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Saeed K, Nisa FK, Abdalla MA, Mühling KH. The Interplay of Sulfur and Selenium Enabling Variations in Micronutrient Accumulation in Red Spinach. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12766. [PMID: 37628947 PMCID: PMC10454573 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Aside from its importance in human and animal health, low levels of foliar-applied selenate (SeO4) can be advantageous in the presence of sulfur (S), contributing to improved growth, nutrient uptake, and crop quality. A hydroponic experiment in a growth chamber explored the interactive influence of Se and S on micronutrients and several quality indices, such as soluble sugars, organic acids, and total protein concentrations in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.). Three levels of S (deprivation, adequate, and excessive) with varying quantities of Se (deficient, moderate, and higher) were examined in combination. Under S starvation and along with S nourishment in plant parts, Se treatments were found to cause noticeable variations in plant biomass and the concentrations of the examined elements and other quality parameters. Both Se levels promoted S accumulation in S-treated plants. Although the Se treatment had the opposite effect in shoots, it had a favorable impact on minerals (apart from Mn) in roots grown under S-limiting conditions. The S and Se relationship highlighted beneficial and/or synergistic effects for Mn and Fe in edible spinach portions. Reducing sugars were synergistically boosted by adequate S and moderate Se levels in roots, while in shoots, they were accumulated under moderate-or-higher Se and excessive S. Furthermore, the concentration of the quantified organic acids under S-deficient conditions was aided by various Se levels. In roots, moderate Se under high S application enhanced both malic acid and citric acid, while in the edible parts, higher Se under both adequate and elevated S levels were found to be advantageous in malic acid accumulation. Moreover, by elevating S levels in plant tissues, total protein concentration increased, whereas both moderate and high Se levels (Se1 and Se2) did not alter total protein accumulation in high S-applied roots and shoots. Our findings show that the high S and medium Se dose together benefit nutrient uptake; additionally, their combinations support soluble sugars and organic acids accumulation, contributing ultimately to the nutritional quality of spinach plants. Moreover, consuming 100 g of fresh red spinach shoot enriched with different Se and S levels can contribute to humans' daily micronutrients intake.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Muna Ali Abdalla
- Institute of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, Kiel University, Hermann-Rodewald-Str. 2, 24118 Kiel, Germany; (K.S.); (F.K.N.)
| | - Karl Hermann Mühling
- Institute of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, Kiel University, Hermann-Rodewald-Str. 2, 24118 Kiel, Germany; (K.S.); (F.K.N.)
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Gui JY, Rao S, Huang X, Liu X, Cheng S, Xu F. Interaction between selenium and essential micronutrient elements in plants: A systematic review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 853:158673. [PMID: 36096215 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nutrient imbalance (i.e., deficiency and toxicity) of microelements is an outstanding environmental issue that influences each aspect of ecosystems. Although the crucial roles of microelements in entire lifecycle of plants have been widely acknowledged, the effective control of microelements is still neglected due to the narrow safe margins. Selenium (Se) is an essential element for humans and animals. Although it is not believed to be indispensable for plants, many literatures have reported the significance of Se in terms of the uptake, accumulation, and detoxification of essential microelements in plants. However, most papers only concerned on the antagonistic effect of Se on metal elements in plants and ignored the underlying mechanisms. There is still a lack of systematic review articles to summarize the comprehensive knowledge on the connections between Se and microelements in plants. In this review, we conclude the bidirectional effects of Se on micronutrients in plants, including iron, zinc, copper, manganese, nickel, molybdenum, sodium, chlorine, and boron. The regulatory mechanisms of Se on these micronutrients are also analyzed. Moreover, we further emphasize the role of Se in alleviating element toxicity and adjusting the concentration of micronutrients in plants by altering the soil conditions (e.g., adsorption, pH, and organic matter), promoting microbial activity, participating in vital physiological and metabolic processes, generating element competition, stimulating metal chelation, organelle compartmentalization, and sequestration, improving the antioxidant defense system, and controlling related genes involved in transportation and tolerance. Based on the current understanding of the interaction between Se and these essential elements, future directions for research are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ying Gui
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Shen Rao
- School of Modern Industry for Selenium Science and Engineering, National R&D Center for Se-rich Agricultural Products Processing Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Xinru Huang
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Xiaomeng Liu
- School of Modern Industry for Selenium Science and Engineering, National R&D Center for Se-rich Agricultural Products Processing Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Shuiyuan Cheng
- School of Modern Industry for Selenium Science and Engineering, National R&D Center for Se-rich Agricultural Products Processing Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China.
| | - Feng Xu
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China.
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Kachinski WD, Ávila FW, dos Reis AR, Muller MML, Mendes MC, Petranski PH. Agronomic biofortification increases concentrations of zinc and storage proteins in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) grains. Food Res Int 2022; 155:111105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Ei HH, Zheng T, Farooq MU, Zeng R, Su Y, Zhang Y, Liang Y, Tang Z, Ye X, Jia X, Zhu J. Impact of selenium, zinc and their interaction on key enzymes, grain yield, selenium, zinc concentrations, and seedling vigor of biofortified rice. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:16940-16949. [PMID: 32144709 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08202-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient and important component of oxidase which protects cell membranes, eliminate the role of free radicals in the human body. Se is necessary for low Se rice genotypes and Se deficient areas. Zinc (Zn) is a micro-battalion that affects the growth, development, aging, drought resistance, disease resistance, and many other aspects for rice. The effects of Se and Zn fertilization on Se and Zn concentrations were evaluated including the response of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) enzymes activity, and grain yield under single Se, Zn, and combined Se-Zn application using R725 rice variety in pot experiment with 8 treatments (0, Zn5, Zn10, Zn15, Se1, Zn5 + Se1, Zn10 + Se1, and Zn15 + Se1) mg/kg of soil and three replications. Moreover, germination% and seedling growth of resulted seeds from this experiment were evaluated for the agronomical benefit of farmers. The results revealed that Se and Zn had a cumulative effect on each other, but more Se increase was activated than Zn under the combined Se-Zn application. Zinc application had the small effect on Zn concentration in the different fractions but the positive effect on carotenoids and the yield (both applied alone and in combination with Se). Single Se application resulted in a positive effect on Zn accumulation in grain and husk with the high effectiveness of Se accumulation and loss during processing. Combined Se-Zn application had positive effect on carotenoids, CAT, grain yield, and total dry matter. Moreover, single Zn and combined Se-Zn application had a positive effect on germination% and seedling growth. Agronomic biofortification with combined Se-Zn supply provided both agronomic and nutritional benefits for rice in the current pot trail. However, as Se preferably accumulated in the edible part as compared to Zn, 1 mg Se/kg fertilization was unsafe for edible purposes according to the national standard of China (0.04-0.3 mg/kg) but could be recommended as medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hla Hla Ei
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Tengda Zheng
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Muhammad Umer Farooq
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Rui Zeng
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Yang Su
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Yujie Zhang
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuanke Liang
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhichen Tang
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoying Ye
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaomei Jia
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Jianqing Zhu
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
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Boldrin PF, Faquin V, Clemente ADCS, de Andrade T, Guilherme LRG. Genotypic Variation and Biofortification with Selenium in Brazilian Wheat Cultivars. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2018; 47:1371-1379. [PMID: 30512055 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2018.01.0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Selenium is essential to human and animal health, as it regulates glutathione peroxidase activity. Although not considered essential to plants, it may be beneficial to plant growth and development at low concentrations. This study evaluated the effect of selenate application on Se biofortification, macro- and micronutrient content, and the expression of genes involved in Se uptake and assimilation in 12 Brazilian wheat ( L.) cultivars. This nutrient-solution experiment was performed in a greenhouse and consisted of a complete 12 × 2 factorial randomized design, with 12 wheat cultivars in the absence or presence of Se in solution (13 μmol), with three replicates. The presence of Se in solution did not affect growth and yield of wheat cultivars. Selenium content and accumulation in the grain varied significantly among the different cultivars. The presence of Se affected macronutrient content more than micronutrient content, and selenate application increased S content in the shoots of eight cultivars and in the grains of five cultivars. Examination of gene expression did not allow identification of responses within the two groups of cultivars-with high or low Se contents-after selenate application. Our findings are relevant to the design of Se biofortification strategies for wheat in tropical and subtropical agroecosystems.
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Tian SQ, Chen ZC, Qiao YF. Analysis of main physicochemical parameters in purple wheat with different milling technology. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.13382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang-Qi Tian
- College of Food Science and Technology; Henan University of Technology; Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zhi-Cheng Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology; Henan University of Technology; Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yong-Feng Qiao
- College of Food Science and Technology; Henan University of Technology; Zhengzhou 450001, China
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7
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Marles RJ. Mineral nutrient composition of vegetables, fruits and grains: The context of reports of apparent historical declines. J Food Compost Anal 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Effects of Layering Milling Technology on Distribution of Green Wheat Main Physicochemical Parameters. J FOOD QUALITY 2017. [DOI: 10.1155/2017/8097893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
With layered milling flour technology, the efficiency of the nutrient distribution and hardness was demonstrated with the green and normal wheat separation milling. The results showed that the total content of amino acid in green wheat was 8.3%–13.0% higher compared to the common wheat. Comparing the main nutriments Se, Fe, and Ca between green wheat and common wheat, the results showed that different milling treatment methods are capable of separating the different wheat flour from endosperms, bran, and aleurone layers. Micro- and physicochemical characterization of different wheat flour and layers by means of microscopy techniques and images analysis provided relevant qualitative and quantitative information, which can be useful for the study of the microstructure of green and normal wheat products and also for its processing and utilization.
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Boldrin PF, de Figueiredo MA, Yang Y, Luo H, Giri S, Hart JJ, Faquin V, Guilherme LRG, Thannhauser TW, Li L. Selenium promotes sulfur accumulation and plant growth in wheat (Triticum aestivum). PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2016; 158:80-91. [PMID: 27152969 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient for animals and humans and a target for biofortification in crops. Sulfur (S) is a crucial nutrient for plant growth. To gain better understanding of Se and S nutrition and interaction in plants, the effects of Se dosages and forms on plant growth as well as on S level in seven wheat lines were examined. Low dosages of both selenate and selenite supplements were found to enhance wheat shoot biomass and show no inhibitory effect on grain production. The stimulation on plant growth was correlated with increased APX antioxidant enzyme activity. Se forms were found to exert different effects on S metabolism in wheat plants. Selenate treatment promoted S accumulation, which was not observed with selenite supplement. An over threefold increase of S levels following selenate treatment at low dosages was observed in shoots of all wheat lines. Analysis of the sulfate transporter gene expression revealed an increased transcription of SULTR1;1, SULTR1;3 and SULTR4;1 in roots following 10 μM Na2 SeO4 treatment. Mass spectrometry-based targeted protein quantification confirmed the gene expression results and showed enhanced protein levels. The results suggest that Se treatment mimics S deficiency to activate specific sulfate transporter expression to stimulate S uptake, resulting in the selenate-induced S accumulation. This study supports that plant growth and nutrition benefit from low dosages of Se fertilization and provides information on the basis underlying Se-induced S accumulation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo F Boldrin
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Soil Science, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Marislaine A de Figueiredo
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Agriculture, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | - Yong Yang
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Hongmei Luo
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shree Giri
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Jonathan J Hart
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Valdemar Faquin
- Department of Soil Science, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Luiz R G Guilherme
- Department of Soil Science, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Theorodore W Thannhauser
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Li Li
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Száková J, Tremlová J, Pegová K, Najmanová J, Tlustoš P. Soil-to-plant transfer of native selenium for wild vegetation cover at selected locations of the Czech Republic. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2015; 187:358. [PMID: 25975239 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-015-4588-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Total selenium (Se) contents were determined in aboveground biomass of wild plant species growing in two uncultivated meadows at two different locations. The soils in these locations had pseudototal (Aqua Regia soluble) Se in concentration ranges of between 0.2 and 0.3 mg kg(-1) at the first location, and between 0.7 and 1.4 mg kg(-1) at the second location. The plant species represented 29 plant families where the most numerous ones were Poaceae, Rosaceae, Fabaceae , and Asteraceae. The selenium contents in the plants varied between undetectable levels (Aegopodium podagraria, Achillea millefolium, Lotus corniculatus) and 0.158 mg kg(-1) (Veronica arvensis, Veronicaceae). The Se levels were roughly one order of magnitude lower compared to other elements with similar soil content, such as cadmium and molybdenum. The transfer factors of Se, quantifying the element transfer from soil to plants, varied between <0.001 and 0.146 with no significant differences between the locations, confirming the limited soil-plant selenium transfer regardless of location, soil Se level, and plant species. Among the plant families, no unambiguous trend to potential elevated Se uptake was observed. Low Se content in the soil and its plant availability was comparable to other Se-deficient areas within Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiřina Száková
- Department of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Science Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 21, Prague-Suchdol, Czech Republic,
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11
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Yasin M, El-Mehdawi AF, Pilon-Smits EAH, Faisal M. Selenium-fortified wheat: potential of microbes for biofortification of selenium and other essential nutrients. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2015; 17:777-786. [PMID: 26030365 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2014.987372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient for humans and animals, and Se deficiency is a worldwide problem. Plants are a main dietary source of Se for humans and livestock. In this study we investigated the effect of two selenium-tolerant bacterial strains Bacillus cereus-YAP6 and Bacillus licheniformis-YAP7, on the growth and Se uptake by wheat plants. The bacteria-inoculated plants exhibited a significant increase in spike length, shoot length and dry biomass. Inoculated Se-treated plants also showed increased stem Se, S, Ca and Fe concentrations, by up to 375%, 40%, 55%, and 104%, respectively, and increased kernel Se, S, Ca and Fe concentrations by up to 154%, 85%, 60%, and 240%, respectively, compared to un-inoculated Se-treated plants. In conclusion, inoculation with strains YAP6 andYAP7 is a good Se biofortification strategy for wheat. Both strains showed resistance to other toxic elements, i.e., As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn and Zn. Optimal growth temperature and pH for both strains were 37°C and pH7, respectively, but both strains can grow very well at different temperatures (28-45°C) and at alkaline pH. Both strains have high Se reduction potential: strains YAP6 and YAP7 converted 92% and 32% of selenite into elemental Se within 48 h, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Yasin
- a Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics , University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus , Lahore , Pakistan
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Souza GA, Hart JJ, Carvalho JG, Rutzke MA, Albrecht JC, Guilherme LRG, Kochian LV, Li L. Genotypic variation of zinc and selenium concentration in grains of Brazilian wheat lines. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 224:27-35. [PMID: 24908503 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Exploration of genetic resources for micronutrient concentrations facilitates the breeding of nutrient-dense crops, which is increasingly seen as an additional, sustainable strategy to combat global micronutrient deficiency. In this work, we evaluated genotypic variation in grain nutrient concentrations of 20 Brazil wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) accessions in response to zinc (Zn) and Zn plus selenium (Se) treatment. Zn and Se concentrations in grains exhibited 2- and 1.5-fold difference, respectively, between these wheat accessions. A variation of up to 3-fold enhancement of grain Zn concentration was observed when additionally Zn was supplied, indicating a wide range capacity of the wheat lines in accumulating Zn in grains. Moreover, grain Zn concentration was further enhanced in some lines following supply of Zn plus Se, showing stimulative effect by Se and the feasibility of simultaneous biofortification of Zn and Se in grains of some wheat lines. In addition, Se supply with Zn improved the accumulation of another important micronutrient, iron (Fe), in grains of half of these wheat lines, suggesting a beneficial role of simultaneous biofortification of Zn with Se. The significant diversity in these wheat accessions offers genetic potential for developing cultivars with better ability to accumulate important micronutrients in grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme A Souza
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Soil Science Department at Federal University of Lavras, P.O. Box 3037, 37200-000 Lavras, MG, Brazil.
| | - Jonathan J Hart
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Janice G Carvalho
- Soil Science Department at Federal University of Lavras, P.O. Box 3037, 37200-000 Lavras, MG, Brazil.
| | - Michael A Rutzke
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Júlio César Albrecht
- Embrapa Cerrados (CPAC), BR 020 km 18, P.O. Box 08223, CEP 73310-970 Planaltina, DF, Brazil.
| | - Luiz Roberto G Guilherme
- Soil Science Department at Federal University of Lavras, P.O. Box 3037, 37200-000 Lavras, MG, Brazil.
| | - Leon V Kochian
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Li Li
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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