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Liu J, Lefevere H, Coussement L, Delaere I, De Meyer T, Demeestere K, Höfte M, Gershenzon J, Ullah C, Gheysen G. The phenylalanine ammonia-lyase inhibitor AIP induces rice defence against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13424. [PMID: 38279847 PMCID: PMC10817824 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
The phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) enzyme catalyses the conversion of l-phenylalanine to trans-cinnamic acid. This conversion is the first step in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis in plants. The phenylpropanoid pathway produces diverse plant metabolites that play essential roles in various processes, including structural support and defence. Previous studies have shown that mutation of the PAL genes enhances disease susceptibility. Here, we investigated the functions of the rice PAL genes using 2-aminoindan-2-phosphonic acid (AIP), a strong competitive inhibitor of PAL enzymes. We show that the application of AIP can significantly reduce the PAL activity of rice crude protein extracts in vitro. However, when AIP was applied to intact rice plants, it reduced infection of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola. RNA-seq showed that AIP treatment resulted in a rapid but transient upregulation of defence-related genes in roots. Moreover, targeted metabolomics demonstrated higher levels of jasmonates and antimicrobial flavonoids and diterpenoids accumulating after AIP treatment. Furthermore, chemical inhibition of the jasmonate pathway abolished the effect of AIP on nematode infection. Our results show that disturbance of the phenylpropanoid pathway by the PAL inhibitor AIP induces defence in rice against M. graminicola by activating jasmonate-mediated defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Department of BiotechnologyGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- College of Plant ProtectionHunan Agricultural UniversityChangshaChina
| | | | - Louis Coussement
- Department of Data Analysis and Mathematical ModellingGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Ilse Delaere
- Department of Plants and CropsGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Tim De Meyer
- Department of Data Analysis and Mathematical ModellingGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Kristof Demeestere
- Department of Green Chemistry and TechnologyGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Monica Höfte
- Department of Plants and CropsGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of BiochemistryMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Chhana Ullah
- Department of BiochemistryMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
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Remali J, Sahidin I, Aizat WM. Xanthone Biosynthetic Pathway in Plants: A Review. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:809497. [PMID: 35463410 PMCID: PMC9024401 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.809497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Xanthones are secondary metabolites rich in structural diversity and possess a broad array of pharmacological properties, such as antitumor, antidiabetic, and anti-microbes. These aromatic compounds are found in higher plants, such as Clusiaceae, Hypericaceae, and Gentianaceae, yet their biosynthetic pathways have not been comprehensively updated especially within the last decade (up to 2021). In this review, plant xanthone biosynthesis is detailed to illuminate their intricacies and differences between species. The pathway initially involves the shikimate pathway, either through L-phenylalanine-dependent or -independent pathway, that later forms an intermediate benzophenone, 2,3',4,6-tetrahydoxybenzophenone. This is followed by a regioselective intramolecular mediated oxidative coupling to form xanthone ring compounds, 1,3,5-trihydroxyxanthone (1,3,5-THX) or 1,3,7-THX, the core precursors for xanthones in most plants. Recent evidence has shed some lights onto the enzymes and reactions involved in this xanthone pathway. In particular, several biosynthetic enzymes have been characterized at both biochemical and molecular levels from various organisms including Hypericum spp., Centaurium erythraea and Garcinia mangostana. Proposed pathways for a plethora of other downstream xanthone derivatives including swertianolin and gambogic acid (derived from 1,3,5-THX) as well as gentisin, hyperixanthone A, α-mangostin, and mangiferin (derived from 1,3,7-THX) have also been thoroughly covered. This review reports one of the most complete xanthone pathways in plants. In the future, the information collected here will be a valuable resource for a more directed molecular works in xanthone-producing plants as well as in synthetic biology application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juwairiah Remali
- Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Idin Sahidin
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Halu Oleo, Kendari, Indonesia
| | - Wan Mohd Aizat
- Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
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Abstract
The Hypericum genus contains one of the few genera of flowering plants that contains a species with authorization for marketing as a traditional medicine, H. perforatum. Due to the fact that this is a large genus, comprising numerous species, a large amount of interest has been shown over the years in the study of its various pharmacological activities. The chemical composition of these species is quite similar, containing compounds belonging to the class of phloroglucinol derivatives, naphthodianthrones, phenols, flavonoids and essential oils. Taking all of this into consideration, the present study aims to offer an overview of the species of the genus from the point of view of their extraction techniques and analysis methods. An extensive study on the scientific literature was performed, and it revealed a wide range of solvents and extraction methods, among which ethanol and methanol, together with maceration and ultrasonication, are the most frequent. Regarding analysis methods, separation and spectral techniques are the most employed. Therefore, the present study provides necessary data for future studies on the species of the genus, offering a complete overview and a possible basis for their development.
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Reed KM, Bargmann BOR. Protoplast Regeneration and Its Use in New Plant Breeding Technologies. Front Genome Ed 2021; 3:734951. [PMID: 34713266 PMCID: PMC8525371 DOI: 10.3389/fgeed.2021.734951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of gene-editing technology holds tremendous potential for accelerating crop trait improvement to help us address the need to feed a growing global population. However, the delivery and access of gene-editing tools to the host genome and subsequent recovery of successfully edited plants form significant bottlenecks in the application of new plant breeding technologies. Moreover, the methods most suited to achieve a desired outcome vary substantially, depending on species' genotype and the targeted genetic changes. Hence, it is of importance to develop and improve multiple strategies for delivery and regeneration in order to be able to approach each application from various angles. The use of transient transformation and regeneration of plant protoplasts is one such strategy that carries unique advantages and challenges. Here, we will discuss the use of protoplast regeneration in the application of new plant breeding technologies and review pertinent literature on successful protoplast regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bastiaan O. R. Bargmann
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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Hou W, Singh RK, Martins V, Tenllado F, Franklin G, Dias ACP. Transcriptional responses of Hypericum perforatum cells to Agrobacterium tumefaciens and differential gene expression in dark glands. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2021; 48:936-947. [PMID: 34112313 DOI: 10.1071/fp20292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hypericum perforatum L. (St. John's wort) is a well-known medicinal plant that possesses secondary metabolites with beneficial pharmacological properties. However, improvement in the production of secondary metabolites via genetic manipulation is a challenging task as H. perforatum remains recalcitrant to Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. Here, the transcripts of key genes involved in several plant defence responses (secondary metabolites, RNA silencing, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and specific defence genes) were investigated in H. perforatum suspension cells inoculated with A. tumefaciens by quantitative real-time PCR. Results indicated that key genes from the xanthone, hypericin and melatonin biosynthesis pathways, the ROS-detoxification enzyme HpAOX, as well as the defence genes Hyp-1 and HpPGIP, were all upregulated to rapidly respond to A. tumefaciens elicitation in H. perforatum. By contrast, expression levels of genes involved in hyperforin and flavonoid biosynthesis pathways were markedly downregulated upon A. tumefaciens elicitation. In addition, we compared the expression patterns of key genes in H. perforatum leaf tissues with and without dark glands, a major site of secondary metabolite production. Overall, we provide evidence for the upregulation of several phenylpropanoid pathway genes in response to elicitation by Agrobacterium, suggesting that production of secondary metabolites could modulate H. perforatum recalcitrance to A. tumefaciens-mediated transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weina Hou
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Department of Biology, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal; and Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Rupesh K Singh
- Centro de Química de Vila Real (CQ-VR), UTAD, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Viviana Martins
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Francisco Tenllado
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana y de Plantas, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Madrid, 28040, Spain; and Corresponding authors. Emails: ;
| | - Gregory Franklin
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Department of Biology, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Alberto C P Dias
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Department of Biology, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal; and Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal; and Center of Biological Engineering (CEB), University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal; and Corresponding authors. Emails: ;
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Zubova MY, Nechaeva TL, Kartashov AV, Zagoskina NV. Regulation of the Phenolic Compounds Accumulation in the Tea-Plant Callus Culture with a Separate and Combined Effect of Light and Cadmium Ions. BIOL BULL+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359020060175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Nechaeva TL, Nikolaeva TN, Zagoskina NV. Salicylic and Hydroxybenzoic Acids Affect the Accumulation of Phenolic Compounds in Tea-Plant Cultures in vitro. BIOL BULL+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359020040093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Zagoskina NV, Kazantseva VV, Fesenko AN, Shirokova AV. Accumulation of Phenolic Compounds at the Initial Steps of Ontogenesis of Fagopyrum esculentum Plants That Differ in Their Ploidy Levels. BIOL BULL+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359018020140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Dresler S, Kováčik J, Strzemski M, Sowa I, Wójciak-Kosior M. Methodological aspects of biologically active compounds quantification in the genus Hypericum. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 155:82-90. [PMID: 29621655 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of selected secondary metabolites in two Hypericum species (H. perforatum and H. annulatum) was compared in their vegetative parts (stems and leaves) and in terms of the extraction solvent (80% aq. methanol or 60% aq. ethanol). The presence of chlorogenic acid and quercitrin was not detected in stem of both species. Almost all metabolites were more accumulated in the leaves than in the stems (rutin, hyperoside, quercetin and hypericin) but epicatechin showed the opposite in both species and hyperforin in H. annulatum. Extraction solvents showed rather species-specific differences with EtOH being more suitable for the extraction of hypericin, quercetin, quercitrin, and hyperoside (on average, for both the leaves and stems, extraction increased by approximately 130, 30, 25, and 15%, respectively) while MeOH for the extraction of epicatechin, rutin, and hyperforin (increased extraction by approximately 50, 40, and 35%, respectively). On the other hand, content of total soluble phenols did not differ in relation to solvent in any organ or species. Various ages of H. annulatum plants did not show dramatic impact on the amount of metabolites. Subsequently, the usefulness of capillary electrophoresis (CE) as an alternative to HPLC for the quantification of metabolites in H. perforatum was tested and results showed non-significant differences between CE and HPLC with the methods we developed (the difference did not exceed 10%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sławomir Dresler
- Department of Plant Physiology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Jozef Kováčik
- Department of Biology, University of Trnava, Priemyselná 4, 918 43 Trnava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Maciej Strzemski
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Ireneusz Sowa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Magdalena Wójciak-Kosior
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
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Gregorová Z, Kováčik J, Klejdus B, Maglovski M, Kuna R, Hauptvogel P, Matušíková I. Drought-Induced Responses of Physiology, Metabolites, and PR Proteins in Triticum aestivum. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:8125-33. [PMID: 26330002 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b02951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The impact of severe drought stress (13% soil moisture) on the physiological responses, metabolic profile, and pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins in wheat above- and below-ground biomass after 20 days of treatment was studied. Drought depleted growth, assimilation pigments, and majority of free amino acids in the shoots (but proline increased considerably, +160%). On the contrary, root growth parameters were elevated, and free amino acids did not decrease, indicating investment of metabolites into the growth of roots under water deficiency. Mineral nutrients were only slightly influenced. Profiling of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins revealed that chitinases (EC 3.2.1.14) and glucanases (EC 3.2.1.39) were activated in wheat by drought. Individual isoforms and their activity were rather stimulated under drought, especially in shoots. The expression of selected genes is in agreement with enzymatic data and suggests an organ (tissue) specific- and opposing behavior of these two types of defense components in drought-stressed wheat. Metabolic analyses at the level of phenolics showed an increase in the free and bound fraction of phenolic acids almost exclusively in the shoots and flavonoid isoorientin increased considerably: protective action against oxidative stress and dehydration of the leaves seems to be the main reason for this finding. The role of PR proteins and phenolics in drought-stressed tissue is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Gregorová
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Botany and Genetics, Constantine the Philosopher University , Nábrežie mládeže 91, 949 74 Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | | | | | - Marína Maglovski
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Slovak Academy of Sciences , Akademická 2, P.O. Box 39A, 950 07 Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Roman Kuna
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Botany and Genetics, Constantine the Philosopher University , Nábrežie mládeže 91, 949 74 Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Pavol Hauptvogel
- National Agricultural and Food Centre - Research Institute of Plant Production, Bratislavská cesta 122, 921 68 Piešt'any, Slovak Republic
| | - Ildikó Matušíková
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Slovak Academy of Sciences , Akademická 2, P.O. Box 39A, 950 07 Nitra, Slovak Republic
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Jones AMP, Shukla MR, Biswas GCG, Saxena PK. Protoplast-to-plant regeneration of American elm (Ulmus americana). PROTOPLASMA 2015; 252:925-931. [PMID: 25359187 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-014-0724-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study describes a protocol for regeneration of plants from cell suspension-derived protoplasts of American elm (Ulmus americana). Efficient protoplast isolation was achieved from a two-phase culture system through the incorporation of 100 μM 2-aminoindan-2-phosphonic acid, with a yield of approximately 2 × 10(6) protoplasts/ml packed cell volume. Isolated protoplasts failed to survive in liquid or alginate bead culture systems but initiated and continued to divide when embedded in low melting point agarose beads. Protoplast-derived callus proliferated and differentiated into shoot buds in response to 10 or 20 μM thidiazuron. Differentiated buds elongated and continued to proliferate on elm shoot medium supplemented with 3.0 μM GA3. The protoplast-derived shoots rooted and acclimatized to greenhouse conditions and continued to grow. This system provides the first protoplast-to-plant regeneration system for American elm and provides a framework for the development of protoplast fusion or genome editing technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M P Jones
- Gosling Research Institute for Plant Preservation, Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2 W1, Canada
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Babula P, Klejdus B, Kovacik J, Hedbavny J, Hlavna M. Lanthanum rather than cadmium induces oxidative stress and metabolite changes in Hypericum perforatum. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2015; 286:334-42. [PMID: 25594936 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.12.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Physiology, oxidative stress and production of metabolites in Hypericum perforatum exposed to moderate Cd and/or La concentration (10 μM) were studied. La evoked increase in reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde and proline but suppressed growth, tissue water content, glutathione, ascorbic acid and affected mineral nutrient contents more than Cd while the impact of Cd+La was not synergistic. Similar trend was observed at the level of superoxide dismutase gene expression. Shoot Cd amount increased in Cd+La while only root La increased in the same treatment. Extensive quantification of secondary metabolites revealed that La affected phenolic acids more pronouncedly than Cd in shoots and roots. Flavonols were suppressed by La that could contribute to the appearance of oxidative damage. Procyanidins increased in response to La in the shoots but decreased in the roots. Metabolic responses in Cd+La treatment resembled those of La treatment (almost identically in the roots). Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity was mainly suppressed by La. The presence of La also depleted amount of hypericin and expression of its putative gene (hyp-1) showed similar trend but accumulation of hyperforin increased under Cd or La excess. Clear differences in the stem and root anatomy in response to Cd or La were also found. Overall, H. perforatum is La-sensitive species and rather Cd ameliorated negative impact of La.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Babula
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Bořivoj Klejdus
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Kovacik
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Josef Hedbavny
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marián Hlavna
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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Effects of polysaccharide elicitors on secondary metabolite production and antioxidant response in Hypericum perforatum L. shoot cultures. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:609649. [PMID: 25574489 PMCID: PMC4276679 DOI: 10.1155/2014/609649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of polysaccharide elicitors such as chitin, pectin, and dextran on the production of phenylpropanoids (phenolics and flavonoids) and naphtodianthrones (hypericin and pseudohypericin) in Hypericum perforatum shoot cultures were studied. Nonenzymatic antioxidant properties (NEAOP) and peroxidase (POD) activity were also observed in shoot extracts. The activities of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and chalcone-flavanone isomerase (CHFI) were monitored to estimate channeling in phenylpropanoid/flavonoid pathways of elicited shoot cultures. A significant suppression of the production of total phenolics and flavonoids was observed in elicited shoots from day 14 to day 21 of postelicitation. This inhibition of phenylpropanoid production was probably due to the decrease in CHFI activity in elicited shoots. Pectin and dextran promoted accumulation of naphtodianthrones, particularly pseudohypericin, within 21 days of postelicitation. The enhanced accumulation of naphtodianthrones was positively correlated with an increase of PAL activity in elicited shoots. All tested elicitors induced NEAOP at day 7, while chitin and pectin showed increase in POD activity within the entire period of postelicitation. The POD activity was in significantly positive correlation with flavonoid and hypericin contents, suggesting a strong perturbation of the cell redox system and activation of defense responses in polysaccharide-elicited H. perforatum shoot cultures.
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Pillai PP, Nair AR. Hypericin biosynthesis in Hypericum hookerianum Wight and Arn: investigation on biochemical pathways using metabolite inhibitors and suppression subtractive hybridization. C R Biol 2014; 337:571-80. [PMID: 25282172 DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 07/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The biochemical pathway to hypericin biosynthesis is presumed to be polyketide synthase (PKS) mediated, but it has not been experimentally validated, and no alternate route (chorismate/o-succinylbenzoate pathway) has been analyzed. We report here our earlier developed auxin inducible culture systems of Hypericum hookerianum as a model, to study the metabolic pathway to hypericin synthesis. Inhibitors of the alternate pathway at varying concentrations showed steady synthesis of total hypericins with means of 2.80±0.22, 18.75±0.01; 16.39±3.75, 29.60±1.90 (mevinolin) 2.53±0.10, 18.12±0.56; 0.14±0.01, 14.28±1.11 (fosmidomycin) and 2.7±0.35, 18.75±0.61; 0.14±0.01, 12.80±1.09 mg g(-1) DW (glyphosate) in the control and auxin-induced shoot and shoot-forming callus cultures, respectively. SSH analysis classified the differentially expressed sequences into protein synthesis (38%), modification (20%), electron transport (9%) and remaining as unclassified (11%) and unknown proteins (22%). Functional annotation of sequences indicates the presence of additional protein components besides PKS activity. Our results demonstrate direct biochemical and molecular evidence of PKS hypothesis of hypericin biosynthesis for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padmesh P Pillai
- Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Division, Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute, Palode, Thiruvananthapuram 695 562, India.
| | - Aswati R Nair
- School of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Calicut 673 601, India
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Kováčik J, Klejdus B, Babula P, Jarošová M. Variation of antioxidants and secondary metabolites in nitrogen-deficient barley plants. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 171:260-8. [PMID: 24054753 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Barley (Hordeum vulgare cv. Bojos) plants cultured in low nitrogen (N) containing Hoagland solution (20 mg/l) were exposed to N deficiency (-N) over 15 days. Plants revealed relatively high tolerance to total N deficit because shoot length was not altered and dry biomass was depleted by ca. 30% while root length increased by ca. 50% and dry biomass remained unaffected. Soluble proteins and free amino acids decreased more pronouncedly in the roots. Antioxidants (glutathione and ascorbic acid) decreased in the shoots but increased or were not affected in the roots. Ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase activities were depleted in shoots and/or roots while guaiacol peroxidase activity was stimulated in the shoots. In accordance, fluorescence signal of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide was elevated in shoots but no extensive changes were observed in roots if +N and -N treatments are compared. At the level of phenolic metabolites, slight increase in soluble phenols and some phenolic acids and strong elevation of flavonoid homoorientin was found in the shoots but not in the roots. Fluorescence microscopy in terms of detection of phenols is also discussed. We also briefly discussed accuracy of quantification of some parameters owing to discrepancies in the literature. It is concluded that N deficiency induces increase in shoot phenolics but also elevates symptoms of oxidative stress while increase in root antioxidants probably contributes to ROS homeostasis aimed to maintain root development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozef Kováčik
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Bořivoj Klejdus
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Babula
- Department of Natural Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého 1/3, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Jarošová
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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Kováčik J, Klejdus B. Induction of phenolic metabolites and physiological changes in chamomile plants in relation to nitrogen nutrition. Food Chem 2013; 142:334-41. [PMID: 24001850 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.07.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Alternative tools, such as the manipulation of mineral nutrition, may affect secondary metabolite production and thus the nutritional value of food/medicinal plants. We studied the impact of nitrogen (N) nutrition (nitrate/NO3(-) or ammonium/NH4(+) nitrogen) and subsequent nitrogen deficit on phenolic metabolites and physiology in Matricaria chamomilla plants. NH4(+)-fed plants revealed a strong induction of selected phenolic metabolites but, at the same time, growth, Fv/Fm, tissue water content and soluble protein depletion occurred in comparison with NO3(-)-fed ones. On the other hand, NO3(-)-deficient plants also revealed an increase in phenolic metabolites but growth depression was not observed after the given exposure period. Free amino acids were more accumulated in NH4(+)-fed shoots (strong increase in arginine and proline mainly), while the pattern of roots' accumulation was independent of N form. Among phenolic acids, NH4(+) strongly elevated mainly the accumulation of chlorogenic acid. Within flavonoids, flavonols decreased while flavones strongly increased in response to N deficiency. Coumarin-related metabolites revealed a similar increase in herniarin glucosidic precursor in response to N deficiency, while herniarin was more accumulated in NO3(-)- and umbelliferone in NH4(+)-cultured plants. These data indicate a negative impact of NH4(+) as the only source of N on physiology, but also a higher stimulation of some valuable phenols. Nitrogen-induced changes in comparison with other food/crop plants are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozef Kováčik
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
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