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Wu Y, Fu Y, Zhu Z, Hu Q, Sheng F, Du X. The Mediator Subunit OsMED16 Interacts with the WRKY Transcription Factor OsWRKY45 to Enhance Rice Resistance Against Magnaporthe oryzae. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 17:23. [PMID: 38558163 PMCID: PMC10984912 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-024-00698-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Rice blast, caused by Magnaporthe oryzae (M. oryzae), is one of the most common and damaging diseases of rice that limits rice yield and quality. The mediator complex plays a vital role in promoting transcription by bridging specific transcription factors and RNA polymerase II. Here, we show that the rice mediator subunit OsMED16 is essential for full induction of the diterpenoid phytoalexin biosynthesis genes and resistance to the ascomycetous fungus M. oryzae. Mutants of Osmed16 show reduced expression of the DP biosynthesis genes and are markedly more susceptible to M. oryzae, while transgenic plants overexpressing OsMED16 increased the expression of the DP biosynthesis genes and significantly enhanced resistance to M. oryzae. Interestingly, OsMED16 is physically associated with the WRKY family transcription factor OsWRKY45, which interacts with the phytoalexin synthesis key regulator transcription factor OsWRKY62. Further, OsMED16-OsWRKY45-OsWRKY62 complex could bind to the promoter regions of phytoalexin synthesis-related genes and activate their gene expression. Our results show that OsMED16 may enhance rice tolerance to M. oryzae via directly manipulating phytoalexin de novo biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Yuquan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Zhonglin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Qin Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agri-Biological Resources, Guangxi Key Lab for Sugarcane Biology, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, China.
| | - Feng Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China.
| | - Xuezhu Du
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China.
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Guo W, Li G, Wang N, Yang C, Peng H, Wang M, Liu D. Hen Egg White Lysozyme (HEWL) Confers Resistance to Verticillium Wilt in Cotton by Inhibiting the Spread of Fungus and Generating ROS Burst. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17164. [PMID: 38138993 PMCID: PMC10743298 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Verticillium wilt is a soil-borne vascular disease caused by the fungal pathogen Verticillium dahliae. It causes great harm to upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) yield and quality. A previous study has shown that Hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL) exerts strong inhibitory activity against V. dahliae in vitro. In the current study, we introduced the HEWL gene into cotton through the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, and the exogenous HEWL protein was successfully expressed in cotton. Our study revealed that HEWL was able to significantly inhibit the proliferation of V. dahlia in cotton. Consequently, the overexpression of HEWL effectively improved the resistance to Verticillium wilt in transgenic cotton. In addition, ROS accumulation and NO content increased rapidly after the V. dahliae inoculation of plant leaves overexpressing HEWL. In addition, the expression of the PR genes was significantly up-regulated. Taken together, our results suggest that HEWL significantly improves resistance to Verticillium wilt by inhibiting the growth of pathogenic fungus, triggering ROS burst, and activating PR genes expression in cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfang Guo
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Dehu Liu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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3
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Javed T, Gao SJ. WRKY transcription factors in plant defense. Trends Genet 2023; 39:787-801. [PMID: 37633768 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2023.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Environmental stressors caused by climate change are fundamental barriers to agricultural sustainability. Enhancing the stress resilience of crops is a key strategy in achieving global food security. Plants perceive adverse environmental conditions and initiate signaling pathways to activate precise responses that contribute to their survival. WRKY transcription factors (TFs) are essential players in several signaling cascades and regulatory networks that have crucial implications for defense responses in plants. This review summarizes advances in research concerning how WRKY TFs mediate various signaling cascades and metabolic adjustments as well as how epigenetic modifications involved in environmental stress responses in plants can modulate WRKYs and/or their downstream genes. Emerging research shows that clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein (Cas)-mediated genome editing of WRKYs could be used to improve crop resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talha Javed
- National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - San-Ji Gao
- National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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4
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Zhang L, Yu Y, Zhang M, Rong K, Wu Y, Zhang M, Hu H. Genome-wide identification of xylan glucuronosyltransferase family in cotton and function characterization of GhGUX5 in regulating Verticillium wilt resistance. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:124795. [PMID: 37207759 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Xylan glucuronosyltransferase (GUX) is widely involved in a variety of physiological processes in plants, including plant development, growth and the defense response to pathogens. However, the function of GUX regulators in Verticillium dahliae (V. dahliae) infection has not been considered previously in cotton. Overall, 119 GUX genes were identified from multiple species and were phylogenetically categorized into seven classes. Duplication event analysis indicated that GUXs in Gossypium hirsutum primarily originated from segmental duplication. GhGUXs promoter analysis indicated cis-regulatory elements capable of reacting to several different stresses. RNA-Seq data and qRT-PCR analysis both indicated that most GhGUXs were associated with V. dahliae infection. Gene interaction network analysis showed that GhGUX5 interacted with 11 proteins, and the relative expression of these 11 proteins changed significantly following V. dahliae infection. In addition, silencing and overexpression of GhGUX5 results to enhance and reduce plant's susceptibility to V. dahliae. Further study showed that TRV: GhGUX5 silenced cotton plants exhibited a decrease in the degree of lignification, total lignin content, gene expression levels involved in lignin biosynthesis, and enzyme activity compared with TRV: 00. The above results indicate that GhGUX5 enhances Verticillium wilt resistance through the lignin biosynthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Yongang Yu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Kaikuo Rong
- School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Yanxia Wu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Mingxia Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China.
| | - Haiyan Hu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China.
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Umer MJ, Zheng J, Yang M, Batool R, Abro AA, Hou Y, Xu Y, Gebremeskel H, Wang Y, Zhou Z, Cai X, Liu F, Zhang B. Insights to Gossypium defense response against Verticillium dahliae: the Cotton Cancer. Funct Integr Genomics 2023; 23:142. [PMID: 37121989 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-023-01065-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The soil-borne pathogen Verticillium dahliae, also referred as "The Cotton Cancer," is responsible for causing Verticillium wilt in cotton crops, a destructive disease with a global impact. To infect cotton plants, the pathogen employs multiple virulence mechanisms such as releasing enzymes that degrade cell walls, activating genes that contribute to virulence, and using protein effectors. Conversely, cotton plants have developed numerous defense mechanisms to combat the impact of V. dahliae. These include strengthening the cell wall by producing lignin and depositing callose, discharging reactive oxygen species, and amassing hormones related to defense. Despite the efforts to develop resistant cultivars, there is still no permanent solution to Verticillium wilt due to a limited understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms that drive both resistance and pathogenesis is currently prevalent. To address this challenge, cutting-edge technologies such as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9), host-induced gene silencing (HIGS), and gene delivery via nano-carriers could be employed as effective alternatives to control the disease. This article intends to present an overview of V. dahliae virulence mechanisms and discuss the different cotton defense mechanisms against Verticillium wilt, including morphophysiological and biochemical responses and signaling pathways including jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), ethylene (ET), and strigolactones (SLs). Additionally, the article highlights the significance of microRNAs (miRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in gene expression regulation, as well as the different methods employed to identify and functionally validate genes to achieve resistance against this disease. Gaining a more profound understanding of these mechanisms could potentially result in the creation of more efficient strategies for combating Verticillium wilt in cotton crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Jawad Umer
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, China/National Nanfan, Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, 572025, China
| | - Mengying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Raufa Batool
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Aamir Ali Abro
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Yuqing Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Yanchao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Haileslassie Gebremeskel
- Mehoni Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Yuhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - ZhongLi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Xiaoyan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, China/National Nanfan, Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, 572025, China
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University/Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Anyang, China
| | - Fang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China.
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, China/National Nanfan, Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, 572025, China.
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University/Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Anyang, China.
| | - Baohong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China.
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27858, USA.
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6
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Gao Y, Chen H, Chen D, Hao G. Genetic and evolutionary dissection of melatonin response signaling facilitates the regulation of plant growth and stress responses. J Pineal Res 2023; 74:e12850. [PMID: 36585354 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The expansion of gene families during evolution could generate functional diversity among their members to regulate plant growth and development. Melatonin, a phylogenetically ancient molecule, is vital for many aspects of a plant's life. Understanding the functional diversity of the molecular players involved in melatonin biosynthesis, signaling, and metabolism will facilitate the regulation of plant phenotypes. However, the molecular mechanism of melatonin response signaling elements in regulating this network still has many challenges. Here, we provide an in-depth analysis of the functional diversity and evolution of molecular components in melatonin signaling pathway. Genetic analysis of multiple mutants in plant species will shed light on the role of gene families in melatonin regulatory pathways. Phylogenetic analysis of these genes was performed, which will facilitate the identification of melatonin-related genes for future study. Based on the abovementioned signal networks, the mechanism of these genes was summarized to provide reference for studying the regulatory mechanism of melatonin in plant phenotypes. We hope that this work will facilitate melatonin research in higher plants and finely tuned spatio-temporal regulation of melatonin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, P. R. China
| | - Huimin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dongyu Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, P. R. China
| | - Gefei Hao
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
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7
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Zhu Y, Zhao M, Li T, Wang L, Liao C, Liu D, Zhang H, Zhao Y, Liu L, Ge X, Li B. Interactions between Verticillium dahliae and cotton: pathogenic mechanism and cotton resistance mechanism to Verticillium wilt. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1174281. [PMID: 37152175 PMCID: PMC10161258 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1174281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Cotton is widely grown in many countries around the world due to the huge economic value of the total natural fiber. Verticillium wilt, caused by the soil-borne pathogen Verticillium dahliae, is the most devastating disease that led to extensive yield losses and fiber quality reduction in cotton crops. Developing resistant cotton varieties through genetic engineering is an effective, economical, and durable strategy to control Verticillium wilt. However, there are few resistance gene resources in the currently planted cotton varieties, which has brought great challenges and difficulties for breeding through genetic engineering. Further revealing the molecular mechanism between V. dahliae and cotton interaction is crucial to discovering genes related to disease resistance. In this review, we elaborated on the pathogenic mechanism of V. dahliae and the resistance mechanism of cotton to Verticillium wilt. V. dahliae has evolved complex mechanisms to achieve pathogenicity in cotton, mainly including five aspects: (1) germination and growth of microsclerotia; (2) infection and successful colonization; (3) adaptation to the nutrient-deficient environment and competition of nutrients; (4) suppression and manipulation of cotton immune responses; (5) rapid reproduction and secretion of toxins. Cotton has evolved multiple physiological and biochemical responses to cope with V. dahliae infection, including modification of tissue structures, accumulation of antifungal substances, homeostasis of reactive oxygen species (ROS), induction of Ca2+ signaling, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades, hormone signaling, and PAMPs/effectors-triggered immune response (PTI/ETI). This review will provide an important reference for the breeding of new cotton germplasm resistant to Verticillium wilt through genetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutao Zhu
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, China
- *Correspondence: Yutao Zhu, ; Bingbing Li,
| | - Mei Zhao
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, China
| | - Taotao Li
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, China
| | - Lianzhe Wang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, China
| | - Chunli Liao
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, China
| | - Dongxiao Liu
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, China
| | - Huamin Zhang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, China
| | - Yanpeng Zhao
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lisen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Xiaoyang Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Bingbing Li
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, China
- *Correspondence: Yutao Zhu, ; Bingbing Li,
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Yang QQ, Hua WP, Zou HL, Yang JX, Wang XZ, Zhang T, Wang DH, Zhu XJ, Cao XY. Overexpression of SmLAC25 promotes lignin accumulation and decreases salvianolic acid content in Salvia miltiorrhiza. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 325:111462. [PMID: 36126879 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Laccase (LAC) is a blue multicopper oxidase that contains four copper ions, which is involved in lignin polymerization and flavonoid biosynthesis in plants. Although dozens of LAC genes have been identified in Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (a model medicinal plant), most have not been functionally characterized. Here, we explored the expression patterns and the functionality of SmLAC25 in S. miltiorrhiza. SmLAC25 has a higher expression level in roots and responds to methyl jasmonate, auxin, abscisic acid, and gibberellin stimuli. The SmLAC25 protein is localized in the cytoplasm and chloroplasts. Recombinant SmLAC25 protein could oxidize coniferyl alcohol and sinapyl alcohol, two monomers of G-lignin and S-lignin. To investigate its function, we generated SmLAC25-overexpressed S. miltiorrhiza plantlets and hairy roots. The lignin content increased significantly in all SmLAC25-overexpressed plantlets and hairy roots, compared with the controls. However, the concentrations of rosmarinic acid and salvianolic acid B decreased significantly in all the SmLAC25-overexpressed lines. Further studies revealed that the transcription levels of some key enzyme genes in the lignin synthesis pathway (e.g., SmCCR and SmCOMT) were significantly improved in the SmLAC25-overexpressed lines, while the expression levels of multiple enzyme genes in the salvianolic acid biosynthesis pathway were inhibited. We speculated that the overexpression of SmLAC25 promoted the metabolic flux of lignin synthesis, which resulted in a decreased metabolic flux to the salvianolic acid biosynthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Qian Yang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Wen-Ping Hua
- College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Shaanxi Xueqian Normal University, Xi'an 710100, China
| | - Hao-Lan Zou
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Jia-Xin Yang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Xiang-Zeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Dong-Hao Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Xiao-Jia Zhu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China.
| | - Xiao-Yan Cao
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China.
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Xiao S, Wu Y, Xu S, Jiang H, Hu Q, Yao W, Zhang M. Field evaluation of TaDREB2B-ectopic expression sugarcane ( Saccharum spp. hybrid) for drought tolerance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:963377. [PMID: 36388609 PMCID: PMC9664057 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.963377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Sugarcane is one of the most crucial sugar crops globally that supplies the main raw material for sugar and ethanol production, but drought stress causes a severe decline in sugarcane yield worldwide. Enhancing sugarcane drought resistance and reducing yield and quality losses is an ongoing challenge in sugarcane genetic improvement. Here, we introduced a Tripidium arundinaceum dehydration-responsive element-binding transcription factor (TaDREB2B) behind the drought-responsible RD29A promoter into a commercial sugarcane cultivar FN95-1702 and subsequently conducted a series of drought tolerance experiments and investigation of agronomic and quality traits. Physiological analysis indicated that Prd29A: TaDREB2B transgenic sugarcane significantly confers drought tolerance in both the greenhouses and the field by enhancing water retention capacity and reducing membrane damage without compromising growth. These transgenic plants exhibit obvious improvements in yield performance and various physiological traits under the limited-irrigation condition in the field, such as increasing 41.9% yield and 44.4% the number of ratooning sugarcane seedlings. Moreover, Prd29A: TaDREB2B transgenic plants do not penalize major quality traits, including sucrose content, gravity purity, Brix, etc. Collectively, our results demonstrated that the Prd29A-TaDREB2B promoter-transgene combination will be a useful biotechnological tool for the increase of drought tolerance and the minimum of yield losses in sugarcane.
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Zhou H, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Xie Y, Nadeem H, Tang C. Flagellin C decreases the expression of the Gossypium hirsutum cation/proton exchanger 3 gene to promote calcium ion, hydrogen peroxide, and nitric oxide and synergistically regulate the resistance of cotton to Verticillium wilt. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:969506. [PMID: 36212377 PMCID: PMC9532700 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.969506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
To date, no ideal effective method for controlling Verticillium wilt in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) has been defined. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects and mechanism through which flagellin C (FLiC) regulates the Gossypium hirsutum cation/proton exchanger 3 gene (GhCAX3), induces plant immunity, and increases resistance to Verticillium wilt. The FLiC gene was cloned from an endophytic bacterium (Pseudomonas) isolated from roots of the upland cotton cultivar Zhongmiansuo 41. The biocontrol effects of FLiC purified in vitro on resistant and susceptible upland cotton cultivars were 47.50 and 32.42%, respectively. FLiC induced a hypersensitive response (HR) in leaves of tobacco and immune responses in upland cotton. Transcriptome data showed that treatment with FLiC significantly enriched the calcium antiporter activity-associated disease-resistant metabolic pathway in seedlings. Moreover, FLiC downregulated GhCAX3 expression to increase intracellular calcium ion (Ca2+) content and stimulate increases in the intracellular hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and nitric oxide (NO) contents. The coordinated regulation of Ca2+, H2O2, and NO enhanced cotton resistance to Verticillium wilt. Furthermore, transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing FLiC showed significantly improved resistance to Verticillium wilt. FLiC may be used as a resistance gene and a regulator to improve resistance to Verticillium dahliae (VD) in upland cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yihao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Yijing Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hasan Nadeem
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Canming Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Jabran M, Chen D, Muhae-Ud-Din G, Liu T, Chen W, Liu C, Gao L. Metabolomic Analysis of Wheat Grains after Tilletia laevis Kühn Infection by Using Ultrahigh-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Q-Exactive Mass Spectrometry. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12090805. [PMID: 36144210 PMCID: PMC9502932 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12090805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tilletia laevis causes common bunt disease in wheat, with severe losses of production yield and seed quality. Metabolomics studies provide detailed information about the biochemical changes at the cell and tissue level of the plants. Ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography–Q-exactive mass spectrometry (UPLC-QE-MS) was used to examine the changes in wheat grains after T. laevis infection. PCA analysis suggested that T. laevis-infected and non-infected samples were scattered separately during the interaction. In total, 224 organic acids and their derivatives, 170 organoheterocyclic compounds, 128 lipids and lipid-like molecules, 85 organic nitrogen compounds, 64 benzenoids, 31 phenylpropanoids and polyketides, 21 nucleosides, nucleotides, their analogues, and 10 alkaloids and derivatives were altered in hyphal-infected grains. According to The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and genomes analysis, the protein digestion and absorption, biosynthesis of amino acids, arginine and proline metabolism, vitamin digestion and absorption, and glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism pathways were activated in wheat crops after T. laevis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Jabran
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Delai Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Longdong University, Qingyang 745000, China
- College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Ghulam Muhae-Ud-Din
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Taiguo Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wanquan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Changzhong Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Li Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence:
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Cardoni M, Gómez-Lama Cabanás C, Valverde-Corredor A, Villar R, Mercado-Blanco J. Unveiling Differences in Root Defense Mechanisms Between Tolerant and Susceptible Olive Cultivars to Verticillium dahliae. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:863055. [PMID: 35548299 PMCID: PMC9083224 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.863055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Verticillium wilt of olive (VWO), caused by the soil-borne vascular pathogen Verticillium dahliae, is one of the most devastating diseases affecting olive, the woody crop. One of the best VWO management measures is the use of tolerant cultivars. Yet, our knowledge about defense mechanisms that operate at the root level to explain tolerance to this disease is incomplete. Moreover, most of the approaches so far followed focus only on a specific mechanistic level (e.g., genetic, physiological, or biochemical) rather than on a holistic/multilevel perspective. In this study, eighteen root functional traits, the time-course expression of nine defense-related genes, the root lignin content, and the root membrane permeability were evaluated in six olive varieties differing in their level of tolerance/susceptibility to VWO. The aim was to find links between the level of tolerance to VWO and specific root defense mechanisms at the structural, genetic, biochemical, and physiological levels. Tolerant and susceptible cultivars showed substantial differences in the root system architecture and root lignin content. VWO-susceptible cultivars presented roots with higher specific length and area, but lower diameter and larger number of forks and tips compared to tolerant varieties that also showed less branched roots, higher root diameter, and larger basal content of lignin. Interestingly, VWO-tolerant varieties significantly increased their root lignin content and root membrane permeability after inoculation with V. dahliae. These results were seldom (or not at all) observed in the susceptible plants. At the genetic level, genes related to defense mechanisms, such as cell wall lignin biosynthesis (C4H and CO-MT), production of hydrolytic enzymes able to degrade the fungal cell wall (β-1.3-glucanase), and activation of innate immunity (BAK1 and WRKY5) increased their expression in tolerant cultivars from early moments after inoculation, in contrast to the susceptible ones. These results showed that differences in the root system architecture and lignin content may greatly determine the performance of olive against colonization and invasion by V. dahliae. Moreover, the increase in root membrane permeability in the presence of the pathogen was a typical response of tolerant cultivars. Finally, VWO-tolerant cultivars were able to mount a more intense and rapid defense-related genetic response to respond to the attack by V. dahliae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Cardoni
- Department of Crop Protection, Institute for Sustainable Agriculture (CSIC), Córdoba, Spain
| | | | | | - Rafael Villar
- Department of Botany, Ecology and Plant Physiology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Jesús Mercado-Blanco
- Department of Crop Protection, Institute for Sustainable Agriculture (CSIC), Córdoba, Spain
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Zhu Y, Hu X, Wang P, Wang H, Ge X, Li F, Hou Y. GhODO1, an R2R3-type MYB transcription factor, positively regulates cotton resistance to Verticillium dahliae via the lignin biosynthesis and jasmonic acid signaling pathway. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 201:580-591. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.01.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Li H, Zhang S, Zhao Y, Zhao X, Xie W, Guo Y, Wang Y, Li K, Guo J, Zhu QH, Zhang X, Jia KP, Miao Y. Identification and Characterization of Cinnamyl Alcohol Dehydrogenase Encoding Genes Involved in Lignin Biosynthesis and Resistance to Verticillium dahliae in Upland Cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:840397. [PMID: 35574065 PMCID: PMC9096875 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.840397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Verticillium wilt, caused by the soil-borne fungus Verticillium dahliae, is one of the most devastating diseases in cotton (Gossypium spp.). Lignin in the cell wall forms a physical barrier to inhibit pathogen invasion, and defense-induced lignification reinforces secondary cell wall to prevent pathogens from further spreading. Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenases (CADs) catalyze the production of three main monolignols, p-coumaryl- (H), coniferyl- (G), and sinapyl-alcohols (S), which are the fundamental blocks of lignin. Here, we identified CAD genes in G. hirsutum, analyzed their expression profiles in cotton leaf, stem, and root from different developmental stages, and selected GhCAD35, GhCAD45, and GhCAD43, which were consistently induced by V. dahliae inoculation in G. hirsutum cultivars resistant or susceptible to V. dahliae. On the basis of confirmation of the in vitro enzymatic activity of the three proteins in generation of the three monolignols, we used virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) to investigate the effects of silencing of GhCAD35, GhCAD45, or GhCAD43 on resistance to V. dahliae as well as on deposition and the composition of lignin. Silencing each of the three CADs impaired the defense-induced lignification and salicylic acid biosynthesis in stem, and compromised resistance to V. dahliae. Moreover, our study showed that silencing the three GhCADs severely affected the biosynthesis of S-lignin, leading to a decrease of the syringyl/guaiacyl (S/G) ratio. Heterogeneous overexpression of GhCAD35, GhCAD45, or GhCAD43 in Arabidopsis enhanced disease resistance. Taken together, our study demonstrates a role of the three GhCADs in defense-induced lignin biosynthesis and resistance to V. dahliae in G. hirsutum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haipeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Shulin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Innovation and Practice Base for Postdoctors, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, China
| | - Yunlei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xulong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Wenfei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yutao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yujie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Kun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jinggong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Qian-Hao Zhu
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Xuebin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Kun-Peng Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- *Correspondence: Kun-Peng Jia,
| | - Yuchen Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Yuchen Miao,
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Sulfur Induces Resistance against Canker Caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidae via Phenolic Components Increase and Morphological Structure Modification in the Kiwifruit Stems. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212185. [PMID: 34830066 PMCID: PMC8625120 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial canker caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa) has led to considerable losses in all major kiwifruit-growing areas. There are no commercial products in the market to effectively control this disease. Therefore, the defense resistance of host plants is a prospective option. In our previous study, sulfur could improve the resistance of kiwifruit to Psa infection. However, the mechanisms of inducing resistance remain largely unclear. In this study, disease severity and protection efficiency were tested after applying sulfur, with different concentrations in the field. The results indicated that sulfur could reduce the disease index by 30.26 and 31.6 and recorded high protection efficiency of 76.67% and 77.00% after one and two years, respectively, when the concentration of induction treatments was 2.0 kg/m3. Ultrastructural changes in kiwifruit stems after induction were demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and the activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and the accumulation of lignin were determined by biochemical analyses. Our results showed that the morphological characteristics of trichomes and lenticels of kiwifruit stem were in the best defensive state respectively when the sulfur concentration was 3.0 kg/m3 and 1.5 kg/m3. Meanwhile, in the range of 0.5 to 2.0 kg/m3, the sulfur could promote the chloroplast and mitochondria of kiwifruit stems infected with Psa to gradually return to health status, increasing the thickness of the cell wall. In addition, sulfur increased the activities of PAL, POD and PPO, and promoted the accumulation of lignin in kiwifruit stems. Moreover, the sulfur protection efficiency was positively correlated with PPO activity (p < 0.05) and lignin content (p < 0.01), which revealed that the synergistic effect of protective enzyme activity and the phenolic metabolism pathway was the physiological effect of sulfur-induced kiwifruit resistance to Psa. This evidence highlights the importance of lignin content in kiwifruit stems as a defense mechanism in sulfur-induced resistance. These results suggest that sulfur enhances kiwifruit canker resistance via an increase in phenolic components and morphology structure modification in the kiwifruit stems. Therefore, this study could provide insights into sulfur to control kiwifruit canker caused by Psa.
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Hu Q, Ao C, Wang X, Wu Y, Du X. GhWRKY1-like, a WRKY transcription factor, mediates drought tolerance in Arabidopsis via modulating ABA biosynthesis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:458. [PMID: 34625048 PMCID: PMC8501554 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03238-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drought stress has great negative effects on the plant growth and development. The tolerance of plants to such abiotic stress is triggered by complicated and multilayered signaling pathways to restore cellular homeostasis and to promote survival. The WRKY family is one of the largest transcription factor families in higher plants, and has been well recognized for the roles in regulating plants tolerance to abiotic and biotic stress. However, little is known about how the WRKY genes regulate drought resistance in cotton. RESULTS In this work, we identified the WRKY transcription factor GhWRKY1-like from upland cotton as a positive regulator of tolerance to drought that directly manipulates abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis. Overexpression of GhWRKY1-like in Arabidopsis constitutively activated ABA biosynthesis genes, signaling genes, responsive genes and drought related maker genes, and led to enhanced tolerance to drought. Further analysis has shown that GhWRKY1-like can interact with "W-box" cis-elements of the promoters of AtNCED2, AtNCED5, AtNCED6 and AtNCED9 which are essential enzymes for ABA biosynthesis, and promotes the expression of those target genes. CONCLUSIONS In summary, our findings suggest that GhWRKY1-like may act as a positive regulator in Arabidopsis tolerance to drought via directly interacting with the promoters of AtNCED2, AtNCED5, AtNCED6 and AtNCED9 to promote ABA biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Chuanwei Ao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaorui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Yanfei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Xuezhu Du
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, China.
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Metabolomics analysis of grains of wheat infected and noninfected with Tilletia controversa Kühn. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18876. [PMID: 34556726 PMCID: PMC8460654 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98283-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dwarf bunt caused by the pathogen Tilletia controversa Kühn is one of the most serious quarantine diseases of winter wheat. Metabolomics studies provide detailed information about the biochemical changes at the cell and tissue levels of plants. In the present study, a liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) metabolomics approach was used to investigate the changes in the grain metabolomics of infected and noninfected with T. controversa samples. PCA suggested that T. controversa-infected and noninfected samples were separated during the interaction. LC/MS analysis showed that 62 different metabolites were recorded in the grains, among which a total of 34 metabolites were upregulated and 28 metabolites were downregulated. Prostaglandins (PGs) and 9-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acids (9-HODEs) are fungal toxin-related substances, and their expression significantly increased in T. controversa-infected grains. Additionally, the concentrations of cucurbic acid and octadecatrienoic acid changed significantly after pathogen infection, which play a large role in plant defense. The eight different metabolic pathways activated during T. controversa and wheat plant interactions included phenylalanine metabolism, isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis, starch and sucrose metabolism, tyrosine metabolism, sphingolipid metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism, and tryptophan metabolism. In conclusion, we found differences in the metabolic profiles of wheat grains after T. controversa infection. To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the metabolites in wheat grains after T. controversa infection.
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De la Rubia AG, Mélida H, Centeno ML, Encina A, García-Angulo P. Immune Priming Triggers Cell Wall Remodeling and Increased Resistance to Halo Blight Disease in Common Bean. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10081514. [PMID: 34451558 PMCID: PMC8401974 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The cell wall (CW) is a dynamic structure extensively remodeled during plant growth and under stress conditions, however little is known about its roles during the immune system priming, especially in crops. In order to shed light on such a process, we used the Phaseolus vulgaris-Pseudomonas syringae (Pph) pathosystem and the immune priming capacity of 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid (INA). In the first instance we confirmed that INA-pretreated plants were more resistant to Pph, which was in line with the enhanced production of H2O2 of the primed plants after elicitation with the peptide flg22. Thereafter, CWs from plants subjected to the different treatments (non- or Pph-inoculated on non- or INA-pretreated plants) were isolated to study their composition and properties. As a result, the Pph inoculation modified the bean CW to some extent, mostly the pectic component, but the CW was as vulnerable to enzymatic hydrolysis as in the case of non-inoculated plants. By contrast, the INA priming triggered a pronounced CW remodeling, both on the cellulosic and non-cellulosic polysaccharides, and CW proteins, which resulted in a CW that was more resistant to enzymatic hydrolysis. In conclusion, the increased bean resistance against Pph produced by INA priming can be explained, at least partially, by a drastic CW remodeling.
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