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Esteban-Campos P, Vela P, Rodríguez-Solana R, López-Sánchez JI, Salinero C, Pérez-Santín E. Influence of the Culture Conditions on Camellia sinensis Cell Cultures. Foods 2024; 13:2461. [PMID: 39123652 PMCID: PMC11311622 DOI: 10.3390/foods13152461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2024] [Revised: 07/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Since the last century, it has been shown that dedifferentiated cells of Camellia sinensis can produce catechins and other secondary metabolites under in vitro conditions, with potential applications in the cosmetic, pharmaceutical and food industries. In this work, cell suspension cultures of a C. sinensis cell line (LSC-5Y) were established in a liquid medium in order to optimize the biomass productivity, catechin monomer (GC, EGC, C, EC, CG, and ECG) and alkaloid (TB and CAF) productivity. The following factors were evaluated: concentration of growth regulators (BA and IBA), inoculum size, age of the cell line, light exposure, and effect of biotic elicitors (MeJA and extracts of Ciborinia camelliae). GC, EGC, and ECG increased approximately 1.80-fold when the auxin IBA concentration was increased from 0.1 to 2.0 mg/L. In addition, better productivity of EGC, C, EC, and CAF was achieved by using inoculum densities between 50 and 100 g/L. Although lower inoculum densities (25 g/L) showed a higher growth rate (0.20 d-1), the use of inoculum densities higher than 25 g/L favors a 2-4-fold increase in total catechin (TC) productivity, with maximum productivity being reached after 21 days of culture. However, the cell line showed instability in TC productivity: in the short term (in three successive subcultures), the coefficient of variation was 32.80%, and catechin production capacity was 2.5 years with maximum productivity at 0.5 years. Finally, it was observed that ethanol, used as an elicitor solvent, has a strong elicitor effect capable of increasing the accumulation of catechins up to 5.24 times compared to the treatment without an elicitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Esteban-Campos
- Estación Fitopatolóxica Areeiro, Deputación de Pontevedra, Subida á Carballeira, 36153 Pontevedra, Spain; (P.E.-C.); (P.V.); (C.S.)
| | - Pilar Vela
- Estación Fitopatolóxica Areeiro, Deputación de Pontevedra, Subida á Carballeira, 36153 Pontevedra, Spain; (P.E.-C.); (P.V.); (C.S.)
| | - Raquel Rodríguez-Solana
- Department of Agroindustry and Food Quality, Andalusian Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research and Training (IFAPA), Rancho de la Merced Center, Carretera Cañada de la Loba (CA-3102) Km 3.1., SN, 11471 Jerez de la Frontera, Spain;
- MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
- CHANGE—Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - José Ignacio López-Sánchez
- Escuela Superior de Ingeniería y Tecnología (ESIT), Universidad Internacional de la Rioja—UNIR, Avenida de la Paz, 137, 26006 Logroño, Spain;
| | - Carmen Salinero
- Estación Fitopatolóxica Areeiro, Deputación de Pontevedra, Subida á Carballeira, 36153 Pontevedra, Spain; (P.E.-C.); (P.V.); (C.S.)
| | - Efrén Pérez-Santín
- Escuela Superior de Ingeniería y Tecnología (ESIT), Universidad Internacional de la Rioja—UNIR, Avenida de la Paz, 137, 26006 Logroño, Spain;
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Dong X, Li W, Li C, Akan OD, Liao C, Cao J, Zhang L. Integrated transcriptomics and metabolomics revealed the mechanism of catechin biosynthesis in response to lead stress in tung tree (Vernicia fordii). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 930:172796. [PMID: 38692325 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) affects gene transcription, metabolite biosynthesis and growth in plants. The tung tree (Vernicia fordii) is highly adaptive to adversity, whereas the mechanisms underlying its response to Pb remain uncertain. In this work, transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses were employed to study tung trees under Pb stress. The results showed that the biomass of tung seedlings decreased with increasing Pb doses, and excessive Pb doses resulted in leaf wilting, root rot, and disruption of Pb homeostasis. Under non-excessive Pb stress, a significant change in the expression patterns of flavonoid biosynthesis genes was observed in the roots of tung seedlings, leading to changes in the accumulation of flavonoids in the roots, especially the upregulation of catechins, which can chelate Pb and reduce its toxicity in plants. In addition, Pb-stressed roots showed a large accumulation of VfWRKY55, VfWRKY75, and VfLRR1 transcripts, which were shown to be involved in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway by gene module analysis. Overexpression of VfWRKY55, VfWRKY75, and VfLRR1 significantly increased catechin concentrations in tung roots, respectively. These data indicate that Pb stress-induced changes in the expression patterns of those genes regulate the accumulation of catechins. Our findings will help to clarify the molecular mechanism of Pb response in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Dong
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Wenying Li
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; College of Biology and Agricultural Resources, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, Hubei 438000, China
| | - Changzhu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Utilization of Woody Oil Resource, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Otobong Donald Akan
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; Faculty of Biological Science, Akwa-Ibom State University, Akwa-Ibom State, Uyo 1167, Nigeria
| | - Chancan Liao
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Jie Cao
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China.
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Shu Z, Ji Q, He T, Zhou D, Zheng S, Zhou H, He W. Combined metabolome and transcriptome analyses reveal that growing under Red shade affects secondary metabolite content in Huangjinya green tea. Front Genet 2024; 15:1365243. [PMID: 38660681 PMCID: PMC11039865 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1365243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Shading treatments impact the tea (Camellia sinensis L.) quality. The sunlight sensitive varieties can be grown under shading nets for better growth and secondary metabolite content. Here, we studied the responses of a sunlight sensitive green tea variety "Huangjinya" by growing under colored shading nets (red, yellow, blue, and black (75% and 95%) shading rates) to find out the most suitable color of the shading net. Red shading was the most promising treatment as it positively affected the weight and length of 100 one-bud-three leaves and reduced the degree and rate of new shoots burn compared to control (natural sunlight). We then explored the comparative metabolomic changes in response to red shading by using UPLC-ESI-MS/MS system. The amino acids and derivatives, flavonoids, and alkaloids were downaccumulated whereas lipids, organic acids, and lignans were upaccumulated in Red shade grown tea samples. The red shading nets caused a decreased catechin, epicatechin, dopamine, and L-tyramine contents but increased caffeine content. We then employed transcriptome sequencing to find key changes in expressions of related genes and pathways. Notably, key genes associated with the phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis pathways exhibited complex regulation. These expression changes suggested a potential trend of polymerization or condensation of simple molecules like catechin or pelargonidin into larger molecules like glucoside or proanthocyanidins. Here, Red shading net triggered higher expression of genes enriched in lipid biosynthesis and jasmonic acid biosynthesis, suggesting an interplay of fatty acids and JA in improving tea performance. These findings contribute to the metabolic responses of Huangjinya tea to red shading nets which might have implications for flavor and health benefits. Our data provide a foundation for further exploration and optimization of cultivation practices for this unique tea variety.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Huijuan Zhou
- Lishui Institute of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weizhong He
- Lishui Institute of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
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Zhao Y, Yang P, Cheng Y, Liu Y, Yang Y, Liu Z. Insights into the physiological, molecular, and genetic regulators of albinism in Camellia sinensis leaves. Front Genet 2023; 14:1219335. [PMID: 37745858 PMCID: PMC10516542 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1219335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Yanling Yinbiancha, a cultivar of Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze, is an evergreen woody perennial with characteristic albino leaves. A mutant variant with green leaves on branches has been recently identified. The molecular mechanisms underlying this color variation remain unknown. Methods: We aimed to utilize omics tools to decipher the molecular basis for this color variation, with the ultimate goal of enhancing existing germplasm and utilizing it in future breeding programs. Results and discussion: Albinotic leaves exhibited significant chloroplast degeneration and reduced carotenoid accumulation. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis of the two variants revealed 1,412 differentially expressed genes and 127 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs). Enrichment analysis for DEGs suggested significant enrichment of pathways involved in the biosynthesis of anthocyanins, porphyrin, chlorophyll, and carotenoids. To further narrow down the causal variation for albinotic leaves, we performed a conjoint analysis of metabolome and transcriptome and identified putative candidate genes responsible for albinism in C. sinensis leaves. 12, 7, and 28 DEGs were significantly associated with photosynthesis, porphyrin/chlorophyll metabolism, and flavonoid metabolism, respectively. Chlorophyllase 2, Chlorophyll a-Binding Protein 4A, Chlorophyll a-Binding Protein 24, Stay Green Regulator, Photosystem II Cytochrome b559 subunit beta along with transcription factors AP2, bZIP, MYB, and WRKY were identified as a potential regulator of albinism in Yanling Yinbiancha. Moreover, we identified Anthocyanidin reductase and Arabidopsis Response Regulator 1 as DEGs influencing flavonoid accumulation in albino leaves. Identification of genes related to albinism in C. sinensis may facilitate genetic modification or development of molecular markers, potentially enhancing cultivation efficiency and expanding the germplasm for utilization in breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhao
- Tea Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | | | | | | | | | - Zhen Liu
- Tea Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Xu C, Li J, Wang H, Liu H, Yu Z, Zhao Z. Whole-Transcriptome Sequencing Reveals a ceRNA Regulatory Network Associated with the Process of Periodic Albinism under Low Temperature in Baiye No. 1 ( Camellia sinensis). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087162. [PMID: 37108322 PMCID: PMC10138444 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The young shoots of the tea plant Baiye No. 1 display an albino phenotype in the early spring under low environmental temperatures, and the leaves re-green like those of common tea cultivars during the warm season. Periodic albinism is precisely regulated by a complex gene network that leads to metabolic differences and enhances the nutritional value of tea leaves. Here, we identified messenger RNAs (mRNAs), long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), and microRNAs (miRNAs) to construct competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) regulatory networks. We performed whole-transcriptome sequencing of 12 samples from four periods (Bud, leaves not expanded; Alb, albino leaves; Med, re-greening leaves; and Gre, green leaves) and identified a total of 6325 differentially expressed mRNAs (DEmRNAs), 667 differentially expressed miRNAs (DEmiRNAs), 1702 differentially expressed lncRNAs (DElncRNAs), and 122 differentially expressed circRNAs (DEcircRNAs). Furthermore, we constructed ceRNA networks on the basis of co-differential expression analyses which comprised 112, 35, 38, and 15 DEmRNAs, DEmiRNAs, DElncRNAs, and DEcircRNAs, respectively. Based on the regulatory networks, we identified important genes and their interactions with lncRNAs, circRNAs, and miRNAs during periodic albinism, including the ceRNA regulatory network centered on miR5021x, the GAMYB-miR159-lncRNA regulatory network, and the NAC035-miR319x-circRNA regulatory network. These regulatory networks might be involved in the response to cold stress, photosynthesis, chlorophyll synthesis, amino acid synthesis, and flavonoid accumulation. Our findings provide novel insights into ceRNA regulatory mechanisms involved in Baiye No. 1 during periodic albinism and will aid future studies of the molecular mechanisms underlying albinism mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cunbin Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Propagation and Cultivation on Medicinal Plants, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Guizhou Institute of Technology, Guiyang 550003, China
| | - Jinling Li
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Propagation and Cultivation on Medicinal Plants, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Hualei Wang
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Propagation and Cultivation on Medicinal Plants, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Huijuan Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Propagation and Cultivation on Medicinal Plants, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Zhihai Yu
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Guizhou Institute of Technology, Guiyang 550003, China
| | - Zhi Zhao
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Propagation and Cultivation on Medicinal Plants, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
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Chen J, Mei S, Zheng P, Guo J, Zeng Z, Lu H, Sun B. A multi-omics view of the preservation effect on Camellia sinensis leaves during low temperature postharvest transportation. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2023.114614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
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7
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Integrated untargeted metabolome, full-length sequencing, and transcriptome analyses reveal insights into the fruit quality at different harvest times of Chaenomeles speciosa. Food Res Int 2023; 164:112314. [PMID: 36737903 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.112314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chaenomeles speciosa fruit is a homologous medicine and food plant with a long history of multiple uses. It could be harvested near maturity and last for a long time. However, the optimal harvest strategy of Chaenomeles speciosa for various uses is currently unavailable. Here, untargeted metabolome at different harvest times during maturation was investigated for the first time, and 896 metabolites, including sugars, organic acids, amino acids, and phenylpropanoids, were identified. Optimal harvesting methods were proposed for different purposes. During the early maturation stages (before 105 days after full bloom), Ch. speciosa fruit could be harvested as Chinesemedicine. Whereas as snacks and food, Ch. speciosa fruit might be harvested at late maturity (after 120 days after full bloom). In addition, the overall network was revealed by integrating full-length Iso-seq and transcriptomics (RNA-seq) to investigate the association between quality-associated metabolites and Chaenomeles speciosa fruit gene expression during maturation. A few putative genes were captured via screening, dissecting and correlation analysis with the quality-associated metabolites (including d-glucose, catechin, gallocatechin, and succinic acid). Overall, in addition to providing a harvesting strategy for food and medicine, we also investigated the metabolism and gene expression pattern of Chaenomeles speciosa fruit during maturation. This comprehensive data and analyses laid the foundation for further investigating potential regulatory mechanisms during harvest and provided a new possibility for its development and utilization.
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Mikulic-Petkovsek M, Ivancic A, Gacnik S, Veberic R, Hudina M, Marinovic S, Molitor C, Halbwirth H. Biochemical Characterization of Black and Green Mutant Elderberry during Fruit Ripening. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:504. [PMID: 36771589 PMCID: PMC9918921 DOI: 10.3390/plants12030504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The content of sugars, organic acids, phenolic compounds and selected enzyme activities in the anthocyanin pathway were analyzed in NIGRA (Sambucus nigra var. nigra-black fruits) and VIRIDIS (S. nigra var. viridis-green fruits) fruits over four stages of ripening. The share of glucose and fructose in green fruits was higher than in colored fruits, and the sugar content increased significantly until the third developmental stage. Ripe NIGRA berries had 47% flavonol glycosides, 34% anthocyanins, 3% hydroxycinnamic acids and 14% flavanols, whereas the major phenolic group in the VIRIDIS fruits, making up 88% of the total analyzed polyphenols, was flavonols. NIGRA fruits were rich in anthocyanins (6020 µg g-1 FW), showing strong activation of the late anthocyanin pathway (dihydroflavonol 4-reductase, anthocyanidin synthase). In both color types, phenylalanine ammonia lyase and chalcone synthase/chalcone isomerase activities were highest in the first stage and decreased during ripening. In VIRIDIS fruit, no anthocyanins and only one flavanol (procyanidin dimer) were found. This was most likely caused by a lack of induction of the late anthocyanin pathway in the last period of fruit ripening. The VIRIDIS genotype may be useful in studying the regulatory structures of anthocyanin biosynthesis and the contribution of distinct flavonoid classes to the health benefits of elderberries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Mikulic-Petkovsek
- Chair for Fruit Growing, Viticulture and Vegetable Growing, Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anton Ivancic
- 2 Chair for Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Maribor, Pivola 10, SI-2311 Hoce, Slovenia
| | - Sasa Gacnik
- Chair for Fruit Growing, Viticulture and Vegetable Growing, Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Robert Veberic
- Chair for Fruit Growing, Viticulture and Vegetable Growing, Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Metka Hudina
- Chair for Fruit Growing, Viticulture and Vegetable Growing, Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Silvija Marinovic
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Molitor
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Heidi Halbwirth
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
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Li C, Shi B, Li X, Zhang W, Pan X. Changes of phenolics contents, antioxidant activities, and enzyme activities in pellicles of Juglans sigillata Dode during fruits development. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2022.2125011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiang Li
- Guizhou Engineering Research Center for Fruit Crops, Guizhou University, Guiyang China
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang China
| | - Binbin Shi
- Guizhou Engineering Research Center for Fruit Crops, Guizhou University, Guiyang China
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang China
| | - Xue Li
- Guizhou Engineering Research Center for Fruit Crops, Guizhou University, Guiyang China
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang China
| | - Wen’e Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang China
| | - Xuejun Pan
- Guizhou Engineering Research Center for Fruit Crops, Guizhou University, Guiyang China
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang China
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Effect of Interactions between Phosphorus and Light Intensity on Metabolite Compositions in Tea Cultivar Longjing43. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315194. [PMID: 36499516 PMCID: PMC9740319 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Light intensity influences energy production by increasing photosynthetic carbon, while phosphorus plays an important role in forming the complex nucleic acid structure for the regulation of protein synthesis. These two factors contribute to gene expression, metabolism, and plant growth regulation. In particular, shading is an effective agronomic practice and is widely used to improve the quality of green tea. Genotypic differences between tea cultivars have been observed as a metabolic response to phosphorus deficiency. However, little is known about how the phosphorus supply mediates the effect of shading on metabolites and how plant cultivar gene expression affects green tea quality. We elucidated the responses of the green tea cultivar Longjing43 under three light intensity levels and two levels of phosphorus supply based on a metabolomic analysis by GC×GC-TOF/MS (Two-dimensional Gas Chromatography coupled to Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry) and UPLC-Q-TOF/MS (Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Quadrupole-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry), a targeted analysis by HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography), and a gene expression analysis by qRT-PCR. In young shoots, the phosphorus concentration increased in line with the phosphate supply, and elevated light intensities were positively correlated with catechins, especially with epigallocatechin of Longjing43. Moreover, when the phosphorus concentration was sufficient, total amino acids in young shoots were enhanced by moderate shading which did not occur under phosphorus deprivation. By metabolomic analysis, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis (PTT) were enriched due to light and phosphorus effects. Under shaded conditions, SPX2 (Pi transport, stress, sensing, and signaling), SWEET3 (bidirectional sugar transporter), AAP (amino acid permeases), and GSTb (glutathione S-transferase b) shared the same analogous correlations with primary and secondary metabolite pathways. Taken together, phosphorus status is a crucial factor when shading is applied to increase green tea quality.
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Wang M, Yang J, Li J, Zhou X, Xiao Y, Liao Y, Tang J, Dong F, Zeng L. Effects of temperature and light on quality-related metabolites in tea [Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze] leaves. Food Res Int 2022; 161:111882. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Integration of Metabolomics and Transcriptomics Reveal the Mechanism Underlying Accumulation of Flavonols in Albino Tea Leaves. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27185792. [PMID: 36144526 PMCID: PMC9501457 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27185792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Albino tea plants (Camellia sinensis) have been reported to possess highly inhibited metabolism of flavonoids compared to regular green tea leaves, which improves the quality of the tea made from these leaves. However, the mechanisms underlying the metabolism of catechins and flavonols in albino tea leaves have not been well elucidated. In this study, we analyzed a time series of leaf samples in the greening process from albino to green in a thermosensitive leaf-color tea mutant using metabolomics and transcriptomics. The total content of polyphenols dramatically decreased, while flavonols (such as rutin) were highly accumulated in albino leaves compared to in green leaves. After treatment with increasing environment temperature, total polyphenols and catechins were increased in albino mutant tea leaves; however, flavonols (especially ortho-dihydroxylated B-rings such as rutin) were decreased. Meanwhile, weighted gene co-expression network analysis of RNA-seq data suggested that the accumulation of flavonols was highly correlated with genes related to reactive oxygen species scavenging. Histochemical localization further demonstrated that this specific accumulation of flavonols might be related to their biological functions in stress tolerance. These findings suggest that the temperature-stimulated accumulation of total polyphenols and catechins in albino mutant tea leaves was highly induced by enhanced photosynthesis and accumulation of its products, while the initial accumulation and temperature inhibition of flavonols in albino mutant tea leaves were associated with metabolism related to oxidative stress. In conclusion, our results indicate that the biosynthesis of flavonoids could be driven by many different factors, including antioxidation and carbon skeleton storage, under favorable and unfavorable circumstances, respectively. This work provides new insights into the drivers of flavonoid biosynthesis in albino tea leaves, which will further help to increase tea quality by improving cultivation measures.
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Root Foraging Strategy Improves the Adaptability of Tea Plants (Camellia sinensis L.) to Soil Potassium Heterogeneity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158585. [PMID: 35955715 PMCID: PMC9369073 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Root foraging enables plants to obtain more soil nutrients in a constantly changing nutrient environment. Little is known about the adaptation mechanism of adventitious roots of plants dominated by asexual reproduction (such as tea plants) to soil potassium heterogeneity. We investigated root foraging strategies for K by two tea plants (low-K tolerant genotype “1511” and low-K intolerant genotype “1601”) using a multi-layer split-root system. Root exudates, root architecture and transcriptional responses to K heterogeneity were analyzed by HPLC, WinRHIZO and RNA-seq. With the higher leaf K concentrations and K biological utilization indexes, “1511” acclimated to K heterogeneity better than “1601”. For “1511”, maximum total root length and fine root length proportion appeared on the K-enriched side; the solubilization of soil K reached the maximum on the low-K side, which was consistent with the amount of organic acids released through root exudation. The cellulose decomposition genes that were abundant on the K-enriched side may have promoted root proliferation for “1511”. This did not happen in “1601”. The low-K tolerant tea genotype “1511” was better at acclimating to K heterogeneity, which was due to a smart root foraging strategy: more roots (especially fine roots) were developed in the K-enriched side; more organic acids were secreted in the low-K side to activate soil K and the root proliferation in the K-enriched side might be due to cellulose decomposition. The present research provides a practical basis for a better understanding of the adaptation strategies of clonal woody plants to soil nutrient availability.
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Ma Q, Qin M, Song L, Sun H, Zhang H, Wu H, Ren Z, Liu H, Duan G, Wang Y, Ding Z. Molecular Link in Flavonoid and Amino Acid Biosynthesis Contributes to the Flavor of Changqing Tea in Different Seasons. Foods 2022; 11:foods11152289. [PMID: 35954056 PMCID: PMC9368528 DOI: 10.3390/foods11152289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was aimed to elucidate the flavor formation mechanism of Changqing tea. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed that the total catechins of Changqing tea was 65–160 mg/g, with 16–34 mg/g non-galloyated catechins and 49–126 mg/g galloylated catechins. Tea polyphenols and free amino acids account for 286–312 mg/g and 35–89 mg/g, respectively. Transcriptome of Changqing tea during different seasons revealed 316, 130 and 12 DEGs in comparisons of spring vs. autumn, spring vs. summer, and summer vs. autumn, respectively. Compared to spring, the genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis and bitter imparted amino acids were up-regulated in summer and autumn. Metabolome analysis was conducted by using HPLC-MS; the result indicated that umami and kokumi contributing amino acids were decreased in summer and autumn compared with spring. It could be concluded that the coordination of flavonoid biosynthesis and amino acids biosynthesis resulted in the special flavor of Changqing tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingping Ma
- College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China; (Q.M.); (M.Q.); (L.S.)
| | - Mengyao Qin
- College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China; (Q.M.); (M.Q.); (L.S.)
| | - Laichao Song
- College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China; (Q.M.); (M.Q.); (L.S.)
| | - Haiwei Sun
- Taian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taian 271000, China; (H.S.); (H.Z.); (H.W.); (Z.R.)
| | - Hong Zhang
- Taian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taian 271000, China; (H.S.); (H.Z.); (H.W.); (Z.R.)
| | - Huanhuan Wu
- Taian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taian 271000, China; (H.S.); (H.Z.); (H.W.); (Z.R.)
| | - Zhihong Ren
- Taian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taian 271000, China; (H.S.); (H.Z.); (H.W.); (Z.R.)
| | - Hui Liu
- Jinan Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Areas, Jinan 271100, China; (H.L.); (G.D.)
| | - Gang Duan
- Jinan Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Areas, Jinan 271100, China; (H.L.); (G.D.)
| | - Yu Wang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China;
| | - Zhaotang Ding
- Tea Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Rizhao 276800, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-15853260396
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Xu P, Fan X, Mao Y, Cheng H, Xu A, Lai W, Lv T, Hu Y, Nie Y, Zheng X, Meng Q, Wang Y, Cernava T, Wang M. Temporal metabolite responsiveness of microbiota in the tea plant phyllosphere promotes continuous suppression of fungal pathogens. J Adv Res 2022; 39:49-60. [PMID: 35777916 PMCID: PMC9263646 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2021.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A broad spectrum of rhizosphere bacteria and fungi were shown to play a central role for health, fitness and productivity of their host plants. However, implications of host metabolism on microbiota assembly in the phyllosphere and potential consequences for holobiont functioning were sparsely addressed. Previous observations indicated that tea plants might reduce disease occurrence in various forests located in their proximity; the underlying mechanisms and potential implications of the phyllosphere microbiota remained elusive. OBJECTIVES This study aimed atdeciphering microbiome assembly in the tea plant phyllosphere throughout shoot development as well as elucidating potential implications of host metabolites in this process. The main focus was to explore hidden interconnections between the homeostasis of the phyllosphere microbiome and resistance to fungal pathogens. METHODS Profiling of host metabolites and microbiome analyses based on high-throughput sequencing were integrated to identify drivers of microbiome assembly throughout shoot development in the phyllosphere of tea plants. This was complemented by tracking of beneficial microorganisms in all compartments of the plant. Synthetic assemblages (SynAss), bioassays and field surveys were implemented to verify functioning of the phyllosphere microbiota. RESULTS Theophylline and epigallocatechin gallate, two prevalent metabolites at the early and late shoot development stage respectively, were identified as the main drivers of microbial community assembly. Flavobacterium and Myriangium were distinct microbial responders at the early stage, while Parabacteroides and Mortierella were more enriched at the late stage. Reconstructed, stage-specific SynAss suppressed various tree phytopathogens by 13.0%-69.3% in vitro and reduced disease incidence by 8.24%-41.3% in vivo. CONCLUSION The findings indicate that a functional phyllosphere microbiota was assembled along with development-specific metabolites in tea plants, which continuously suppressed prevalent fungal pathogens. The insights gained into the temporally resolved metabolite response of the tea plant microbiota could provide novel solutions for disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xu
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaoyan Fan
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Yuxiao Mao
- Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Haiyan Cheng
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Anan Xu
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wanyi Lai
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Tianxing Lv
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yang Hu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biological and Chemical Utilization of Forest Resources, Zhejiang Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 310023, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanxia Nie
- Ecology and Environmental Sciences Center, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Xuxia Zheng
- Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Qing Meng
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yuefei Wang
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Tomislav Cernava
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Mengcen Wang
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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16
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Zhao LQ, Shan CM, Shan TY, Li QL, Ma KL, Deng WW, Wu JW. Comparative transcriptomic analysis reveals the regulatory mechanisms of catechins synthesis in different cultivars of Camellia sinensis. Food Res Int 2022; 157:111375. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Deng S, Zhang G, Olayemi Aluko O, Mo Z, Mao J, Zhang H, Liu X, Ma M, Wang Q, Liu H. Bitter and astringent substances in green tea: composition, human perception mechanisms, evaluation methods and factors influencing their formation. Food Res Int 2022; 157:111262. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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18
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Unravelling lncRNA mediated gene expression as potential mechanism for regulating secondary metabolism in Citrus limon. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2021.101448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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19
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Li X, Zhang J, Lin S, Xing Y, Zhang X, Ye M, Chang Y, Guo H, Sun X. (+)-Catechin, epicatechin and epigallocatechin gallate are important inducible defensive compounds against Ectropis grisescens in tea plants. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:496-511. [PMID: 34719788 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The tea plant, Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze, is an economically important, perennial woody plant rich in catechins. Although catechins have been reported to play an important role in plant defences against microbes, their roles in the defence of tea plants against herbivores remain unknown. In this study, we allowed the larvae of Ectropis grisescens, a leaf-feeding pest, to feed on the plants, and alternatively, we wounded the plants and then treated them with E. grisescens oral secretions (WOS). Both approaches triggered jasmonic acid-, ethylene- and auxin-mediated signalling pathways; as a result, plants accumulated three catechin compounds: (+)-catechin, epicatechin and epigallocatechin. Not only was the mass of E. grisescens larvae fed on plants previously infested with E. grisescens or treated with WOS significantly lower than that of larvae fed on controls, but also artificial diet supplemented with epicatechin, (+)-catechin or epigallocatechin gallate reduced larval growth rates. In addition, the exogenous application of jasmonic acid, ethylene or auxin induced the biosynthesis of the three catechins, which, in turn, enhanced the resistance of tea plants to E. grisescens, leading to the coordination of the three signalling pathways. Our results suggest that the three catechins play an important role in the defences of tea plants against E. grisescens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiwang Li
- National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
| | - Songbo Lin
- National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuxian Xing
- National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meng Ye
- National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yali Chang
- National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huawei Guo
- National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoling Sun
- National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
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20
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KC S, Long L, Liu M, Zhang Q, Ruan J. Light Intensity Modulates the Effect of Phosphate Limitation on Carbohydrates, Amino Acids, and Catechins in Tea Plants ( Camellia sinensis L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:743781. [PMID: 34691121 PMCID: PMC8532574 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.743781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Metabolites are major contributors to the quality of tea that are regulated by various abiotic stresses. Light intensity and phosphorus (P) supply affect the metabolism of tea plants. However, how these two factors interact and mediate the metabolite levels in tea plants are not fully understood. The present study investigated the consequences of different light intensity and P regimes on the metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids, and flavonoids in the Fengqing tea cultivar. The leaves and young shoots were subjected to untargeted metabolomics analysis by two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOF/MS), ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-TOF/MS (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS), and targeted analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) along with quantification of gene expression by quantitative real time-PCR (qRT-PCR). The results from young shoots showed that amino acids, pentose phosphate, and flavonol glycosides pathways were enhanced in response to decreasing light intensities and P deficiency. The expression of the genes hexokinase 1, ribose 5-phosphate isomerase A (RPIA), glutamate synthetase 1 (GS1), prolyl 4-hydroxylase (P4H), and arginase was induced by P limitation, thereafter affecting carbohydrates and amino acids metabolism, where shading modulated the responses of transcripts and corresponding metabolites caused by P deficiency. P deprivation repressed the expression of Pi transport, stress, sensing, and signaling (SPX2) and induced bidirectional sugar transporter (SWEET3) and amino acid permeases (AAP) which ultimately caused an increase in the amino acids: glutamate (Glu), proline (Pro), and arginine (Arg) under shading but decreased catechins [epicatechingallate (ECG) and Gallic acid, GA] content in young shoots.
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21
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Ren T, Zheng P, Zhang K, Liao J, Xiong F, Shen Q, Ma Y, Fang W, Zhu X. Effects of GABA on the polyphenol accumulation and antioxidant activities in tea plants (Camellia sinensis L.) under heat-stress conditions. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 159:363-371. [PMID: 33434784 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenols are important active components in tea plants, which have strong biological activity and antioxidant activity. A certain degree of stress or exogenous substances can significantly increase the content of polyphenols in plants. γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), a natural functional amino acid, was used to study whether exogenous GABA can increase the content of polyphenols and enhance antioxidant activity in tea plants under heat-stress conditions. The results showed that the content of GABA was positively correlated with the content of polyphenols (r = 0.649), especially with the content of total catechins (r = 0.837). Most of the related genes encoding flavonoid metabolism (PAL, C4H, 4CL, CHS, CHI, F3H, F3'H, F3'5'H, DFR, LAR, ANS, ANR and FLS) as well as enzyme activities (PAL, C4H and 4CL) were upregulated. In addition, the activities of antioxidant enzymes were induced under heat-stress conditions. However, 3-mercaptopropionic acid (3-MPA), an inhibitor of GABA synthesis, exhibited opposite results under heat-stress conditions compared with GABA treatment. These results indicated that GABA plays a key role in the accumulation of polyphenols and the upregulation of the antioxidant system in tea plants under heat-stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiyu Ren
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Pengcheng Zheng
- Institute of Fruit and Tea, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430064, China
| | - Kexin Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jieren Liao
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Fei Xiong
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Qiang Shen
- Institute of Tea Sciences, Guizhou Provincial Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, 417100, China
| | - Yuanchun Ma
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wanping Fang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xujun Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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22
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Suo A, Lan Z, Lu C, Zhao Z, Pu D, Wu X, Jiang B, Zhou N, Ding H, Zhou D, Liao P, Sunkar R, Zheng Y. Characterizing microRNAs and their targets in different organs of Camellia sinensis var. assamica. Genomics 2020; 113:159-170. [PMID: 33253793 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
To comprehensively annotate miRNAs and their targets in tea plant, Camellia sinensis, we sequenced small and messenger RNAs of 9 samples of Camellia sinensis var. assamica (YK-10), a diploid elite cultivar widely grown in southwest China. In order to identify targets of miRNAs, we sequenced two degradome sequencing profiles from leaves and roots of YK-10, respectively. By analyzing the small RNA-Seq profiles, we newly identified 137 conserved miRNAs and 23 species specific miRNAs in the genome of YK-10, which significantly improved the annotation of miRNAs in tea plant. Approximately 2000 differently expressed genes were identified when comparing RNA-Seq profiles of any two of the three organs selected in the study. Totally, more than 5000 targets of conserved miRNAs were identified in the two degradome profiles. Furthermore, our results suggest that a few miRNAs play roles in the biosynthesis pathways of theanine, caffeine and flavonoid. These results enhance our understanding of small RNA guided gene regulations in different organs of tea plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angbaji Suo
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Zengquan Lan
- Eco-Development Institute, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan 650224, China
| | - Chenyu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Zhigang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Dian Pu
- Eco-Development Institute, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan 650224, China
| | - Xingwang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Bingbing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Nan Zhou
- Faculty of Information Engineering and Automation, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Hao Ding
- Faculty of Information Engineering and Automation, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Dongming Zhou
- Eco-Development Institute, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan 650224, China; Environmental and Health Research Center, Yunnan Medical Alliance Hospital Group, Kunming, Yunnan 650217, China
| | - Peiran Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Ramanjulu Sunkar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Yun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China; Faculty of Information Engineering and Automation, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China.
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23
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Li M, Xu J, Zhang Y, Chu S, Sun S, Huo Y, Zhao J, Hu X, Wan C, Li L. Comparative analysis of fecal metabolite profiles in HFD-induced obese mice after oral administration of huangjinya green tea extract. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 145:111744. [PMID: 32918987 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To explore the impact of Huangjinya on metabolic disorders and host endogenous metabolite profiles, high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice were administrated with Huangjinya green tea extract (HGT) at the dose of 150 or 300 mg/kg for 9 weeks. Epigallocatechin gallate was the main catechin derivative, followed by epigallocatechin and catechin presented in HGT, which contained high levels of free amino acids (50.30 ± 0.60 mg/g). HGT significantly alleviated glucose and insulin intolerance, reduced hepatic lipid accumulation and liver steatosis, and prevented white adipose tissue expansion in HFD-fed mice. Untargeted mass spectrometry-based metabolomics analysis revealed that HGT reduced the abundance of fecal branched-chain amino acids, aromatic amino acids, sphingolipids, and most acyl cholines, modulated bile acid metabolism by increasing chenodeoxycholate and reducing cholic acid content, and increased unsaturated fatty acids content. Fatherly, HGT activated insulin/PI3K/Akt and AMPK signaling pathways in the liver, reduced adipogenic and lipogenic genes expression, and promoted the genes expression related to lipolysis and adipocyte browning in white adipose tissue, contributed to improving metabolic syndrome in HFD-fed mice. The current study reported the impact of HGT supplementation on endogenous metabolite profiles, and highlights the positive roles of HGT in preventing diet-induced obesity and the related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxi Li
- Research Center of Tea and Tea Culture, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, PR China
| | - Jialin Xu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, PR China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, PR China
| | - Suo Chu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, PR China
| | - Shizhuo Sun
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, PR China
| | - Yan Huo
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, PR China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, PR China
| | - Xiaodi Hu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, PR China
| | - Chunpeng Wan
- Research Center of Tea and Tea Culture, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, PR China.
| | - Liya Li
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, PR China.
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Genome assembly of wild tea tree DASZ reveals pedigree and selection history of tea varieties. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3719. [PMID: 32709943 PMCID: PMC7381669 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17498-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Wild teas are valuable genetic resources for studying domestication and breeding. Here we report the assembly of a high-quality chromosome-scale reference genome for an ancient tea tree. The further RNA sequencing of 217 diverse tea accessions clarifies the pedigree of tea cultivars and reveals key contributors in the breeding of Chinese tea. Candidate genes associated with flavonoid biosynthesis are identified by genome-wide association study. Specifically, diverse allelic function of CsANR, CsF3'5'H and CsMYB5 is verified by transient overexpression and enzymatic assays, providing comprehensive insights into the biosynthesis of catechins, the most important bioactive compounds in tea plants. The inconspicuous differentiation between ancient trees and cultivars at both genetic and metabolic levels implies that tea may not have undergone long-term artificial directional selection in terms of flavor-related metabolites. These genomic resources provide evolutionary insight into tea plants and lay the foundation for better understanding the biosynthesis of beneficial natural compounds.
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25
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Jiang CK, Ma JQ, Liu YF, Chen JD, Ni DJ, Chen L. Identification and distribution of a single nucleotide polymorphism responsible for the catechin content in tea plants. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:24. [PMID: 32140233 PMCID: PMC7049304 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-0247-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Catechins are the predominant products in tea plants and have essential functions for both plants and humans. Several genes encoding the enzymes regulating catechin biosynthesis have been identified, and the identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) resulting in nonsynonymous mutations within these genes can be used to establish a functional link to catechin content. Therefore, the transcriptomes of two parents and four filial offspring were sequenced using next-generation sequencing technology and aligned to the reference genome to enable SNP mining. Subsequently, 176 tea plant accessions were genotyped based on candidate SNPs using kompetitive allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (KASP). The catechin contents of these samples were characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and analysis of variance (ANOVA) was subsequently performed to determine the relationship between genotypes and catechin content. As a result of these efforts, a SNP within the chalcone synthase (CHS) gene was shown to be functionally associated with catechin content. Furthermore, the geographical and interspecific distribution of this SNP was investigated. Collectively, these results will contribute to the early evaluation of tea plants and serve as a rapid tool for accelerating targeted efforts in tea breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Kai Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310008 China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, 1 Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China
| | - Jian-Qiang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310008 China
| | - Yu-Fei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310008 China
- Tea Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Menghai, Yunnan 666201 China
| | - Jie-Dan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310008 China
| | - De-Jiang Ni
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, 1 Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China
| | - Liang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310008 China
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Tang D, Liu MY, Zhang Q, Ma L, Shi Y, Ruan J. Preferential assimilation of NH 4+ over NO 3- in tea plant associated with genes involved in nitrogen transportation, utilization and catechins biosynthesis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 291:110369. [PMID: 31928660 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Physiological effects of ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3-) on tea have confirmed that tea plants prefer NH4+ as the dominant nitrogen (N) source. To investigate the possible explanations for this preference, studies of 15NH4+ and 15NO3- assimilation using hydroponically grown tea plants were conducted. During the time course of 15NH4+ and 15NO3- assimilation, the absorption of 15N from 15NH4+ was more rapid than that from 15NO3-, as there was a more efficient expression pattern of NH4+ transporters compared with that of NO3- transporters. 15NH4+-fed tea plants accumulated more 15N than 15NO3- fed plants, which was demonstrated by that genes related to primary N assimilation, like CsNR, CsNiR, CsGDH and CsGOGAT, were more affected by 15NH4+ than 15NO3-. Markedly higher NH4+ concentrations were observed in 15NH4+-fed tea roots in comparison with NO3- treatment, whereas tea plants maintained a balanced concentration of NH4+ in tea leaves under both these two N forms. This maintenance was achieved through the increased expression of genes involved in theanine biosynthesis and the inhibition of genes related to catechins derived from phenylpropanoid pathway. The current results suggest that efficient NH4+ transportation, assimilation, and reutilization enables tea plant as an ammonium preferring plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization (Ministry of Agriculture), Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Mei-Ya Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization (Ministry of Agriculture), Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China.
| | - Qunfeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization (Ministry of Agriculture), Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Lifeng Ma
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization (Ministry of Agriculture), Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Yuanzhi Shi
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization (Ministry of Agriculture), Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Jianyun Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization (Ministry of Agriculture), Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
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27
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Li Y, Jeyaraj A, Yu H, Wang Y, Ma Q, Chen X, Sun H, Zhang H, Ding Z, Li X. Metabolic Regulation Profiling of Carbon and Nitrogen in Tea Plants [ Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze] in Response to Shading. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:961-974. [PMID: 31910000 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b05858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Manipulating light transmission by shading is the most effective method of improving the nutritional value and sensory qualities of tea. In this study, the metabolic profiling of two tea cultivars ("Yulv" and "Maotouzhong") in response to different shading periods during the summer season was performed using ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The metabolic pathway analyses showed that the glycolytic pathway and the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) in the leaves and shoots of "Maotouzhong" were significantly inhibited by long-term shading. The nitrogen metabolism in the leaves of the two cultivars was promoted by short-term shading, while it was inhibited by long-term shading. However, the nitrogen metabolism in the shoots of the two cultivars was always inhibited by shading, whether for short or long-term periods. In addition, the intensity of the flavonoid metabolism in both tea cultivars could be reduced by shading. These results revealed that shading could regulate the carbon and nitrogen metabolism and short-term shading could improve the tea quality to some extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Li
- Tea Research Institute , Qingdao Agricultural University , Qingdao , Shandong 266109 , China
- Tea Research Institute , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210095 , China
| | - Anburaj Jeyaraj
- Tea Research Institute , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210095 , China
| | - Hanpu Yu
- Tea Research Institute , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210095 , China
| | - Yu Wang
- Tea Research Institute , Qingdao Agricultural University , Qingdao , Shandong 266109 , China
| | - Qingping Ma
- Tea Research Institute , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210095 , China
| | - Xuan Chen
- Tea Research Institute , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210095 , China
| | - Haiwei Sun
- Tai'an Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Tai'an , Shandong 271000 , China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Tai'an Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Tai'an , Shandong 271000 , China
| | - Zhaotang Ding
- Tea Research Institute , Qingdao Agricultural University , Qingdao , Shandong 266109 , China
| | - Xinghui Li
- Tea Research Institute , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210095 , China
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28
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Zhu C, Zhang S, Fu H, Zhou C, Chen L, Li X, Lin Y, Lai Z, Guo Y. Transcriptome and Phytochemical Analyses Provide New Insights Into Long Non-Coding RNAs Modulating Characteristic Secondary Metabolites of Oolong Tea ( Camellia sinensis) in Solar-Withering. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1638. [PMID: 31929782 PMCID: PMC6941427 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Oolong tea is a popular and semi-fermented beverage. During the processing of tea leaves, withering is the first indispensable process for improving flavor. However, the roles of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and the characteristic secondary metabolites during the withering of oolong tea leaves remain unknown. In this study, phytochemical analyses indicated that total polyphenols, flavonoids, catechins, epigallocatechin (EGC), catechin gallate (CG), gallocatechin gallate (GCG), epicatechin gallate (ECG), and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) were all less abundant in the solar-withered leaves (SW) than in the fresh leaves (FL) and indoor-withered leaves (IW). In contrast, terpenoid, jasmonic acid (JA), and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) contents were higher in the SW than in the FL and IW. By analyzing the transcriptome data, we detected 32,036 lncRNAs. On the basis of the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis, the flavonoid metabolic pathway, the terpenoid metabolic pathway, and the JA/MeJA biosynthesis and signal transduction pathway were enriched pathways. Additionally, 63 differentially expressed lncRNAs (DE-lncRNAs) and 23 target genes were identified related to the three pathways. A comparison of the expression profiles of the DE-lncRNAs and their target genes between the SW and IW revealed four up-regulated genes (FLS, CCR, CAD, and HCT), seven up-regulated lncRNAs, four down-regulated genes (4CL, CHI, F3H, and F3'H), and three down-regulated lncRNAs related to flavonoid metabolism; nine up-regulated genes (DXS, CMK, HDS, HDR, AACT, MVK, PMK, GGPPS, and TPS), three up-regulated lncRNAs, and six down-regulated lncRNAs related to terpenoid metabolism; as well as six up-regulated genes (LOX, AOS, AOC, OPR, ACX, and MFP2), four up-regulated lncRNAs, and three down-regulated lncRNAs related to JA/MeJA biosynthesis and signal transduction. These results suggested that the expression of DE-lncRNAs and their targets involved in the three pathways may be related to the low abundance of the total polyphenols, flavonoids, and catechins (EGC, CG, GCG, ECG, and EGCG) and the high abundance of terpenoids in the SW. Moreover, solar irradiation, high JA and MeJA contents, and the endogenous target mimic (eTM)-related regulatory mechanism in the SW were also crucial for increasing the terpenoid levels. These findings provide new insights into the greater contribution of solar-withering to the high-quality flavor of oolong tea compared with the effects of indoor-withering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shuting Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Haifeng Fu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chengzhe Zhou
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lan Chen
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaozhen Li
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuling Lin
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhongxiong Lai
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuqiong Guo
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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29
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Xu X, Pan J, He M, Tian H, Qi X, Xu Q, Chen X. Transcriptome profiling reveals key genes related to astringency during cucumber fruit development. 3 Biotech 2019; 9:390. [PMID: 31656728 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-1922-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to provide quantitative data on the catechin contents and underlying molecular regulatory mechanisms in cucumber during fruit development. The dynamic changes in the total catechin contents and RNA-seq-based transcriptome profiling of the flesh and peel of the cucumber cultivar 'YanBai', which is strongly astringent, were examined at three key developmental stages 3, 6 and 9 days post-pollination. The total catechin content decreased as cucumber fruit developed and was significantly lower in the flesh than in the peel. In total, 5092 and 4004 genes were found to be differently expressed in the peel and flesh, respectively. Based on a functional annotation, eight structural genes encode enzymes involved in the catechin biosynthesis pathway. Three genes encoding 4-coumarate-CoA ligases, two genes encoding chalcone isomerases, two genes encoding dihydroflavonol-4-reductase and one gene each encoding a phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, flavanone 3-hydroxylase and cinnamate 4-hydroxylase were identified as affecting the catechin content of cucumber. The transcriptome data also revealed the significance of transcription factors, including WD40-repeat proteins, MYB and bHLH, in regulating catechin biosynthesis. These findings help increase our understanding of the molecular mechanisms controlling catechin biosynthesis and astringency development in cucumber fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewen Xu
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| | - Jiawei Pan
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| | - Min He
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| | - Henglu Tian
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| | - Xiaohua Qi
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| | - Qiang Xu
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| | - Xuehao Chen
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
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30
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Teng RM, Wu ZJ, Ma HY, Wang YX, Zhuang J. Differentially Expressed Protein Are Involved in Dynamic Changes of Catechins Contents in Postharvest Tea Leaves under Different Temperatures. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:7547-7560. [PMID: 31192593 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b01705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) technology were used to investigate three samples from postharvest tea leaves that were treated at room temperature (25 °C, control group), high temperature (38 °C), and low temperature (4 °C) for 4 h. In heat and cold treatments, a total of 635 and 566 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were determined, respectively. DEPs were annotated to GO and KEGG databases, which revealed that DEPs involved in various aspects of biological process. Three catechins-related DEPs, CsCHI, CsF3H, and CsANR, were identified. Both catechins contents and the expression profiles of catechins biosynthesis-related genes changed significantly under different temperature treatments. The correlations between catechins contents, gene expression profiles, and DEPs were analyzed. This study provides potential new insights into the molecular basis for tea production of postharvest leaves and catechins content changes at diverse temperature conditions and will guide the improvement of tea-processing technology.
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31
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Zeng C, Lin H, Liu Z, Liu Z. Analysis of Young Shoots of 'Anji Baicha' (Camellia sinensis) at Three Developmental Stages Using Nontargeted LC-MS-Based Metabolomics. J Food Sci 2019; 84:1746-1757. [PMID: 31206686 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
'Anji Baicha' (Camellia sinensis) is a low-temperature-sensitive tea variety. During the development of young shoots, the leaves of 'Anji Baicha' exhibit periodic albinism. The quality of 'Anji Baicha' is closely related to the color of the fresh leaves, with whiter leaves affording a higher amino acid content and superior sensory quality after processing. However, the metabolic mechanism of its quality formation is still unclear. In this study, we analyzed the metabolomic changes of young shoots of 'Anji Baicha' and screened for metabolic markers that may be involved in the periodic albinism. Positive- and negative-mode UPLC-QTOF-MS was applied to the metabolomic analysis of young leaves of 'Anji Baicha' during three developmental stages (i.e., the pre-albescent, albescent, and regreening stages). The results revealed significant differences in the metabolic profiles of the young leaves at the three stages. The differential metabolites were mainly related to the pathways of flavonoid, phenylpropanoid, and amino acid biosynthesis. The concentrations of several amino acids (primarily l-theanine, l-glutamate, N2 -acetyl-l-ornithine, l-aspartic acid, d-proline, l-glutamine, l-leucine, and pyroglutamic acid) and 12-OPDA were significantly higher in the albescent stage. In contrast, during the albescent stages, the concentrations of several carbohydrates (d-fructose, β-d-galactopyranose, 3-O-fucopyranosyl-2-acetamido-2-deoxyglucopyranose, galactose-β-1, 4-xylose acetyl-maltose, and 2-fucosyllactose) were significantly lower. Moreover, catechins (mainly epigallocatechin and catechin derivatives), dimeric catechins (primarily proanthocyanidins), and flavonol and flavonol/flavone glycosides (mainly kaempferol, myricetin, quercetin, cyanidin, and delphinidin glycosides) were detected at the highest levels in the regreening or pre-albescent stages. The obtained results enhance the current understanding of the metabolic mechanisms of periodic albinism and quality development formation in 'Anji Baicha'. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The obtained results not only provide information regarding differential metabolites but also advance the understanding of the mechanism of periodic albinism in 'Anji Baicha' at the metabolite level and open up new possibilities for the genetic improvement of tea cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaozhen Zeng
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South Univ. of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410004, China.,Hunan Provincial Base for Scientific and Technological Innovation Cooperation, Changsha, 410004, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Lab. of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Changsha, 410128, China.,Key Lab. of Tea Science, Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural Univ., Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Haiyan Lin
- Key Lab. of Tea Science, Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural Univ., Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Zhixiang Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South Univ. of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410004, China.,Hunan Provincial Base for Scientific and Technological Innovation Cooperation, Changsha, 410004, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Lab. of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Key Lab. of Tea Science, Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural Univ., Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China.,Natl. Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
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32
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TIAN L, HUANG J. Antioxidant effects of tea catechins on the shelf life of raw minced duck meat. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.25217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lili TIAN
- Hunan Agricultural University, China; Hunan Agricultural University, China; Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
| | - Jian’an HUANG
- Hunan Agricultural University, China; Hunan Agricultural University, China
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33
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Li NN, Lu JL, Li QS, Zheng XQ, Wang XC, Wang L, Wang YC, Ding CQ, Liang YR, Yang YJ. Dissection of Chemical Composition and Associated Gene Expression in the Pigment-Deficient Tea Cultivar 'Xiaoxueya' Reveals an Albino Phenotype and Metabolite Formation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1543. [PMID: 31827483 PMCID: PMC6890721 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The tea cultivar 'Xiaoxueya', a temperature-sensitive albino mutant, is a rare tea germplasm because of its highly enriched amino acid content and brisk flavour. In comparison with green leaf tissues of 'Xiaoxueya', albino leaves show significant deficiency in chlorophylls and carotenoids and severely disrupted chloroplasts. Furthermore, the accumulation of quality-related secondary metabolites is altered in 'Xiaoxueya' albino leaf, with significantly increased contents of total amino acids, theanine, and glutamic acid and significantly decreased contents of alkaloids, catechins, and polyphenols. To uncover the molecular mechanisms underlying albinism and quality-related constituent variation in 'Xiaoxueya' leaves, expression profiles of pivotal genes involved in the biosynthetic pathways of pigments, caffeine, theanine, and catechins were investigated by quantitative real-time PCR technology. The results revealed that suppressed expression of the chloroplast-localized 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase genes DXS1 and DXS2 involved in the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) pathway and protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase genes POR1 and POR2 involved in the chlorophyll biosynthetic pathway is responsible for the pigment deficiency in 'Xiaoxueya' albino leaf. Additionally, the low expression of the tea caffeine synthase gene (TCS) involved in caffeine biosynthesis and the chalcone synthase genes CHS1, CHS2, and CHS3, the chalcone isomerase gene CHI, the flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase genes F3'5'H1 and F3'5'H2, and the anthocyanidin reductase genes ANR1 and ANR2 involved in the flavonoid pathway is related to the reduction in alkaloid and catechin levels in 'Xiaoxueya' albino leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na-Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Liang Lu
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qing-Sheng Li
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin-Qiang Zheng
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin-Chao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Chun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chang-Qing Ding
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yue-Rong Liang
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yue-Rong Liang, ; Ya-Jun Yang,
| | - Ya-Jun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yue-Rong Liang, ; Ya-Jun Yang,
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34
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Zhang Y, Wei K, Li H, Wang L, Ruan L, Pang D, Cheng H. Identification of key genes involved in catechin metabolism in tea seedlings based on transcriptomic and HPLC analysis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 133:107-115. [PMID: 30399544 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Tea is a non-alcoholic beverage with many benefits to human health and thereby widely consumed in the world. It contains plenty of secondary metabolites and tea catechins are the characteristic compounds. To further elucidate the biosynthetic and regulatory mechanisms of catechins in tea, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and transcriptome analysis were performed in tea seedlings of different growth stages. A combined method of differential expression and correlation analysis was then conducted. The results showed that the order of total catechin (TC) contents was leaves > stems > roots, irrespective of growth stages. For transcriptome analysis, a total of 355.81 million clean reads were generated and mapped to the referencing tea genome. Further real time PCR analysis of 18 selected genes confirmed RNA-Seq results. A total of 7 structural genes and 35 transcription factors (TFs) were identified to be significantly correlated with TC changes. Among them, three TFs homologous to ANL2, WRKY44 and AtMYB113 might play key roles in catechin regulation. The de novo transcriptome data of different organs in tea seedlings provided new insights into the biosynthetic and metabolic pathways of catechins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), 9 Meiling South Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310008, China
| | - Kang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), 9 Meiling South Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310008, China.
| | - Hailin Li
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), 9 Meiling South Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310008, China
| | - Liyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), 9 Meiling South Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310008, China
| | - Li Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), 9 Meiling South Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310008, China
| | - Dandan Pang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), 9 Meiling South Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310008, China
| | - Hao Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), 9 Meiling South Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310008, China.
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35
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Kc S, Liu M, Zhang Q, Fan K, Shi Y, Ruan J. Metabolic Changes of Amino Acids and Flavonoids in Tea Plants in Response to Inorganic Phosphate Limitation. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113683. [PMID: 30469347 PMCID: PMC6274676 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The qualities of tea (Camellia sinensis) are not clearly understood in terms of integrated leading molecular regulatory network mechanisms behind inorganic phosphate (Pi) limitation. Thus, the present work aims to elucidate transcription factor-dependent responses of quality-related metabolites and the expression of genes to phosphate (P) starvation. The tea plant organs were subjected to metabolomics analysis by GC×GC-TOF/MS and UPLC-Q-TOF/MS along with transcription factors and 13 metabolic genes by qRT-PCR. We found P starvation upregulated SPX2 and the change response of Pi is highly dependent on young shoots. This led to increased change in abundance of carbohydrates (fructose and glucose), amino acids in leaves (threonine and methionine), and root (phenylalanine, alanine, tryptophan, and tyrosine). Flavonoids and their glycosides accumulated in leaves and root exposed to P limitation was consistent with the upregulated expression of anthocyanidin reductase (EC 1.3.1.77), leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase (EC 1.4.11.19) and glycosyltransferases (UGT78D1, UGT78D2 and UGT57L12). Despite the similar kinetics and high correlation response of Pi and SPX2 in young shoots, predominating theanine and other amino acids (serine, threonine, glutamate, valine, methionine, phenylalanine) and catechin (EGC, EGCG and CG) content displayed opposite changes in response to Pi limitation between Fengqing and Longjing-43 tea cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kc
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (GSCAAS), Zhongguancun Nandajie, Haidian, Beijing 100081, China.
- Tea Research Institute (TRICAAS), 9 Meiling South Road, Hangzhou 310008, China.
| | - Meiya Liu
- Tea Research Institute (TRICAAS), 9 Meiling South Road, Hangzhou 310008, China.
| | - Qunfeng Zhang
- Tea Research Institute (TRICAAS), 9 Meiling South Road, Hangzhou 310008, China.
| | - Kai Fan
- Tea Research Institute (TRICAAS), 9 Meiling South Road, Hangzhou 310008, China.
| | - Yuanzhi Shi
- Tea Research Institute (TRICAAS), 9 Meiling South Road, Hangzhou 310008, China.
| | - Jianyun Ruan
- Tea Research Institute (TRICAAS), 9 Meiling South Road, Hangzhou 310008, China.
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36
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Xu YX, Chen W, Ma CL, Shen SY, Zhou YY, Zhou LQ, Chen L. Proteome and Acetyl-Proteome Profiling of Camellia sinensis cv. 'Anjin Baicha' during Periodic Albinism Reveals Alterations in Photosynthetic and Secondary Metabolite Biosynthetic Pathways. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:2104. [PMID: 29312376 PMCID: PMC5732353 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Tea leaf color is not only important from an aesthetics standpoint but is also related to tea quality. To investigate the molecular mechanisms that determine tea leaf color, we examined Camellia sinensis cv. 'Anjin Baicha' (an albino tea cultivar) by tandem mass tag isobaric labeling to generate a high-resolution proteome and acetyl-proteome atlas of three leaf developmental stages. We identified a total of 7,637 proteins and quantified 6,256; of these, 3,232 were classified as differentially accumulated proteins (DAPs). We also identified 3,161 lysine acetylation sites in 1,752 proteins and quantified 2,869 in 1,612 proteins. The acetylation levels at 468 sites were significantly altered across the three developmental stages during periodic albinism; the corresponding proteins were associated with a variety of biological processes. Interestingly, a large number of DAPs and acetylated proteins with increased/decreased acetylation were related to photosynthesis and secondary metabolite biosynthetic pathways, suggesting that the accumulation or acetylation level of these proteins regulates periodic albinism in 'Anjin Baicha.' Additionally, overlap between succinylome and acetylome among three 'Anjin Baicha' developmental stages were found. These data provide important insight into the mechanisms of leaf coloration in the tea plant. The mass spectrometry data have been deposited to Proteome X change via the PRIDE partner repository with the data set identifier PXD008134.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Xia Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chun-Lei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Si-Yan Shen
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Yan Zhou
- Jingjie PTM Biolab (Hangzhou) Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China
| | - Lian-Qi Zhou
- Jingjie PTM Biolab (Hangzhou) Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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Guo F, Guo Y, Wang P, Wang Y, Ni D. Transcriptional profiling of catechins biosynthesis genes during tea plant leaf development. PLANTA 2017; 246:1139-1152. [PMID: 28825226 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-017-2760-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A total of 299,113 unigenes were generated and 15,817 DEGs were identified. We identified candidate genes associated with the regulation of catechins biosynthesis during leaf development in tea plant. The tea plant (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) is one of the most economically significant crops worldwide because of its positive effects on human health. The health benefits of tea are mainly attributed to catechins, which are the predominant polyphenols that accumulate in tea. Catechins are products of the phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthetic pathways. Although catechins were identified in tea leaves long ago, the molecular mechanisms regulating catechins biosynthesis remain unclear. To identify candidate genes involved in catechins biosynthesis, we analyzed the transcriptomes of tea leaves during five different leaf stages of development using RNA-seq. Approximately 809 million high-quality reads were obtained, trimmed, and assembled into 299,113 unigenes with an average length of 565 bp. A total of 15,817 unigenes were differentially expressed during the different stages of leaf development. These differentially expressed genes were enriched in a variety of processes such as the regulation of the cell cycle, starch and sucrose metabolism, photosynthesis, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, phenylalanine metabolism, and flavonoid biosynthesis. Based on their annotations, 51 of these differentially expressed unigenes are involved in phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis. Furthermore, transcription factors such as MYB, bHLH and MADS, which may involve in the regulation of catechins biosynthesis, were identified through co-expression analysis of transcription factors and structural genes. Real-time PCR analysis of candidate genes indicated a good correlation with the transcriptome data. These findings increase our understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating catechins biosynthesis in the tea plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yafei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Pu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Dejiang Ni
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
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Liu ZW, Li H, Wang WL, Wu ZJ, Cui X, Zhuang J. CsGOGAT Is Important in Dynamic Changes of Theanine Content in Postharvest Tea Plant Leaves under Different Temperature and Shading Spreadings. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:9693-9702. [PMID: 29020770 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed the changes of theanine content in postharvest tea leaves under high temperature (38 °C), low temperature (4 °C), and shading spreadings by using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography. The differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), CsFd-GOGAT and CsNADH-GOGAT, which are involved in theanine biosynthesis pathway, were identified from the corresponding proteome data. The protein-protein interactions of CsFd-GOGAT and CsNADH-GOGAT, CsTS1, or CsNiR were verified by yeast two-hybrid technology. The expression profiles of 17 genes in theanine metabolism, including CsFd-GOGAT and CsNADH-GOGAT, were analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The correlations between the dynamic changes of theanine content and expression profiles of related genes and DEPs were analyzed. This study preliminarily proved the importance of CsGOGAT in dynamic changes of theanine content in postharvest tea leaves during spreading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Wei Liu
- Tea Science Research Institute, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Li
- Tea Science Research Institute, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Li Wang
- Tea Science Research Institute, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Jun Wu
- Tea Science Research Institute, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Cui
- Tea Science Research Institute, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhuang
- Tea Science Research Institute, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
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39
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Wu Y, Wang W, Li Y, Dai X, Ma G, Xing D, Zhu M, Gao L, Xia T. Six phenylalanine ammonia-lyases from Camellia sinensis: Evolution, expression, and kinetics. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2017; 118:413-421. [PMID: 28711790 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), the branch point enzyme controlling the flow of primary metabolism into second metabolism, converts the L-phenylalanine (L-Phe) to yield cinnamic acid. Based on the sequencing data available from eight transcriptome projects, six PAL genes have been screened out, cloned, and designated as CsPALa-CsPALf. The phylogenetic tree showed that CsPALs were divided into three subgroups, PALa and PALb, PALc and PALd, and PALe and PALf. All six CsPALs exhibited indiscriminate cytosolic locations in epidermis cells and mesophyll cells. Then, the expression profiles of six PAL genes were qualitatively investigated and they displayed tissue-/induced-expression specificity in several tissues or under different exogenous treatments. Furthermore, in vitro enzymatic assays showed that all six recombinant proteins were characterized by the strict substrate specificity toward L-Phe, but no activity toward L-Tyr, and they displayed subtle differences in kinetics and enzymatic properties. These results indicate that CsPALs play both distinct and overlapping roles in plant growth and responses to environmental cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingling Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China.
| | - Wenzhao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China.
| | - Yanzhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China.
| | - Xinlong Dai
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China.
| | - Guoliang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China.
| | - Dawei Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China.
| | - Mengqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China.
| | - Liping Gao
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China.
| | - Tao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China.
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40
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Li X, Zhang L, Ahammed GJ, Li ZX, Wei JP, Shen C, Yan P, Zhang LP, Han WY. Stimulation in primary and secondary metabolism by elevated carbon dioxide alters green tea quality in Camellia sinensis L. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7937. [PMID: 28801632 PMCID: PMC5554289 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08465-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Rising CO2 concentration, a driving force of climate change, is impacting global food security by affecting plant physiology. Nevertheless, the effects of elevated CO2 on primary and secondary metabolism in tea plants (Camellia sinensis L.) still remain largely unknown. Here we showed that exposure of tea plants to elevated CO2 (800 µmol mol−1 for 24 d) remarkably improved both photosynthesis and respiration in tea leaves. Furthermore, elevated CO2 increased the concentrations of soluble sugar, starch and total carbon, but decreased the total nitrogen concentration, resulting in an increased carbon to nitrogen ratio in tea leaves. Among the tea quality parameters, tea polyphenol, free amino acid and theanine concentrations increased, while the caffeine concentration decreased after CO2 enrichment. The concentrations of individual catechins were altered differentially resulting in an increased total catechins concentration under elevated CO2 condition. Real-time qPCR analysis revealed that the expression levels of catechins and theanine biosynthetic genes were up-regulated, while that of caffeine synthetic genes were down-regulated in tea leaves when grown under elevated CO2 condition. These results unveiled profound effects of CO2 enrichment on photosynthesis and respiration in tea plants, which eventually modulated the biosynthesis of key secondary metabolites towards production of a quality green tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 9 Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, P.R. China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 9 Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, P.R. China
| | - Golam Jalal Ahammed
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 9 Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, P.R. China.,Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 9 Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, P.R. China.,Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Ji-Peng Wei
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 9 Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, P.R. China.,Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Chen Shen
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 9 Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, P.R. China.,Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Peng Yan
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 9 Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, P.R. China
| | - Li-Ping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 9 Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Yan Han
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 9 Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, P.R. China.
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41
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Song L, Ma Q, Zou Z, Sun K, Yao Y, Tao J, Kaleri NA, Li X. Molecular Link between Leaf Coloration and Gene Expression of Flavonoid and Carotenoid Biosynthesis in Camellia sinensis Cultivar 'Huangjinya'. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:803. [PMID: 28596773 PMCID: PMC5443146 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
'Huangjinya' is an excellent albino tea germplasm cultivated in China because of its bright color and high amino acid content. It is light sensitive, with yellow leaves under intense light while green leaves under weak light. As well, the flavonoid and carotenoid levels increased after moderate shading treatment. However, the mechanism underlying this interesting phenomenon remains unclear. In this study, the transcriptome of 'Huangjinya' plants exposed to sunlight and shade were analyzed by high-throughput sequencing followed by de novo assembly. Shading 'Huangjinya' made its leaf color turn green. De novo assembly showed that the transcriptome of 'Huangjinya' leaves comprises of 127,253 unigenes, with an average length of 914 nt. Among the 81,128 functionally annotated unigenes, 207 differentially expressed genes were identified, including 110 up-regulated and 97 down-regulated genes under moderate shading compared to full light. Gene ontology (GO) indicated that the differentially expressed genes are mainly involved in protein and ion binding and oxidoreductase activity. Antioxidation-related pathways, including flavonoid and carotenoid biosynthesis, were highly enriched in these functions. Shading inhibited the expression of flavonoid biosynthesis-associated genes and induced carotenoid biosynthesis-related genes. This would suggest that decreased flavonoid biosynthetic gene expression coincides with increased flavonoids (e.g., catechin) content upon moderate shading, while carotenoid levels and biosynthetic gene expression are positively correlated in 'Huangjinya.' In conclusion, the leaf color changes in 'Huangjinya' are largely determined by the combined effects of flavonoid and carotenoid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubin Song
- Tea Research Center, Shandong Institute of PomologyTai'an, China
| | - Qingping Ma
- Tea Research Institute, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Zhongwei Zou
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, WinnipegMB, Canada
| | - Kang Sun
- Tea Research Institute, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Yuantao Yao
- Tea Research Center, Shandong Institute of PomologyTai'an, China
| | - Jihan Tao
- Tea Research Center, Shandong Institute of PomologyTai'an, China
| | - Najeeb A Kaleri
- Tea Research Institute, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Xinghui Li
- Tea Research Institute, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
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42
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Xu YX, Shen CJ, Ma JQ, Chen W, Mao J, Zhou YY, Chen L. Quantitative Succinyl-Proteome Profiling of Camellia sinensis cv. 'Anji Baicha' During Periodic Albinism. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1873. [PMID: 28500349 PMCID: PMC5431936 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02128-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysine succinylation is a novel dynamic and evolutionarily conserved post-translational modification (PTM) that regulates various biological processes. ‘Anji Baicha’ is an albino tea variety that exhibits temperature-based variability of leaf colour and amino acid concentrations. However, the mechanism underlying albinism in ‘Anji Baicha’ has not been investigated at the level of succinylation. Here, we identify 3530 lysine succinylation sites mapped to 2132 proteins in ‘Anji Baicha’, representing the first extensive data on the lysine succinylome in the tea plant. Eleven conserved succinylation motifs were enriched among the identified succinylated peptides. The protein-protein interaction maps were visualized using Cytoscape software. Comparison across three typical developmental stages of ‘Anji Baicha’ revealed that proteins exhibiting differential succinylation levels were primarily involved in photosynthesis, carbon fixation, biosynthesis of amino acids and porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism, suggesting that these succinylated proteins are involved in ‘Anji Baicha’ leaf colour variability. These results not only deepen our understanding of the mechanism underlying ‘Anji Baicha’ albinism and the regulatory role of succinylation in the tea plant but also provide new insight into molecular breeding for leaf colour variety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Xia Xu
- Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Chen-Jia Shen
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, China
| | - Jian-Qiang Ma
- Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Juan Mao
- Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Yan-Yan Zhou
- Jingjie PTM Biolab (Hangzhou) Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, China.
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43
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Metabolic Flux Redirection and Transcriptomic Reprogramming in the Albino Tea Cultivar 'Yu-Jin-Xiang' with an Emphasis on Catechin Production. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45062. [PMID: 28332598 PMCID: PMC5362904 DOI: 10.1038/srep45062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, shade-induced conversion from a young pale/yellow leaf phenotype to a green leaf phenotype was studied using metabolic and transcriptomic profiling and the albino cultivar ‘Yu-Jin-Xiang’ (‘YJX’) of Camellia sinensis for a better understanding of mechanisms underlying the phenotype shift and the altered catechin and theanine production. Shaded leaf greening resulted from an increase in leaf chlorophyll and carotenoid abundance and chloroplast development. A total of 1,196 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between the ‘YJX’ pale and shaded green leaves, and these DEGs affected ‘chloroplast organization’ and ‘response to high light’ besides many other biological processes and pathways. Metabolic flux redirection and transcriptomic reprogramming were found in flavonoid and carotenoid pathways of the ‘YJX’ pale leaves and shaded green leaves to different extents compared to the green cultivar ‘Shu-Cha-Zao’. Enhanced production of the antioxidant quercetin rather than catechin biosynthesis was correlated positively with the enhanced transcription of FLAVONOL SYNTHASE and FLAVANONE/FLAVONOL HYDROXYLASES leading to quercetin accumulation and negatively correlated to suppressed LEUCOANTHOCYANIDIN REDUCTASE, ANTHOCYANIDIN REDUCTASE and SYNTHASE leading to catechin biosynthesis. The altered levels of quercetin and catechins in ‘YJX’ will impact on its tea flavor and health benefits.
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44
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Zhang Q, Liu M, Ruan J. Metabolomics analysis reveals the metabolic and functional roles of flavonoids in light-sensitive tea leaves. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 17:64. [PMID: 28320327 PMCID: PMC5359985 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1012-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the predominant secondary metabolic pathway in tea plants, flavonoid biosynthesis increases with increasing temperature and illumination. However, the concentration of most flavonoids decreases greatly in light-sensitive tea leaves when they are exposed to light, which further improves tea quality. To reveal the metabolism and potential functions of flavonoids in tea leaves, a natural light-sensitive tea mutant (Huangjinya) cultivated under different light conditions was subjected to metabolomics analysis. RESULTS The results showed that chlorotic tea leaves accumulated large amounts of flavonoids with ortho-dihydroxylated B-rings (e.g., catechin gallate, quercetin and its glycosides etc.), whereas total flavonoids (e.g., myricetrin glycoside, epigallocatechin gallate etc.) were considerably reduced, suggesting that the flavonoid components generated from different metabolic branches played different roles in tea leaves. Furthermore, the intracellular localization of flavonoids and the expression pattern of genes involved in secondary metabolic pathways indicate a potential photoprotective function of dihydroxylated flavonoids in light-sensitive tea leaves. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging and the antioxidation effects of flavonoids help chlorotic tea plants survive under high light stress, providing new evidence to clarify the functional roles of flavonoids, which accumulate to high levels in tea plants. Moreover, flavonoids with ortho-dihydroxylated B-rings played a greater role in photo-protection to improve the acclimatization of tea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunfeng Zhang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310058 China
- Key Laboratory for Plant Biology and Resource Application of Tea, the Ministry of Agriculture, South Meiling Road 9, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310008 China
| | - Meiya Liu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310058 China
- Key Laboratory for Plant Biology and Resource Application of Tea, the Ministry of Agriculture, South Meiling Road 9, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310008 China
| | - Jianyun Ruan
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310058 China
- Key Laboratory for Plant Biology and Resource Application of Tea, the Ministry of Agriculture, South Meiling Road 9, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310008 China
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45
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Chen C, Wei K, Wang L, Ruan L, Li H, Zhou X, Lin Z, Shan R, Cheng H. Expression of Key Structural Genes of the Phenylpropanoid Pathway Associated with Catechin Epimerization in Tea Cultivars. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:702. [PMID: 28515736 PMCID: PMC5413559 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Catechin epimerization is an important factor affecting tea catechin compositions and thereby tea quality. However, a lack of tea germplasms with high non-epicatechins limits relative research. Here, a tea cultivar Y510 with high non-epicatechins was firstly reported and used for catechin and RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis. Results showed that the (-)-gallocatechin gallate and (+)-catechin (C) contents in Y510 were at least 136 and 6 times higher than those in Fudingdabaicha and 0306I, but the epicatechins (-)-epigallocatechin and (-)-epicatechin (EC) were significantly lower. Eleven unigenes potentially involved in catechin epimerization were identified by RNA-Seq analysis. Based on a combination of catechin and gene expression analysis, it was hypothesized that two anthocyanidin reductase genes (CsANR1, CsANR2) and an anthocyanidin synthase gene (CsANS) are the key genes affecting catechin epimerization in tea. Non-epicatechin formations were hypothesized to be mainly influenced by the expression ratio of CsANR2 to CsANR1 and the expression of CsANS. Overexpression of CsANS in an Arabidopsis mutant tds4-2 led to a significant increase of EC accumulation in seeds, revealing CsANS is important for catechin epimerization. These results shed new light on breeding tea cultivars with special catechin compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changsong Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural SciencesFu’an, China
| | - Kang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Kang Wei, Hao Cheng,
| | - Liyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou, China
| | - Li Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou, China
| | - Hailin Li
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou, China
| | - Xiaogui Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou, China
| | - Zhenghe Lin
- Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural SciencesFu’an, China
| | - Ruiyang Shan
- Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural SciencesFu’an, China
| | - Hao Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Kang Wei, Hao Cheng,
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Zhang Q, Liu M, Ruan J. Integrated Transcriptome and Metabolic Analyses Reveals Novel Insights into Free Amino Acid Metabolism in Huangjinya Tea Cultivar. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:291. [PMID: 28321230 PMCID: PMC5337497 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The chlorotic tea variety Huangjinya, a natural mutant, contains enhanced levels of free amino acids in its leaves, which improves the drinking quality of its brewed tea. Consequently, this chlorotic mutant has a higher economic value than the non-chlorotic varieties. However, the molecular mechanisms behind the increased levels of free amino acids in this mutant are mostly unknown, as are the possible effects of this mutation on the overall metabolome and biosynthetic pathways in tea leaves. To gain further insight into the effects of chlorosis on the global metabolome and biosynthetic pathways in this mutant, Huangjinya plants were grown under normal and reduced sunlight, resulting in chlorotic and non-chlorotic leaves, respectively; their leaves were analyzed using transcriptomics as well as targeted and untargeted metabolomics. Approximately 5,000 genes (8.5% of the total analyzed) and ca. 300 metabolites (14.5% of the total detected) were significantly differentially regulated, thus indicating the occurrence of marked effects of light on the biosynthetic pathways in this mutant plant. Considering primary metabolism, including that of sugars, amino acids, and organic acids, significant changes were observed in the expression of genes involved in both nitrogen (N) and carbon metabolism. The suite of changes not only generated an increase in amino acids, including glutamic acid, glutamine, and theanine, but it also elevated the levels of free ammonium, citrate, and α-ketoglutarate, and lowered the levels of mono- and di-saccharides and of caffeine as compared with the non-chlorotic leaves. Taken together, our results suggest that the increased levels of amino acids in the chlorotic vs. non-chlorotic leaves are likely due to increased protein catabolism and/or decreased glycolysis and diminished biosynthesis of nitrogen-containing compounds other than amino acids, including chlorophyll, purines, nucleotides, and alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunfeng Zhang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory for Plant Biology and Resource Application of Tea, The Ministry of AgricultureHangzhou, China
| | - Meiya Liu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory for Plant Biology and Resource Application of Tea, The Ministry of AgricultureHangzhou, China
| | - Jianyun Ruan
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory for Plant Biology and Resource Application of Tea, The Ministry of AgricultureHangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jianyun Ruan
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Li Y, Chen C, Li Y, Ding Z, Shen J, Wang Y, Zhao L, Xu M. The identification and evaluation of two different color variations of tea. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2016; 96:4951-4961. [PMID: 27407065 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tea plant, Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntz, is a perennial woody plant widely cultivated for the production of a popular non-alcoholic beverage. To rapidly identify and evaluate two different color tea varieties (yellowish and purplish), the main phenotypic traits and quality components were tested in the present study. The metabolic profiles of tea shoots and leaves were also analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS The yellowish variation had a higher active level with respect to metabolism of catechins, and the contents of luteolin and kaempferol 3-α-d-glucoside were much higher compared to in the other variations. However, the purplish variation had a low content of theanine and a high content of caffeine. The contents of quercetin and kaempferol 3-α-d-galactoside were highest in purplish leaves. Moreover, the yellowish variation had the highest total quality scores for green teas and black teas, whereas the purplish variation had the highest scores for oolong teas. CONCLUSION Both the yellowish variation and the purplish variation represent excellent breeding materials and are worthy of breeding as new tea cultivars. The yellowish variation is more suitable for making high-grade green teas or black teas, whereas the purplish variation is suitable for producing fine quality oolong teas. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Li
- Tea Research Institute, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticultural Plant, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Changsong Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fujian Province 355015, China
| | - Yusheng Li
- Fruit and Tea Technology Extension Station, Jinan 250013, China
| | - Zhaotang Ding
- Tea Research Institute, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticultural Plant, Qingdao 266109, China.
| | - Jiazhi Shen
- Tea Research Institute, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticultural Plant, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticultural Plant, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Tea Research Institute, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticultural Plant, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Meng Xu
- College of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
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Kumar A, Chawla V, Sharma E, Mahajan P, Shankar R, Yadav SK. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Chinary, Assamica and Cambod tea (Camellia sinensis) Types during Development and Seasonal Variation using RNA-seq Technology. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37244. [PMID: 27853259 PMCID: PMC5112563 DOI: 10.1038/srep37244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tea quality and yield is influenced by various factors including developmental tissue, seasonal variation and cultivar type. Here, the molecular basis of these factors was investigated in three tea cultivars namely, Him Sphurti (H), TV23 (T), and UPASI-9 (U) using RNA-seq. Seasonal variation in these cultivars was studied during active (A), mid-dormant (MD), dormant (D) and mid-active (MA) stages in two developmental tissues viz. young and old leaf. Development appears to affect gene expression more than the seasonal variation and cultivar types. Further, detailed transcript and metabolite profiling has identified genes such as F3'H, F3'5'H, FLS, DFR, LAR, ANR and ANS of catechin biosynthesis, while MXMT, SAMS, TCS and XDH of caffeine biosynthesis/catabolism as key regulators during development and seasonal variation among three different tea cultivars. In addition, expression analysis of genes related to phytohormones such as ABA, GA, ethylene and auxin has suggested their role in developmental tissues during seasonal variation in tea cultivars. Moreover, differential expression of genes involved in histone and DNA modification further suggests role of epigenetic mechanism in coordinating global gene expression during developmental and seasonal variation in tea. Our findings provide insights into global transcriptional reprogramming associated with development and seasonal variation in tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kumar
- Plant Metabolic Engineering Laboratory, Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur-176061 (HP), India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Vandna Chawla
- Studio of Computational Biology & Bioinformatics, Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur-176061 (HP), India
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Eshita Sharma
- Food and Nutraceutical Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur-176061 (HP), India
| | - Pallavi Mahajan
- Studio of Computational Biology & Bioinformatics, Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur-176061 (HP), India
| | - Ravi Shankar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India
- Studio of Computational Biology & Bioinformatics, Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur-176061 (HP), India
| | - Sudesh Kumar Yadav
- Plant Metabolic Engineering Laboratory, Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur-176061 (HP), India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India
- Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (CIAB), Mohali-160071, Punjab, India
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Li CF, Xu YX, Ma JQ, Jin JQ, Huang DJ, Yao MZ, Ma CL, Chen L. Biochemical and transcriptomic analyses reveal different metabolite biosynthesis profiles among three color and developmental stages in 'Anji Baicha' (Camellia sinensis). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:195. [PMID: 27609021 PMCID: PMC5015330 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0885-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The new shoots of the albino tea cultivar 'Anji Baicha' are yellow or white at low temperatures and turn green as the environmental temperatures increase during the early spring. 'Anji Baicha' metabolite profiles exhibit considerable variability over three color and developmental stages, especially regarding the carotenoid, chlorophyll, and theanine concentrations. Previous studies focused on physiological characteristics, gene expression differences, and variations in metabolite abundances in albino tea plant leaves at specific growth stages. However, the molecular mechanisms regulating metabolite biosynthesis in various color and developmental stages in albino tea leaves have not been fully characterized. RESULTS We used RNA-sequencing to analyze 'Anji Baicha' leaves at the yellow-green, albescent, and re-greening stages. The leaf transcriptomes differed considerably among the three stages. Functional classifications based on Gene Ontology enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analyses revealed that differentially expressed unigenes were mainly related to metabolic pathways, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms. Chemical analyses revealed higher β-carotene and theanine levels, but lower chlorophyll a levels, in the albescent stage than in the green stage. Furthermore, unigenes involved in carotenoid, chlorophyll, and theanine biosyntheses were identified, and the expression patterns of the differentially expressed unigenes in these biosynthesis pathways were characterized. Through co-expression analyses, we identified the key genes in these pathways. These genes may be responsible for the metabolite biosynthesis differences among the different leaf color and developmental stages of 'Anji Baicha' tea plants. CONCLUSIONS Our study presents the results of transcriptomic and biochemical analyses of 'Anji Baicha' tea plants at various stages. The distinct transcriptome profiles for each color and developmental stage enabled us to identify changes to biosynthesis pathways and revealed the contributions of such variations to the albino phenotype of tea plants. Furthermore, comparisons of the transcriptomes and related metabolites helped clarify the molecular regulatory mechanisms underlying the secondary metabolic pathways in different stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Fang Li
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Lin’an, Hangzhou China
| | - Yan-Xia Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Qiang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ji-Qiang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dan-Juan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ming-Zhe Yao
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chun-Lei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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Isolation and dynamic expression of four genes involving in shikimic acid pathway in Camellia sinensis 'Baicha 1' during periodic albinism. Mol Biol Rep 2016; 43:1119-27. [PMID: 27553670 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-016-4045-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids are the main flavor components and functional ingredients in tea, and the shikimic acid pathway is considered as one of the most important pathways in flavonoid biosynthesis, but little was known about the function of regulatory genes in the metabolism phenolic compounds in tea plant (Camellia sinensis), especially related genes in shikimic acid pathway. The dynamic changes of catechin (predominant flavonoid) contents were analyzed in this study, and four genes (CsPPT, CsDAHPS, CsSDH and CsCS) involving in shikimic acid pathway in C. sinensis albino cultivar 'Baicha 1' were cloned and characterized. The full-length cDNA sequences of these genes were obtained using reverse transcription-PCR and rapid amplification of cDNA ends. At the albinistic stage, the amounts of all catechins decreased to the lowest levels, when epigallocatechin gallate was the highest, whereas gallocatechin-3-O-gallate the lowest. Gene expression patterns analyzed by qRT-PCR showed that CsPPT and CsDAHPS were highly expressed in flowers and buds, while CsSDH and CsCS showed high expression levels in buds and leaves. It was also found that the transcript abundance of shikimic acid biosynthetic genes followed a tightly regulated biphasic pattern, and was affected by albinism. The transcript levels of CsPPT and CsDAHPS were decreased at albinistic stage followed elevated expression, whereas CsSDH and CsCS were increased only at re-greening stage. Taken together, these findings suggested that these four genes in C. sinensis may play different roles in shikimic acid biosynthesis and these genes may have divergent functions.
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