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Yan Y, Zhu X, Qi H, Wang Y, Zhang H, He J. Rice seed storability: From molecular mechanisms to agricultural practices. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 348:112215. [PMID: 39151802 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2024.112215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
The storability of rice seeds is crucial for ensuring flexible planting options, agricultural seed security, and global food safety. With the intensification of global climate change and the constant fluctuations in agricultural production conditions, enhancing the storability of rice seeds has become particularly important. Seed storability is a complex quantitative trait regulated by both genetic and environmental factors. This article reviews the main regulatory mechanisms of rice seed storability, including the accumulation of seed storage proteins, late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins, heat shock proteins, sugar signaling, hormonal regulation by gibberellins and abscisic acid, and the role of the ubiquitination pathway. Additionally, this article explores the improvement of storability using wild rice genes, molecular marker-assisted selection, and gene editing techniques such as CRISPR/Cas9 in rice breeding. By providing a comprehensive scientific foundation and practical guidance, this review aims to promote the development of rice varieties with enhanced storability to meet evolving agricultural demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuntao Yan
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 420128, China
| | - Xiaoya Zhu
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 420128, China
| | - Hui Qi
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 420128, China; Hunan Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Science and Space Breeding, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 420128, China
| | - Haiqing Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 420128, China
| | - Jiwai He
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 420128, China.
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2
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Pirredda M, Fañanás-Pueyo I, Oñate-Sánchez L, Mira S. Seed Longevity and Ageing: A Review on Physiological and Genetic Factors with an Emphasis on Hormonal Regulation. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:41. [PMID: 38202349 PMCID: PMC10780731 DOI: 10.3390/plants13010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Upon storage, seeds inevitably age and lose their viability over time, which determines their longevity. Longevity correlates with successful seed germination and enhancing this trait is of fundamental importance for long-term seed storage (germplasm conservation) and crop improvement. Seed longevity is governed by a complex interplay between genetic factors and environmental conditions experienced during seed development and after-ripening that will shape seed physiology. Several factors have been associated with seed ageing such as oxidative stress responses, DNA repair enzymes, and composition of seed layers. Phytohormones, mainly abscisic acid, auxins, and gibberellins, have also emerged as prominent endogenous regulators of seed longevity, and their study has provided new regulators of longevity. Gaining a thorough understanding of how hormonal signalling genes and pathways are integrated with downstream mechanisms related to seed longevity is essential for formulating strategies aimed at preserving seed quality and viability. A relevant aspect related to research in seed longevity is the existence of significant differences between results depending on the seed equilibrium relative humidity conditions used to study seed ageing. Hence, this review delves into the genetic, environmental and experimental factors affecting seed ageing and longevity, with a particular focus on their hormonal regulation. We also provide gene network models underlying hormone signalling aimed to help visualize their integration into seed longevity and ageing. We believe that the format used to present the information bolsters its value as a resource to support seed longevity research for seed conservation and crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Pirredda
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Av. Puerta de Hierro 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Iris Fañanás-Pueyo
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Luis Oñate-Sánchez
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Sara Mira
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Av. Puerta de Hierro 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain;
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Parmagnani AS, Kanchiswamy CN, Paponov IA, Bossi S, Malnoy M, Maffei ME. Bacterial Volatiles (mVOC) Emitted by the Phytopathogen Erwinia amylovora Promote Arabidopsis thaliana Growth and Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12030600. [PMID: 36978848 PMCID: PMC10045578 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12030600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytopathogens are well known for their devastating activity that causes worldwide significant crop losses. However, their exploitation for crop welfare is relatively unknown. Here, we show that the microbial volatile organic compound (mVOC) profile of the bacterial phytopathogen, Erwinia amylovora, enhances Arabidopsis thaliana shoot and root growth. GC-MS head-space analyses revealed the presence of typical microbial volatiles, including 1-nonanol and 1-dodecanol. E. amylovora mVOCs triggered early signaling events including plasma transmembrane potential Vm depolarization, cytosolic Ca2+ fluctuation, K+-gated channel activity, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) burst from few minutes to 16 h upon exposure. These early events were followed by the modulation of the expression of genes involved in plant growth and defense responses and responsive to phytohormones, including abscisic acid, gibberellin, and auxin (including the efflux carriers PIN1 and PIN3). When tested, synthetic 1-nonanol and 1-dodecanol induced root growth and modulated genes coding for ROS. Our results show that E. amylovora mVOCs affect A. thaliana growth through a cascade of early and late signaling events that involve phytohormones and ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambra S. Parmagnani
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Via Quarello 15/a, 10135 Turin, Italy
| | | | - Ivan A. Paponov
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Simone Bossi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Via Quarello 15/a, 10135 Turin, Italy
| | - Mickael Malnoy
- Research and Innovation Centre, Edmund Mach Foundation, Via Edmund Mach 1, 38098 San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Massimo E. Maffei
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Via Quarello 15/a, 10135 Turin, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-011-670-5967
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Pereira Neto LG, Rossini BC, Marino CL, Toorop PE, Silva EAA. Comparative Seeds Storage Transcriptome Analysis of Astronium fraxinifolium Schott, a Threatened Tree Species from Brazil. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213852. [PMID: 36430327 PMCID: PMC9696909 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Astronium fraxinifolium Schott (Anacardiaceae), also known as a 'gonçalo-alves', is a tree of the American tropics, with distribution in Mexico, part of Central America, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil and Paraguay. In Brazil it is an endangered species that occurs in the Cerrado, Caatinga and in the Amazon biomes. In support of ex situ conservation, this work aimed to study two accessions with different longevity (p50) of A. fraxinifolium collected from two different geographic regions, and to evaluate the transcriptome during aging of the seeds in order to identify genes related to seed longevity. Artificial ageing was performed at a constant temperature of 45 °C and 60% relative humidity. RNA was extracted from 100 embryonic axes exposed to control and aging conditions for 21 days. The transcriptome analysis revealed differentially expressed genes such as Late Embryogenesis Abundant (LEA) genes, genes involved in the photosystem, glycine rich protein (GRP) genes, and several transcription factors associated with embryo development and ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes. Thus, these results contribute to understanding which genes play a role in seed ageing, and may serve as a basis for future functional characterization of the seed aging process in A. fraxinifolium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruno Cesar Rossini
- Biotechnology Institute, São Paulo State University “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Botucatu 18607-440, Brazil
- Correspondence:
| | - Celso Luis Marino
- Biotechnology Institute, São Paulo State University “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Botucatu 18607-440, Brazil
- Departament of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Biosciences Institute, São Paulo State University “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil
| | - Peter E. Toorop
- Department of Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, West Sussex RH17 6TN, UK
| | - Edvaldo Aparecido Amaral Silva
- Departamento de Produção Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu 18610-034, Brazil
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Han G, Qiao Z, Li Y, Yang Z, Wang C, Zhang Y, Liu L, Wang B. RING Zinc Finger Proteins in Plant Abiotic Stress Tolerance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:877011. [PMID: 35498666 PMCID: PMC9047180 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.877011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
RING zinc finger proteins have a conserved RING domain, mainly function as E3 ubiquitin ligases, and play important roles in plant growth, development, and the responses to abiotic stresses such as drought, salt, temperature, reactive oxygen species, and harmful metals. RING zinc finger proteins act in abiotic stress responses mainly by modifying and degrading stress-related proteins. Here, we review the latest progress in research on RING zinc finger proteins, including their structural characteristics, classification, subcellular localization, and physiological functions, with an emphasis on abiotic stress tolerance. Under abiotic stress, RING zinc finger proteins on the plasma membrane may function as sensors or abscisic acid (ABA) receptors in abiotic stress signaling. Some RING zinc finger proteins accumulate in the nucleus may act like transcription factors to regulate the expression of downstream abiotic stress marker genes through direct or indirect ways. Most RING zinc finger proteins usually accumulate in the cytoplasm or nucleus and act as E3 ubiquitin ligases in the abiotic stress response through ABA, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and ethylene signaling pathways. We also highlight areas where further research on RING zinc finger proteins in plants is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoliang Han
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
- Dongying Institute, Shandong Normal University, Dongying, China
| | - Ziqi Qiao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Yuxia Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Zongran Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Chengfeng Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Lili Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Baoshan Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
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Arif MAR, Afzal I, Börner A. Genetic Aspects and Molecular Causes of Seed Longevity in Plants-A Review. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:598. [PMID: 35270067 PMCID: PMC8912819 DOI: 10.3390/plants11050598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Seed longevity is the most important trait related to the management of gene banks because it governs the regeneration cycle of seeds. Thus, seed longevity is a quantitative trait. Prior to the discovery of molecular markers, classical genetic studies have been performed to identify the genetic determinants of this trait. Post-2000 saw the use of DNA-based molecular markers and modern biotechnological tools, including RNA sequence (RNA-seq) analysis, to understand the genetic factors determining seed longevity. This review summarizes the most important and relevant genetic studies performed in Arabidopsis (24 reports), rice (25 reports), barley (4 reports), wheat (9 reports), maize (8 reports), soybean (10 reports), tobacco (2 reports), lettuce (1 report) and tomato (3 reports), in chronological order, after discussing some classical studies. The major genes identified and their probable roles, where available, are debated in each case. We conclude by providing information about many different collections of various crops available worldwide for advanced research on seed longevity. Finally, the use of new emerging technologies, including RNA-seq, in seed longevity research is emphasized by providing relevant examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mian Abdur Rehman Arif
- Wheat Breeding Group, Plant Breeding and Genetics Division, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Irfan Afzal
- Seed Physiology Lab, Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan;
| | - Andreas Börner
- Leibniz-Institute für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK), OT Gatersleben, D-06466 Seeland, Germany
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Julian J, Coego A, Alrefaei AF, Rodriguez PL. Affinity Purification of Ubiquitinated Proteins Using p62-Agarose to Assess Ubiquitination of Clade A PP2Cs. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2462:45-57. [PMID: 35152379 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2156-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Certain E3 ubiquitin ligases play a key role in the abscisic acid (ABA) pathway by targeting clade A type 2C protein phosphatases (PP2Cs) for degradation. At early stages of ABA signaling, degradation of PP2Cs is a complementary step to PP2Cs inhibition by ABA receptors. At later steps, protein levels of PP2Cs are increased as a negative feedback mechanism. Subsequently, E3 ligases targeting PP2Cs are critical to recover the basal PP2C levels and reset the ABA signaling. BTB/POZ AND MATH DOMAIN proteins (BPMs) are substrate adaptors of a multimeric cullin3-RING based E3 ligase and target for degradation clade A PP2Cs. In this chapter, we provide a detailed protocol to assess the ubiquitination of PP2CA, a clade A PP2C, mediated by BPMs using agarose-immobilised p62-derived ubiquitin-associated (UBA) domain, which efficiently binds ubiquitinated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Julian
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas-Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
- Max Perutz Labs, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Alberto Coego
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas-Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Pedro L Rodriguez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas-Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Meng X, Liu J, Zhao M. Genome-wide identification of RING finger genes in flax ( Linum usitatissimum) and analyses of their evolution. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12491. [PMID: 34820204 PMCID: PMC8601054 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Flax (Linum usitatissimum) is an important crop for its seed oil and stem fiber. Really Interesting New Gene (RING) finger genes play essential roles in growth, development, and biotic and abiotic stress responses in plants. However, little is known about these genes in flax. Methods Here, we performed a systematic genome-wide analysis to identify RING finger genes in flax. Results We identified 587 RING domains in 574 proteins and classified them into RING-H2 (292), RING-HCa (181), RING-HCb (23), RING-v (53), RING-C2 (31), RING-D (2), RING-S/T (3), and RING-G (2). These proteins were further divided into 45 groups according to domain organization. These genes were located in 15 chromosomes and clustered into three clades according to their phylogenetic relationships. A total of 312 segmental duplicated gene pairs were inferred from 411 RING finger genes, indicating a major contribution of segmental duplications to the RING finger gene family expansion. The non-synonymous/synonymous substitution ratio of the segmentally duplicated gene pairs was less than 1, suggesting that the gene family was under negative selection since duplication. Further, most RING genes in flax were differentially expressed during seed development or in the shoot apex. This study provides useful information for further functional analysis of RING finger genes in flax and to develop gene-derived molecular markers in flax breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianwen Meng
- The College of Ecological Environmental and Resources, Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of High Value Utilization of Characteristic Economic Plants, Qinghai Tibet Alpine Wetland Restoration Engineering Technology Research Center, Qinghai Minzu University, Xining, China
| | - Jing Liu
- The College of Ecological Environmental and Resources, Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of High Value Utilization of Characteristic Economic Plants, Qinghai Tibet Alpine Wetland Restoration Engineering Technology Research Center, Qinghai Minzu University, Xining, China
| | - Mingde Zhao
- The College of Ecological Environmental and Resources, Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of High Value Utilization of Characteristic Economic Plants, Qinghai Tibet Alpine Wetland Restoration Engineering Technology Research Center, Qinghai Minzu University, Xining, China
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Carrera-Castaño G, Calleja-Cabrera J, Pernas M, Gómez L, Oñate-Sánchez L. An Updated Overview on the Regulation of Seed Germination. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9060703. [PMID: 32492790 PMCID: PMC7356954 DOI: 10.3390/plants9060703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The ability of a seed to germinate and establish a plant at the right time of year is of vital importance from an ecological and economical point of view. Due to the fragility of these early growth stages, their swiftness and robustness will impact later developmental stages and crop yield. These traits are modulated by a continuous interaction between the genetic makeup of the plant and the environment from seed production to germination stages. In this review, we have summarized the established knowledge on the control of seed germination from a molecular and a genetic perspective. This serves as a “backbone” to integrate the latest developments in the field. These include the link of germination to events occurring in the mother plant influenced by the environment, the impact of changes in the chromatin landscape, the discovery of new players and new insights related to well-known master regulators. Finally, results from recent studies on hormone transport, signaling, and biophysical and mechanical tissue properties are underscoring the relevance of tissue-specific regulation and the interplay of signals in this crucial developmental process.
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Sayas E, Pérez-Benavente B, Manzano C, Farràs R, Alejandro S, Del Pozo JC, Ferrando A, Serrano R. Polyamines interfere with protein ubiquitylation and cause depletion of intracellular amino acids: a possible mechanism for cell growth inhibition. FEBS Lett 2018; 593:209-218. [PMID: 30447065 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Spermidine is a polyamine present in eukaryotes with essential functions in protein synthesis. At high concentrations spermidine and norspermidine inhibit growth by unknown mechanisms. Transcriptomic analysis of the effect of norspermidine on the plant Arabidopsis thaliana indicates upregulation of the response to heat stress and denatured proteins. Accordingly, these polyamines inhibit protein ubiquitylation, both in vivo (in yeast, Arabidopsis, and human Hela cells) and in vitro (with recombinant ubiquitin ligase). This interferes with protein degradation by the proteasome, a situation known to deplete cells of amino acids. Norspermidine treatment of yeast cells induces amino acid depletion, and supplementation of media with amino acids counteracts growth inhibition and cellular amino acid depletion but not inhibition of protein polyubiquitylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enric Sayas
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-C.S.I.C., Spain
| | | | - Concepción Manzano
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, U.P.M.-I.N.I.A., Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Farràs
- Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Santiago Alejandro
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-C.S.I.C., Spain
| | | | - Alejandro Ferrando
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-C.S.I.C., Spain
| | - Ramón Serrano
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-C.S.I.C., Spain
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Nisarga KN, Vemanna RS, Kodekallu Chandrashekar B, Rao H, Vennapusa AR, Narasimaha A, Makarla U, Basavaiah MR. Aldo-ketoreductase 1 (AKR1) improves seed longevity in tobacco and rice by detoxifying reactive cytotoxic compounds generated during ageing. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2017; 10:11. [PMID: 28409435 PMCID: PMC5391344 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-017-0148-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maintenance of seed viability is an important factor for seedling vigour and plant establishment. Lipid peroxidation mediated reactive carbonyl compounds (RCC's) and non-enzymatic modifications of proteins through Maillard and Amadori products reduce seed viability and seedling vigour. RESULTS In this study, the relevance of RCCs on genotypic variation in rice seed viability and overexpression of an aldo-ketoreductase (AKR1) enzyme that detoxify cytotoxic compounds to improve seed viability and vigour was studied. Physiological and biochemical approaches were integrated to quantify the variation in seed viability and seedling vigour in rice genotypes after exposing to ageing treatment. AKR1 was overexpressed in a susceptible rice genotype and tobacco to study the relevance of reduced RCC's on seed viability and seedling vigour. The glycation and lipid peroxidation compounds accumulated after accelerated ageing treatments in rice genotypes. The accumulation of malondialdehyde, methyl glyoxal, Maillard and Amadori products affected the seed viability and germination as they showed a significant negative relationship. The transgenic rice and tobacco seeds expressing AKR1 showed lower levels of cytotoxic compounds and glycation products that resulted in improved seed viability and seedling vigour in rice and tobacco. CONCLUSIONS The study demonstrates that, reactive cytotoxic compounds affect the seed viability during storage. Detoxification of reactive cytotoxic compounds by Aldo-keto reductases is one of the mechanisms to improve the seed longevity during storage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ramu S Vemanna
- Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bengaluru, 560065, India
| | | | - Hanumantha Rao
- Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bengaluru, 560065, India
| | | | - Ashwini Narasimaha
- Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bengaluru, 560065, India
| | - Udayakumar Makarla
- Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bengaluru, 560065, India.
| | - Mohan Raju Basavaiah
- Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bengaluru, 560065, India
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12
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Identifying novel fruit-related genes in Arabidopsis thaliana based on the random walk with restart algorithm. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177017. [PMID: 28472169 PMCID: PMC5417634 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Fruit is essential for plant reproduction and is responsible for protection and dispersal of seeds. The development and maturation of fruit is tightly regulated by numerous genetic factors that respond to environmental and internal stimulation. In this study, we attempted to identify novel fruit-related genes in a model organism, Arabidopsis thaliana, using a computational method. Based on validated fruit-related genes, the random walk with restart (RWR) algorithm was applied on a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network using these genes as seeds. The identified genes with high probabilities were filtered by the permutation test and linkage tests. In the permutation test, the genes that were selected due to the structure of the PPI network were discarded. In the linkage tests, the importance of each candidate gene was measured from two aspects: (1) its functional associations with validated genes and (2) its similarity with validated genes on gene ontology (GO) terms and KEGG pathways. Finally, 255 inferred genes were obtained, subsequent extensive analysis of important genes revealed that they mainly contribute to ubiquitination (UBQ9, UBQ8, UBQ11, UBQ10), serine hydroxymethyl transfer (SHM7, SHM5, SHM6) or glycol-metabolism (HXKL2_ARATH, CSY5, GAPCP1), suggesting essential roles during the development and maturation of fruit in Arabidopsis thaliana.
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13
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Genome-wide identification, evolution and expression analysis of RING finger protein genes in Brassica rapa. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40690. [PMID: 28094809 PMCID: PMC5240574 DOI: 10.1038/srep40690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
More and more RING finger genes were found to be implicated in various important biological processes. In the present study, a total of 731 RING domains in 715 predicted proteins were identified in Brassica rapa genome (AA, 2n = 20), which were further divided into eight types: RING-H2 (371), RING-HCa (215), RING-HCb (47), RING-v (44), RING-C2 (38), RING-D (10), RING-S/T (5) and RING-G (1). The 715 RING finger proteins were further classified into 51 groups according to the presence of additional domains. 700 RING finger protein genes were mapped to the 10 chromosomes of B. rapa with a range of 47 to 111 genes for each chromosome. 667 RING finger protein genes were expressed in at least one of the six tissues examined, indicating their involvement in various physiological and developmental processes in B. rapa. Hierarchical clustering analysis of RNA-seq data divided them into seven major groups, one of which includes 231 members preferentially expressed in leaf, and constitutes then a panel of gene candidates for studying the genetic and molecular mechanisms of leafy head traits in Brassica crops. Our results lay the foundation for further studies on the classification, evolution and putative functions of RING finger protein genes in Brassica species.
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Wu X, Ning F, Hu X, Wang W. Genetic Modification for Improving Seed Vigor Is Transitioning from Model Plants to Crop Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:8. [PMID: 28149305 PMCID: PMC5241287 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Although seed vigor is a complex physiological trait controlled by quantitative trait loci, technological advances in the laboratory are being translated into applications for enhancing seed vigor in crop plants. In this article, we summarize and discuss pioneering work in the genetic modification of seed vigor, especially through the over-expression of protein L-isoaspartyl methyltransferase (PIMT, EC 2.1.1.77) in seeds. The impressive success in improving rice seed vigor through the over-expression of PIMT provides a valuable reference for engineering high-vigor seeds for crop production. In recent decades, numerous genes/proteins associated with seed vigor have been identified. It is hoped that such potential candidates may be used in the development of genetically edited crops for a high and stable yield potential in crop production. This possibility is very valuable in the context of a changing climate and increasing world population.
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The Arabidopsis MIEL1 E3 ligase negatively regulates ABA signalling by promoting protein turnover of MYB96. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12525. [PMID: 27615387 PMCID: PMC5027273 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) regulates plant responses to various environmental challenges. Controlled protein turnover is an important component of ABA signalling. Here we show that the RING-type E3 ligase MYB30-INTERACTING E3 LIGASE 1 (MIEL1) regulates ABA sensitivity by promoting MYB96 turnover in Arabidopsis. Germination of MIEL1-deficient mutant seeds is hypersensitive to ABA, whereas MIEL1-overexpressing transgenic seeds are less sensitive. MIEL1 can interact with MYB96, a regulator of ABA signalling, and stimulate its ubiquitination and degradation. Genetic analysis shows that MYB96 is epistatic to MIEL1 in the control of ABA sensitivity in seeds. While MIEL1 acts primarily via MYB96 in seed germination, MIEL1 regulates protein turnover of both MYB96 and MYB30 in vegetative tissues. We find that ABA regulates the expression of MYB30-responsive genes during pathogen infection and this regulation is partly dependent on MIEL1. These results suggest that MIEL1 may facilitate crosstalk between ABA and biotic stress signalling. The phytohormone abscisic acid controls plant responses to environmental stress, partly by regulating protein turnover. Here the authors propose that abscisic acid regulates seed germination by promoting degradation of the MYB96 transcription factor via the MIEL1 E3 ubiquitin (Ub) ligase.
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Bueso E, Muñoz-Bertomeu J, Campos F, Martínez C, Tello C, Martínez-Almonacid I, Ballester P, Simón-Moya M, Brunaud V, Yenush L, Ferrándiz C, Serrano R. Arabidopsis COGWHEEL1 links light perception and gibberellins with seed tolerance to deterioration. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 87:583-596. [PMID: 27227784 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Light is a major regulator of plant growth and development by antagonizing gibberellins (GA), and we provide evidence for a role of light perception and GA in seed coat formation and seed tolerance to deterioration. We have identified two activation-tagging mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana, cog1-2D and cdf4-1D, with improved seed tolerance to deterioration linked to increased expression of COG1/DOF1.5 and CDF4/DOF2.3, respectively. These encode two homologous DOF transcription factors, with COG1 most highly expressed in seeds. Improved tolerance to seed deterioration was reproduced in transgenic plants overexpressing these genes, and loss of function from RNA interference resulted in opposite phenotypes. Overexpressions of COG1 and CDF4 have been described to attenuate various light responses mediated by phytochromes. Accordingly, we found that phyA and phyB mutants exhibit increased seed tolerance to deterioration. The phenotype of tolerance to deterioration conferred by gain of function of COG1 and by loss of function of phytochromes is of maternal origin, is also observed under natural aging conditions and correlates with a seed coat with increased suberin and reduced permeability. In developing siliques of the cog1-2D mutant the expression of the GA biosynthetic gene GA3OX3 and levels of GA1 are higher than in the wild type. These results explain the antagonism between phytochromes and COG1 in terms of the inhibition and the activation, respectively, of GA action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Bueso
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Camino de Vera, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jesús Muñoz-Bertomeu
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Camino de Vera, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco Campos
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Camino de Vera, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Cándido Martínez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Camino de Vera, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carlos Tello
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Camino de Vera, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Irene Martínez-Almonacid
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Camino de Vera, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Patricia Ballester
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Camino de Vera, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Miguel Simón-Moya
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Camino de Vera, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Veronique Brunaud
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Camino de Vera, 46022, Valencia, Spain
- Unité Recherche en Génomique Végétale Plant Genomics, 91057, Evry, France
| | - Lynne Yenush
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Camino de Vera, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Cristina Ferrándiz
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Camino de Vera, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ramón Serrano
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Camino de Vera, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
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Sano N, Rajjou L, North HM, Debeaujon I, Marion-Poll A, Seo M. Staying Alive: Molecular Aspects of Seed Longevity. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:660-74. [PMID: 26637538 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Mature seeds are an ultimate physiological status that enables plants to endure extreme conditions such as high and low temperature, freezing and desiccation. Seed longevity, the period over which seed remains viable, is an important trait not only for plant adaptation to changing environments, but also, for example, for agriculture and conservation of biodiversity. Reduction of seed longevity is often associated with oxidation of cellular macromolecules such as nucleic acids, proteins and lipids. Seeds possess two main strategies to combat these stressful conditions: protection and repair. The protective mechanism includes the formation of glassy cytoplasm to reduce cellular metabolic activities and the production of antioxidants that prevent accumulation of oxidized macromolecules during seed storage. The repair system removes damage accumulated in DNA, RNA and proteins upon seed imbibition through enzymes such as DNA glycosylase and methionine sulfoxide reductase. In addition to longevity, dormancy is also an important adaptive trait that contributes to seed lifespan. Studies in Arabidopsis have shown that the seed-specific transcription factor ABSCISIC ACID-INSENSITIVE3 (ABI3) plays a central role in ABA-mediated seed dormancy and longevity. Seed longevity largely relies on the viability of embryos. Nevertheless, characterization of mutants with altered seed coat structure and constituents has demonstrated that although the maternally derived cell layers surrounding the embryos are dead, they have a significant impact on longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Sano
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Loïc Rajjou
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Helen M North
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Isabelle Debeaujon
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Annie Marion-Poll
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Mitsunori Seo
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397 Japan
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Aklilu BB, Culligan KM. Molecular Evolution and Functional Diversification of Replication Protein A1 in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:33. [PMID: 26858742 PMCID: PMC4731521 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Replication protein A (RPA) is a heterotrimeric, single-stranded DNA binding complex required for eukaryotic DNA replication, repair, and recombination. RPA is composed of three subunits, RPA1, RPA2, and RPA3. In contrast to single RPA subunit genes generally found in animals and yeast, plants encode multiple paralogs of RPA subunits, suggesting subfunctionalization. Genetic analysis demonstrates that five Arabidopsis thaliana RPA1 paralogs (RPA1A to RPA1E) have unique and overlapping functions in DNA replication, repair, and meiosis. We hypothesize here that RPA1 subfunctionalities will be reflected in major structural and sequence differences among the paralogs. To address this, we analyzed amino acid and nucleotide sequences of RPA1 paralogs from 25 complete genomes representing a wide spectrum of plants and unicellular green algae. We find here that the plant RPA1 gene family is divided into three general groups termed RPA1A, RPA1B, and RPA1C, which likely arose from two progenitor groups in unicellular green algae. In the family Brassicaceae the RPA1B and RPA1C groups have further expanded to include two unique sub-functional paralogs RPA1D and RPA1E, respectively. In addition, RPA1 groups have unique domains, motifs, cis-elements, gene expression profiles, and pattern of conservation that are consistent with proposed functions in monocot and dicot species, including a novel C-terminal zinc-finger domain found only in plant RPA1C-like sequences. These results allow for improved prediction of RPA1 subunit functions in newly sequenced plant genomes, and potentially provide a unique molecular tool to improve classification of Brassicaceae species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behailu B. Aklilu
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New HampshireDurham, NH, USA
- Program in Genetics, University of New HampshireDurham, NH, USA
| | - Kevin M. Culligan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New HampshireDurham, NH, USA
- Program in Genetics, University of New HampshireDurham, NH, USA
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Gao Y, Li MY, Zhao J, Zhang YC, Xie QJ, Chen DH. Genome-wide analysis of RING finger proteins in the smallest free-living photosynthetic eukaryote Ostreococus tauri. Mar Genomics 2015; 26:51-61. [PMID: 26751716 DOI: 10.1016/j.margen.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
RING finger proteins and ubiquitination marks are widely involved in diverse aspects of growth and development, biological processes, and stress or environmental responses. As the smallest free-living photosynthetic eukaryote known so far, the green alga Ostreococus tauri has become an excellent model for investigating the origin of different gene families in the green lineage. Here, 65 RING domains in 65 predicted proteins were identified from O. tauri and on the basis of one or more substitutions at the metal ligand positions and spacing between them they were divided into eight canonical or modified types (RING-CH, -H2, -v, -C2, -C3HCHC2, -C2HC5, -C3GC3S, and -C2SHC4), in which the latter four were newly identified and might represent the intermediate states between RING domain and other similar domains, respectively. RING finger proteins were classified into eight classes based on the presence of additional domains, including RING-Only, -Plus, -C3H1, -PHD, -WD40, -PEX, -TM, and -DEXDc classes. These RING family genes usually lack introns and are distributed over 17 chromosomes. In addition, 29 RING-finger proteins in O. tauri share different degrees of homology with those in the model flowering plant Arabidopsis, indicating they might be necessary for the basic survival of free-living eukaryotes. Therefore, our results provide new insight into the general classification and evolutionary conservation of RING domain-containing proteins in O. tauri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Education Department of Hunan Province on Plant Genetics and Molecular Biology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Ming-Yi Li
- Key Laboratory of Education Department of Hunan Province on Plant Genetics and Molecular Biology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Education Department of Hunan Province on Plant Genetics and Molecular Biology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yan-Cui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Education Department of Hunan Province on Plant Genetics and Molecular Biology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Qiu-Jiao Xie
- Key Laboratory of Education Department of Hunan Province on Plant Genetics and Molecular Biology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Dong-Hong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Education Department of Hunan Province on Plant Genetics and Molecular Biology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, International Associated Laboratory of CNRS-Fudan-HUNAU on Plant Epigenome Research, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
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Bueso E, Rodriguez L, Lorenzo-Orts L, Gonzalez-Guzman M, Sayas E, Muñoz-Bertomeu J, Ibañez C, Serrano R, Rodriguez PL. The single-subunit RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligase RSL1 targets PYL4 and PYR1 ABA receptors in plasma membrane to modulate abscisic acid signaling. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 80:1057-71. [PMID: 25330042 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Membrane-delimited events play a crucial role for ABA signaling and PYR/PYL/RCAR ABA receptors, clade A PP2Cs and SnRK2/CPK kinases modulate the activity of different plasma membrane components involved in ABA action. Therefore, the turnover of PYR/PYL/RCARs in the proximity of plasma membrane might be a step that affects receptor function and downstream signaling. In this study we describe a single-subunit RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligase RSL1 that interacts with the PYL4 and PYR1 ABA receptors at the plasma membrane. Overexpression of RSL1 reduces ABA sensitivity and rsl1 RNAi lines that impair expression of several members of the RSL1/RFA gene family show enhanced sensitivity to ABA. RSL1 bears a C-terminal transmembrane domain that targets the E3 ligase to plasma membrane. Accordingly, bimolecular fluorescent complementation (BiFC) studies showed the RSL1-PYL4 and RSL1-PYR1 interaction is localized to plasma membrane. RSL1 promoted PYL4 and PYR1 degradation in vivo and mediated in vitro ubiquitylation of the receptors. Taken together, these results suggest ubiquitylation of ABA receptors at plasma membrane is a process that might affect their function via effect on their half-life, protein interactions or trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Bueso
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022, Valencia, Spain
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