D.G.)
| | - Martina Ceckova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic (L.C., Z.P., M.C., R.K., S.K., L.J., F.S.) and Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, St. Mary's Hospital, Central Manchester, University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom (S.L.G., J.D.G.)
| | - Rona Karahoda
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic (L.C., Z.P., M.C., R.K., S.K., L.J., F.S.) and Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, St. Mary's Hospital, Central Manchester, University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom (S.L.G., J.D.G.)
| | - Sara Karbanova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic (L.C., Z.P., M.C., R.K., S.K., L.J., F.S.) and Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, St. Mary's Hospital, Central Manchester, University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom (S.L.G., J.D.G.)
| | - Lucie Jiraskova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic (L.C., Z.P., M.C., R.K., S.K., L.J., F.S.) and Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, St. Mary's Hospital, Central Manchester, University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom (S.L.G., J.D.G.)
| | - Susan L Greenwood
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic (L.C., Z.P., M.C., R.K., S.K., L.J., F.S.) and Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, St. Mary's Hospital, Central Manchester, University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom (S.L.G., J.D.G.)
| | - Jocelyn D Glazier
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic (L.C., Z.P., M.C., R.K., S.K., L.J., F.S.) and Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, St. Mary's Hospital, Central Manchester, University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom (S.L.G., J.D.G.)
| | - Frantisek Staud
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic (L.C., Z.P., M.C., R.K., S.K., L.J., F.S.) and Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, St. Mary's Hospital, Central Manchester, University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom (S.L.G., J.D.G.)
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Jiraskova L, Cerveny L, Karbanova S, Ptackova Z, Staud F. Expression of Concentrative Nucleoside Transporters ( SLC28A) in the Human Placenta: Effects of Gestation Age and Prototype Differentiation-Affecting Agents. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:2732-2741. [PMID: 29782174 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Equilibrative ( SLC29A) and concentrative ( SLC28A) nucleoside transporters contribute to proper placental development and mediate uptake of nucleosides/nucleoside-derived drugs. We analyzed placental expression of SLC28A mRNA during gestation. Moreover, we studied in choriocarcinoma-derived BeWo cells whether SLC29A and SLC28A mRNA levels can be modulated by activity of adenylyl cyclase, retinoic acid receptor activation, CpG islands methylation, or histone acetylation, using forskolin, all- trans-retinoic acid, 5-azacytidine, and sodium butyrate/sodium valproate, respectively. We found that expression of SLC28A1, SLC28A2, and SLC28A3 increases during gestation and reveals considerable interindividual variability. SLC28A2 was shown to be a dominant subtype in the first-trimester and term human placenta, while SLC28A1 exhibited negligible expression in the term placenta only. In BeWo cells, we detected mRNA of SLC28A2 and SLC28A3. Levels of the latter were affected by 5-azacytidine and all- trans-retinoic acid, while the former was modulated by sodium valproate (but not sodium butyrate), all- trans-retinoic acid, 5-azacytidine, and forskolin that caused 25-fold increase in SLC28A2 mRNA; we documented by analysis of syncytin-1 that the observed changes in SLC28A expression do not correlate with the morphological differentiation state of BeWo cells. Upregulated SLC28A2 mRNA was reflected in elevated uptake of [3H]-adenosine, high-affinity substrate of concentrative nucleoside transporter 2. Using KT-5720 and inhibitors of phosphodiesterases, we subsequently confirmed importance of cAMP/protein kinase A pathway in SLC28A2 regulation. On the other hand, SLC29A genes exhibited constitutive expression and none of the tested compounds increased SLC28A1 expression to detectable levels. In conclusion, we provide the first evidence that methylation status and activation of retinoic acid receptor affect placental SLC28A2 and SLC28A3 transcription and substrates of concentrative nucleoside transporter 2 might be taken up in higher extent in placentas with overactivated cAMP/protein kinase A pathway and likely in the term placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Jiraskova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove , Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203 , 50005 Hradec Kralove , Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Cerveny
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove , Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203 , 50005 Hradec Kralove , Czech Republic
| | - Sara Karbanova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove , Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203 , 50005 Hradec Kralove , Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Ptackova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove , Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203 , 50005 Hradec Kralove , Czech Republic
| | - Frantisek Staud
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove , Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203 , 50005 Hradec Kralove , Czech Republic
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