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Davies KM, Andre CM, Kulshrestha S, Zhou Y, Schwinn KE, Albert NW, Chagné D, van Klink JW, Landi M, Bowman JL. The evolution of flavonoid biosynthesis. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20230361. [PMID: 39343026 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The flavonoid pathway is characteristic of land plants and a central biosynthetic component enabling life in a terrestrial environment. Flavonoids provide tolerance to both abiotic and biotic stresses and facilitate beneficial relationships, such as signalling to symbiont microorganisms, or attracting pollinators and seed dispersal agents. The biosynthetic pathway shows great diversity across species, resulting principally from repeated biosynthetic gene duplication and neofunctionalization events during evolution. Such events may reflect a selection for new flavonoid structures with novel functions that enable occupancy of varied ecological niches. However, the biochemical and genetic diversity of the pathway also likely resulted from evolution along parallel trends across land plant lineages, producing variant compounds with similar biological functions. Analyses of the wide range of whole-plant genome sequences now available, particularly for archegoniate plants, have enabled proposals on which genes were ancestral to land plants and which arose within the land plant lineages. In this review, we discuss the emerging proposals for how the flavonoid pathway may have evolved and diversified. This article is part of the theme issue 'The evolution of plant metabolism'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Davies
- Private Bag 11600, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited , Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Christelle M Andre
- Private Bag 92169, Auckland Mail Centre, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited , Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Samarth Kulshrestha
- Private Bag 11600, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited , Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Yanfei Zhou
- Private Bag 11600, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited , Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Kathy E Schwinn
- Private Bag 11600, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited , Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Nick W Albert
- Private Bag 11600, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited , Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - David Chagné
- Private Bag 11600, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited , Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - John W van Klink
- Department of Chemistry, Otago University, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited , Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Marco Landi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa , Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - John L Bowman
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University , Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, Monash University , Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
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Ma D, Guo Y, Ali I, Lin J, Xu Y, Yang M. Accumulation characteristics of plant flavonoids and effects of cultivation measures on their biosynthesis: A review. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 215:108960. [PMID: 39079230 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
Flavonoids, a kind of secondary metabolites with both edible, medicinal and antioxidant purposes, could be widely used in food, drug processing, forest products, chemical industry and many other fields. Flavonoid production in plant organs were influenced by numerous internal and external factors at various stages, leading to differential gene expression and transcription factors activity. This study reviews the characteristics of major flavonoids categories, their distribution and accumulation in different plant parts and analyzing their molecular mechanisms. The results showed that: (1) Flavonoids exhibited wide distribution in all parts of the plants, with higher concentrations found in shoots system compared to roots sytem, across most species (predominantly accumulated in leaves and flowers). Plant sex, specific growth and development stages are both impacting indicators; (2) Cultivation methods and abiotic stress could affect plants flavonoid biosynthesis, while inappropriate physical treatments and cultivation methods induced stress in plants, prompting the activation of antioxidant mechanisms for flavonoid synthesis as a defence strategy via indirect pathways; (3) Various key genes and transcription factors collaboratively influenced key enzymes activities and regulate flavonoid biosynthesis, forming a complex regulatory network among these genes and transcription factors; (4) Further studies are required to elucidate whether flavonoid synthesis under various cultivation measures follows direct or indirect pathways. Furthermore, exploring methods for flavonoid biosynthesis and accumulation in specific organs or tissues, as well as identifying plant tissues and microorganisms with high efficiency in flavonoid biosynthesis, is essential for achieving targeted cultivation of plants and quantitative flavonoid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daocheng Ma
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory for Cultivation and Utilization of Subtropical Forest Plantation, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Yanmei Guo
- Guangxi State-Owned Qipo Forest Farm, Nanning, Guangxi, 530225, China
| | - Izhar Ali
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory for Cultivation and Utilization of Subtropical Forest Plantation, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Jireng Lin
- Guangxi State-Owned Qipo Forest Farm, Nanning, Guangxi, 530225, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xu
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory for Cultivation and Utilization of Subtropical Forest Plantation, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China.
| | - Mei Yang
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory for Cultivation and Utilization of Subtropical Forest Plantation, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China.
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Li Z, You L, Du X, Yang H, Yang L, Zhu Y, Li L, Jiang Z, Li Q, He N, Lin R, Chen Z, Ni H. New strategies to study in depth the metabolic mechanism of astaxanthin biosynthesis in Phaffia rhodozyma. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2024:1-19. [PMID: 38797672 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2024.2344578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Astaxanthin, a ketone carotenoid known for its high antioxidant activity, holds significant potential for application in nutraceuticals, aquaculture, and cosmetics. The increasing market demand necessitates a higher production of astaxanthin using Phaffia rhodozyma. Despite extensive research efforts focused on optimizing fermentation conditions, employing mutagenesis treatments, and utilizing genetic engineering technologies to enhance astaxanthin yield in P. rhodozyma, progress in this area remains limited. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the current understanding of rough metabolic pathways, regulatory mechanisms, and preliminary strategies for enhancing astaxanthin yield. However, further investigation is required to fully comprehend the intricate and essential metabolic regulation mechanism underlying astaxanthin synthesis. Specifically, the specific functions of key genes, such as crtYB, crtS, and crtI, need to be explored in detail. Additionally, a thorough understanding of the action mechanism of bifunctional enzymes and alternative splicing products is imperative. Lastly, the regulation of metabolic flux must be thoroughly investigated to reveal the complete pathway of astaxanthin synthesis. To obtain an in-depth mechanism and improve the yield of astaxanthin, this review proposes some frontier methods, including: omics, genome editing, protein structure-activity analysis, and synthetic biology. Moreover, it further elucidates the feasibility of new strategies using these advanced methods in various effectively combined ways to resolve these problems mentioned above. This review provides theory and method for studying the metabolic pathway of astaxanthin in P. rhodozyma and the industrial improvement of astaxanthin, and provides new insights into the flexible combined use of multiple modern advanced biotechnologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Li
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering Technology, Xiamen, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
- Food Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Research Center of Fujian University, People's Republic of China
| | - Li You
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering Technology, Xiamen, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
- Food Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Research Center of Fujian University, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiping Du
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering Technology, Xiamen, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
- Food Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Research Center of Fujian University, People's Republic of China
| | - Haoyi Yang
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering Technology, Xiamen, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
- Food Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Research Center of Fujian University, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Yang
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering Technology, Xiamen, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
- Food Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Research Center of Fujian University, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanbing Zhu
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering Technology, Xiamen, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
- Food Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Research Center of Fujian University, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijun Li
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering Technology, Xiamen, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
- Food Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Research Center of Fujian University, People's Republic of China
| | - Zedong Jiang
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering Technology, Xiamen, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
- Food Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Research Center of Fujian University, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingbiao Li
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering Technology, Xiamen, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
- Food Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Research Center of Fujian University, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning He
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Lin
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, and Research and Development Center for Ocean Observation Technologies, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Hui Ni
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering Technology, Xiamen, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
- Food Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Research Center of Fujian University, People's Republic of China
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Magadán-Corpas P, Ye S, Braune A, Villar CJ, Lombó F. Optimization of flavanonols heterologous biosynthesis in Streptomyces albidoflavus, and generation of auronols. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1378235. [PMID: 38605703 PMCID: PMC11007074 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1378235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Aromadendrin and taxifolin are two flavanonols (derived from the precursor naringenin) displaying diverse beneficial properties for humans. The carbon skeleton of these flavonoids may be transformed by the human gastrointestinal microbiota into other compounds, like auronols, which exert different and interesting biological activities. While research in flavonoids has become a certainly extensive field, studies about auronols are still scarce. In this work, different versions of the key plant enzyme for flavanonols biosynthesis, The flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H), has been screened for selecting the best one for the de novo production of these compounds in the bacterial factory Streptomyces albidoflavus UO-FLAV-004-NAR, a naringenin overproducer strain. This screening has rendered 2.6 μg/L of aromadendrin and 2.1 mg/L of taxifolin final production titers. Finally, the expression of the chalcone isomerase (CHI) from the gut bacterium Eubacterium ramulus has rendered a direct conversion (after feeding experiments) of 38.1% of (+)-aromadendrin into maesopsin and 74.6% of (+)-taxifolin into alphitonin. Moreover, de novo heterologous biosynthesis of 1.9 mg/L of alphitonin was accomplished by means of a co-culture strategy of a taxifolin producer S. albidoflavus and a CHI-expressing Escherichia coli, after the observation of the high instability of alphitonin in the culture medium. This study addresses the significance of culture time optimization and selection of appropriate enzymes depending on the desired final product. To our knowledge, this is the first time that alphitonin de novo production has been accomplished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Magadán-Corpas
- Research Group BIONUC (Biotechnology of Nutraceuticals and Bioactive Compounds), Departamento de Biología Funcional, Área de Microbiología, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- IUOPA (Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias), Oviedo, Spain
- ISPA (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Suhui Ye
- Research Group BIONUC (Biotechnology of Nutraceuticals and Bioactive Compounds), Departamento de Biología Funcional, Área de Microbiología, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- IUOPA (Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias), Oviedo, Spain
- ISPA (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Annett Braune
- Research Group Intestinal Microbiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Claudio J. Villar
- Research Group BIONUC (Biotechnology of Nutraceuticals and Bioactive Compounds), Departamento de Biología Funcional, Área de Microbiología, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- IUOPA (Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias), Oviedo, Spain
- ISPA (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Felipe Lombó
- Research Group BIONUC (Biotechnology of Nutraceuticals and Bioactive Compounds), Departamento de Biología Funcional, Área de Microbiología, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- IUOPA (Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias), Oviedo, Spain
- ISPA (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias), Oviedo, Spain
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Wang TW, Tan J, Li LY, Yang Y, Zhang XM, Wang JR. Combined analysis of inorganic elements and flavonoid metabolites reveals the relationship between flower quality and maturity of Sophora japonica L. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1255637. [PMID: 38046598 PMCID: PMC10691490 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1255637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Flos Sophorae (FS), or the dried flower buds of Sophora japonica L., is widely used as a food and medicinal material in China. The quality of S. japonica flowers varies with the developmental stages (S1-S5) of the plant. However, the relationship between FS quality and maturity remains unclear. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization-triple quadrupole-linear ion trap mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-Q TRAP-MS/MS) were used to analyze inorganic elements and flavonoid metabolites, respectively. A combined analysis of the inorganic elements and flavonoid metabolites in FS was conducted to determine the patterns of FS quality formation. Sixteen inorganic elements and 173 flavonoid metabolites that accumulated at different developmental stages were identified. Notably, 54 flavonoid metabolites associated with the amelioration of major human diseases were identified, and Ca, P, K, Fe, and Cu were postulated to influence flavonoid metabolism and synthesis. This study offers a novel perspective and foundation for the further exploration of the rules governing the quality of plant materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Wang Wang
- Three Grade Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Chemistry, Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Sub-Center of National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Tan
- Three Grade Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Chemistry, Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Sub-Center of National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Long-Yun Li
- Three Grade Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Chemistry, Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Sub-Center of National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Yang
- Three Grade Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Chemistry, Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Zhang
- Three Grade Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Chemistry, Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing, China
| | - Ji-Rui Wang
- Three Grade Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Chemistry, Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Sub-Center of National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Chongqing, China
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