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Quintana-González de Chaves M, Montero-Gomez N, Álvarez-Acosta C, Hernández-Suárez E, Hervalejo A, Arjona-López JM, Arenas-Arenas FJ. The Combination of Citrus Rootstock and Scion Cultivar Influences Trioza erytreae (Hemiptera: Triozidae) Survival, Preference Choice and Oviposition. INSECTS 2024; 15:363. [PMID: 38786919 PMCID: PMC11122159 DOI: 10.3390/insects15050363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Trioza erytreae (Del Guercio, 1918) (Hemiptera: Triozidae) is a citrus pest which produces gall symptoms on leaves and transmits bacteria associated with the citrus disease Huanglongbing, 'Candidatus Liberibacter' spp. In the present work, the biology and behaviour of T. erytreae were studied in different rootstock-cultivar combinations. Six rootstocks were used, Flying dragon (FD), 'Cleopatra' mandarin (CL), Carrizo citrange (CC), Forner-Alcaide no.5 (FA5), Forner-Alcaide no.517 (FA517) and Citrus macrophylla (CM), and six scion cultivars: 'Star Ruby', 'Clemenules', 'Navelina', 'Valencia Late', 'Fino 49' and 'Ortanique'. Survival and oviposition were evaluated in a no-choice trial, and preference in a choice trial, all of them under greenhouse conditions. Trioza erytreae did not show a clear settle preference for any citrus combination. However, it was able to lay more eggs in 'Fino 49' grafted on CC than on FD. In terms of survival, 'Ortanique' grafted onto FA5 was more suitable than when grafted onto FA517, and in the case of 'Valencia Late', when it was grafted onto CM rather than CC. Our results showed that T. erytreae behave differently depending on the citrus combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Quintana-González de Chaves
- Unidad de Protección Vegetal, Instituto Canario de Investigaciones Agrarias (ICIA), Ctra. El Boquerón s/n, 38270 La Laguna, Spain; (M.Q.-G.d.C.); (N.M.-G.)
| | - Nancy Montero-Gomez
- Unidad de Protección Vegetal, Instituto Canario de Investigaciones Agrarias (ICIA), Ctra. El Boquerón s/n, 38270 La Laguna, Spain; (M.Q.-G.d.C.); (N.M.-G.)
| | - Carlos Álvarez-Acosta
- Departamento de Producción Vegetal en Zonas Tropicales y Subtropicales, Instituto Canario de Investigaciones Agrarias (ICIA), Ctra. El Boquerón s/n, 38270 La Laguna, Spain;
| | - Estrella Hernández-Suárez
- Unidad de Protección Vegetal, Instituto Canario de Investigaciones Agrarias (ICIA), Ctra. El Boquerón s/n, 38270 La Laguna, Spain; (M.Q.-G.d.C.); (N.M.-G.)
| | - Aurea Hervalejo
- Department of Agri-Food Engineering and Technology, Andalusian Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research and Training (IFAPA), “Las Torres” Center, Ctra. Sevilla-Cazalla de la Sierra km. 12.2, 41200 Alcalá del Río, Spain; (A.H.); (J.M.A.-L.); (F.J.A.-A.)
| | - Juan M. Arjona-López
- Department of Agri-Food Engineering and Technology, Andalusian Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research and Training (IFAPA), “Las Torres” Center, Ctra. Sevilla-Cazalla de la Sierra km. 12.2, 41200 Alcalá del Río, Spain; (A.H.); (J.M.A.-L.); (F.J.A.-A.)
| | - Francisco J. Arenas-Arenas
- Department of Agri-Food Engineering and Technology, Andalusian Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research and Training (IFAPA), “Las Torres” Center, Ctra. Sevilla-Cazalla de la Sierra km. 12.2, 41200 Alcalá del Río, Spain; (A.H.); (J.M.A.-L.); (F.J.A.-A.)
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Li Y, Ma R, Gao C, Li Z, Zheng Y, Fang F, Wang C, Li G, Du X, Xu C, Xu M, Liu R, Deng X, Zheng Z. Integrated bacterial transcriptome and host metabolome analysis reveals insights into " Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus" population dynamics in the fruit pith of three citrus cultivars with different tolerance. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0405223. [PMID: 38440971 PMCID: PMC10986616 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04052-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
"Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus" (CLas), the causal agent of citrus Huanglongbing (HLB), is able to multiply to a high abundance in citrus fruit pith. However, little is known about the biological processes and phytochemical substances that are vital for CLas colonization and growth in fruit pith. In this study, CLas-infected fruit pith of three citrus cultivars ("Shatangju" mandarin, "Guanxi" pomelo, and "Shatian" pomelo) exhibiting different tolerance to CLas were collected and used for dual RNA-Seq and untargeted metabolome analysis. Comparative transcriptome analysis found that the activation of the CLas noncyclic TCA pathway and pathogenic-related effectors could contribute to the colonization and growth of CLas in fruit pith. The pre-established Type 2 prophage in the CLas genome and the induction of its CRISPR/cas system could enhance the phage resistance of CLas and, in turn, facilitate CLas population growth in fruit pith. CLas infection caused the accumulation of amino acids that were correlated with tolerance to CLas. The accumulation of most sugars and organic acids in CLas-infected fruit pith, which could be due to the phloem blockage caused by CLas infection, was thought to be beneficial for CLas growth in localized phloem tissue. The higher levels of flavonoids and terpenoids in the fruit pith of CLas-tolerant cultivars, particularly those known for their antimicrobial properties, could hinder the growth of CLas. This study advances our understanding of CLas multiplication in fruit pith and offers novel insight into metabolites that could be responsible for tolerance to CLas or essential to CLas population growth.IMPORTANCECitrus Huanglongbing (HLB, also called citrus greening disease) is a highly destructive disease currently threatening citrus production worldwide. HLB is caused by an unculturable bacterial pathogen, "Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus" (CLas). However, the mechanism of CLas colonization and growth in citrus hosts is poorly understood. In this study, we utilized the fruit pith tissue, which was able to maintain the CLas at a high abundance, as the materials for dual RNA-Seq and untargeted metabolome analysis, aiming to reveal the biological processes and phytochemical substances that are vital for CLas colonization and growth. We provided a genome-wide CLas transcriptome landscape in the fruit pith of three citrus cultivars with different tolerance and identified the important genes/pathways that contribute to CLas colonization and growth in the fruit pith. Metabolome profiling identified the key metabolites, which were mainly affected by CLas infection and influenced the population dynamic of CLas in fruit pith.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruifeng Ma
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Meizhou Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Meizhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chenying Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziyi Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongqin Zheng
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fang Fang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guohua Li
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Meizhou Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Meizhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaozhen Du
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Meizhou Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Meizhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Changbao Xu
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Meirong Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Meizhou Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Meizhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoling Deng
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zheng Zheng
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Zhang J, Sun M, Elmaidomy AH, Youssif KA, Zaki AMM, Hassan Kamal H, Sayed AM, Abdelmohsen UR. Emerging trends and applications of metabolomics in food science and nutrition. Food Funct 2023; 14:9050-9082. [PMID: 37740352 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo01770b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
The study of all chemical processes involving metabolites is known as metabolomics. It has been developed into an essential tool in several disciplines, such as the study of plant physiology, drug development, human diseases, and nutrition. The field of food science, diagnostic biomarker research, etiological analysis in the field of medical therapy, and raw material quality, processing, and safety have all benefited from the use of metabolomics recently. Food metabolomics includes the use of metabolomics in food production, processing, and human diets. As a result of changing consumer habits and the rising of food industries all over the world, there is a remarkable increase in interest in food quality and safety. It requires the employment of various technologies for the food supply chain, processing of food, and even plant breeding. This can be achieved by understanding the metabolome of food, including its biochemistry and composition. Additionally, Food metabolomics can be used to determine the similarities and differences across crop kinds, as an indicator for tracking the process of ripening to increase crops' shelf life and attractiveness, and identifying metabolites linked to pathways responsible for postharvest disorders. Moreover, nutritional metabolomics is used to investigate the connection between diet and human health through detection of certain biomarkers. This review assessed and compiled literature on food metabolomics research with an emphasis on metabolite extraction, detection, and data processing as well as its applications to the study of food nutrition, food-based illness, and phytochemical analysis. Several studies have been published on the applications of metabolomics in food but further research concerning the use of standard reproducible procedures must be done. The results published showed promising uses in the food industry in many areas such as food production, processing, and human diets. Finally, metabolome-wide association studies (MWASs) could also be a useful predictor to detect the connection between certain diseases and low molecular weight biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianye Zhang
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Mingna Sun
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Abeer H Elmaidomy
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
| | - Khayrya A Youssif
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, El-Saleheya El Gadida University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Adham M M Zaki
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Hossam Hassan Kamal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, 7 Universities Zone, New Minia 61111, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Sayed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University, 62513 Beni-Suef, Egypt.
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Almaaqal University, 61014 Basra, Iraq
| | - Usama Ramadan Abdelmohsen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt.
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, 7 Universities Zone, New Minia 61111, Egypt
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Li Y, Tan Z, Wang X, Hou L. Metabolic changes and potential biomarkers in " Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum"-infected potato psyllids: implications for psyllid-pathogen interactions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1204305. [PMID: 37538064 PMCID: PMC10394617 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1204305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Psyllid yellows, vein-greening (VG), and zebra chip (ZC) diseases, which are primarily transmitted by potato psyllid (PoP) carrying Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum (CLso), have caused significant losses in solanaceous crop production worldwide. Pathogens interact with their vectors at the organic and cellular levels, while the potential changes that may occur at the biochemical level are less well reported. In this study, the impact of CLso on the metabolism of PoP and the identification of biomarkers from infected psyllids were examined. Using ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) analysis, metabolomic changes in CLso-infected psyllids were compared to uninfected ones. A total of 34 metabolites were identified as potential biomarkers of CLso infection, which were primarily related to amino acid, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism. The significant increase in glycerophospholipids is thought to be associated with CLso evading the insect vector's immune defense. Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry Imaging (MALDI-MSI) was used to map the spatial distribution of these biomarkers, revealing that 15-keto-Prostaglandin E2 and alpha-D-Glucose were highly expressed in the abdomen of uninfected psyllids but down-regulated in infected psyllids. It is speculated that this down-regulation may be due to CLso evading surveillance by immune suppression in the PoP midgut. Overall, valuable biochemical information was provided, a theoretical basis for a better understanding of psyllid-pathogen interactions was offered, and the findings may aid in breaking the transmission cycle of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yelin Li
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiqing Tan
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, China
| | - Xiaolan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Adaptation and Molecular Design, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liping Hou
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
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Yu Q, Dai F, Russo R, Guha A, Pierre M, Zhuo X, Wang YZ, Vincent C, Gmitter FG. Phenotypic and Genetic Variation in Morphophysiological Traits in Huanglongbing-Affected Mandarin Hybrid Populations. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:42. [PMID: 36616171 PMCID: PMC9824356 DOI: 10.3390/plants12010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB) caused by 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' (CLas) is the most costly disease for the global citrus industry. Currently, no effective tools have been found to control HLB. Most commercial citrus varieties are susceptible to HLB, though some citrus hybrid cultivars have reduced sensitivity to the disease. Citrus breeding populations contain a large diversity of germplasm, with thousands of unique genotypes exhibiting a broad range of phenotypes. Understanding phenotypic variation and genetic inheritance in HLB-affected mandarin hybrid populations are crucial for breeding tolerant citrus varieties. In this study, we assessed 448 diverse mandarin hybrids coming from 30 crosses, and 45 additional accessions. For HLB tolerance, we measured HLB severity visual score and CLas titers by qPCR. We also measured seven morphophysiological traits indirectly related to HLB tolerance with leaf area index (LAI), leaf area (LA), leaf mass per area (LMA), photosystem II parameters (Fv/Fo, Fv/Fm), and photochemical performance index (PIabs). By estimating the genetic variation in five half-sib families, we estimated the heritability of phenotypic traits and found a significant genetic effect on HLB visual score and photosynthesis parameters, which indicates opportunities for the genetic improvement of HLB tolerance. In addition, although it is easy to identify infected trees based on HLB symptomatic leaves, visually phenotyping whole trees can be difficult and inconsistent due to the interpersonal subjectivity of characterization. We investigated their relationships and found that LAI was highly correlated with HLB score, with correlation coefficients of r = 0.70 and r = 0.77 for the whole population and five half-sib families, respectively. Photochemical parameters showed significant correlation with HLB severity and responded differentially with the side of the canopy. Our study suggests that LAI and photochemical parameters could be used as a rapid and cost-effective method to evaluate HLB tolerance and inheritance in citrus breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qibin Yu
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA
| | - Fanwei Dai
- Institute of Sericulture and Agricultural Products Processing, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510610, China
| | - Riccardo Russo
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA
| | - Anirban Guha
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA
| | - Myrtho Pierre
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA
| | - Xiaokang Zhuo
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA
| | - Yuanzhi Zimmy Wang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA
| | - Christopher Vincent
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA
| | - Frederick G. Gmitter
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA
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MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry for the Diagnosis of Citrus Canker Caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27248947. [PMID: 36558076 PMCID: PMC9781495 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Citrus canker, caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc), is a disease that causes serious problems to the global citrus industry. Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight (MALDI-TOF) Mass Spectrometry (MS) has been used in human medicine to diagnose various diseases caused by both fungi and bacteria. In agriculture, this technique has potential for the diagnosis of diseases due to the low cost of large-scale analysis and quickness. This study showed that MALDI-TOF MS combined with chemometric analysis was effective for differentiating the macromolecule profile of orange leaves with canker lesions, healthy leaves, and leaves with phytotoxicity symptoms, proving that this technique may be used for the rapid diagnosis of citrus canker.
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Integrated Transcriptome and Metabolome Analysis Reveals Phenylpropanoid Biosynthesis and Phytohormone Signaling Contribute to " Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus" Accumulation in Citrus Fruit Piths (Fluffy Albedo). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415648. [PMID: 36555287 PMCID: PMC9779719 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
"Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus" (CLas) is a phloem-restricted α-proteobacterium that is associated with citrus huanglongbing (HLB), which is the most destructive disease that affects all varieties of citrus. Although midrib is usually used as a material for CLas detection, we recently found that the bacterium was enriched in fruits, especially in the fruit pith. However, no study has revealed the molecular basis of these two parts in responding to CLas infection. Therefore, we performed transcriptome and UHPLC-MS-based targeted and untargeted metabolomics analyses in order to organize the essential genes and metabolites that are involved. Transcriptome and metabolome characterized 4834 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 383 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) between the two materials, wherein 179 DEGs and 44 DAMs were affected by HLB in both of the tissues, involving the pathways of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, phytohormone signaling transduction, starch and sucrose metabolism, and photosynthesis. Notably, we discovered that the gene expression that is related to beta-glucosidase and endoglucanase was up-regulated in fruits. In addition, defense-related gene expression and metabolite accumulation were significantly down-regulated in infected fruits. Taken together, the decreased amount of jasmonic acid, coupled with the reduced accumulation of phenylpropanoid and the increased proliferation of indole-3-acetic acid, salicylic acid, and abscisic acid, compared to leaf midribs, may contribute largely to the enrichment of CLas in fruit piths, resulting in disorders of photosynthesis and starch and sucrose metabolism.
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Fernandes HP, Salomé-Abarca LF, Gonçalves Pereira R, Brandão Seibert J, Silva-Junior GJ, Das Graças Fernandes da Silva MF, Choi YH. Metabolomic Investigation of Citrus latifolia and the Putative Role of Coumarins in Resistance to Black Spot Disease. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:934401. [PMID: 35813812 PMCID: PMC9263546 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.934401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrus black spot (CBS) is a disease caused by the fungus Phyllosticta citricarpa that affects citrus plants, causing fruit blemish and premature drop that result in severe economic losses in commercial citrus orchards. However, CBS symptoms and effects may vary depending on the citrus species: Citrus limon (lemon) is susceptible and highly affected by the disease, while no CBS-related damage has ever been observed for Citrus latifolia (Tahiti lime), implying that it must be resistant to the disease. The difference in the response to this disease provided the opportunity to gain insight into the metabolites responsible for the resistance by comparison of the metabolomic profiles of these two citrus species. Metabolic variations of C. limon and C. latifolia inoculated with P. citricarpa were analyzed using various metabolomic-based platforms including 1H NMR for overall metabolic profiling, and LC-MS and HPTLC for targeted analysis. The 1H NMR spectra of the samples demonstrated that certain phenolics were strongly induced after pathogenic inoculation, especially in the resistant species. The induced phenolics were identified from C. latifolia by further 1H NMR, LCMS and HPTLC analysis yielding six prenylated and methoxy coumarins, i.e., 5,7-dimethoxycoumarin, 5-geranyloxy-7-methoxycoumarin, 7-geranyloxycoumarin, 8-methoxypsoralen, 5,8-dimethoxypsoralen and 5-geranyloxypsoralen. These isolated coumarins and a coumarin-rich fraction were tested against the fungal pathogen, P. citricarpa, to evaluate their activity. None of the individual coumarins exhibited a significant inhibition, while the coumarin fraction exhibited a strong antifungal activity suggesting a synergistic interaction of its components. To obtain further insight into the roles of these compounds in the plant defense, the possible mechanisms of the individual coumarins were tested using an in-silico model, the PASS Online Tool; the analysis showed that each coumarin appeared to have a unique defense mechanism, even with very slight variations in the chemical structures. The results could provide evidence of the existence of a complex plant defense mechanism consisting in a multitude of synergistic interactions between compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hocelayne Paulino Fernandes
- Natural Products Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
- Natural Products Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Janaína Brandão Seibert
- Natural Products Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | | | | | - Young Hae Choi
- Natural Products Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
- College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Young Hae Choi,
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Nehela Y, Killiny N. Not Just a Cycle: Three gab Genes Enable the Non-Cyclic Flux Toward Succinate via GABA Shunt in ' Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus'-Infected Citrus. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2022; 35:200-214. [PMID: 34775834 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-21-0241-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Although the mitochondria retain all required enzymes for an intact tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, plants might shift the cyclic flux from the TCA cycle to an alternative noncyclic pathway via γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) shunt under specific physiological conditions. We hypothesize that several genes may ease this noncyclic flux and contribute to the citrus response to the phytopathogenic bacterium 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus', the causal agent of Huanglongbing in citrus. To test this hypothesis, we used multiomics techniques (metabolomics, fluxomics, and transcriptomics) to investigate the potential roles of putative gab homologies from Valencia sweet orange (Citrus sinensis). Our findings showed that 'Ca. L. asiaticus' significantly increased the endogenous GABA and succinate content but decreased ketoglutarate in infected citrus plants. Citrus genome harbors three putative gab genes, including amino-acid permease (also known as GABA permease; CsgabP), GABA transaminase (CsgabT), and succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (also known as GABA dehydrogenase; CsgabD). The transcript levels of CsgabP, CsgabT, and CsgabD were upregulated in citrus leaves upon the infection with 'Ca. L. asiaticus' and after the exogenous application of GABA or deuterium-labeled GABA isotope (GABA-D6). Moreover, our finding showed that exogenously applied GABA is quickly converted to succinate and fed into the TCA cycle. Likewise, the fluxomics study showed that GABA-D6 is rapidly metabolized to succinate-D4. Our work proved that GABA shunt and three predicated gab genes from citrus, support the upstream noncyclic flux toward succinate rather than an intact TCA cycle and contribute to citrus defense responses to 'Ca. L. asiaticus'.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser Nehela
- Department of Plant Pathology, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Rd., Lake Alfred, FL 33850, U.S.A
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Nabil Killiny
- Department of Plant Pathology, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Rd., Lake Alfred, FL 33850, U.S.A
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Survey for ' Candidatus Liberibacter' and ' Candidatus Phytoplasma' in Citrus in Chile. Pathogens 2021; 11:pathogens11010048. [PMID: 35055996 PMCID: PMC8781817 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The considerable economic losses in citrus associated with ‘Candidatus Liberibacter’ and ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma’ presence have alerted all producing regions of the world. In Chile, none of these bacteria have been reported in citrus species. During the years 2017 and 2019, 258 samples presenting symptoms similar to those associated with the presence of these bacteria were examined. No detection of ‘Ca. Liberibacter’ associated with “huanglongbing” disease was obtained in the tested samples; therefore, this quarantine pest is maintained as absent in Chile. However, 14 plants resulted positive for phytoplasmas enclosed in subgroups 16SrV-A (12 plants) and 16SrXIII-F (2 plants). Although they have been found in other plant species, this is the first report of these phytoplasmas in citrus worldwide.
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11
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Zhou Y, Tang Y, Hu C, Zhan T, Zhang S, Cai M, Zhao X. Soil applied Ca, Mg and B altered phyllosphere and rhizosphere bacterial microbiome and reduced Huanglongbing incidence in Gannan Navel Orange. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 791:148046. [PMID: 34118675 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB) caused by 'Ca. Liberibacter. Asiaticus (Clas)' is one of the destructive diseases for citrus, threatening the development of citrus industry. Adopting a proper fertilization method instead of using pesticides seems particularly important, which would contribute to a sustainable development of orchard. In this study, the impact of soil application of nutrients combined with foliar spray of macro- and micro-nutrients on the incidence of HLB and the phyllosphere and rhizosphere bacterial microbiome was investigated in Gannan Navel Orange orchard from 2015 to 2018. Compared with the control (T1), the yield of Gannan Navel Orange in all other treatments applied with macro- and micro-nutrients increased significantly in 2018 (by 20.5%-45.8%), but not in the first two years (2016-17). Among treatments, Ca + Mg + B application in soil (T2) showed the highest yield and lowest HLB incidence. According to the PCR results, CLas was negative in T2 but positive in the control, which directly proved HLB incidence was reduced with Ca + Mg + B application in soil. Moreover, 16S rRNA sequencing was used to characterize rhizosphere and phyllosphere microbial communities. Results showed that microbial biodiversity was increased and microbial community structure was altered in T2 treatment, of which the beneficial bacteria were enriched in phyllosphere and rhizosphere. The results of PICRUSt showed that in T2 treatment, rhizosphere microbe contained more membrane transport (ABC transporters) genes, while, carbohydrate metabolism genes were enriched in the control rhizosphere due to HLB obstruct the photosynthetic metabolite transport. In summary, results indicated that macro- and micro-nutrients application improved the yield of Gannan Navel Orange and soil application of Ca + Mg + B reduced HLB incidence by altering microbial community structure and increasing microbial biodiversity. This study developed an environment-friendly way to reduce HLB incidence and improve the yield of citrus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Zhou
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New-Type Fertilizer, Wuhan 430070, China; Research Center of Trace Elements, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yanni Tang
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New-Type Fertilizer, Wuhan 430070, China; Research Center of Trace Elements, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chengxiao Hu
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New-Type Fertilizer, Wuhan 430070, China; Research Center of Trace Elements, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ting Zhan
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New-Type Fertilizer, Wuhan 430070, China; Research Center of Trace Elements, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Simin Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New-Type Fertilizer, Wuhan 430070, China; Research Center of Trace Elements, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Miaomiao Cai
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New-Type Fertilizer, Wuhan 430070, China; Research Center of Trace Elements, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiaohu Zhao
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New-Type Fertilizer, Wuhan 430070, China; Research Center of Trace Elements, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Wuhan 430070, China.
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12
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Deng H, Zhang Y, Reuss L, Suh JH, Yu Q, Liang G, Wang Y, Gmitter FG. Comparative Leaf Volatile Profiles of Two Contrasting Mandarin Cultivars against Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus Infection Illustrate Huanglongbing Tolerance Mechanisms. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:10869-10884. [PMID: 34499509 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c02875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB), presumably caused by Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CaLas), is a devastating citrus disease worldwide. While all citrus are affected by HLB, some cultivars display greater tolerance; however, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Here, volatile changes in HLB-tolerant LB8-9 Sugar Belle (SB) and HLB-sensitive Murcott mandarins after CaLas infection were comprehensively compared to determine if specific volatiles are associated with HLB responses and to discern the underlying tolerance mechanisms. These cultivars emitted qualitatively and quantitatively different volatiles in response to HLB induced by artificial graft or natural psyllid inoculation. Increasing amounts of total volatiles and de novo-synthesized new volatiles were two key responses to HLB of both cultivars. Markers potentially associated with HLB and host susceptibility were identified. Terpenoid biosynthetic pathway, green leaf volatile, and thymol metabolic pathways responsive to CaLas infection were dramatically altered. SB mandarin allows simultaneous defense and growth, contributing to its greater HLB tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghong Deng
- College of Horticulture, Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Horticultural Science, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida 33850, United States
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Horticultural Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Horticultural Science, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida 33850, United States
| | - Laura Reuss
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida 33850, United States
| | - Joon Hyuk Suh
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida 33850, United States
| | - Qibin Yu
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Horticultural Science, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida 33850, United States
| | - Guolu Liang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Horticultural Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida 33850, United States
| | - Fred G Gmitter
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Horticultural Science, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida 33850, United States
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13
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Vrancheva RZ, Dincheva IN, Aneva IY, Pavlov AI. Metabolite profiling by means of GC-MS combined with principal component analyses of natural populations of Nectaroscordum siculum ssp. bulgaricum (Janka) Stearn. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 75:451-457. [PMID: 32706756 DOI: 10.1515/znc-2020-0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Nectaroscordum siculum ssp. bulgaricum (Janka) Stearn (Allium siculum subsp. dioscoridis (Sm.) K. Richt.) is a traditional culinary spice from South-East Europe. Studies of N. siculum have focused mainly on the botanical and taxonomic characteristics of this species and there is no data available in the scientific literature about its metabolite profile. Thus, the aim of the current study was metabolite profiling of four wild populations of N. siculum grown in Bulgaria by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and subsequent principal component analysis (PCA) of the data obtained. The identified primary metabolites (carbohydrates, amino acids, organic acids and lipids) are initial compounds for the biosynthesis of different plant secondary metabolites, such as polyphenols and flavour compounds with valuable biological activities for humans. The health benefits of the phenolic acids identified in this study have been a prerequisite for the implementation of N. siculum in different food systems in order to increase their quality and biological value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radka Z Vrancheva
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Physical chemistry, University of Food Technologies-Plovdiv, 26 Maritza blvd., 4002, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Ivayla N Dincheva
- AgroBioInstitute, Agricultural Academy, 8 Dragan Tsankov blvd, 1164, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ina Y Aneva
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research at the Bulgarian Academy of Science, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Atanas I Pavlov
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Physical chemistry, University of Food Technologies-Plovdiv, 26 Maritza blvd., 4002, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.,Laboratory of Applied Biotechnologies, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 139 Ruski blvd, 4000, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
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14
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Munir S, Ahmed A, Li Y, He P, Singh BK, He P, Li X, Asad S, Wu Y, He Y. The hidden treasures of citrus: finding Huanglongbing cure where it was lost. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 42:634-649. [PMID: 34325576 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1942780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB), a deadly citrus disease which has significantly downsized the entire industry worldwide. The intractable and incurable disease has brought the citriculture an enormous loss of productivity. With no resistant varieties available, failure of chemical treatments despite repeated applications, and hazardous consequences to environmental health, have led to large-scale research to find a sustainable cure. Inside plants, the key determinants of health and safety, live the endophytic microbes. Endophytes possess unrivaled plant benefiting properties. The progression of HLB is known to cause disturbance in endophytic bacterial communities. Given the importance of the plant endophytic microbiome in disease progression, the notion of engineering microbiomes through indigenous endophytes is attracting scientific attention which is considered revolutionary as it precludes the incompatibility concerns associated with the use of alien (microbes from other plant species) endophytes. In this review, we briefly discuss the transformation of the plant-pathogen-environment to the plant-pathogen-microbial system in a disease triangle. We also argue the employment of indigenous endophytes isolated from a healthy state to engineer the diseased citrus endophytic microbiomes that can provide sustainable solution for vascular pathogens. We evaluated the plethora of microbiomes responses to the re-introduction of endophytes which leads to disease resistance in the citrus host. The idea is not merely confined to citrus-HLB, but it is globally applicable for tailoring a customized cure for general plant-pathogen systems particularly for the diseases caused by the vascular system-restricted pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahzad Munir
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Ayesha Ahmed
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Yongmei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Pengbo He
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Brajesh K Singh
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith South, Australia.,Global Centre for Land Based Innovation, Western Sydney University, Penrith South, Australia
| | - Pengfei He
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Xingyu Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Suhail Asad
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Yixin Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, P. R. China.,College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Yueqiu He
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, P. R. China
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15
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GC-MS Metabolic Profile and α-Glucosidase-, α-Amylase-, Lipase-, and Acetylcholinesterase-Inhibitory Activities of Eight Peach Varieties. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26144183. [PMID: 34299456 PMCID: PMC8306053 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The inhibition of certain digestive enzymes by target food matrices represents a new approach in the treatment of socially significant diseases. Proving the ability of fruits to inhibit such enzymes can support the inclusion of specific varieties in the daily diets of patients with diabetes, obesity, Alzheimer's disease, etc., providing them with much more than just valuable micro- and macromolecules. The current study aimed atidentifying and comparing the GC-MS metabolic profiles of eight peach varieties ("Filina", "Ufo 4, "Gergana", "Laskava", "July Lady", "Flat Queen", "Evmolpiya", and "Morsiani 90") grown in Bulgaria (local and introduced) and to evaluate the inhibitory potential of their extracts towards α-glucosidase, α-amylase, lipase, and acetylcholinesterase. In order to confirm samples' differences or similarities, principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were also applied to the identified metabolites. The results provide important insights into the metabolomic profiles of the eight peach varieties and represent a first attempt to characterize the peels of the peach varieties with respect to α-glucosidase-, α-amylase-, lipase-, and acetylcholinesterase-inhibitory activities. All of the studied peach extracts displayed inhibitory activity towards α-glucosidase (IC50: 125-757 mg/mL) and acetylcholinesterase (IC50: 60-739 mg/mL), but none of them affected α-amylase activity. Five of the eight varieties showed inhibitory activity towards porcine pancreatic lipase (IC50: 24-167 mg/mL). The obtained results validate the usefulness of peaches and nectarines as valuable sources of natural agents beneficial for human health, although further detailed investigation should be performed in order to thoroughly identify the enzyme inhibitors responsible for each activity.
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16
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Vrancheva R, Ivanov I, Dincheva I, Badjakov I, Pavlov A. Triterpenoids and Other Non-Polar Compounds in Leaves of Wild and Cultivated Vaccinium Species. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10010094. [PMID: 33466549 PMCID: PMC7824881 DOI: 10.3390/plants10010094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the current study was to identify and quantify triterpenoids and other non-polar compounds in the leaves of three high bush blueberry cultivars (Vaccinium corymbosum L. var. Bluegold, var. Bluecrop and var. Elliott) and three natural populations of Vaccinium species (Vaccinium uliginosum L., Vaccinium myrtillus L. and Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.) by means of gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector (HPLC-DAD). Metabolite profiles differed significantly among the Vaccinium species analyzed, as well as among the populations of the same species. The populations of V. vitis-idaea predominantly contained relative concentrations of phytosterols (varying between 10.48% of total ion current (TIC) and 22.29% of TIC) and almost twice the content of triterpenes (from 29.84% of TIC to 49.62% of TIC) of the other berry species investigated. The leaves of V. corymbosum varieties biosynthesized the highest relative amount of fatty acids, while the leaves of the populations of V. uliginosum had the highest relative concentrations of fatty alcohols. The results of principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) showed that the diverse populations of each berry species analyzed differed from each other, most likely due to variations in the climatic and geographical conditions of their localities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radka Vrancheva
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Physical Chemistry, University of Food Technologies, 26 Maritza Blvd., 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria;
| | - Ivan Ivanov
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Food Technologies, 26 Maritza Blvd., 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria;
| | - Ivayla Dincheva
- AgroBioInstitute, Agricultural Academy, 8 Dr. Tsankov Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria; (I.D.); (I.B.)
| | - Ilian Badjakov
- AgroBioInstitute, Agricultural Academy, 8 Dr. Tsankov Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria; (I.D.); (I.B.)
| | - Atanas Pavlov
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Physical Chemistry, University of Food Technologies, 26 Maritza Blvd., 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria;
- Laboratory of Cell Biosystems, Department of Biotechnology, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 139 Ruski Blvd., 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +359-8986-90599
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17
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Lew TTS, Sarojam R, Jang IC, Park BS, Naqvi NI, Wong MH, Singh GP, Ram RJ, Shoseyov O, Saito K, Chua NH, Strano MS. Species-independent analytical tools for next-generation agriculture. NATURE PLANTS 2020; 6:1408-1417. [PMID: 33257857 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-020-00808-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Innovative approaches are urgently required to alleviate the growing pressure on agriculture to meet the rising demand for food. A key challenge for plant biology is to bridge the notable knowledge gap between our detailed understanding of model plants grown under laboratory conditions and the agriculturally important crops cultivated in fields or production facilities. This Perspective highlights the recent development of new analytical tools that are rapid and non-destructive and provide tissue-, cell- or organelle-specific information on living plants in real time, with the potential to extend across multiple species in field applications. We evaluate the utility of engineered plant nanosensors and portable Raman spectroscopy to detect biotic and abiotic stresses, monitor plant hormonal signalling as well as characterize the soil, phytobiome and crop health in a non- or minimally invasive manner. We propose leveraging these tools to bridge the aforementioned fundamental gap with new synthesis and integration of expertise from plant biology, engineering and data science. Lastly, we assess the economic potential and discuss implementation strategies that will ensure the acceptance and successful integration of these modern tools in future farming practices in traditional as well as urban agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rajani Sarojam
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Disruptive & Sustainable Technologies for Agricultural Precision, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - In-Cheol Jang
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Disruptive & Sustainable Technologies for Agricultural Precision, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bong Soo Park
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Disruptive & Sustainable Technologies for Agricultural Precision, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Naweed I Naqvi
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Min Hao Wong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Gajendra P Singh
- Disruptive & Sustainable Technologies for Agricultural Precision, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rajeev J Ram
- Disruptive & Sustainable Technologies for Agricultural Precision, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Oded Shoseyov
- The Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Kazuki Saito
- Metabolomics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Nam-Hai Chua
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Disruptive & Sustainable Technologies for Agricultural Precision, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Michael S Strano
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Disruptive & Sustainable Technologies for Agricultural Precision, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore.
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18
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Nehela Y, Killiny N. Revisiting the Complex Pathosystem of Huanglongbing: Deciphering the Role of Citrus Metabolites in Symptom Development. Metabolites 2020; 10:E409. [PMID: 33066072 PMCID: PMC7600524 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10100409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB), formerly known as citrus greening disease, is one of the most devastating bacterial diseases in citrus worldwide. HLB is caused by 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' bacterium and transmitted by Diaphorina citri. Both 'Ca. L. asiaticus' and its vector manipulate the host metabolism to fulfill their nutritional needs and/or to neutralize the host defense responses. Herein, we discuss the history of HLB and the complexity of its pathosystem as well as the geographical distribution of its pathogens and vectors. Recently, our recognition of physiological events associated with 'Ca. L. asiaticus' infection and/or D. citri-infestation has greatly improved. However, the roles of citrus metabolites in the development of HLB symptoms are still unclear. We believe that symptom development of HLB disease is a complicated process and relies on a multilayered metabolic network which is mainly regulated by phytohormones. Citrus metabolites play vital roles in the development of HLB symptoms through the modulation of carbohydrate metabolism, phytohormone homeostasis, antioxidant pathways, or via the interaction with other metabolic pathways, particularly involving amino acids, leaf pigments, and polyamines. Understanding how 'Ca. L. asiaticus' and its vector, D. citri, affect the metabolic pathways of their host is critical for developing novel, sustainable strategies for HLB management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser Nehela
- Department of Plant Pathology, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Rd., Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA;
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, Tanta 31511, Egypt
| | - Nabil Killiny
- Department of Plant Pathology, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Rd., Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA;
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19
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Zuñiga C, Peacock B, Liang B, McCollum G, Irigoyen SC, Tec-Campos D, Marotz C, Weng NC, Zepeda A, Vidalakis G, Mandadi KK, Borneman J, Zengler K. Linking metabolic phenotypes to pathogenic traits among "Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus" and its hosts. NPJ Syst Biol Appl 2020; 6:24. [PMID: 32753656 PMCID: PMC7403731 DOI: 10.1038/s41540-020-00142-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) has been associated with Huanglongbing, a lethal vector-borne disease affecting citrus crops worldwide. While comparative genomics has provided preliminary insights into the metabolic capabilities of this uncultured microorganism, a comprehensive functional characterization is currently lacking. Here, we reconstructed and manually curated genome-scale metabolic models for the six CLas strains A4, FL17, gxpsy, Ishi-1, psy62, and YCPsy, in addition to a model of the closest related culturable microorganism, L. crescens BT-1. Predictions about nutrient requirements and changes in growth phenotypes of CLas were confirmed using in vitro hairy root-based assays, while the L. crescens BT-1 model was validated using cultivation assays. Host-dependent metabolic phenotypes were revealed using expression data obtained from CLas-infected citrus trees and from the CLas-harboring psyllid Diaphorina citri Kuwayama. These results identified conserved and unique metabolic traits, as well as strain-specific interactions between CLas and its hosts, laying the foundation for the development of model-driven Huanglongbing management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristal Zuñiga
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0760, USA
| | - Beth Peacock
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Bo Liang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0760, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and Institute of Applied Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Greg McCollum
- USDA, ARS, US Horticultural Research Laboratory, 2001 S. Rock Road, Fort Pierce, FL, 34945, USA
| | - Sonia C Irigoyen
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Texas A&M University System, Weslaco, TX, USA
| | - Diego Tec-Campos
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0760, USA
- Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Campus de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Mérida, 97203, Yucatán, México
| | - Clarisse Marotz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0760, USA
| | - Nien-Chen Weng
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0760, USA
| | - Alejandro Zepeda
- Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Campus de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Mérida, 97203, Yucatán, México
| | - Georgios Vidalakis
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Kranthi K Mandadi
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Texas A&M University System, Weslaco, TX, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - James Borneman
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
| | - Karsten Zengler
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0760, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0412, USA.
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0403, USA.
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Nehela Y, Killiny N. The unknown soldier in citrus plants: polyamines-based defensive mechanisms against biotic and abiotic stresses and their relationship with other stress-associated metabolites. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2020; 15:1761080. [PMID: 32408848 PMCID: PMC8570725 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2020.1761080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Citrus plants are challenged by a broad diversity of abiotic and biotic stresses, which definitely alter their growth, development, and productivity. In order to survive the various stressful conditions, citrus plants relay on multi-layered adaptive strategies, among which is the accumulation of stress-associated metabolites that play vital and complex roles in citrus defensive responses. These metabolites included amino acids, organic acids, fatty acids, phytohormones, polyamines (PAs), and other secondary metabolites. However, the contribution of PAs pathways in citrus defense responses is poorly understood. In this review article, we will discuss the recent metabolic, genetic, and molecular evidence illustrating the potential roles of PAs in citrus defensive responses against biotic and abiotic stressors. We believe that PAs-based defensive role, against biotic and abiotic stress in citrus, is involving the interaction with other stress-associated metabolites, particularly phytohormones. The knowledge gained so far about PAs-based defensive responses in citrus underpins our need for further genetic manipulation of PAs biosynthetic genes to produce transgenic citrus plants with modulated PAs content that may enhance the tolerance of citrus plants against stressful conditions. In addition, it provides valuable information for the potential use of PAs or their synthetic analogs and their emergence as a promising approach to practical applications in citriculture to enhance stress tolerance in citrus plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser Nehela
- Citrus Research and Education Center and Department of Plant Pathology, IFAS, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - Nabil Killiny
- Citrus Research and Education Center and Department of Plant Pathology, IFAS, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
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More AS, Ranadheera CS, Fang Z, Warner R, Ajlouni S. Biomarkers associated with quality and safety of fresh-cut produce. FOOD BIOSCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2019.100524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Abstract
D- and most L-enantiomers of carbohydrates and carbohydrate-containing compounds occur naturally in plants and other organisms. These enantiomers play many important roles in plants including building up biomass, defense against pathogens, herbivory, abiotic stress, and plant nutrition. Carbohydrate enantiomers are also precursors of many plant compounds that significantly contribute to plant aroma. Microorganisms, insects, and other animals utilize both types of carbohydrate enantiomers, but their biomass and excrements are dominated by D-enantiomers. The aim of this work was to review the current knowledge about carbohydrate enantiomers in ecosystems with respect to both their metabolism in plants and occurrence in soils, and to identify critical knowledge gaps and directions for future research. Knowledge about the significance of D- versus L-enantiomers of carbohydrates in soils is rare. Determining the mechanism of genetic regulation of D- and L-carbohydrate metabolism in plants with respect to pathogen and pest control and ecosystem interactions represent the knowledge gaps and a direction for future research.
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Canine olfactory detection of a vectored phytobacterial pathogen, Liberibacter asiaticus, and integration with disease control. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:3492-3501. [PMID: 32015115 PMCID: PMC7035627 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1914296117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Exotic infectious pathogens, like citrus huanglongbing (HLB), are increasingly introduced into agrosystems. Early detection is the key to mitigating their destructive effects. Human visual assessment is insufficiently sensitive to detect new plant infections in a responsive timeframe, and molecular assays are expensive and not easily deployable over large crop landscapes. We turned to detector dogs, an ancient technology, which can rapidly survey large plantings without laborious sample collection or laboratory processing. Dogs detected infections (>99% accuracy) weeks to years prior to visual survey and molecular methods and were highly specific, accurately discriminating target pathogens from other pathogens. Epidemiological models indicated that dogs were more effective and economical than current early detection methods for sustainable disease control. Early detection and rapid response are crucial to avoid severe epidemics of exotic pathogens. However, most detection methods (molecular, serological, chemical) are logistically limited for large-scale survey of outbreaks due to intrinsic sampling issues and laboratory throughput. Evaluation of 10 canines trained for detection of a severe exotic phytobacterial arboreal pathogen, Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), demonstrated 0.9905 accuracy, 0.8579 sensitivity, and 0.9961 specificity. In a longitudinal study, cryptic CLas infections that remained subclinical visually were detected within 2 wk postinfection compared with 1 to 32 mo for qPCR. When allowed to interrogate a diverse range of in vivo pathogens infecting an international citrus pathogen collection, canines only reacted to Liberibacter pathogens of citrus and not to other bacterial, viral, or spiroplasma pathogens. Canines trained to detect CLas-infected citrus also alerted on CLas-infected tobacco and periwinkle, CLas-bearing psyllid insect vectors, and CLas cocultured with other bacteria but at CLas titers below the level of molecular detection. All of these observations suggest that canines can detect CLas directly rather than only host volatiles produced by the infection. Detection in orchards and residential properties was real time, ∼2 s per tree. Spatiotemporal epidemic simulations demonstrated that control of pathogen prevalence was possible and economically sustainable when canine detection was followed by intervention (i.e., culling infected individuals), whereas current methods of molecular (qPCR) and visual detection failed to contribute to the suppression of an exponential trajectory of infection.
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Munir S, Li Y, He P, He P, Ahmed A, Wu Y, He Y. Unraveling the metabolite signature of citrus showing defense response towards Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus after application of endophyte Bacillus subtilis L1-21. Microbiol Res 2020; 234:126425. [PMID: 32035248 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2020.126425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB) is one of the most serious citrus diseases, caused by phloem limited endophytic bacteria Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (Clas), affecting worldwide citrus production. Metabolomics approaches were employed to gain insight into mechanisms involved in defense against Clas in endophyte Bacillus subtilis L1-21 treated diseased and healthy citrus plants. Using LC-ESI-MS/MS, we compared the metabolic profile of citrus plants before and after treatment with endophyte L1-21. Our analysis indicated large differences in citrus metabolites after endophyte L1-21 application. In total, seven hundred and fourty two metabolites were detected with highest percentage recorded for organic acids, flavone, amino acid derivatives, flavone C-glycosides, nucleotide derivatives, and flavonol. Interestingly, differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) analysis revealed the amino acids, such as lysine and tyrosine which are involved in plant defense agianst pathogen attack were regulated in diseased citrus plants after endophyte application (padj<0.05). In addition, other important metabolites up-regulated were xanthine, leucic acid, and α-Linolenic acid implicated in different plant defense pathways against Clas. Furhter, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis revealed important pathways related to purine metabolism, biotin metabolism, and betalain biosynthesis, terpenoid-quinone biosynthesis, phenylalanine, tyrosine and lysine biosynthesis, isoflavonoid biosynthesis (padj<0.05). Taken together, this is the first study using native endophytes in diseased and healthy state of citrus which has proven to be useful in disease management by strengthening the defense of citrus to Clas pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahzad Munir
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Yongmei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Pengfei He
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Pengbo He
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Ayesha Ahmed
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Yixin Wu
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Screening and Application of Microbial Strains, Kunming 650217, Yunnan, China; College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Yueqiu He
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Screening and Application of Microbial Strains, Kunming 650217, Yunnan, China; College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China.
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The Probing Behavior Component of Disease Transmission in Insect-Transmitted Bacterial Plant Pathogens. INSECTS 2019; 10:insects10070212. [PMID: 31331012 PMCID: PMC6681269 DOI: 10.3390/insects10070212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Insects can be effective vectors of plant diseases and this may result in billions of dollars in lost agricultural productivity. New, emerging or introduced diseases will continue to cause extensive damage in afflicted areas. Understanding how the vector acquires the pathogen and inoculates new hosts is critical in developing effective management strategies. Management may be an insecticide applied to kill the vector or a host plant resistance mechanism to make the host plant less suitable for the vector. In either case, the tactic must act before the insect performs the key behavior(s) resulting in either acquisition or transmission. This requires knowledge of the timing of behaviors the insect uses to probe the plant and commence ingestion. These behaviors are visualized using electropenetrography (EPG), wherein the plant and insect become part of an electrical circuit. With the tools to define specific steps in the probing process, we can understand the timing of acquisition and inoculation. With that understanding comes the potential for more relevant testing of management strategies, through insecticides or host plant resistance. The primary example will be Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus transmitted by Diaphorina citri Kuwayama in the citrus agroecosystem, with additional examples used as appropriate.
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Nehela Y, Killiny N. 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' and Its Vector, Diaphorina citri, Augment the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle of Their Host via the γ-Aminobutyric Acid Shunt and Polyamines Pathway. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:413-427. [PMID: 30284953 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-18-0238-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB), a destructive citrus disease, is associated with 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus', which is transmitted by the Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri. Both 'Ca. L. asiaticus' and its vector manipulate the host metabolism for their benefit, to meet their nutritional needs and neutralize the host defense responses. We used a targeted gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-based method to explore the connection between the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) shunt, and polyamines (PAs) pathways in citrus. 'Ca. L. asiaticus' and D. citri accelerated the conversion of α-ketoglutarate to glutamate, then to GABA, causing an accumulation of GABA in the cytosol. In silico analysis showed that the citrus genome possesses a putative GABA permease that connects the GABA shunt with the TCA cycle and supports the accumulation of succinate, fumarate, and citrate. Additionally, the PAs biosynthetic pathway might be connected directly to the TCA cycle, through the production of fumarate, or indirectly, via enhancement of GABA shunt. Taken together, we suggest that GABA shunt and PAs pathways are alternative pathways that contribute to the flux toward succinate rather than an intact TCA cycle in citrus. Both 'Ca. L. asiaticus' and its vector enhance these pathways. This study provides more insights into citrus responses to the HLB pathosystem and could be a further step toward clues for understanding the nutritional needs of 'Ca. L. asiaticus', which could help in culturing 'Ca. L. asiaticus'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser Nehela
- 1 Department of Plant Pathology, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Rd., Lake Alfred, FL 33850, U.S.A.; and
- 2 Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Nabil Killiny
- 1 Department of Plant Pathology, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Rd., Lake Alfred, FL 33850, U.S.A.; and
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Killiny N, Etxeberria E, Flores AP, Blanco PG, Reyes TF, Cabrera LP. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) as a novel technique for detecting bacterial infection in insects. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2449. [PMID: 30792483 PMCID: PMC6385218 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39164-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
To prevent the spread of diseases in humans, animals or plants, determining whether potential vectors are infected is crucial. For example, early detection of the citrus disease Huanglongbing, which has been a scourge on the citrus industries around the world, is a critical need. This vector-borne disease is transmitted by Diaphorina citri, the Asian citrus psyllid, which carries the putative bacterial phytopathogen, Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas). In this investigation, we introduced Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) to reveal key biochemical differences between CLas-infected and non-infected psyllids. The emission spectra captured from laser ablation of CLas-infected and healthy psyllids were processed through the principal component analysis (PCA) method and compared. Thirteen peaks from seven different elements were detected in D. citri. The t-test showed that CLas-infected D. citri were deficients in zinc, iron, copper, magnesium, calcium, and nitrogen. The PCA showed that LIBS can successfully differentiate between CLas-infected and healthy D. citri by comparing their elemental profile. In this work, we demonstrated a method that allows for a fast and precise compositional microanalysis of an insect vector which can contribute to the early detection of citrus huanglongbing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Killiny
- University of Florida, Citrus Research and Education Center, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL, USA.
| | - Ed Etxeberria
- University of Florida, Citrus Research and Education Center, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - Alejandro Ponce Flores
- Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Fac. De Ciencias, Universidad 3000, Circuito Exterior S/N, Distrito Federal, 04510, Mexico
| | - Pedro Gonzalez Blanco
- University of Florida, Citrus Research and Education Center, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - Teresa Flores Reyes
- University of Florida, Citrus Research and Education Center, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL, USA.,Instituto Politecnico Nacional, CICATA, Carretera Tampico-Puerto Industrial Altamira Km 14.5, Industrial Altamira, 89600, Altamira, Tampico, Mexico
| | - Luis Ponce Cabrera
- University of Florida, Citrus Research and Education Center, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL, USA.,Instituto Politecnico Nacional, CICATA, Carretera Tampico-Puerto Industrial Altamira Km 14.5, Industrial Altamira, 89600, Altamira, Tampico, Mexico
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28
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Kanwar P, Jha G. Alterations in plant sugar metabolism: signatory of pathogen attack. PLANTA 2019; 249:305-318. [PMID: 30267150 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-3018-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes the current understanding, future challenges and ongoing quest on sugar metabolic alterations that influence the outcome of plant-pathogen interactions. Intricate cellular and molecular events occur during plant-pathogen interactions. They cause major metabolic perturbations in the host and alterations in sugar metabolism play a pivotal role in governing the outcome of various kinds of plant-pathogen interactions. Sugar metabolizing enzymes and transporters of both host and pathogen origin get differentially regulated during the interactions. Both plant and pathogen compete for utilizing the host sugar metabolic machinery and in turn promote resistant or susceptible responses. However, the kind of sugar metabolism alteration that is beneficial for the host or pathogen is yet to be properly understood. Recently developed tools and methodologies are facilitating research to understand the intricate dynamics of sugar metabolism during the interactions. The present review elaborates current understanding, future challenges and ongoing quest on sugar metabolism, mobilization and regulation during various plant-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Kanwar
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Gopaljee Jha
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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Dala-Paula BM, Plotto A, Bai J, Manthey JA, Baldwin EA, Ferrarezi RS, Gloria MBA. Effect of Huanglongbing or Greening Disease on Orange Juice Quality, a Review. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 9:1976. [PMID: 30723488 PMCID: PMC6350258 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB) or citrus greening is the most severe citrus disease, currently devastating the citrus industry worldwide. The presumed causal bacterial agent Candidatus Liberibacter spp. affects tree health as well as fruit development, ripening and quality of citrus fruits and juice. Fruit from infected orange trees can be either symptomatic or asymptomatic. Symptomatic oranges are small, asymmetrical and greener than healthy fruit. Furthermore, symptomatic oranges show higher titratable acidity and lower soluble solids, solids/acids ratio, total sugars, and malic acid levels. Among flavor volatiles, ethyl butanoate, valencene, decanal and other ethyl esters are lower, but many monoterpenes are higher in symptomatic fruit compared to healthy and asymptomatic fruit. The disease also causes an increase in secondary metabolites in the orange peel and pulp, including hydroxycinnamic acids, limonin, nomilin, narirutin, and hesperidin. Resulting from these chemical changes, juice made from symptomatic fruit is described as distinctly bitter, sour, salty/umami, metallic, musty, and lacking in sweetness and fruity/orange flavor. Those effects are reported in both Valencia and Hamlin oranges, two cultivars that are commercially processed for juice in Florida. The changes in the juice are reflective of a decrease in quality of the fresh fruit, although not all fresh fruit varieties have been tested. Earlier research showed that HLB-induced off-flavor was not detectable in juice made with up to 25% symptomatic fruit in healthy juice, by chemical or sensory analysis. However, a blend with a higher proportion of symptomatic juice would present a detectable and recognizable off flavor. In some production regions, such as Florida in the United States, it is increasingly difficult to find fruit not showing HLB symptoms. This review analyzes and discusses the effects of HLB on orange juice quality in order to help the citrus industry manage the quality of orange juice, and guide future research needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno M. Dala-Paula
- Food Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Food, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Anne Plotto
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Horticultural Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL, United States
| | - Jinhe Bai
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Horticultural Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL, United States
| | - John A. Manthey
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Horticultural Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL, United States
| | - Elizabeth A. Baldwin
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Horticultural Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL, United States
| | - Rhuanito S. Ferrarezi
- Indian River Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Fort Pierce, FL, United States
| | - Maria Beatriz A. Gloria
- Food Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Food, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Cevallos‐Cevallos JM, Jines C, Maridueña‐Zavala MG, Molina‐Miranda MJ, Ochoa DE, Flores‐Cedeno JA. GC-MS metabolite profiling for specific detection of dwarf somaclonal variation in banana plants. APPLICATIONS IN PLANT SCIENCES 2018; 6:e01194. [PMID: 30473940 PMCID: PMC6240455 DOI: 10.1002/aps3.1194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY The production of banana (Musa spp.; Musaceae) plants is affected by various types of somaclonal variations (SV), including dwarfism. However, methods for specific detection of SV are still scarce. To overcome this, a metabolite-based method for detection of dwarf variants was evaluated. METHODS The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) metabolite profile of dwarf banana variants was investigated and compared to that of normal-healthy (N) and cucumber mosaic virus (CMV)-infected plants using principal components analysis and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). RESULTS Significant differences among the sample groups were observed in 82 metabolites. Rhamnose was exclusively present in dwarf plants but allothreonine and trehalose were present in all but SV samples. Cellobiose was only detected in N plants, while 45 other metabolites, including methyl-glucopyranoside, allopyranose, lactose, phenylalanine, and l-lysine were detected in all but CMV-infected samples. PLS-DA models were able to detect SV, CMV, and N plants with 100% accuracy and specificity. DISCUSSION The GC-MS metabolite profile can be used for the rapid, specific detection of SV at early plant production stages. This is the first metabolite-based characterization and detection of somaclonal variation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M. Cevallos‐Cevallos
- Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas del EcuadorEscuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOLCampus Gustavo Galindo Km 30.5 Vía Perimetral, P.O. Box 09‐01‐5863GuayaquilEcuador
- Facultad de Ciencias de la VidaEscuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOLCampus Gustavo Galindo Km 30.5 Vía Perimetral, P.O. Box 09‐01‐5863GuayaquilEcuador
| | - Cristina Jines
- Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas del EcuadorEscuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOLCampus Gustavo Galindo Km 30.5 Vía Perimetral, P.O. Box 09‐01‐5863GuayaquilEcuador
| | - María G. Maridueña‐Zavala
- Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas del EcuadorEscuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOLCampus Gustavo Galindo Km 30.5 Vía Perimetral, P.O. Box 09‐01‐5863GuayaquilEcuador
| | - María J. Molina‐Miranda
- Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas del EcuadorEscuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOLCampus Gustavo Galindo Km 30.5 Vía Perimetral, P.O. Box 09‐01‐5863GuayaquilEcuador
| | - Daniel E. Ochoa
- Facultad de Ingeniería Eléctrica y ComputaciónEscuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOLCampus Gustavo Galindo Km 30.5 Vía Perimetral, P.O. Box 09‐01‐5863GuayaquilEcuador
| | - José A. Flores‐Cedeno
- Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas del EcuadorEscuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOLCampus Gustavo Galindo Km 30.5 Vía Perimetral, P.O. Box 09‐01‐5863GuayaquilEcuador
- Facultad de Ciencias de la VidaEscuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOLCampus Gustavo Galindo Km 30.5 Vía Perimetral, P.O. Box 09‐01‐5863GuayaquilEcuador
- Present address:
Facultad de FarmaciaDepartamento de Biología VegetalUniversidad de Valencia46100ValenciaSpain
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Killiny N, Jones SE, Nehela Y, Hijaz F, Dutt M, Gmitter FG, Grosser JW. All roads lead to Rome: Towards understanding different avenues of tolerance to huanglongbing in citrus cultivars. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 129:1-10. [PMID: 29783096 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Citrus tolerance to huanglongbing could result from tolerance to the pathogen Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) and/or to its vector Diaphorina citri. Field observations and greenhouse-controlled studies showed that some citrus cultivars were more tolerant than others. However, the mechanism(s) behind the tolerance has not been determined yet. Using GC-MS, we investigated the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and the non-volatile metabolite profiles of two tolerant citrus cultivars- Australian finger lime, 'LB8-9' Sugar Belle® mandarin hybrid, and a recently released mandarin hybrid 'Bingo'. The three were grafted onto the rootstock, Carrizo citrange. Our findings showed that the metabolomic profiles of Australian finger lime were different from that of 'LB8-9'. Finger lime was high in many amino acids and tricarboxylic acid intermediates, whereas 'LB8-9' was high in several amino acids, sugars, and sugar alcohols. 'LB8-9' was high in thymol, which is known for its strong antimicrobial activity against a panel of pathogenic bacteria. The metabolomic profiles of 'Bingo' were intensely different from the other mandarin hybrid, 'LB8-9', including a reduced thymol biosynthetic pathway and low amounts of most of the amino acids and sugar alcohols. Remarkably, 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol) was only detected in 'Bingo', indicating that eucalyptol could have feeding and ovipositional repellency against D. citri. The metabolite profiles generated for HLB-tolerant citrus species will improve the ability of citrus breeders and will allow them to take more informed decisions. Metabolomic profiling of HLB-tolerant citrus species could identify tolerance specific markers that can be introduced to other commercial citrus cultivars to improve their tolerance to HLB disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Killiny
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Citrus Research and Education Center, IFAS, Lake Alfred, FL, 33850, USA.
| | - Shelley E Jones
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Citrus Research and Education Center, IFAS, Lake Alfred, FL, 33850, USA
| | - Yasser Nehela
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Citrus Research and Education Center, IFAS, Lake Alfred, FL, 33850, USA
| | - Faraj Hijaz
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Citrus Research and Education Center, IFAS, Lake Alfred, FL, 33850, USA
| | - Manjul Dutt
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Citrus Research and Education Center, IFAS, Lake Alfred, FL, 33850, USA
| | - Frederick G Gmitter
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Citrus Research and Education Center, IFAS, Lake Alfred, FL, 33850, USA
| | - Jude W Grosser
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Citrus Research and Education Center, IFAS, Lake Alfred, FL, 33850, USA
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32
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Hung WL, Wang Y. Metabolite Profiling of Candidatus Liberibacter Infection in Hamlin Sweet Oranges. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:3983-3991. [PMID: 29608307 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b05866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB), also known as citrus greening disease, caused by Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), is considered the most serious citrus disease in the world. CLas infection has been shown to greatly affect metabolite profiles in citrus fruits. However, because of uneven distribution of CLas throughout the tree and a minimum bacterial titer requirement for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection, the infected trees may test false negative. To prevent this, metabolites of healthy Hamlin oranges (CLas-) obtained from the citrus undercover protection systems (CUPS) were investigated. Comparison of the metabolite profile of juice obtained from CLas- and CLas+ (asymptomatic and symptomatic) trees revealed significant differences in both volatile and nonvolatile metabolites. However, no consistent pattern could be observed in alcohols, esters, sesquiterpenes, sugars, flavanones, and limonoids as compared to previous studies. These results suggest that CLas may affect metabolite profiles of citrus fruits earlier than detecting infection by PCR. Citric acid, nobiletin, malic acid, and phenylalanine were identified as the metabolic biomarkers associated with the progression of HLB. Thus, the differential metabolites found in this study may serve as the biomarkers of HLB in its early stage, and the metabolite signature of CLas infection may provide useful information for developing a potential treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Lun Hung
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition , University of Florida , Lake Alfred , Florida 33850 , United States
| | - Yu Wang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition , University of Florida , Lake Alfred , Florida 33850 , United States
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Yue Y, Tian S, Wang Y, Ma H, Liu S, Wang Y, Hu H. Transcriptomic and GC-MS Metabolomic Analyses Reveal the Sink Strength Changes during Petunia Anther Development. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19040955. [PMID: 29570614 PMCID: PMC5979359 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19040955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Petunia, which has been prevalently cultivated in landscaping, is a dicotyledonous herbaceous flower of high ornamental value. Annually, there is a massive worldwide market demand for petunia seeds. The normal development of anther is the necessary prerequisite for the plants to generate seeds. However, the knowledge of petunia anther development processes is still limited. To better understand the mechanisms of petunia anther development, the transcriptomes and metabolomes of petunia anthers at three typical development stages were constructed and then used to detect the gene expression patterns and primary metabolite profiles during the anther development processes. Results suggested that there were many differentially-expressed genes (DEGs) that mainly participated in photosynthesis and starch and sucrose metabolism when DEGs were compared between the different development stages of anthers. In this study, fructose and glucose, which were involved in starch and sucrose metabolism, were taken as the most important metabolites by partial least-squares discriminate analysis (PLS-DA). Additionally, the qRT-PCR analysis of the photosynthetic-related genes all showed decreased expression trends along with the anther development. These pieces of evidence indicated that the activities of energy and carbohydrate metabolic pathways were gradually reduced during all the development stages of anther, which affects the sink strength. Overall, this work provides a novel and comprehensive understanding of the metabolic processes in petunia anthers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzheng Yue
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Architecture, Jiangsu Province, College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Shaoze Tian
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Hui Ma
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Siyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Yuqiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Huirong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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Time-Related Changes in Volatile Compounds during Fermentation of Bulk and Fine-Flavor Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) Beans. J FOOD QUALITY 2018. [DOI: 10.1155/2018/1758381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chocolate is one of the most consumed foods worldwide and cacao fermentation contributes to the unique sensory characteristics of chocolate products. However, comparative changes in volatiles occurring during fermentation of Criollo, Forastero, and Nacional cacao—three of the most representative cultivars worldwide—have not been reported. Beans of each cultivar were fermented for five days and samples were taken every 24 hours. Volatiles from each sample were adsorbed into a solid phase microextraction fiber and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Aroma potential of each compound was determined using available databases. Multivariate data analyses showed partial clustering of samples according to cultivars at the start of the fermentation but complete clustering was observed at the end of the fermentation. The Criollo cacao produced floral, fruity, and woody aroma volatiles including linalool, epoxylinalool, benzeneethanol, pentanol acetate, germacrene, α-copaene, aromadendrene, 3,6-heptanedione, butanal, 1-phenyl ethenone, 2-nonanone, and 2-pentanone. Nacional cacao produced fruity, green, and woody aroma volatiles including 2-nonanone, 3-octen-1-ol, 2-octanol acetate, 2-undecanone, valencene, and aromadendrene. The Forastero cacao yielded floral and sweet aroma volatiles such as epoxylinalool, pentanoic acid, benzeneacetaldehyde, and benzaldehyde. This is the first report of volatiles produced during fermentation of Criollo, Forastero, and Nacional cacao from the same origin.
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Sétamou M, Alabi OJ, Simpson CR, Jifon JL. Contrasting amino acid profiles among permissive and non-permissive hosts of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, putative causal agent of Huanglongbing. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187921. [PMID: 29236706 PMCID: PMC5728503 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Huanglongbing is a devastating disease of citrus. In this study, a comprehensive profile of phloem sap amino acids (AA) in four permissive host plants of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) and three non-permissive Rutaceae plants was conducted to gain a better understanding of host factors that may promote or suppress the bacterium. The AA profiles of Diaphorina citri nymphs and adults were similarly analyzed. A total of 38 unique AAs were detected in phloem sap of the various plants and D. citri samples, with phloem sap of young shoots containing more AAs and at higher concentrations than their mature counterparts. All AAs detected in phloem sap of non-permissive plants were also present in CLas -permissive hosts plus additional AAs in the latter class of plants. However, the relative composition of 18 commonly shared AAs varied between CLas -permissive hosts and non-permissive plants. Multivariate analysis with a partial least square discriminant methodology revealed a total of 12 AAs as major factors affecting CLas host status, of which seven were positively related to CLas tolerance/resistance and five positively associated with CLas susceptibility. Most of the AAs positively associated with CLas susceptibility were predominantly of the glutamate family, notably stressed-induced AAs such as arginine, GABA and proline. In contrast, AAs positively correlated with CLas tolerance/resistance were mainly of the serine family. Further analysis revealed that whereas the relative proportions of AAs positively associated with CLas susceptibility did not vary with host developmental stages, those associated with CLas tolerance/resistance increased with flush shoot maturity. Significantly, the proline-to-glycine ratio was determined to be an important discriminating factor for CLas permissivity with higher values characteristic of CLas -permissive hosts. This ratio could be exploited as a biomarker in HLB-resistance breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamoudou Sétamou
- Texas A&M University-Kingsville Citrus Center, Weslaco, United States of America
| | - Olufemi J. Alabi
- Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Weslaco, TX, United States of America
| | - Catherine R. Simpson
- Texas A&M University-Kingsville Citrus Center, Weslaco, United States of America
| | - John L. Jifon
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Weslaco, TX, United States of America
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Akhatou I, Sayago A, González-Domínguez R, Fernández-Recamales Á. Application of Targeted Metabolomics to Investigate Optimum Growing Conditions to Enhance Bioactive Content of Strawberry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:9559-9567. [PMID: 29019668 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b03701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A simple, sensitive, and rapid assay based on liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry was designed for simultaneous quantitation of secondary metabolites in order to investigate the influence of variety and agronomic conditions on the biosynthesis of bioactive compounds in strawberry. For this purpose, strawberries belonging to three varieties with different sensitivity to environmental conditions ('Camarosa', 'Festival', 'Palomar') were grown in a soilless system under multiple agronomic conditions (electrical conductivity, substrate type, and coverage). Targeted metabolomic analysis of polyphenolic compounds, combined with advanced chemometric methods based on learning machines, revealed significant differences in multiple bioactives, such as chlorogenic acid, ellagic acid rhamnoside, sanguiin H10, quercetin 3-O-glucuronide, catechin, procyanidin B2, pelargonidin 3-O-glucoside, cyanidin 3-O-glucoside, and pelargonidin 3-O-rutinoside, which play a pivotal role in organoleptic properties and beneficial healthy effects of these polyphenol-rich foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikram Akhatou
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Huelva , 21007 Huelva, Spain
- International Campus of Excellence CeiA3, University of Huelva , 21007 Huelva, Spain
| | - Ana Sayago
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Huelva , 21007 Huelva, Spain
- International Campus of Excellence CeiA3, University of Huelva , 21007 Huelva, Spain
| | - Raúl González-Domínguez
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Huelva , 21007 Huelva, Spain
- International Campus of Excellence CeiA3, University of Huelva , 21007 Huelva, Spain
| | - Ángeles Fernández-Recamales
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Huelva , 21007 Huelva, Spain
- International Campus of Excellence CeiA3, University of Huelva , 21007 Huelva, Spain
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Killiny N, Nehela Y. Metabolomic Response to Huanglongbing: Role of Carboxylic Compounds in Citrus sinensis Response to 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' and Its Vector, Diaphorina citri. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2017; 30:666-678. [PMID: 28510485 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-17-0106-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Huanglongbing, a destructive disease of citrus, is caused by the fastidious bacterium 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' and transmitted by Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri. The impact of 'Ca. L. asiaticus' infection or D. citri infestation on Valencia sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) leaf metabolites was investigated using gas chromatography mass spectrometry, followed by gene expression analysis for 37 genes involved in jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), and proline-glutamine pathways. The total amino acid abundance increased after 'Ca. L. asiaticus' infection, while the total fatty acids increased dramatically after infestation with D. citri, compared with control plants. Seven amino acids (glycine, l-isoleucine, l-phenylalanine, l-proline, l-serine, l-threonine, and l-tryptophan) and five organic acids (benzoic acid, citric acid, fumaric acid, SA, and succinic acid) increased in 'Ca. L. asiaticus'-infected plants. On the other hand, the abundance of trans-JA and its precursor α-linolenic increased in D. citri-infested plants. Surprisingly, the double attack of both D. citri infestation and 'Ca. L. asiaticus' infection moderated the metabolic changes in all chemical classes studied. In addition, the gene expression analysis supported these results. Based on these findings, we suggest that, although amino acids such as phenylalanine are involved in citrus defense against 'Ca. L. asiaticus' infection through the activation of an SA-mediated pathway, fatty acids, especially α-linolenic acid, are involved in defense against D. citri infestation via the induction of a JA-mediated pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Killiny
- 1 Department of Plant Pathology, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Rd., Lake Alfred 33850, U.S.A.; and
| | - Yasser Nehela
- 1 Department of Plant Pathology, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Rd., Lake Alfred 33850, U.S.A.; and
- 2 Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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Killiny N, Nehela Y, Hijaz F, Vincent CI. A plant pathogenic bacterium exploits the tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolic pathway of its insect vector. Virulence 2017; 9:99-109. [PMID: 28594267 PMCID: PMC5955482 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2017.1339008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Huanglongbing in citrus is caused by a phloem-limited, uncultivable, gram-negative α-proteobacterium, Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas). CLas is transmitted by the phloem-sucking insect, Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae), in a persistent, circulative, and propagative manner. In this study, we investigated the metabolomic and respiration rates changes in D. citri upon infection with CLas using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas exchange analysis. The level of glycine, L-serine, L-threonine, and gamma-amino butyric acid were higher in CLas-infected D. citri, while L-proline, L-aspartic acid, and L-pyroglutamic acid were lower in CLas-infected D. citri compared with the control. Citric acid was increased in CLas-infected D. citri, whereas malic and succinic acids were reduced. Interestingly, most of the reduced metabolites such as malate, succinate, aspartate, and L-proline are required for the growth of CLas. The increase in citric acid, serine, and glycine indicated that CLas induced glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) in its vector. In agreement with the GC-MS results, the gene expression results also indicated that glycolysis and TCA were induced in CLas-infected D. citri and this was accompanied with an increases in respiration rate. Phosphoric acid and most of the sugar alcohols were higher in CLas-infected D. citri, indicating a response to the biotic stress or cell damage. Only slight increases in the levels of few sugars were observed in CLas-infected D. citri, which indicated that sugars are tightly regulated by D. citri. Our results indicated that CLas induces nutrient and energetic stress in its host insect. This study may provide some insights into the mechanism of colonization of CLas in its vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Killiny
- a Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Plant Pathology , IFAS, University of Florida , Lake Alfred , FL , USA
| | - Yasser Nehela
- a Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Plant Pathology , IFAS, University of Florida , Lake Alfred , FL , USA
| | - Faraj Hijaz
- a Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Plant Pathology , IFAS, University of Florida , Lake Alfred , FL , USA
| | - Christopher I Vincent
- b Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Horticultural Science , IFAS, University of Florida , Lake Alfred , FL , USA
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Albrecht U, Fiehn O, Bowman KD. Metabolic variations in different citrus rootstock cultivars associated with different responses to Huanglongbing. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 107:33-44. [PMID: 27236226 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB) is one of the most destructive bacterial diseases of citrus. No resistant cultivars have been identified, although tolerance has been observed in the genus Poncirus and some of its hybrids with Citrus that are commonly used as rootstocks. In this study we exploited this tolerance by comparing five different tolerant hybrids with a cultivar that shows pronounced HLB sensitivity to discern potential contributing metabolic factors. Whole leaves of infected and non-infected greenhouse-grown seedlings were extracted and subjected to untargeted GC-TOF MS based metabolomics. After BinBase data filtering, 342 (experiment 1) and 650 (experiment 2) unique metabolites were quantified, of which 122 and 195, respectively, were assigned by chemical structures. The number of metabolites found to be differently regulated in the infected state compared with the non-infected state varied between the cultivars and was largest (166) in the susceptible cultivar Cleopatra mandarin (Citrus reticulata) and lowest (3) in the tolerant cultivars US-897 (C. reticulata 'Cleopatra' × Poncirus trifoliata) and US-942 (C. reticulata 'Sunki' × P. trifoliata) from experiment 2. Tolerance to HLB did not appear to be associated with accumulation of higher amounts of protective metabolites in response to infection. Many metabolites were found in higher concentrations in the tolerant cultivars compared with susceptible Cleopatra mandarin and may play important roles in conferring tolerance to HLB. Lower availability of specific sugars necessary for survival of the pathogen may also be a contributing factor in the decreased disease severity observed for these cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Albrecht
- Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, 2685 SR 29 North, Immokalee, FL 34142, USA; US Horticultural Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 2001 South Rock Rd., Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA.
| | - Oliver Fiehn
- UC Davis Genome Center - Metabolomics, University of California, 451 Health Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA; King Abdulaziz University, Biochemistry Department, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kim D Bowman
- US Horticultural Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 2001 South Rock Rd., Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA
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Martinelli F, Reagan RL, Dolan D, Fileccia V, Dandekar AM. Proteomic analysis highlights the role of detoxification pathways in increased tolerance to Huanglongbing disease. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:167. [PMID: 27465111 PMCID: PMC4963945 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0858-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Huanglongbing (HLB) disease is still the greatest threat to citriculture worldwide. Although there is not any resistance source in the Citrus germplasm, a certain level of moderated tolerance is present. A large-scale analysis of proteomic responses of Citrus may help: 1) clarifying physiological and molecular effects of disease progression, 2) validating previous data at transcriptomic level, and 3) identifying biomarkers for development of early diagnostics, short-term therapeutics and long-term genetic resistance. RESULTS In this work we have conducted a proteomic analysis of mature leaves of two Citrus genotypes with well-known differing tolerances to HLB: Navel orange (highly susceptible) and Volkameriana (moderately tolerant). Pathway enrichment analysis showed that amino acid degradation processes occurred to a larger degree in the Navel orange. No clear differences between the two genotypes were observed for primary metabolic pathways. The most important finding was that four glutathione-S-transferases were upregulated in Volkameriana and not in Navel orange. These proteins are involved in radical ion detoxification. CONCLUSIONS Upregulation of proteins involved in radical ion detoxification should be considered as an important mechanism of increased tolerance to HLB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Martinelli
- Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, viale delle scienze ed. 4, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Russell L. Reagan
- Plant Sciences Department, University of California, One Shields Avenue, 95616 Davis, CA USA
| | - David Dolan
- Plant Sciences Department, University of California, One Shields Avenue, 95616 Davis, CA USA
| | - Veronica Fileccia
- Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, viale delle scienze ed. 4, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Abhaya M. Dandekar
- Plant Sciences Department, University of California, One Shields Avenue, 95616 Davis, CA USA
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Arredondo Valdés R, Delgado Ortiz JC, Beltrán Beache M, Anguiano Cabello J, Cerna Chávez E, Rodríguez Pagaza Y, Ochoa Fuentes YM. A review of techniques for detecting Huanglongbing (greening) in citrus. Can J Microbiol 2016; 62:803-811. [PMID: 27590666 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2016-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB) is the most destructive disease of citrus worldwide. Monitoring of health and detection of diseases in trees is critical for sustainable agriculture. HLB symptoms are virtually the same wherever the disease occurs. The disease is caused by Candidatus Liberibacter spp., vectored by the psyllids Diaphorina citri Kuwayama and Trioza erytreae. Electron microscopy was the first technique used for HLB detection. Nowadays, scientists are working on the development of new techniques for a rapid HLB detection, as there is no sensor commercially accessible for real-time assessment of health conditions in trees. Currently, the most widely used mechanism for monitoring HLB is exploration, which is an expensive, labor-intensive, and time-consuming process. Molecular techniques such as polymerase chain reaction are used for the identification of HLB disease, which requires detailed sampling and processing procedures. Furthermore, investigations are ongoing in spectroscopic and imaging techniques, profiling of plant volatile organic compounds, and isothermal amplification. This study recognizes the need for developing a rapid, cost-effective, and reliable health-monitoring sensor that would facilitate advancements in HLB disease detection. This paper compares the benefits and limitations of these potential methods for HLB detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Arredondo Valdés
- a Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Department of Agricultural Parasitology, Buenavista, Saltillo, Coahuila, C.P. 25315, Mexico
| | - Juan C Delgado Ortiz
- a Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Department of Agricultural Parasitology, Buenavista, Saltillo, Coahuila, C.P. 25315, Mexico
| | - Mariana Beltrán Beache
- a Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Department of Agricultural Parasitology, Buenavista, Saltillo, Coahuila, C.P. 25315, Mexico
| | - Julia Anguiano Cabello
- a Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Department of Agricultural Parasitology, Buenavista, Saltillo, Coahuila, C.P. 25315, Mexico
| | - Ernesto Cerna Chávez
- a Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Department of Agricultural Parasitology, Buenavista, Saltillo, Coahuila, C.P. 25315, Mexico
| | - Yolanda Rodríguez Pagaza
- b Catedrática CONACYT-Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Department of Agricultural Parasitology, Buenavista, Saltillo, Coahuila, C.P. 25315, Mexico
| | - Yisa M Ochoa Fuentes
- a Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Department of Agricultural Parasitology, Buenavista, Saltillo, Coahuila, C.P. 25315, Mexico
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Akhatou I, González-Domínguez R, Fernández-Recamales Á. Investigation of the effect of genotype and agronomic conditions on metabolomic profiles of selected strawberry cultivars with different sensitivity to environmental stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 101:14-22. [PMID: 26841267 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Strawberry is one of the most economically important and widely cultivated fruit crops across the world, so that there is a growing need to develop new analytical methodologies for the authentication of variety and origin, as well as the assessment of agricultural and processing practices. In this work, an untargeted metabolomic strategy based on gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) combined with multivariate statistical techniques was used for the first time to characterize the primary metabolome of different strawberry cultivars and to study metabolite alterations in response to multiple agronomic conditions. For this purpose, we investigated three varieties of strawberries with different sensitivity to environmental stress (Camarosa, Festival and Palomar), cultivated in soilless systems using various electrical conductivities, types of coverage and substrates. Metabolomic analysis revealed significant alterations in primary metabolites between the three strawberry cultivars grown under different crop conditions, including sugars (fructose, glucose), organic acids (malic acid, citric acid) and amino acids (alanine, threonine, aspartic acid), among others. Therefore, it could be concluded that GC-MS based metabolomics is a suitable tool to differentiate strawberry cultivars and characterize metabolomic changes associated with environmental and agronomic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikram Akhatou
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Huelva, 21007, Huelva, Spain; International Campus of Excellence CeiA3, University of Huelva, 21007, Huelva, Spain.
| | - Raúl González-Domínguez
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Huelva, 21007, Huelva, Spain; International Campus of Excellence CeiA3, University of Huelva, 21007, Huelva, Spain.
| | - Ángeles Fernández-Recamales
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Huelva, 21007, Huelva, Spain; International Campus of Excellence CeiA3, University of Huelva, 21007, Huelva, Spain.
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Shiratake K, Suzuki M. Omics studies of citrus, grape and rosaceae fruit trees. BREEDING SCIENCE 2016; 66:122-38. [PMID: 27069397 PMCID: PMC4780796 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.66.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent advance of bioinformatics and analytical apparatuses such as next generation DNA sequencer (NGS) and mass spectrometer (MS) has brought a big wave of comprehensive study to biology. Comprehensive study targeting all genes, transcripts (RNAs), proteins, metabolites, hormones, ions or phenotypes is called genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, hormonomics, ionomics or phenomics, respectively. These omics are powerful approaches to identify key genes for important traits, to clarify events of physiological mechanisms and to reveal unknown metabolic pathways in crops. Recently, the use of omics approach has increased dramatically in fruit tree research. Although the most reported omics studies on fruit trees are transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics, and a few is reported on hormonomics and ionomics. In this article, we reviewed recent omics studies of major fruit trees, i.e. citrus, grapevine and rosaceae fruit trees. The effectiveness and prospects of omics in fruit tree research will as well be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiro Shiratake
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University,
Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601,
Japan
- Corresponding author (e-mail: )
| | - Mami Suzuki
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University,
Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601,
Japan
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McCartney MM, Spitulski SL, Pasamontes A, Peirano DJ, Schirle MJ, Cumeras R, Simmons JD, Ware JL, Brown JF, Poh AJ, Dike SC, Foster EK, Godfrey KE, Davis CE. Coupling a branch enclosure with differential mobility spectrometry to isolate and measure plant volatiles in contained greenhouse settings. Talanta 2016; 146:148-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Freitas DDS, Carlos EF, Gil MCSDS, Vieira LGE, Alcantara GB. NMR-Based Metabolomic Analysis of Huanglongbing-Asymptomatic and -Symptomatic Citrus Trees. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:7582-8. [PMID: 26285838 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b03598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB) is one of the most severe diseases that affects citrus trees worldwide and is associated with the yet uncultured bacteria Candidatus Liberibacter spp. To assess the metabolomic differences between HLB-asymptomatic and -symptomatic tissues, extracts from leaf and root samples taken from a uniform 6-year-old commercial orchard of Valencia trees were subjected to nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and chemometrics. The results show that the symptomatic trees had higher sucrose content in their leaves and no variation in their roots. In addition, proline betaine and malate were detected in smaller amounts in the HLB-affected symptomatic leaves. The changes in metabolic processes of the plant in response to HLB are corroborated by the relationship between the bacterial levels and the metabolic profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deisy dos Santos Freitas
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS) , Instituto de Quı́mica, CP 549, CEP 79.074-460, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Fermino Carlos
- Instituto Agronômico do Paraná (IAPAR) , Laboratório de Biotecnologia Vegetal, CP 481, CEP 86.001-970, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Luiz Gonzaga Esteves Vieira
- Universidade do Oeste Paulista (UNOESTE) , Rodovia Raposo Tavares, km 572, CEP 19.067-175, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | - Glaucia Braz Alcantara
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS) , Instituto de Quı́mica, CP 549, CEP 79.074-460, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
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46
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Chin EL, Mishchuk DO, Breksa AP, Slupsky CM. Metabolite signature of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus infection in two citrus varieties. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:6585-91. [PMID: 24959841 DOI: 10.1021/jf5017434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB), also known as Citrus Greening Disease, is caused by the bacterium 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' (CLas) and is a serious threat to the citrus industry. To understand the effect of CLas infection on the citrus metabolome, juice from healthy (n = 18), HLB-asymptomatic (n = 18), and HLB-symptomatic Hamlin (n = 18), as well as from healthy (n = 18) and HLB-symptomatic (n = 18) Valencia sweet oranges (from southern and eastern Florida) were evaluated using (1)H NMR-based metabolomics. Differences in the concentration of several metabolites including phenylalanine, histidine, limonin, and synephrine between control or asymptomatic fruit and symptomatic fruit were observed regardless of the citrus variety or location. There were no clear differences between the metabolite profiles of Hamlin fruits classified by PCR as asymptomatic and control, suggesting that some of the control fruit may have been infected. Taken together, these data indicate that infection due to CLas presents a strong metabolic response that is observed across different cultivars and regions, suggesting the potential for generation of metabolite-based biomarkers of CLas infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth L Chin
- Department of Food Science and Technology, and ‡Department of Nutrition, University of California , Davis, California 95616, United States
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Hijaz F, Killiny N. Collection and chemical composition of phloem sap from Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck (sweet orange). PLoS One 2014; 9:e101830. [PMID: 25014027 PMCID: PMC4094394 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Through utilizing the nutrient-rich phloem sap, sap feeding insects such as psyllids, leafhoppers, and aphids can transmit many phloem-restricted pathogens. On the other hand, multiplication of phloem-limited, uncultivated bacteria such as Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) inside the phloem of citrus indicates that the sap contains all the essential nutrients needed for the pathogen growth. The phloem sap composition of many plants has been studied; however, to our knowledge, there is no available data about citrus phloem sap. In this study, we identified and quantified the chemical components of phloem sap from pineapple sweet orange. Two approaches (EDTA enhanced exudation and centrifugation) were used to collect phloem sap. The collected sap was derivatized with methyl chloroformate (MCF), N-methyl-N- [tert-butyl dimethylsilyl]-trifluroacetamide (MTBSTFA), or trimethylsilyl (TMS) and analyzed with GC-MS revealing 20 amino acids and 8 sugars. Proline, the most abundant amino acid, composed more than 60% of the total amino acids. Tryptophan, tyrosine, leucine, isoleucine, and valine, which are considered essential for phloem sap-sucking insects, were also detected. Sucrose, glucose, fructose, and inositol were the most predominant sugars. In addition, seven organic acids including succinic, fumaric, malic, maleic, threonic, citric, and quinic were detected. All compounds detected in the EDTA-enhanced exudate were also detected in the pure phloem sap using centrifugation. The centrifugation technique allowed estimating the concentration of metabolites. This information expands our knowledge about the nutrition requirement for citrus phloem-limited bacterial pathogen and their vectors, and can help define suitable artificial media to culture them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faraj Hijaz
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, IFAS, Lake Alfred, Florida, United States of America
| | - Nabil Killiny
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, IFAS, Lake Alfred, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Lee DK, Lim DK, Um JA, Lim CJ, Hong JY, Yoon YA, Ryu Y, Kim HJ, Cho HJ, Park JH, Seo YB, Kim K, Lim J, Kwon SW, Lee J. Evaluation of four different analytical tools to determine the regional origin of Gastrodia elata and Rehmannia glutinosa on the basis of metabolomics study. Molecules 2014; 19:6294-308. [PMID: 24840900 PMCID: PMC6271526 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19056294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemical profiles of medicinal plants could be dissimilar depending on the cultivation environments, which may influence their therapeutic efficacy. Accordingly, the regional origin of the medicinal plants should be authenticated for correct evaluation of their medicinal and market values. Metabolomics has been found very useful for discriminating the origin of many plants. Choosing the adequate analytical tool can be an essential procedure because different chemical profiles with different detection ranges will be produced according to the choice. In this study, four analytical tools, Fourier transform near‑infrared spectroscopy (FT-NIR), 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H‑NMR), liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) were applied in parallel to the same samples of two popular medicinal plants (Gastrodia elata and Rehmannia glutinosa) cultivated either in Korea or China. The classification abilities of four discriminant models for each plant were evaluated based on the misclassification rate and Q2 obtained from principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal projection to latent structures-discriminant analysis (OPLS‑DA), respectively. 1H-NMR and LC-MS, which were the best techniques for G. elata and R. glutinosa, respectively, were generally preferable for origin discrimination over the others. Reasoned by integrating all the results, 1H-NMR is the most prominent technique for discriminating the origins of two plants. Nonetheless, this study suggests that preliminary screening is essential to determine the most suitable analytical tool and statistical method, which will ensure the dependability of metabolomics-based discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Kyu Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea.
| | - Dong Kyu Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea.
| | - Jung A Um
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea.
| | - Chang Ju Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea.
| | - Ji Yeon Hong
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea.
| | - Young A Yoon
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea.
| | - Yeonsuk Ryu
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea.
| | - Hyo Jin Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Dongduk Women's University, Seoul 136-714, Korea.
| | - Hi Jae Cho
- Korea Promotion Institute for Traditional Medicine Industry, Gyeongsan 712-260, Korea.
| | - Jeong Hill Park
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea.
| | - Young Bae Seo
- Department of Herbology, College of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon 300-716, Korea.
| | - Kyunga Kim
- Department of Statistics, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 140-742, Korea.
| | - Johan Lim
- Department of Statistics, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea.
| | - Sung Won Kwon
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea.
| | - Jeongmi Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea.
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Heuberger AL, Robison FM, Lyons SMA, Broeckling CD, Prenni JE. Evaluating plant immunity using mass spectrometry-based metabolomics workflows. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:291. [PMID: 25009545 PMCID: PMC4068199 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic processes in plants are key components of physiological and biochemical disease resistance. Metabolomics, the analysis of a broad range of small molecule compounds in a biological system, has been used to provide a systems-wide overview of plant metabolism associated with defense responses. Plant immunity has been examined using multiple metabolomics workflows that vary in methods of detection, annotation, and interpretation, and the choice of workflow can significantly impact the conclusions inferred from a metabolomics investigation. The broad range of metabolites involved in plant defense often requires multiple chemical detection platforms and implementation of a non-targeted approach. A review of the current literature reveals a wide range of workflows that are currently used in plant metabolomics, and new methods for analyzing and reporting mass spectrometry (MS) data can improve the ability to translate investigative findings among different plant-pathogen systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam L. Heuberger
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Colorado State UniversityFort Collins, CO, USA
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State UniversityFort Collins, CO, USA
- *Correspondence: Adam L. Heuberger, Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Colorado State University, 2021 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80525, USA e-mail:
| | - Faith M. Robison
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Colorado State UniversityFort Collins, CO, USA
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State UniversityFort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Sarah Marie A. Lyons
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Colorado State UniversityFort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Corey D. Broeckling
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Colorado State UniversityFort Collins, CO, USA
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Colorado State UniversityFort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Jessica E. Prenni
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Colorado State UniversityFort Collins, CO, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State UniversityFort Collins, CO, USA
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50
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An HPLC-MS characterization of the changes in sweet orange leaf metabolite profile following infection by the bacterial pathogen Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79485. [PMID: 24223954 PMCID: PMC3818228 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB) presumably caused by Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) threatens the commercial U.S. citrus crop of an annual value of $3 billion. The earliest shift in metabolite profiles of leaves from greenhouse-grown sweet orange trees infected with Clas, and of healthy leaves, was characterized by HPLC-MS concurrently with PCR testing for the presence of Clas bacteria and observation of disease symptoms. Twenty, 8-month-old ‘Valencia’ and ‘Hamlin’ trees were grafted with budwood from PCR-positive HLB source trees. Five graft-inoculated trees of each variety and three control trees were sampled biweekly and analyzed by HPLC-MS and PCR. Thirteen weeks after inoculation, Clas was detected in newly growing flushes in 33% and 55% of the inoculated ‘Hamlin’ and ‘Valencia’ trees, respectively. Inoculated trees remained asymptomatic in the first 20 weeks, but developed symptoms 30 weeks after grafting. No significant differences in the leaf metabolite profiles were detected in Clas-infected trees 23 weeks after inoculation. However, 27 weeks after inoculation, differences in metabolite profiles between control leaves and those of Clas-infected trees were evident. Affected compounds were identified with authentic standards or structurally classified by their UV and mass spectra. Included among these compounds are flavonoid glycosides, polymethoxylated flavones, and hydroxycinnamates. Four structurally related hydroxycinnamate compounds increased more than 10-fold in leaves from ‘Hamlin’ and ‘Valencia’ sweet orange trees in response to Clas infection. Possible roles of these hydroxycinnamates as plant defense compounds against the Clas infection are discussed.
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