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Chieti MG, Petrucciani A, Mollo L, Gerotto C, Eusebi AL, Fatone F, Norici A, González-Camejo J. Acclimated green microalgae consortium to treat sewage in an alternative urban WWTP in a coastal area of Central Italy. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 945:174056. [PMID: 38901581 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
This study exposed a microalgal consortium formed by Auxenochlorella protothecoides, Tetradesmus obliquus, and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to six mixed wastewater media containing different proportions of primary (P) or secondary (S) effluents diluted in centrate (C). Algae could grow at centrate concentrations up to 50 %, showing no significant differences between effluents. After acclimation, microalgae cultivated in 50%P-50%C and 50%S-50%C grew at a rate similar to that of control cultures (0.59-0.66 d-1). These results suggest that the consortium acclimated to both sewage streams by modulating the proportion of the species and their metabolism. Acclimation also altered the photosynthetic activity of wastewater-grown samples compared to the control, probably due to partial photoinhibition, changes in consortium composition, and changes in metabolic activity. No major differences were observed between the two streams with respect to biochemical composition, biomass yield, or bioremediation capacity of the cultivated algae but algae grown in the secondary effluent showed qualitatively higher exopolysaccharides (EPS) production than algae grown in primary. Regarding wastewater remediation, microalgae grown in both WW media showed proficient nutrient removal efficiencies (close to 100 %); however, the final pH value (close to 11) would be controversial if the system were upscaled as it is over the legal limit and would cause phosphorus precipitation, so that CO2 addition would be required. The theoretical scale-up of the microalgae system could achieve water treatment costs of 0.109 €·m-3, which was significantly lower than the costs of typical activated sludge systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Chieti
- SIMAU, Dipartimento di Scienza e Ingegneria della Materia, dell'Ambiente ed Urbanistica, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; DICAr, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile e Architettura, Facoltà di Ingegneria - Università di Catania, Catania (CT), Italy
| | - A Petrucciani
- Laboratory of Algal and Plant Physiology, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy.
| | - L Mollo
- Laboratory of Algal and Plant Physiology, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - C Gerotto
- Laboratory of Algal and Plant Physiology, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - A L Eusebi
- SIMAU, Dipartimento di Scienza e Ingegneria della Materia, dell'Ambiente ed Urbanistica, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - F Fatone
- SIMAU, Dipartimento di Scienza e Ingegneria della Materia, dell'Ambiente ed Urbanistica, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - A Norici
- Laboratory of Algal and Plant Physiology, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - J González-Camejo
- SIMAU, Dipartimento di Scienza e Ingegneria della Materia, dell'Ambiente ed Urbanistica, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
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Cano-Martínez A, Rubio-Ruiz ME, Guarner-Lans V. Homeostasis and evolution in relation to regeneration and repair. J Physiol 2024; 602:2627-2648. [PMID: 38781025 DOI: 10.1113/jp284426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Homeostasis constitutes a key concept in physiology and refers to self-regulating processes that maintain internal stability when adjusting to changing external conditions. It diminishes internal entropy constituting a driving force behind evolution. Natural selection might act on homeostatic regulatory mechanisms and control mechanisms including homeodynamics, allostasis, hormesis and homeorhesis, where different stable stationary states are reached. Regeneration is under homeostatic control through hormesis. Damage to tissues initiates a response to restore the impaired equilibrium caused by mild stress using cell proliferation, cell differentiation and cell death to recover structure and function. Repair is a homeorhetic change leading to a new stable stationary state with decreased functionality and fibrotic scarring without reconstruction of the 3-D pattern. Mechanisms determining entrance of the tissue or organ to regeneration or repair include the balance between innate and adaptive immune cells in relation to cell plasticity and stromal stem cell responses, and redox balance. The regenerative and reparative capacities vary in different species, distinct tissues and organs, and at different stages of development including ageing. Many cell signals and pathways play crucial roles determining regeneration or repair by regulating protein synthesis, cellular growth, inflammation, proliferation, autophagy, lysosomal function, metabolism and metalloproteinase cell signalling. Attempts to favour the entrance of damaged tissues to regeneration in those with low proliferative rates have been made; however, there are evolutionary constraint mechanisms leading to poor proliferation of stem cells in unfavourable environments or tumour development. More research is required to better understand the regulatory processes of these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustina Cano-Martínez
- Department of Physiology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, México, México
| | | | - Verónica Guarner-Lans
- Department of Physiology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, México, México
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Liaqat W, Altaf MT, Barutçular C, Nawaz H, Ullah I, Basit A, Mohamed HI. Ultraviolet-B radiation in relation to agriculture in the context of climate change: a review. CEREAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 52:1-24. [PMID: 37361481 PMCID: PMC10099031 DOI: 10.1007/s42976-023-00375-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, the amount of ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B) reaching the earth's surface has been altered due to climate change and stratospheric ozone dynamics. This narrow but highly biologically active spectrum of light (280-320 nm) can affect plant growth and development. Depletion of ozone and climate change are interlinked in a very complicated manner, i.e., significantly contributing to each other. The interaction of climate change, ozone depletion, and changes in UV-B radiation negatively affects the growth, development, and yield of plants. Furthermore, this interaction will become more complex in the coming years. The ozone layer reduction is paving a path for UV-B radiation to impact the surface of the earth and interfere with the plant's normal life by negatively affecting the plant's morphology and physiology. The nature and degree of the future response of the agricultural ecosystem to the decreasing or increasing UV-B radiation in the background of climate change and ozone dynamics are still unclear. In this regard, this review aims to elucidate the effects of enhanced UV-B radiation reaching the earth's surface due to the depletion of the ozone layer on plants' physiology and the performance of major cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqas Liaqat
- Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Çukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey
| | - Muhammad Tanveer Altaf
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Department of Plant Protection, Sivas University of Science and Technology, 58140 Sivas, Turkey
| | - Celaleddin Barutçular
- Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Çukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey
| | - Hira Nawaz
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Çukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey
| | - Izhar Ullah
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Abdul Basit
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566 South Korea
| | - Heba I. Mohamed
- Department of Biological and Geological Sciences, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11341 Egypt
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Torres-Ortega R, Guillén-Alonso H, Alcalde-Vázquez R, Ramírez-Chávez E, Molina-Torres J, Winkler R. In Vivo Low-Temperature Plasma Ionization Mass Spectrometry (LTP-MS) Reveals Regulation of 6-Pentyl-2H-Pyran-2-One (6-PP) as a Physiological Variable during Plant-Fungal Interaction. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12121231. [PMID: 36557269 PMCID: PMC9783819 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12121231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) comprises a broad class of small molecules (up to ~300 g/mol) produced by biological and non-biological sources. VOCs play a vital role in an organism's metabolism during its growth, defense, and reproduction. The well-known 6-pentyl-α-pyrone (6-PP) molecule is an example of a major volatile biosynthesized by Trichoderma atroviride that modulates the expression of PIN auxin-transport proteins in primary roots of Arabidopsis thaliana during their relationship. Their beneficial relation includes lateral root formation, defense induction, and increased plant biomass production. The role of 6-PP has been widely studied due to its relevance in this cross-kingdom relationship. Conventional VOCs measurements are often destructive; samples require further preparation, and the time resolution is low (around hours). Some techniques enable at-line or real-time analyses but are highly selective to defined compounds. Due to these technical constraints, it is difficult to acquire relevant information about the dynamics of VOCs in biological systems. Low-temperature plasma (LTP) ionization allows the analysis of a wide range of VOCs by mass spectrometry (MS). In addition, LTP-MS requires no sample preparation, is solvent-free, and enables the detection of 6-PP faster than conventional analytical methods. Applying static statistical methods such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Discriminant Factorial Analysis (DFA) leads to a loss of information since the biological systems are dynamic. Thus, we applied a time series analysis to find patterns in the signal changes. Our results indicate that the 6-PP signal is constitutively emitted by T. atroviride only; the signal shows high skewness and kurtosis. In A. thaliana grown alone, no signal corresponding to 6-PP is detected above the white noise level. However, during T. atroviride-A. thaliana interaction, the signal performance showed reduced skewness and kurtosis with high autocorrelation. These results suggest that 6-PP is a physiological variable that promotes homeostasis during the plant-fungal relationship. Although the molecular mechanism of this cross-kingdom control is still unknown, our study indicates that 6-PP has to be regulated by A. thaliana during their interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosina Torres-Ortega
- Department of Biotechnology and Biochemistry, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV), Irapuato 36824, Mexico
- UGA-Langebio, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV) Irapuato, Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carr. Irapuato-León, Irapuato 36824, Mexico
| | - Héctor Guillén-Alonso
- Department of Biotechnology and Biochemistry, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV), Irapuato 36824, Mexico
- UGA-Langebio, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV) Irapuato, Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carr. Irapuato-León, Irapuato 36824, Mexico
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Nacional Technological Institute, Celaya 38010, Mexico
| | - Raúl Alcalde-Vázquez
- Department of Biotechnology and Biochemistry, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV), Irapuato 36824, Mexico
- UGA-Langebio, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV) Irapuato, Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carr. Irapuato-León, Irapuato 36824, Mexico
| | - Enrique Ramírez-Chávez
- Department of Biotechnology and Biochemistry, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV), Irapuato 36824, Mexico
| | - Jorge Molina-Torres
- Department of Biotechnology and Biochemistry, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV), Irapuato 36824, Mexico
| | - Robert Winkler
- Department of Biotechnology and Biochemistry, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV), Irapuato 36824, Mexico
- UGA-Langebio, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV) Irapuato, Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carr. Irapuato-León, Irapuato 36824, Mexico
- Correspondence:
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Xiao M, Burford MA, Wood SA, Aubriot L, Ibelings BW, Prentice MJ, Galvanese EF, Harris TD, Hamilton DP. Schindler's legacy: from eutrophic lakes to the phosphorus utilization strategies of cyanobacteria. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2022; 46:fuac029. [PMID: 35749580 PMCID: PMC9629505 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuac029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
David Schindler and his colleagues pioneered studies in the 1970s on the role of phosphorus in stimulating cyanobacterial blooms in North American lakes. Our understanding of the nuances of phosphorus utilization by cyanobacteria has evolved since that time. We review the phosphorus utilization strategies used by cyanobacteria, such as use of organic forms, alternation between passive and active uptake, and luxury storage. While many aspects of physiological responses to phosphorus of cyanobacteria have been measured, our understanding of the critical processes that drive species diversity, adaptation and competition remains limited. We identify persistent critical knowledge gaps, particularly on the adaptation of cyanobacteria to low nutrient concentrations. We propose that traditional discipline-specific studies be adapted and expanded to encompass innovative new methodologies and take advantage of interdisciplinary opportunities among physiologists, molecular biologists, and modellers, to advance our understanding and prediction of toxic cyanobacteria, and ultimately to mitigate the occurrence of blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Xiao
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
- Nanjing Institute of Geography & Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, China
| | - Michele A Burford
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Susanna A Wood
- Coastal and Freshwater Group, Cawthron Institute, Nelson, 7010, New Zealand
| | - Luis Aubriot
- Phytoplankton Physiology and Ecology Group, Sección Limnología, Instituto de Ecología y Ciencias Ambientales, Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad de la República, Montevideo, 11400, Uruguay
| | - Bas W Ibelings
- Department F.-A. Forel for Aquatic and Environmental Sciences and Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, 1290, Switzerland
| | - Matthew J Prentice
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Elena F Galvanese
- Laboratório de Análise e Síntese em Biodiversidade, Departamento de Botânica, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba-PR, 81531-998, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba-PR, 80060-140, Brazil
| | - Ted D Harris
- Kansas Biological Survey and Center for Ecological Research, Lawrence, KS, 66047, United States
| | - David P Hamilton
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
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Giordano M, Goodman CA, Huang F, Raven JA, Ruan Z. A mechanistic study of the influence of nitrogen and energy availability on the NH4+ sensitivity of nitrogen assimilation in Synechococcus. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:5596-5611. [PMID: 35595516 PMCID: PMC9467657 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In most algae, NO3- assimilation is tightly controlled and is often inhibited by the presence of NH4+. In the marine, non-colonial, non-diazotrophic cyanobacterium Synechococcus UTEX 2380, NO3- assimilation is sensitive to NH4+ only when N does not limit growth. We sequenced the genome of Synechococcus UTEX 2380, studied the genetic organization of the nitrate assimilation related (NAR) genes, and investigated expression and kinetics of the main NAR enzymes, under N or light limitation. We found that Synechococcus UTEX 2380 is a β-cyanobacterium with a full complement of N uptake and assimilation genes and NAR regulatory elements. The nitrate reductase of our strain showed biphasic kinetics, previously observed only in freshwater or soil diazotrophic Synechococcus strains. Nitrite reductase and glutamine synthetase showed little response to our growth treatments, and their activity was usually much higher than that of nitrate reductase. NH4+ insensitivity of NAR genes may be associated with the stimulation of the binding of the regulator NtcA to NAR gene promoters by the high 2-oxoglutarate concentrations produced under N limitation. NH4+ sensitivity in energy-limited cells fits with the fact that, under these conditions, the use of NH4+ rather than NO3- decreases N-assimilation cost, whereas it would exacerbate N shortage under N limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Giordano
- STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona 60131, Italy
- CMNS-Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, 2107 Bioscience Research Building, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-4407, USA
- Institute of Microbiology ASCR, Algatech, Trebon, Czech Republic
- National Research Council, Institute of Marine Science, Venezia, Italy
| | - Charles A Goodman
- CMNS-Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, 2107 Bioscience Research Building, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-4407, USA
| | - Fengying Huang
- STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
| | - John A Raven
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5 DA, UK
- Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo NSW 2007, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
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Heckford TR, Leroux SJ, Vander Wal E, Rizzuto M, Balluffi‐Fry J, Richmond IC, Wiersma YF. Ecoregion and community structure influences on the foliar elemental niche of balsam fir ( Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) and white birch ( Betula papyrifera Marshall). Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9244. [PMID: 36110871 PMCID: PMC9465200 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in foliar elemental niche properties, defined by axes of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) concentrations, reflect how species allocate resources under different environmental conditions. For instance, elemental niches may differ in response to large-scale latitudinal temperature and precipitation regimes that occur between ecoregions and small-scale differences in nutrient dynamics based on species co-occurrences at a community level. At a species level, we compared foliar elemental niche hypervolumes for balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) and white birch (Betula papyrifera Marshall) between a northern and southern ecoregion. At a community level, we grouped our focal species using plot data into conspecific (i.e., only one focal species is present) and heterospecific groups (i.e., both focal species are present) and compared their foliar elemental concentrations under these community conditions across, within, and between these ecoregions. Between ecoregions at the species and community level, we expected niche hypervolumes to be different and driven by regional biophysical effects on foliar N and P concentrations. At the community level, we expected niche hypervolume displacement and expansion patterns for fir and birch, respectively-patterns that reflect their resource strategy. At the species level, foliar elemental niche hypervolumes between ecoregions differed significantly for fir (F = 14.591, p-value = .001) and birch (F = 75.998, p-value = .001) with higher foliar N and P in the northern ecoregion. At the community level, across ecoregions, the foliar elemental niche hypervolume of birch differed significantly between heterospecific and conspecific groups (F = 4.075, p-value = .021) but not for fir. However, both species displayed niche expansion patterns, indicated by niche hypervolume increases of 35.49% for fir and 68.92% for birch. Within the northern ecoregion, heterospecific conditions elicited niche expansion responses, indicated by niche hypervolume increases for fir of 29.04% and birch of 66.48%. In the southern ecoregion, we observed a contraction response for birch (niche hypervolume decreased by 3.66%) and no changes for fir niche hypervolume. Conspecific niche hypervolume comparisons between ecoregions yielded significant differences for fir and birch (F = 7.581, p-value = .005 and F = 8.038, p-value = .001) as did heterospecific comparisons (F = 6.943, p-value = .004, and F = 68.702, p-value = .001, respectively). Our results suggest species may exhibit biogeographical specific elemental niches-driven by biophysical differences such as those used to describe ecoregion characteristics. We also demonstrate how a species resource strategy may inform niche shift patterns in response to different community settings. Our study highlights how biogeographical differences may influence foliar elemental traits and how this may link to concepts of ecosystem and landscape functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis R. Heckford
- British Columbia GovernmentMinistry of Forests, Cariboo Natural Resource RegionWilliams LakeBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Shawn J. Leroux
- Department of BiologyMemorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John'sNewfoundland and LabradorCanada
| | - Eric Vander Wal
- Department of BiologyMemorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John'sNewfoundland and LabradorCanada
| | - Matteo Rizzuto
- Department of BiologyMemorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John'sNewfoundland and LabradorCanada
| | - Juliana Balluffi‐Fry
- Department of BiologyMemorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John'sNewfoundland and LabradorCanada
| | - Isabella C. Richmond
- Department of BiologyMemorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John'sNewfoundland and LabradorCanada
| | - Yolanda F. Wiersma
- Department of BiologyMemorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John'sNewfoundland and LabradorCanada
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Biogeographic Patterns of Leaf Element Stoichiometry of Stellera chamaejasme L. in Degraded Grasslands on Inner Mongolia Plateau and Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11151943. [PMID: 35893647 PMCID: PMC9370359 DOI: 10.3390/plants11151943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Plant leaf stoichiometry reflects its adaptation to the environment. Leaf stoichiometry variations across different environments have been extensively studied in grassland plants, but little is known about intraspecific leaf stoichiometry, especially for widely distributed species, such as Stellera chamaejasme L. We present the first study on the leaf stoichiometry of S. chamaejasme and evaluate its relationships with environmental variables. S. chamaejasme leaf and soil samples from 29 invaded sites in the two plateaus of distinct environments [the Inner Mongolian Plateau (IM) and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QT)] in Northern China were collected. Leaf C, N, P, and K and their stoichiometric ratios, and soil physicochemical properties were determined and compared with climate information from each sampling site. The results showed that mean leaf C, N, P, and K concentrations were 498.60, 19.95, 2.15, and 6.57 g kg−1; the average C:N, C:P, N:P, N:K and K:P ratios were 25.20, 245.57, 9.81, 3.13, and 3.21, respectively. The N:P:K-ratios in S. chamaejasme leaf might imply that its growth is restricted by K- or K+N. Moreover, the soil physicochemical properties in the S. chamaejasme-infested areas varied remarkably, and few significant correlations between S. chamaejasme leaf ecological stoichiometry and soil physicochemical properties were observed. These indicate the nutrient concentrations and stoichiometry of S. chamaejasme tend to be insensitive to variations in the soil nutrient availability, resulting in their broad distributions in China’s grasslands. Besides, different homeostasis strength of the C, N, K, and their ratios in S. chamaejasme leaves across all sites were observed, which means S. chamaejasme could be more conservative in their use of nutrients improving their adaptation to diverse conditions. Moreover, the leaf C and N contents of S. chamaejasm were unaffected by any climate factors. However, the correlation between leaf P content and climate factors was significant only in IM, while the leaf K happened to be significant in QT. Besides, MAP or MAT contribution was stronger in the leaf elements than soil by using mixed effects models, which illustrated once more the relatively weak effect of the soil physicochemical properties on the leaf elements. Finally, partial least squares path modeling suggested that leaf P or K contents were affected by different mechanisms in QT and IM regions, suggesting that S. chamaejasme can adapt to changing environments by adjusting its relationships with the climate or soil factors to improve its survival opportunities in degraded grasslands.
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A critique on the theory of homeostasis. Physiol Behav 2022; 247:113712. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Fan J, Liu T, Liao Y, Li Y, Yan Y, Lu X. Distinguishing Stoichiometric Homeostasis of Soil Microbial Biomass in Alpine Grassland Ecosystems: Evidence From 5,000 km Belt Transect Across Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:781695. [PMID: 34925425 PMCID: PMC8675581 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.781695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The biogeographic characteristics of soil microbial biomass stoichiometry homeostasis and also its mechanisms are commonly thought to be key factors for the survival strategies and resource utilization of soil microbes under extreme habitat. In this work, we conducted a 5,000-km transect filed survey in alpine grassland across Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in 2015 to measure soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and nitrogen (MBN) across alpine steppe and meadow. Based on the differences of climate and soil conditions between alpine steppe and meadow, the variation coefficient was calculated to investigate the homeostatic degree of MBC to MBN. Furthermore, the "trade-off" model was utilized to deeply distinguish the homeostasis degree of MBC/MBN between alpine steppe and meadow, and the regression analysis was used to explore the variability of trade-off in response to environmental factors in the alpine grassland. The results showed that the coefficient of variation (CV) of MBC/MBN in alpine meadow (CV = 0.4) was lower than alpine steppe (CV = 0.7). According to the trade-off model, microbial turnover activity of soil N relative to soil C increased rapidly and then decreased slightly with soil organic carbon (SOC), soil total nitrogen (STN), and soil water content across alpine meadow. Nevertheless, in alpine steppe, SOC/STN had a positive effect on microbial turnover of soil N. These results suggested that water, heat, and soil nutrients availability were the key factors affecting the C:N stoichiometry homeostasis of soil microbial biomass in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP)'s alpine grassland. Since the difference of survival strategy of the trade-off demands between soil C and N resulting in different patterns and mechanism, the stoichiometry homeostasis of soil microbial biomass was more stable in alpine meadow than in alpine steppe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihui Fan
- Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Tianyuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modelling, Synthesis Research Centre of Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Liao
- Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yiying Li
- Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Yan
- Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuyang Lu
- Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
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11
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Olivera Viciedo D, de Mello Prado R, Martinez CA, Habermann E, de Cássia Piccolo M, Calero Hurtado A, Barreto RF, Peña Calzada K. Changes in soil water availability and air-temperature impact biomass allocation and C:N:P stoichiometry in different organs of Stylosanthes capitata Vogel. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 278:111540. [PMID: 33126195 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Temperature and soil water availability play important roles in the biogeochemical cycles of essential elements for plant growth, such as carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P). In this study, we investigated how drought and warming impact C:N:P stoichiometric ratios of different plant organs (leaves, inflorescences, and stems), and biomass allocation and production of a field-grown pasture of Stylosanthes capitata, a tropical forage legume. We evaluated the effects of elevated temperature (+2 °C above ambient temperature) under two conditions of soil water availability, irrigated, and non-irrigated. In general, we observed that different functional plant organs showed distinct responses to drought and warming demonstrating how important is to evaluate different functional plant organs to unravel crop nutrient dynamics. In addition, interactive effects between warming and drought were observed in many situations, highlighting the importance of multifactorial studies. Our data showed that warming produced plants with more inflorescences, decreasing leaf:inflorescence ratio. However, only warming under well-watered conditions improved biomass production (in 38%). Warmed and irrigated plants showed higher stoichiometric homeostasis compared to other treatments. In an opposite direction, drought decreased P concentration and increased N:P ratios in different organs, reducing the stoichiometric homeostasis under both conditions of temperature. We have concluded that warm and well-watered conditions without restrictions in soil nutrient availability can enhance plant production, presumably due to a higher level of stoichiometric homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilier Olivera Viciedo
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Renato de Mello Prado
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Eduardo Habermann
- Department of Biology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto (FFCLRP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Alexander Calero Hurtado
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Ferreira Barreto
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kolima Peña Calzada
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
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12
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Umair M, Sun N, Du H, Chen K, Tao H, Yuan J, Abbasi AM, Liu C. Differential stoichiometric responses of shrubs and grasses to increased precipitation in a degraded karst ecosystem in Southwestern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 700:134421. [PMID: 31693953 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The elemental concentrations of both plants and soils are sensitive to variations in precipitation due to the limiting roles of water on soil processes and plant growth in karst ecosystems of Southwestern China; however, precipitation is predicted to increase in this region. Nevertheless, it is unclear how the elemental composition of soils and plants might respond to such increases in moisture. Particularly, how potassium (K) may behave as a key mediator in the regulation of the water potential of plants. For this study, the responses of the elemental composition of both soils and plants to the variable addition of water were investigated. Two grasses (Cymbopogon distans and Arundinella setosa) and two shrubs (Carissa spinarum and Bauhinia brachycarpa) were investigated under four levels of watering treatments 0%, +20%, +40%, and +60%, relative to the annual rainfall, respectively. Compared to the control (CK), the soil water content (SWC) increased to 3.75, 3.86, and 4.34 mg g-1 in T1, T2, and T3 groups, respectively (p < 0.05). Non-metal elements (C, H, N, S, and P, except for Si) in the soil were relatively stable with water addition; however, metal elements (Al, Na, Mg, Fe, and K, along with Si) increased significantly, whereas Zn and Ca decreased (p < 0.05). With water addition, leaf N and P remained unchanged in all four species, while K, Mg, and S decreased in both shrubs (higher C:K, N:K, and P:K). Increases in Fe, Si, and K were observed in both grasses (lower C:K, N:K, and P:K), which suggested that K played distinct roles for water regulation in shrubs and grasses. These findings implied that the elemental compositions of both soils and plants might be altered with increasing precipitation in the future, where different plant types may adopt distinct K-regulation strategies to cope with variable soil moisture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Umair
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Urban Forest Research Station, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, China
| | - Ningxiao Sun
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Urban Forest Research Station, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, China
| | - Hongmei Du
- School of Design, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Kehao Chen
- School of Design, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Huimin Tao
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jun Yuan
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Arshad Mehmood Abbasi
- Department of Environment Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, 22060, Pakistan
| | - Chunjiang Liu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Urban Forest Research Station, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, China.
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13
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Leung C, Angers B, Bergeron P. Epigenetic anticipation for food and reproduction. ENVIRONMENTAL EPIGENETICS 2020; 6:dvz026. [PMID: 32015901 PMCID: PMC6991620 DOI: 10.1093/eep/dvz026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Physiological changes in anticipation of cyclic environmental events are common for the persistence of populations in fluctuating environments (e.g. seasons). However, dealing with sporadic resources such as the intermittent production of seed masting trees may be challenging unless reliable cues also make them predictable. To be adaptive, the anticipation of such episodic events would have to trigger the corresponding physiological response. Epigenetic modifications could result in such physiological anticipatory responses to future changes. The eastern chipmunk (Tamias striatus) is known to adjust its reproductive activity to match juvenile weaning with peak seed availability of masting trees, which are essential for their survival. We therefore expected that epigenetic changes would be linked to spring reproductive initiation in anticipation for beech seed availability in fall. We correlated the variation of DNA methylation profiles of 114 adult chipmunks captured in May with beech seeds abundance in September, over 4 years, for three distinct populations, as well as individuals sampled twice during reproductive and non-reproductive years. The significant correlation between spring epigenetic variation and the amount of food in the fall confirmed the phenotypic flexibility of individuals according to environmental fluctuations. Altogether, these results underlined the key role of epigenetic processes in anticipatory responses enabling organisms to persist in fluctuating environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Leung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bishop’s University, Sherbrooke, QC, J1M 1Z7, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Bernard Angers
- Department of Biological Sciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Patrick Bergeron
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bishop’s University, Sherbrooke, QC, J1M 1Z7, Canada
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14
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Sardella A, Marieschi M, Mercatali I, Zanni C, Gorbi G, Torelli A. The relationship between sulfur metabolism and tolerance of hexavalent chromium in Scenedesmus acutus (Spheropleales): Role of ATP sulfurylase. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 216:105320. [PMID: 31590132 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.105320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur availability and the end products of its metabolism, cysteine, glutathione and phytochelatins, play an important role in heavy metal tolerance, chromium included. Sulfate and chromate not only compete for the transporters but also for assimilation enzymes and chromium tolerance in various organisms has been associated to differences in this pathway. We investigated the mechanisms of Cr(VI)-tolerance increase induced by S-starvation focusing on the role of ATP sulfurylase (ATS) in two strains of Scenedesmus acutus with different chromium sensitivity. S-starvation enhances the defence potential by increasing sulfate uptake/assimilation and decreasing chromium uptake, thus suggesting a change in the transport system. We isolated two isoforms of the enzyme, SaATS1 and SaATS2, with different sensitivity to sulfur availability, and analysed them in S-sufficient and S-replete condition both in standard and in chromium supplemented medium. SaATS2 expression is different in the two strains and presumably marks a different sulfur perception/exploitation in the Cr-tolerant. Its induction and silencing are compatible with a role in the transient tolerance increase induced by S-starvation. This enzyme can however hardly be responsible for the large cysteine production of the Cr-tolerant strain after starvation, suggesting that cytosolic rather than chloroplastic cysteine production is differently regulated in the two strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Sardella
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Viale delle Scienze 11A I-43124, Parma, Italy.
| | - Matteo Marieschi
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Viale delle Scienze 11A I-43124, Parma, Italy.
| | - Isabel Mercatali
- ISPRA - Italian National Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, Via di Castel Romano 100-00128, Rome, Italy.
| | - Corrado Zanni
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Viale delle Scienze 11A I-43124, Parma, Italy.
| | - Gessica Gorbi
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Viale delle Scienze 11A I-43124, Parma, Italy.
| | - Anna Torelli
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Viale delle Scienze 11A I-43124, Parma, Italy.
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15
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Fanesi A, Wagner H, Birarda G, Vaccari L, Wilhelm C. Quantitative macromolecular patterns in phytoplankton communities resolved at the taxonomical level by single-cell Synchrotron FTIR-spectroscopy. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:142. [PMID: 30987593 PMCID: PMC6466684 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1736-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Technical limitations regarding bulk analysis of phytoplankton biomass limit our comprehension of carbon fluxes in natural populations and, therefore, of carbon, nutrients and energy cycling in aquatic ecosystems. In this study, we took advantage of Synchrotron FTIR micro-spectroscopy and the partial least square regression (PLSr) algorithm to simultaneously quantify the protein, lipid and carbohydrate content at the single-cell level in a mock phytoplankton community (composed by a cyanobacterium, a green-alga and a diatom) grown at two temperatures (15 °C and 25 °C). RESULTS The PLSr models generated to quantify cell macromolecules presented high quality fit (R2 ≥ 0.90) and low error of prediction (RMSEP 2-6% of dry weight). The regression coefficients revealed that the prediction of each macromolecule was not exclusively dependent on spectral features corresponding to that compound, but rather on all major macromolecular pools, reflecting adjustments in the overall cell carbon balance. The single-cell analysis, studied by means of Kernel density estimators, showed that the modes of density distribution of macromolecules were different at 15 °C and 25 °C. However, a substantial proportion of cells was biochemically identical at the two temperatures because of population heterogeneity. CONCLUSIONS The spectroscopic approach presented in this study allows the quantification of macromolecules in single phytoplankton cells. This method showed that population heterogeneity most likely ensures a backup of non-acclimated cells that may rapidly exploit new favourable niches. This finding may have important consequences for the ecology of phytoplankton populations and shows that the "average cell" concept might substantially limit our comprehension of population dynamics and biogeochemical cycles in aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Fanesi
- Department of Plant Physiology, Leipzig University, Institute of Biology, Johannisallee 21-23, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Heiko Wagner
- Department of Plant Physiology, Leipzig University, Institute of Biology, Johannisallee 21-23, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Giovanni Birarda
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste, Synchrotron Infrared Source for Spectroscopy and Imaging – SISSI, 34149 Trieste, Basovizza Italy
| | - Lisa Vaccari
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste, Synchrotron Infrared Source for Spectroscopy and Imaging – SISSI, 34149 Trieste, Basovizza Italy
| | - Christian Wilhelm
- Department of Plant Physiology, Leipzig University, Institute of Biology, Johannisallee 21-23, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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16
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Pierangelini M, Glaser K, Mikhailyuk T, Karsten U, Holzinger A. Light and Dehydration but Not Temperature Drive Photosynthetic Adaptations of Basal Streptophytes (Hormidiella, Streptosarcina and Streptofilum) Living in Terrestrial Habitats. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2019; 77:380-393. [PMID: 29974184 PMCID: PMC6394494 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-018-1225-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Streptophyte algae are the ancestors of land plants, and several classes contain taxa that are adapted to an aero-terrestrial lifestyle. In this study, four basal terrestrial streptophytes from the class Klebsormidiophyceae, including Hormidiella parvula; two species of the newly described genus Streptosarcina (S. costaricana and S. arenaria); and the newly described Streptofilum capillatum were investigated for their responses to radiation, desiccation and temperature stress conditions. All the strains showed low-light adaptation (Ik < 70 μmol photons m-2 s-1) but differed in photoprotective capacities (such as non-photochemical quenching). Acclimation to enhanced photon fluence rates (160 μmol photons m-2 s-1) increased photosynthetic performance in H. parvula and S. costaricana but not in S. arenaria, showing that low-light adaptation is a constitutive trait for S. arenaria. This lower-light adaptation of S. arenaria was coupled with a higher desiccation tolerance, providing further evidence that dehydration is a selective force shaping species occurrence in low light. For protection against ultraviolet radiation, all species synthesised and accumulated different amounts of mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs). Biochemically, MAAs synthesised by Hormidiella and Streptosarcina were similar to MAAs from closely related Klebsormidium spp. but differed in retention time and spectral characteristics in S. capillatum. Unlike the different radiation and dehydration tolerances, Hormidiella, Streptosarcina and Streptofilum displayed preferences for similar thermal conditions. These species showed a temperature dependence of photosynthesis similar to respiration, contrasting with Klebsormidium spp. and highlighting an interspecific diversity in thermal requirements, which could regulate species distributions under temperature changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Pierangelini
- Department of Botany, Functional Plant Biology, University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Physiologie des microalgues, InBioS/Phytosystems, Institut de Botanique, Université de Liège, Liege, 4000, Belgium
| | - Karin Glaser
- Applied Ecology and Phycology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Tatiana Mikhailyuk
- M.G. Kholodny Institute of Botany, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Tereschenkivska Str. 2, Kyiv, 01004, Ukraine
| | - Ulf Karsten
- Applied Ecology and Phycology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Andreas Holzinger
- Department of Botany, Functional Plant Biology, University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
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17
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Zhang CC, Zhou CZ, Burnap RL, Peng L. Carbon/Nitrogen Metabolic Balance: Lessons from Cyanobacteria. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 23:1116-1130. [PMID: 30292707 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Carbon and nitrogen are the two most abundant nutrient elements for all living organisms, and their metabolism is tightly coupled. What are the signaling mechanisms that cells use to sense and control the carbon/nitrogen (C/N) metabolic balance following environmental changes? Based on studies in cyanobacteria, it was found that 2-phosphoglycolate derived from the oxygenase activity of Rubisco (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase) and 2-oxoglutarate from the Krebs cycle act as the carbon- and nitrogen-starvation signals, respectively, and their concentration ratio likely reflects the status of the C/N metabolic balance. We will present and discuss the regulatory principles underlying the signaling mechanisms, which are likely to be conserved in other photosynthetic organisms. These concepts may also contribute to developments in the field of biofuel engineering or improvements in crop productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Cai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, People's Republic of China; Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, LCB, France.
| | - Cong-Zhao Zhou
- School of Life Sciences and Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, People's Republic of China
| | - Robert L Burnap
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Henry Bellmon Research Center, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Ling Peng
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, CINaM UMR 7325, 13288 Marseille, France
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18
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Giordano M, Olivieri C, Ratti S, Norici A, Raven JA, Knoll AH. A tale of two eras: Phytoplankton composition influenced by oceanic paleochemistry. GEOBIOLOGY 2018; 16:498-506. [PMID: 29851212 DOI: 10.1111/gbi.12290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We report the results of simple experiments which support the hypothesis that changes in ocean chemistry beginning in the Mesozoic Era resulted in an increase in the nutritional quality per mole of C and per cell of planktonic algal biomass compared to earlier phytoplankton. We cultured a cyanobacterium, a diatom, a dinoflagellate, and a green alga in media mimicking aspects of the chemistry of Palaeozoic and Mesozoic-Cenozoic oceans. Substantial differences emerged in the quality of algal biomass between the Palaeozoic and Mesozoic-Cenozoic growth regimes; these differences were strongly affected by interspecific interactions (i.e., the co-existence of different species alters responses to the chemistry of the medium). The change was in the direction of a Mesozoic-Cenozoic biomass enriched in protein per mole C, although cells contained less carbon overall. This would lead to a lower C:N ratio. On the assumption that Mesozoic-Cenozoic grazers' assimilation of total C was similar to that of their earlier counterparts, their diet would be stoichiometrically closer to their C:N requirement. This, along with an increase in mean cell size among continental shelf phytoplankton, could have helped to facilitate observed evolutionary changes in the Mesozoic marine fauna. In turn, increased grazing pressure would have operated as a selective force for the radiation of phytoplankton clades better equipped with antigrazing capabilities (sensu lato), as found widely in phytoplankton with biomineralization. Our results emphasize potential links between changing seawater chemistry, increased predation pressure and the rise to ecological dominance of chlorophyll a+c algae in Mesozoic oceans. The experiments also suggest a potential role for ocean chemistry in changes of marine trophic structure from the Palaeozoic to the later Mesozoic Era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Giordano
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
- Institute of Microbiology ASCR, Algatech, Trebon, Czech Republic
- ISMAR-CNR, Venezia, Italy
- Faculty of Sciences, STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Camilla Olivieri
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Simona Ratti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Alessandra Norici
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - John A Raven
- Division of Plant Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, University of Dundee at TJHI, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew H Knoll
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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19
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Guo S, Hou R, Garber PA, Raubenheimer D, Righini N, Ji W, Jay O, He S, Wu F, Li F, Li B. Nutrient‐specific compensation for seasonal cold stress in a free‐ranging temperate colobine monkey. Funct Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Song‐Tao Guo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal ConservationNorthwest University Xi’an China
| | - Rong Hou
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal ConservationNorthwest University Xi’an China
| | - Paul A. Garber
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois
| | - David Raubenheimer
- The Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Nicoletta Righini
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois
- Laboratorio de Ecología FuncionalInstituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad (IIES‐UNAM) Morelia Michoacan Mexico
| | - Wei‐Hong Ji
- Human and Wildlife Interactions Research GroupInstitute of Natural Mathematical SciencesMassey University Albany, Auckland New Zealand
| | - Ollie Jay
- The Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Shu‐Jun He
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal ConservationNorthwest University Xi’an China
| | - Fan Wu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal ConservationNorthwest University Xi’an China
| | - Fang‐Fang Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal ConservationNorthwest University Xi’an China
| | - Bao‐Guo Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal ConservationNorthwest University Xi’an China
- Xi’an Branch of Chinese Academy of Sciences Xi’an China
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20
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Ji H, Du B, Liu C. Elemental stoichiometry and compositions of weevil larvae and two acorn hosts under natural phosphorus variation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45810. [PMID: 28378822 PMCID: PMC5381121 DOI: 10.1038/srep45810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand how different trophic organisms in a parasite food chain adapt to the differences in soil nutrient conditions, we investigated stoichiometric variation and homeostasis of multiple elements in two acorn trees, Quercus variabilis and Quercus acutissima, and their parasite weevil larvae (Curculio davidi Fairmaire) at phosphorus (P)-deficient and P-rich sites in subtropical China where P-rich ores are scattered among dominant P-deficient soils. Results showed that elemental stoichiometry and compositions of both acorns and weevil larvae differed significantly between P-deficient and P-rich sites (p < 0.05), with the largest contribution of acorn and weevil larva P in distinguishing the stoichiometric compositions between the two site types. The two acorn species were statistically separated by their acorn elemental stoichiometry and compositions (p < 0.05), but no difference was observed on weevil larvae between the two acorn species. P was one of the few elements that were non strict homeostasis in both acorns and weevil larvae. These findings highlight the importance of both environmental influence in elemental stoichiometry and composition and physiological regulations of nutritional needs in organisms and provide possible stoichiometric responses of both plants and animals to P loading, a worldwide issue from excess release of P into the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huawei Ji
- School of Agriculture and Biology and Research Centre for Low-Carbon Agriculture, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China.,Shanghai Urban Forest Research Station, State Forestry Administration, China
| | - Baoming Du
- School of Agriculture and Biology and Research Centre for Low-Carbon Agriculture, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China.,Shanghai Urban Forest Research Station, State Forestry Administration, China
| | - Chunjiang Liu
- School of Agriculture and Biology and Research Centre for Low-Carbon Agriculture, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China.,Shanghai Urban Forest Research Station, State Forestry Administration, China.,Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, China
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21
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Williams L, Colesie C, Ullmann A, Westberg M, Wedin M, Büdel B. Lichen acclimation to changing environments: Photobiont switching vs. climate-specific uniqueness in Psora decipiens. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:2560-2574. [PMID: 28428847 PMCID: PMC5395455 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Unraveling the complex relationship between lichen fungal and algal partners has been crucial in understanding lichen dispersal capacity, evolutionary processes, and responses in the face of environmental change. However, lichen symbiosis remains enigmatic, including the ability of a single fungal partner to associate with various algal partners. Psora decipiens is a characteristic lichen of biological soil crusts (BSCs), across semi-arid, temperate, and alpine biomes, which are particularly susceptible to habitat loss and climate change. The high levels of morphological variation found across the range of Psora decipiens may contribute to its ability to withstand environmental change. To investigate Psora decipiens acclimation potential, individuals were transplanted between four climatically distinct sites across a European latitudinal gradient for 2 years. The effect of treatment was investigated through a morphological examination using light and SEM microscopy; 26S rDNA and rbcL gene analysis assessed site-specific relationships and lichen acclimation through photobiont switching. Initial analysis revealed that many samples had lost their algal layers. Although new growth was often determined, the algae were frequently found to have died without evidence of a new photobiont being incorporated into the thallus. Mycobiont analysis investigated diversity and determined that new growth was a part of the transplant, thus, revealing that four distinct fungal clades, closely linked to site, exist. Additionally, P. decipiens was found to associate with the green algal genus Myrmecia, with only two genetically distinct clades between the four sites. Our investigation has suggested that P. decipiens cannot acclimate to the substantial climatic variability across its environmental range. Additionally, the different geographical areas are home to genetically distinct and unique populations. The variation found within the genotypic and morpho-physiological traits of P. decipiens appears to have a climatic determinant, but this is not always reflected by the algal partner. Although photobiont switching occurs on an evolutionary scale, there is little evidence to suggest an active environmentally induced response. These results suggest that this species, and therefore, other lichen species, and BSC ecosystems themselves may be significantly vulnerable to climate change and habitat loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Williams
- Plant Ecology and SystematicsBiology InstituteUniversity of KaiserslauternKaiserslauternGermany
| | - Claudia Colesie
- Plant Ecology and SystematicsBiology InstituteUniversity of KaiserslauternKaiserslauternGermany
| | - Anna Ullmann
- Plant Ecology and SystematicsBiology InstituteUniversity of KaiserslauternKaiserslauternGermany
| | | | - Mats Wedin
- Department of BotanySwedish Museum of Natural HistoryStockholmSweden
| | - Burkhard Büdel
- Plant Ecology and SystematicsBiology InstituteUniversity of KaiserslauternKaiserslauternGermany
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Pierangelini M, Raven JA, Giordano M. The relative availability of inorganic carbon and inorganic nitrogen influences the response of the dinoflagellate Protoceratium reticulatum to elevated CO 2. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2017; 53:298-307. [PMID: 27624862 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This work originates from three facts: (i) changes in CO2 availability influence metabolic processes in algal cells; (ii) Spatial and temporal variations of nitrogen availability cause repercussions on phytoplankton physiology; (iii) Growth and cell composition are dependent on the stoichiometry of nutritional resources. In this study, we assess whether the impact of rising pCO2 is influenced by N availability, through the impact that it would have on the C/N stoichiometry, in conditions of N sufficiency. Our experiments used the dinoflagellate Protoceratium reticulatum, which we cultured under three CO2 regimes (400, 1,000, and 5,000 ppmv, pH of 8.1) and either variable (the NO3- concentration was always 2.5 mmol · L-1 ) or constant (NO3- concentration varied to maintain the same Ci /NO3- ratio at all pCO2 ) Ci /NO3- ratio. Regardless of N availability, cells had higher specific growth rates, but lower cell dry weight and C and N quotas, at elevated CO2 . The carbohydrate pool size and the C/N was unaltered in all treatments. The lipid content only decreased at high pCO2 at constant Ci /NO3- ratio. In the variable Ci /NO3- conditions, the relative abundance of Rubisco (and other proteins) also changed; this did not occur at constant Ci /NO3- . Thus, the biomass quality of P. reticulatum for grazers was affected by the Ci /NO3- ratio in the environment and not only by the pCO2 , both with respect to the size of the main organic pools and the composition of the expressed proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Pierangelini
- Laboratorio di Fisiologia delle Alghe e delle Piante, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, 60131, Italy
| | - John A Raven
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
- Functional Plant Biology and Climate Change Cluster (C3), University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Mario Giordano
- Laboratorio di Fisiologia delle Alghe e delle Piante, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, 60131, Italy
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Trěboň, 379 01, Czech Republic
- Institute of Marine Science, National Research Council, Arsenale Castello, 2737/F, 30122, Venezia, Italy
- Istituto di Biologia Agro-Ambientale e Forestale, National Research Council, Via G. Marconi n. 2, Porano, 05010, Terni, Italy
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Cuypers TD, Rutten JP, Hogeweg P. Evolution of evolvability and phenotypic plasticity in virtual cells. BMC Evol Biol 2017; 17:60. [PMID: 28241744 PMCID: PMC5329926 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-017-0918-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Changing environmental conditions pose a challenge for the survival of species. To meet this challenge organisms adapt their phenotype by physiological regulation (phenotypic plasticity) or by evolving. Regulatory mechanisms that ensure a constant internal environment in the face of continuous external fluctuations (homeostasis) are ubiquitous and essential for survival. However, more drastic and enduring environmental change, often requires lineages to adapt by mutating. In vitro evolutionary experiments with microbes show that adaptive, large phenotypic changes occur remarkably quickly, requiring only a few mutations. It has been proposed that the high evolvability demonstrated by these microbes, is an evolved property. If both regulation (phenotypic plasticity) and evolvability can evolve as strategies to adapt to change, what are the conditions that favour the emergence of either of these strategy? Does evolution of one strategy hinder or facilitate evolution of the other strategy? RESULTS Here we investigate this with computational evolutionary modelling in populations of Virtual Cells. During a preparatory evolutionary phase, Virtual Cells evolved homeostasis regulation for internal metabolite concentrations in a fluctuating environment. The resulting wild-type Virtual Cell strains (WT-VCS) were then exposed to periodic, drastic environmental changes, while maintaining selection on homeostasis regulation. In different sets of simulations the nature and frequencies of environmental change were varied. Pre-evolved WT-VCS were highly evolvable, showing rapid evolutionary adaptation after novel environmental change. Moreover, continued low frequency changes resulted in evolutionary restructuring of the genome that enables even faster adaptation with very few mutations. In contrast, when change frequency is high, lineages evolve phenotypic plasticity that allows them to be fit in different environments without mutations. Yet, evolving phenotypic plasticity is a comparatively slow process. Under intermediate change frequencies, both strategies occur. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that evolving a homeostasis mechanisms predisposes lineage to be evolvable to novel environmental conditions. Moreover, after continued evolution, evolvability can be a viable alternative with comparable fitness to regulated phenotypic plasticity in all but the most rapidly changing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Cuypers
- Theoretical Biology Group, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3584, CH, The Netherlands.
| | - Jacob P Rutten
- Theoretical Biology Group, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3584, CH, The Netherlands
| | - Paulien Hogeweg
- Theoretical Biology Group, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3584, CH, The Netherlands
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Li Y, Zhuang S, Wu Y, Ren H, Chen F, Lin X, Wang K, Beardall J, Gao K. Ocean acidification modulates expression of genes and physiological performance of a marine diatom. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170970. [PMID: 28192486 PMCID: PMC5305191 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocean Acidification (OA) is known to affect various aspects of physiological performances of diatoms, but little is known about the underlining molecular mechanisms involved. Here, we show that in the model diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum, the expression of key genes associated with photosynthetic light harvesting as well as those encoding Rubisco, carbonic anhydrase, NADH dehydrogenase and nitrite reductase, are modulated by OA (1000 μatm, pHnbs 7.83). Growth and photosynthetic carbon fixation were enhanced by elevated CO2. OA treatment decreased the expression of β-carbonic anhydrase (β-ca), which functions in balancing intracellular carbonate chemistry and the CO2 concentrating mechanism (CCM). The expression of the genes encoding fucoxanthin chlorophyll a/c protein (lhcf type (fcp)), mitochondrial ATP synthase (mtATP), ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunit gene (rbcl) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (ndh2), were down-regulated during the first four days (< 8 generations) after the cells were transferred from LC (cells grown under ambient air condition; 390 μatm; pHnbs 8.19) to OA conditions, with no significant difference between LC and HC treatments with the time elapsed. The expression of nitrite reductase (nir) was up-regulated by the OA treatment. Additionally, the genes for these proteins (NiR, FCP, mtATP synthase, β-CA) showed diel expression patterns. It appeared that the enhanced photosynthetic and growth rates under OA could be attributed to stimulated nitrogen assimilation, increased CO2 availability or saved energy from down-regulation of the CCM and consequently lowered cost of protein synthesis versus that of non-nitrogenous cell components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahe Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science (Xiamen University), College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Shufang Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science (Xiamen University), College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yaping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science (Xiamen University), College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Honglin Ren
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Fangyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science (Xiamen University), College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science (Xiamen University), College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Kejian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science (Xiamen University), College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - John Beardall
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kunshan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science (Xiamen University), College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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Ruan Z, Giordano M. The use of NH 4+ rather than NO 3- affects cell stoichiometry, C allocation, photosynthesis and growth in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. UTEX LB 2380, only when energy is limiting. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:227-236. [PMID: 27982443 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The assimilation of N-NO3- requires more energy than that of N-NH4+ . This becomes relevant when energy is limiting and may impinge differently on cell energy budget depending on depth, time of the day and season. We hypothesize that N-limited and energy-limited cells of the oceanic cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. differ in their response to the N source with respect to growth, elemental stoichiometry and carbon allocation. Under N limitation, cells retained almost absolute homeostasis of elemental and organic composition, and the use of NH4+ did not stimulate growth. When energy was limiting, however, Synechococcus grew faster in NH4+ than in NO3- and had higher C (20%), N (38%) and S (30%) cell quotas. Furthermore, more C was allocated to protein, whereas the carbohydrate and lipid pool size did not change appreciably. Energy limitation also led to a higher photosynthetic rate relative to N limitation. We interpret these results as an indication that, under energy limitation, the use of the least expensive N source allowed a spillover of the energy saved from N assimilation to the assimilation of other nutrients. The change in elemental stoichiometry influenced C allocation, inducing an increase in cell protein, which resulted in a stimulation of photosynthesis and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuoxi Ruan
- Marine Biology Institute, Science Center, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, 515063, China
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, 60131, Italy
| | - Mario Giordano
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, 60131, Italy
- Institute of Microbiology ASCR, Algatech, Trebon, Czech Republic
- National Research Council, Institute of Marine Science, Venezia, Italy
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Prioretti L, Giordano M. Direct and indirect influence of sulfur availability on phytoplankton evolutionary trajectories. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2016; 52:1094-1102. [PMID: 27716928 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The sulfate facilitation hypothesis suggests that changes in ocean sulfate concentration influenced the rise to dominance of phytoplankton species of the red lineage. The mechanistic reasons for this phenomenon are not yet understood. We started to address this question by investigating the differences in S utilization by algae of the green and red lineages and in cyanobacteria cultured in the presence of either 5 mmol · L-1 (approximately equivalent to Paleozoic ocean concentrations) or 30 mmol · L-1 (corresponding to post-Mesozoic/extant concentrations) sulfate. The activities of the main enzymes involved in SO42- assimilation changed in response to changes in growth sulfate concentration. ATP sulfurylase showed different kinetics in the various taxa, with an especially odd behavior for the dinoflagellate. Sulfate availability had a modest effect on cell organic composition. Species-specific differences in the use of some elements were instead obvious in algae grown in the presence of different sulfate concentrations, overall confirming that algae of the red lineage do better at high sulfate than algae of the green lineage. The increase in sulfate concentration may thus have had an impact on phytoplankton radiation both through changes in their enzymatic machinery and through indirect repercussion on elemental usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Prioretti
- Laboratory of Algal and Plant Physiology, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Mario Giordano
- Laboratory of Algal and Plant Physiology, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Algatech, Trebon, Czech Republic
- National Research Council, Institute of Marine Science, Venezia, Italy
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Vianello A, Passamonti S. Biochemistry and physiology within the framework of the extended synthesis of evolutionary biology. Biol Direct 2016; 11:7. [PMID: 26861860 PMCID: PMC4748562 DOI: 10.1186/s13062-016-0109-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional biologists, like Claude Bernard, ask "How?", meaning that they investigate the mechanisms underlying the emergence of biological functions (proximal causes), while evolutionary biologists, like Charles Darwin, asks "Why?", meaning that they search the causes of adaptation, survival and evolution (remote causes). Are these divergent views on what is life? The epistemological role of functional biology (molecular biology, but also biochemistry, physiology, cell biology and so forth) appears essential, for its capacity to identify several mechanisms of natural selection of new characters, individuals and populations. Nevertheless, several issues remain unsolved, such as orphan metabolic activities, i.e., adaptive functions still missing the identification of the underlying genes and proteins, and orphan genes, i.e., genes that bear no signature of evolutionary history, yet provide an organism with improved adaptation to environmental changes. In the framework of the Extended Synthesis, we suggest that the adaptive roles of any known function/structure are reappraised in terms of their capacity to warrant constancy of the internal environment (homeostasis), a concept that encompasses both proximal and remote causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Vianello
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Udine, 33100, Udine, Italy.
| | - Sabina Passamonti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Trieste, 34100, Trieste, Italy.
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Wu Y, Beardall J, Gao K. Physiological Responses of a Model Marine Diatom to Fast pH Changes: Special Implications of Coastal Water Acidification. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141163. [PMID: 26496125 PMCID: PMC4619668 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diatoms and other phytoplankton in coastal waters experience rapid pH changes in milieu due to high biological activities and/or upwelled CO2-rich waters. While CO2 concentrating mechanisms (CCMs) are employed by all diatoms tested to counter low CO2 availability in seawater, little is known how this mechanism responds to fast pH changes. In the present study, the model diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana was acclimated for 20 generations to low pH (7.81) at an elevated CO2 of 1000 μatm (HC) or to high pH (8.18) at ambient CO2 levels of 390 μatm (LC), then its physiological characteristics were investigated as cells were shifted from HC to LC or vice versa. The maximal electron transport rate (ETRmax) in the HC-acclimated cells was immediately reduced by decreased CO2 availability, showing much lower values compared to that of the LC-acclimated cells. However, the cells showed a high capacity to regain their photochemical performance regardless of the growth CO2 levels, with their ETRmax values recovering to initial levels in about 100 min. This result indicates that this diatom might modulate its CCMs quickly to maintain a steady state supply of CO2, which is required for sustaining photosynthesis. In addition, active uptake of CO2 could play a fundamental role during the induction of CCMs under CO2 limitation, since the cells maintained high ETR even when both intracellular and periplasmic carbonic anhydrases were inhibited. It is concluded that efficient regulation of the CCM is one of the key strategies for diatoms to survive in fast changing pH environment, e.g. for the tested species, which is a dominant species in coastal waters where highly fluctuating pH is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - John Beardall
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Kunshan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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Zheng Y, Giordano M, Gao K. The impact of fluctuating light on the dinoflagellate Prorocentrum micans depends on NO3(-) and CO2 availability. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 180:18-26. [PMID: 25899727 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2015.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Increasing atmospheric pCO2 and its dissolution into oceans leads to ocean acidification and warming, which reduces the thickness of upper mixing layer (UML) and upward nutrient supply from deeper layers. These events may alter the nutritional conditions and the light regime to which primary producers are exposed in the UML. In order to better understand the physiology behind the responses to the concomitant climate changes factors, we examined the impact of light fluctuation on the dinoflagellate Prorocentrum micans grown at low (1 μmol L(-1)) or high (800 μmol L(-1)) [NO3(-)] and at high (1000 μatm) or low (390 μatm, ambient) pCO2. The light regimes to which the algal cells were subjected were (1) constant light at a photon flux density (PFD) of either 100 (C100) or 500 (C500) μmol m(-2) s(-1) or (2) fluctuating light between 100 or 500 μmol photons m(-2) s(-1) with a frequency of either 15 (F15) or 60 (F60) min. Under continuous light, the initial portion of the light phase required the concomitant presence of high CO2 and NO3(-) concentrations for maximum growth. After exposure to light for 3h, high CO2 exerted a negative effect on growth and effective quantum yield of photosystem II (F'(v)/F'(m)). Fluctuating light ameliorated growth in the first period of illumination. In the second 3h of treatment, higher frequency (F15) of fluctuations afforded high growth rates, whereas the F60 treatment had detrimental consequences, especially when NO3(-) concentration was lower. F'(v)/F'(m) respondent differently from growth to fluctuating light: the fluorescence yield was always lower than at continuous light at 100 μmol m(-2) s(-1), and always higher at 500 μmol m(-2) s(-1). Our data show that the impact of atmospheric pCO2 increase on primary production of dinoflagellate depends on the availability of nitrate and the irradiance (intensity and the frequency of irradiance fluctuations) to which the cells are exposed. The impact of global change on oceanic primary producers would therefore be different in waters with different chemical and physical (mixing) properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Mario Giordano
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; Institute of Microbiology ASCR, Algatech, Trebon 37981, Czech Republic
| | - Kunshan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
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Memmola F, Mukherjee B, Moroney JV, Giordano M. Carbon allocation and element composition in four Chlamydomonas mutants defective in genes related to the CO2 concentrating mechanism. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2014; 121:201-211. [PMID: 24752528 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-014-0005-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Four mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with defects in different components of the CO2 concentrating mechanism (CCM) or in Rubisco activase were grown autotrophically at high pCO2 and then transferred to low pCO2, in order to study the role of different components of the CCM on carbon allocation and elemental composition. To study carbon allocation, we measured the relative size of the main organic pools by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy. Total reflection X-ray fluorescence was used to analyze the elemental composition of algal cells. Our data show that although the organic pools increased their size at high CO2 in all strains, their stoichiometry was highly homeostatic, i.e., the ratios between carbohydrates and proteins, lipid and proteins, and carbohydrates and lipids, did not change significantly. The only exception was the wild-type 137c, in which proteins decreased relative to carbohydrates and lipids, when the cells were transferred to low CO2. It is noticeable that the two wild types used in this study responded differently to the transition from high to low CO2. Malfunctions of the CCM influenced the concentration of several elements, somewhat altering cell elemental stoichiometry: especially the C/P and N/P ratios changed appreciably in almost all strains as a function of the growth CO2 concentration, except in 137c and the Rubisco activase mutant rca1. In strain cia3, defective in the lumenal carbonic anhydrase (CA), the cell quotas of P, S, Ca, Mn, Fe, and Zn were about 5-fold higher at low CO2 than at high CO2. A Principle Components Analysis showed that, mostly because of its elemental composition, cia3 behaved in a substantially different way from all other strains, at low CO2. The lumenal CA thus plays a crucial role, not only for the correct functioning of the CCM, but also for element utilization. Not surprisingly, growth at high CO2 attenuated differences among strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Memmola
- Laboratorio di Fisiologia delle Alghe e delle Piante, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
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Mekhalfi M, Puppo C, Avilan L, Lebrun R, Mansuelle P, Maberly SC, Gontero B. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is regulated by ferredoxin-NADP reductase in the diatom Asterionella formosa. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 203:414-423. [PMID: 24799178 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Diatoms are a widespread and ecologically important group of heterokont algae that contribute c. 20% to global productivity. Previous work has shown that regulation of their key Calvin cycle enzymes differs from that of the Plantae, and that in crude extracts, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) can be inhibited by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate reduced (NADPH) under oxidizing conditions. The freshwater diatom, Asterionella formosa, was studied using enzyme kinetics, chromatography, surface plasmon resonance, mass spectrometry and sequence analysis to determine the mechanism behind this GAPDH inhibition. GAPDH interacted with ferredoxin-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) reductase (FNR) from the primary phase of photosynthesis, and the small chloroplast protein, CP12. Sequences of copurified GAPDH and FNR were highly homologous with published sequences. However, the widespread ternary complex among GAPDH, phosphoribulokinase and CP12 was absent. Activity measurements under oxidizing conditions showed that NADPH can inhibit GAPDH-CP12 in the presence of FNR, explaining the earlier observed inhibition within crude extracts. Diatom plastids have a distinctive metabolism, including the lack of the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway, and so cannot produce NADPH in the dark. The observed down-regulation of GAPDH in the dark may allow NADPH to be rerouted towards other reductive processes contributing to their ecological success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malika Mekhalfi
- Aix-Marseille Université CNRS, BIP UMR 7281, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402, Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Carine Puppo
- Aix-Marseille Université CNRS, BIP UMR 7281, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402, Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Luisana Avilan
- Aix-Marseille Université CNRS, BIP UMR 7281, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402, Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Régine Lebrun
- Plate-forme Protéomique, FR3479, IBiSA Marseille-Protéomique IMM-CNRS, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402, Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Pascal Mansuelle
- Plate-forme Protéomique, FR3479, IBiSA Marseille-Protéomique IMM-CNRS, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402, Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Stephen C Maberly
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lake Ecosystems Group, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4AP, UK
| | - Brigitte Gontero
- Aix-Marseille Université CNRS, BIP UMR 7281, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402, Marseille Cedex 20, France
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Fanesi A, Raven JA, Giordano M. Growth rate affects the responses of the green alga Tetraselmis suecica to external perturbations. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2014; 37:512-519. [PMID: 23927015 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Acclimation to environmental changes involves a modification of the expressed proteome and metabolome. The reproductive advantage associated with the higher fitness that acclimation provides to the new conditions more than compensates for the costs of acclimation. To exploit such an advantage, however, the duration of the perturbation must be sufficiently long relative to the growth rate. Otherwise, a selective pressure may exist in favour of responses that minimize changes in carbon allocation and resource use and do not require reversal of the acclimation after the perturbation ceases (compositional homeostasis). We hypothesize that the choice between acclimation and homeostasis depends on the duration of the perturbation relative to the length of the cell cycle. To test this hypothesis, we cultured the green alga Tetraselmis suecica at two growth rates and subjected the cultures to three environmental perturbations. Carbon allocation was studied with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy; elemental stoichiometry was investigated by total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) spectroscopy. Our data confirmed that growth rate is a crucial factor for C allocation in response to external changes, with a higher degree of compositional homeostasis in cells with lower growth rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Fanesi
- Laboratorio di Fisiologia delle Alghe e delle Piante, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
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Prioretti L, Gontero B, Hell R, Giordano M. Diversity and regulation of ATP sulfurylase in photosynthetic organisms. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:597. [PMID: 25414712 PMCID: PMC4220642 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
ATP sulfurylase (ATPS) catalyzes the first committed step in the sulfate assimilation pathway, the activation of sulfate prior to its reduction. ATPS has been studied in only a few model organisms and even in these cases to a much smaller extent than the sulfate reduction and cysteine synthesis enzymes. This is possibly because the latter were considered of greater regulatory importance for sulfate assimilation. Recent evidences (reported in this paper) challenge this view and suggest that ATPS may have a crucial regulatory role in sulfate assimilation, at least in algae. In the ensuing text, we summarize the current knowledge on ATPS, with special attention to the processes that control its activity and gene(s) expression in algae. Special attention is given to algae ATPS proteins. The focus on algae is the consequence of the fact that a comprehensive investigation of ATPS revealed that the algal enzymes, especially those that are most likely involved in the pathway of sulfate reduction to cysteine, possess features that are not present in other organisms. Remarkably, algal ATPS proteins show a great diversity of isoforms and a high content of cysteine residues, whose positions are often conserved. According to the occurrence of cysteine residues, the ATPS of eukaryotic algae is closer to that of marine cyanobacteria of the genera Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus and is more distant from that of freshwater cyanobacteria. These characteristics might have evolved in parallel with the radiation of algae in the oceans and the increase of sulfate concentration in seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Prioretti
- Laboratory of Algal and Plant Physiology, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle MarcheAncona, Italy
| | - Brigitte Gontero
- Aix-Marseille Université Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, BL' Unité de Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines UMR 7281Marseille, France
| | - Ruediger Hell
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of HeidelbergHeidelberg, Germany
| | - Mario Giordano
- Laboratory of Algal and Plant Physiology, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle MarcheAncona, Italy
- Institute of Microbiology Academy of Sciences of the Czech RepublicTrebon, Czech Republic
- *Correspondence: Mario Giordano, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy e-mail:
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Ratti S, Knoll AH, Giordano M. Grazers and phytoplankton growth in the oceans: an experimental and evolutionary perspective. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77349. [PMID: 24204815 PMCID: PMC3811990 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The taxonomic composition of phytoplankton responsible for primary production on continental shelves has changed episodically through Earth history. Geological correlations suggest that major changes in phytoplankton composition correspond in time to changes in grazing and seawater chemistry. Testing hypotheses that arise from these correlations requires experimentation, and so we carried out a series of experiments in which selected phytoplankton species were grown in treatments that differed with respect to the presence or absence of grazers as well as seawater chemistry. Both protistan (Euplotes sp.) and microarthropod (Acartia tonsa) grazers changed the growth dynamics and biochemical composition of the green alga Tetraselmis suecica, the diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii, and the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp., increasing the specific growth rate and palatability of the eukaryotic algae, while decreasing or leaving unchanged both parameters in the cyanobacteria. Synechococcus (especially) and Thalassiosira produced toxins effective against the copepod, but ciliate growth was unaffected. Acartia induced a 4-6 fold increase of Si cell quota in the diatom, but Euplotes had no similar effect. The differential growth responses of the eukaryotic algae and cyanobacteria to ciliate grazing may help to explain the apparently coeval radiation of eukaryophagic protists and rise of eukaryotes to ecological prominence as primary producers in Neoproterozoic oceans. The experimental results suggest that phytoplankton responses to the later radiation of microarthropod grazers were clade-specific, and included changes in growth dynamics, toxin synthesis, encystment, and (in diatoms) enhanced Si uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Ratti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Andrew H. Knoll
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mario Giordano
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
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