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Tian L, Yang R, Li D, Wu T, Sun F. Enantioselective biomarkers of maize toxicity induced by hexabromocyclododecane based on submicroscopic structure, gene expression and molecular docking. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 252:119119. [PMID: 38734290 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), as a monitored chemical of the Chemical Weapons Convention, the Stockholm Convention and the Action Plan for New Pollutants Treatment in China, raises significant concerns on its impact of human health and food security. This study investigated enantiomer-specific biomarkers of HBCD in maize (Zea mays L.). Upon exposure to HBCD enantiomers, the maize root tip cell wall exhibited thinning, uneven cell gaps, and increased deposition on the cell outer wall. Elevated malondialdehyde (MDA) indicated lipid peroxidation, with higher mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) inhibition in (+)-enantiomer treatments (47.2%-57.9%) than (-)-enantiomers (14.4%-37.4%). The cell death rate significantly increased by 37.7%-108.8% in roots and 16.4%-62.4% in shoots, accompanied by the upregulation of superoxide dismutase isoforms genes. Molecular docking presenting interactions between HBCD and target proteins, suggested that HBCD has an affinity for antioxidant enzyme receptors with higher binding energy for (+)-enantiomers, further confirming their stronger toxic effects. All indicators revealed that oxidative damage to maize seedlings was more severe after treatment with (+)-enantiomers compared to (-)-enantiomers. This study elucidates the biomarkers of phytotoxicity evolution induced by HBCD enantiomers, providing valuable insights for the formulation of more effective policies to safeguard environmental safety and human health in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Tian
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050022, China
| | - Ronghe Yang
- Research Center for Chemical Safety&Security and Verification Technology, School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, 050018, China
| | - Die Li
- College of Environment Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, 050018, China
| | - Tong Wu
- Research Center for Chemical Safety&Security and Verification Technology, School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, 050018, China.
| | - Fengxia Sun
- Research Center for Chemical Safety&Security and Verification Technology, School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, 050018, China.
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Romeiro Dos Santos I, Machado da Silva IN, Camilo-Cotrim CF, Madureira de Almeida L, Luiz Borges L, Cardoso Bailão EFL. Spring water quality monitoring using multiple bioindicators from multiple collection sites. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2023; 86:707-719. [PMID: 37598363 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2023.2246507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the water quality of the Extrema River spring in a Brazilian Cerrado area. Three collection sites (P1 - P3) were sampled in the dry and rainy seasons, which are close to industries from different sectors. In the physicochemical analysis, a decrease in dissolved oxygen levels (<5 mg/L) and pH (< 6) at P3 was detected. An increase in heterotrophic bacteria count was recorded at all sites (> 500 colonies/ml). In ecotoxicological analyses, P2 and P3 exhibited toxicity using Vibrio fischeri (> 20%). In evaluating toxicity, the reduction in seed germination was significant utilizing Lactuca sativa at all locations and with Allium cepa only at P2; rootlet length was decreased at P3 on L. sativa and at all sites with A. cepa. In contrast, loss of membrane integrity and mitochondrial function of meristems was adversely affected at all locations using both L. sativa and A. cepa assays. Principal components analysis (PCA) approach indicated that seasonality apparently did not markedly interfere with the obtained data, but it is important to include more collection locations to be evaluated with multiple bioindicators in the spring region. Our data indicate the urgent need for more rigorous programs to monitor the discharge of effluents into water springs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Romeiro Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Câmpus Central, Universidade Estadual de Goiás, Anápolis, Goiás, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Leonardo Luiz Borges
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Câmpus Central, Universidade Estadual de Goiás, Anápolis, Goiás, Brazil
- Escola de Ciências Médicas e da Vida, Pontíficia Universidade Católica de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
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Šoln K, Žnidaršič N, Klemenčič M, Koce JD. Fallopia japonica and Fallopia × bohemica extracts cause ultrastructural and biochemical changes in root tips of radish seedlings. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e14032. [PMID: 37882300 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Japanese knotweed (Fallopia japonica) and Bohemian knotweed (Fallopia × bohemica) are invasive plants that use allelopathy as an additional mechanism for colonization of the new habitat. Allelochemicals affect the growth of roots of neighboring plants. In the present study, we analyze the early changes associated with the inhibited root growth of radish seedlings exposed to aqueous extracts of knotweed rhizomes for 3 days. Here, we show that cells in the root cap treated with the knotweed extracts exhibited reduced cell length and displayed several ultrastructural changes, including the increased abundance of dilated ER cisternae filled with electron-dense material (ER bodies) and the accumulation of dense inclusions. Moreover, mitochondrial damage was exhibited in the root cap and the meristem zone compared to the non-treated radish seedlings. Furthermore, malfunction of the intracellular redox balance system was detected as the increased total antioxidative capacity. We also detected increased metacaspase-like proteolytic activities and, in the case of 10% extract of F. japonica, increased caspase-like proteolytic activities. These ultrastructural and biochemical effects could be the reason for the more than 60% shorter root length of treated radish seedlings compared to controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Šoln
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Biodiversity, Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Nada Žnidaršič
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marina Klemenčič
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jasna Dolenc Koce
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Yu JW, Lee JH, Song MH, Keum YS. Metabolomic Responses of Lettuce ( Lactuca sativa) to Allelopathic Benzoquinones from Iris sanguinea Seeds. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:5143-5153. [PMID: 36961423 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c09069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Weed management is important in modern crop protection. Chemical weed control using synthetic herbicides, however, suffers from resistance and ecotoxicity. Metabolomic investigation of allelopathy (or allelochemicals) may provide novel alternatives to synthetic herbicides. This study aimed to investigate the detailed metabolomic responses of plants to allelochemicals in Iris seed extracts. The seed extracts of Iris sanguinea showed the strongest growth inhibitory activity against alfalfa, barnyard grass, lettuce, and mustard. 3-Hydroxyirisquinone (3-[10(Z)-heptadecenyl]-2-hydroxy-5-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone) was isolated as a major allelochemical from I. sanguinea seeds through bioassay-guided fractionation. The compound inhibited the growth of shoots and roots by browning root tips. Discriminant analysis identified 33 differentially regulated lettuce metabolites after treatment with 3-hydroxyirisquinone (3HIQ). Metabolic pathway analysis revealed that several metabolic pathways, including aromatic amino acid biosynthesis and respiratory pathways, were affected by the compounds. Differential responses of membrane lipids (accumulation of unsaturated fatty acids) and extensive formation of reactive oxygen species were observed in root tissues following treatment with 3HIQ. Overall, alkylbenzoquinone from I. sanguinea induced extensive metabolic modulation, oxidative stress, and growth inhibition. The metabolomic responses to allelochemicals may provide fundamental information for the development of allelochemical-based herbicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Woo Yu
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Ji-Ho Lee
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Min-Ho Song
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Young-Soo Keum
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
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Nowicka B, Walczak J, Kapsiak M, Barnaś K, Dziuba J, Suchoń A. Impact of cytotoxic plant naphthoquinones, juglone, plumbagin, lawsone and 2-methoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone, on Chlamydomonas reinhardtii reveals the biochemical mechanism of juglone toxicity by rapid depletion of plastoquinol. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 197:107660. [PMID: 36996637 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Hydrophilic, untethered 1,4-naphthoquinones (1,4-NQs) are plant secondary metabolites that are often excreted into the environment and play a role in various plant-microbial, plant-fungal, plant-insect and plant-plant interactions. The biological activity of 1,4-NQs is mainly related to their redox properties, i.e. the ability to undergo redox cycling in cells. These compounds may also undergo electrophilic addition to thiol-containing compounds. The aim of this study was to compare the impact of juglone, plumbagin, lawsone and 2-methoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (2-met-NQ) on the antioxidant response of the green microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The algae were incubated with the examined compounds under low light for 6 h and the content of photosynthetic pigments, prenyllipid antioxidants, ascorbate, soluble thiols, proline, and superoxide dismutase activity was assessed. To examine the interaction between photosynthetic activity and naphthoquinone toxicity, we carried out the second experiment, in which C. reinhardtii was incubated with 1,4-NQs for 1 h under high light or in darkness. The pro-oxidant action of the examined 1,4-NQs depended on their reduction potentials, which decrease in order: juglone > plumbagin > 2-met-NQ > lawsone. Lawsone did not display pro-oxidant properties. Exposure to high light strongly enhanced the pro-oxidant effect of juglone, plumbagin, and 2-met-NQ, which is thought to result from the interception of the electrons from photosynthetic electron transfer chain. Only juglone was able to cause a fast depletion of plastoquinol, which may be an important mode of action of this allelochemical, responsible for its high toxicity to plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrycze Nowicka
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Kraków, 30-387, Poland.
| | - Jan Walczak
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Kraków, 30-387, Poland
| | - Maja Kapsiak
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Kraków, 30-387, Poland
| | - Karolina Barnaś
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Kraków, 30-387, Poland
| | - Julia Dziuba
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Kraków, 30-387, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Suchoń
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Kraków, 30-387, Poland
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Đorđević T, Đurović-Pejčev R, Stevanović M, Sarić-Krsmanović M, Radivojević L, Šantrić L, Gajić-Umiljendić J. Phytotoxicity and allelopathic potential of Juglans regia L. leaf extract. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:986740. [PMID: 36275528 PMCID: PMC9585395 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.986740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Implementation of plant extracts that are rich in phytochemicals and have the allelopathic potential for weed management could help reduce the use of chemical herbicides. The present study investigated the herbicidal potential of walnut (Juglans regia L.) leaf extract (WLE) against two weeds, Amaranthus retroflexus L. and Chenopodium album L., by testing in vitro their seed germination and seedling growth, and then evaluated in vivo the oxidative stress of potted plants. The effects of the walnut leaf extract were also tested on maize (Zea mays L.) to eliminate possible negative impacts on a cultivated plant. Total phenolic acids and total flavonoid content in the extract were determined in prior bioassays, followed by separation and analysis of flavonoids and phenolic acids by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Phytochemical analysis revealed that the obtained extract was notably rich in phenolic compounds, while HPLC analysis confirmed the presence of (+)-catechin, luteolin, myricetin, rutin, (-)-epicatechin, genistin, protocatechuic acid, and caffeic acid as major extract components. The results obtained in bioassays revealed a significant negative impact of the walnut leaf extract on germination and seedling growth of the tested weeds, as well as significant oxidative stress in weeds grown in pots. Although it affected the maize seedling growth in vitro similar to the tested weeds, maize germination was less sensitive to treatment, and the extract did not have a significant negative impact in terms of oxidative stress in maize plants grown in pots. The findings show that walnut leaf extract may have a promising role in replacing chemical herbicides in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijana Đorđević
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Pesticides and Environmental Protection, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Rada Đurović-Pejčev
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Pesticides and Environmental Protection, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Stevanović
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Pesticides and Environmental Protection, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Sarić-Krsmanović
- Laboratory of Weed Research, Institute of Pesticides and Environmental Protection, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ljiljana Radivojević
- Laboratory of Weed Research, Institute of Pesticides and Environmental Protection, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ljiljana Šantrić
- Laboratory of Weed Research, Institute of Pesticides and Environmental Protection, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Gajić-Umiljendić
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Pesticides and Environmental Protection, Belgrade, Serbia
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Šoln K, Klemenčič M, Koce JD. Plant cell responses to allelopathy: from oxidative stress to programmed cell death. PROTOPLASMA 2022; 259:1111-1124. [PMID: 34993622 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-021-01729-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Allelopathy is a plant-plant interaction in which one plant releases biologically active compounds that have negative effects on the fitness of the target plant. The most pronounced effects are inhibition of seed germination and growth of neighboring plants. The roots of these plants are in contact with the allelochemicals released into the soil, as the primary target of the allelopathic action. To date, the best documented allelopathic activities relate to some weeds and invasive alien plants that show rapid spread and successful growth. A better understanding of the mechanisms of allelopathy will help to improve crop production and to manage and prevent plant invasions. At the cellular level, allelochemicals induce a burst of reactive oxygen species in the target plants, which leads to oxidative stress, and can promote programmed cell death. Lipid peroxidation and cell membrane changes, protein modifications, and increased protease activities are the early signs of cell damage. When enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants cannot scavenge reactive oxidants, this can result in hydrolytic or necrotic degradation of the protoplast. Cell organelles then lose their integrity and function. In roots, the structure and activity of the apical meristem are changed, which affects root growth and water absorption. Such allelopathically active compounds might thus be applied to control and manage weeds and invasive plants in a more sustainable way, to reduce chemical pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Šoln
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marina Klemenčič
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jasna Dolenc Koce
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Valente PM, Valente VMM, Silva MC, dos Reis LB, Silva FD, Praça-Fontes MM. Phytotoxicity and cytogenotoxicity of Dionaea muscipula Ellis extracts and its major compound against Lactuca sativa and Allium cepa. Biologia (Bratisl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-022-01153-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Šoln K, Žnidaršič N, Dolenc Koce J. Root growth inhibition and ultrastructural changes in radish root tips after treatment with aqueous extracts of Fallopia japonica and F. ×bohemica rhizomes. PROTOPLASMA 2022; 259:343-355. [PMID: 34089092 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-021-01668-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Allelopathic compounds released by invasive alien plants can suppress the growth of plants in their vicinity. The aim of this study was to investigate changes in tissue and cell structure in roots of radish seedlings treated with 10% aqueous extracts of rhizomes from the invasive knotweeds Fallopia japonica and F. ×bohemica. After 7 days of growth without and with aqueous extracts from these rhizomes, the anatomical and ultrastructural changes in the radish seedling roots were analyzed with light and transmission electron microscopy, and hydrogen peroxide was localized with diaminobenzidine, to define oxidative stress. The roots of radish seedlings treated with the knotweed extracts were shorter and thicker, due to the shorter and wider shapes of their cortex cells, which were organized in more columns than the control roots. There were signs of cell damage and oxidative stress in the root cap cells, and to a lesser extent in the meristematic zone. As well as the irregularly shaped nuclei and plasma membrane detached from the cell wall, the most prominent ultrastructural effects in the root cap cells of these aqueous rhizome extracts were the ring-shaped form of the mitochondria and large endoplasmic reticulum bodies. Excessive vacuolization was seen for the cells of the root apical meristem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Šoln
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nada Žnidaršič
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jasna Dolenc Koce
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Zhang H, Rutherford S, Qi S, Huang P, Dai Z, Du D. Transcriptome profiling of Arabidopsis thaliana roots in response to allelopathic effects of Conyza canadensis. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 31:53-63. [PMID: 34647200 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-021-02489-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying allelopathy and their role in the interactions between invasive weeds and native species remain unclear. In this study, we aimed to explore the physiological and molecular response of plant roots of a native species to allelopathy from an invasive weed. We examined the growth and development of roots of native Arabidopsis thaliana for a 2-week period after being treated with aqueous extracts at different concentrations from invasive Conyza canadensis. Extracts with higher concentration in the Murashige and Skoog (MS) media (i.e., 4 mg of extract/mL of MS) significantly affected the root growth of A. thaliana. Roots of A. thaliana displayed weakened root tip activity and an accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to extracts from C. canadensis. The transcriptome analysis of A. thaliana roots exposed to phytotoxicity revealed differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in cell wall formation, abiotic stress, transporter genes and signal transduction. We found that genes associated with nutrient transport, such as major facilitator superfamily (MFS) and amino acid permease (AAP3) transporters as well as genes involved in stress response, including leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinases (LRR-RLKs) were down-regulated. In addition, we found that many transcription factors associated with plant stress (such as APETALA2/ethylene response factors) were up-regulated while others (e.g., zinc-finger proteins) were down-regulated. Allelochemicals from C. canadensis also induced the up-regulation of detoxification (DTX) genes, ROS related genes, calcineurin B-like interacting protein kinases (CIPKs) and calmodulin. Overall, our findings provided insights into allelopathy in C. canadensis at the molecular level, and contributes to our understanding of invasion mechanisms of alien plant species. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION: This study does not contain any studies with clinical trials performed by any of the authors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Zhang
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, School of the Environment Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Xuefu Road 301, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
- Changzhou Environmental Monitoring Center, Puqian Street 149, Changzhou, 213000, PR China
| | - Susan Rutherford
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, School of the Environment Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Xuefu Road 301, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
- The Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, MrsMacquaries Road, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia
| | - Shanshan Qi
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Xuefu Road 301, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Ping Huang
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, School of the Environment Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Xuefu Road 301, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Zhicong Dai
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, School of the Environment Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Xuefu Road 301, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China.
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Xuefu Road 301, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China.
| | - Daolin Du
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, School of the Environment Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Xuefu Road 301, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China.
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Xuefu Road 301, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China.
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, PR China.
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Staszek P, Krasuska U, Ciacka K, Gniazdowska A. ROS Metabolism Perturbation as an Element of Mode of Action of Allelochemicals. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111648. [PMID: 34829519 PMCID: PMC8614981 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The allelopathic interaction between plants is one of the elements that influences plant communities. It has been commonly studied by applying tissue extracts onto the acceptors or by treating them with isolated allelotoxins. Despite descriptive observations useful for agricultural practice, data describing the molecular mode of action of allelotoxins cannot be found. Due to the development of -omic techniques, we have an opportunity to investigate specific reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent changes in proteome or transcriptome that are induced by allelochemicals. The aim of our review is to summarize data on the ROS-induced modification in acceptor plants in response to allelopathic plants or isolated allelochemicals. We present the idea of how ROS are involved in the hormesis and plant autotoxicity phenomena. As an example of an -omic approach in studies of the mode of action of allelopatic compounds, we describe the influence of meta-tyrosine, an allelochemical exudated from roots of fescues, on nitration-one of nitro-oxidative posttranslational protein modification in the roots of tomato plants. We conclude that ROS overproduction and an induction of oxidative stress are general plants' responses to various allelochemicals, thus modification in ROS metabolisms is regarded as an indirect mode of action of allelochemicals.
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Kaçmaz A. Synthesis of some NH- and NH,S- substituted 1,4-quinones. Turk J Chem 2021; 45:475-484. [PMID: 34104058 PMCID: PMC8164198 DOI: 10.3906/kim-2011-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of NH-substituted-1,4-quinones, possessing one, two, three or not chlorine, were synthesized by the reaction between different quinones (p-chloranil (1), p-toluquinone (2), or 2,3-dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone (3)) and (-)-cis-myrtanylamine (5) via nucleophilic reactions. Moreover, 2-bromo-1,4-naphthoquinone (4) was reacted with 2-(methylthio)ethylamine (11) to produce amino-substituted naphthoquinones (12 and 13), bearing with bromine and not bromine. In addition, 2-bromo-1,4-naphthoquinone (4) was reacted with 4′-aminodibenzo-18-crown-6 (14) and 4′-aminobenzo-18-crown-6 (16) to yield crown-containing 1,4-naphthoquinones (15 and 17), respectively. New compounds were characterized, providing 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FTIR, MS-ESI, UV/Vis and elemental analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayşecik Kaçmaz
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, İstanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, İstanbul Turkey
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13
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Macías FA, Durán AG, Molinillo JMG. Allelopathy: The Chemical Language of Plants. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 2020; 112:1-84. [PMID: 33306172 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-52966-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In Nature, the oldest method of communication between living systems is the chemical language. Plants, due to their lack of mobility, have developed the most sophisticated way of chemical communication. Despite that many examples involve this chemical communication process-allelopathy, there is still a lack of information about specific allelochemicals released into the environment, their purpose, as well as in-depth studies on the chemistry underground. These findings are critical to gain a better understanding of the role of these compounds and open up a wide range of possibilities and applications, especially in agriculture and phytomedicine. The most relevant aspects regarding the chemical language of plants, namely kind of allelochemicals, have been investigated, as well as their releasing mechanisms and their purpose will be described in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco A Macías
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), School of Science, University of Cadiz, C/República Saharaui 7, 11510, Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain.
| | - Alexandra G Durán
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), School of Science, University of Cadiz, C/República Saharaui 7, 11510, Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain
| | - José M G Molinillo
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), School of Science, University of Cadiz, C/República Saharaui 7, 11510, Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain
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Duke SO, Pan Z, Bajsa-Hirschel J. Proving the Mode of Action of Phytotoxic Phytochemicals. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E1756. [PMID: 33322386 PMCID: PMC7763512 DOI: 10.3390/plants9121756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of the mode of action of an allelochemical can be valuable for several reasons, such as proving and elucidating the role of the compound in nature and evaluating its potential utility as a pesticide. However, discovery of the molecular target site of a natural phytotoxin can be challenging. Because of this, we know little about the molecular targets of relatively few allelochemicals. It is much simpler to describe the secondary effects of these compounds, and, as a result, there is much information about these effects, which usually tell us little about the mode of action. This review describes the many approaches to molecular target site discovery, with an attempt to point out the pitfalls of each approach. Clues from molecular structure, phenotypic effects, physiological effects, omics studies, genetic approaches, and use of artificial intelligence are discussed. All these approaches can be confounded if the phytotoxin has more than one molecular target at similar concentrations or is a prophytotoxin, requiring structural alteration to create an active compound. Unequivocal determination of the molecular target site requires proof of activity on the function of the target protein and proof that a resistant form of the target protein confers resistance to the target organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen O. Duke
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38655, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Pan
- Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Oxford, MS 38655, USA; (Z.P.); (J.B.-H.)
| | - Joanna Bajsa-Hirschel
- Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Oxford, MS 38655, USA; (Z.P.); (J.B.-H.)
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Svobodníková L, Kummerová M, Zezulka Š, Babula P, Sendecká K. Root response in Pisum sativum under naproxen stress: Morpho-anatomical, cytological, and biochemical traits. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 258:127411. [PMID: 32947668 PMCID: PMC7308076 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs as an important group of emerging environmental contaminants in irrigation water and soils can influence biochemical and physiological processes essential for growth and development in plants as non-target organisms. Plants are able to take up, transport, transform, and accumulate drugs in the roots. Root biomass in ten-days old pea plants was lowered by 6% already under 0.1 mg/L naproxen (NPX) due to a lowered number of lateral roots, although 0.5 mg/L NPX stimulated the total root length by 30% as against control. Higher section area (by 40%) in root tip, area of xylem (by 150%) or stele-to-section ratio (by 10%) in zone of maturation, and lower section area in zone of lateral roots (by 18%) prove the changes in primary root anatomy and its earlier differentiation at 10 mg/L NPX. Accumulated NPX (up to 10 μg/g DW at 10 mg/L) and products of its metabolization in roots increased the amounts of hydrogen peroxide (by 33%), and superoxide (by 62%), which was reflected in elevated lipid peroxidation (by 32%), disruption of membrane integrity (by 89%) and lowering both oxidoreductase and dehydrogenase activities (by up to 40%). Elevated antioxidant capacity (SOD, APX, and other molecules) under low treatments decreased at 10 mg/L NPX (both by approx. 30%). Naproxen was proved to cause changes at both cellular and tissue levels in roots, which was also reflected in their anatomy and morphology. Higher environmental loading through drugs thus can influence even the root function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Svobodníková
- Section of Experimental Plant Biology, Dep. of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Brno, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Marie Kummerová
- Section of Experimental Plant Biology, Dep. of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Brno, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Štěpán Zezulka
- Section of Experimental Plant Biology, Dep. of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Brno, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Babula
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Katarína Sendecká
- Laboratory of Metabolomics and Isotope Analyses, Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Cytotoxic and mutagenic potential of juglone: a comparison of free and nano-encapsulated form. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2020; 71:69-77. [PMID: 32597139 PMCID: PMC7837238 DOI: 10.2478/aiht-2020-71-3344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite its evidenced beneficial herbicidal, antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, and antioxidant effects, the application of juglone (5-hydroxy-1,4,-naphthoquinone) is limited due to its low water solubility and allelopathic and toxic effects. In recent years, research has aimed to overcome these limitations by increasing its solubility and controlling its release through nanoparticular systems. This is the first study to have synthesised and characterised juglone-loaded polymeric nanoparticles and compared them with free juglone for cytotoxicity in mouse (L929 fibroblasts) and alfalfa cells and for mutagenic potential in Salmonella typhimurium TA98/100. Mouse and plant cells treated with free and nano-encapsulated juglone showed a decrease in cell viability in a dose and time-dependent manner, but this effect was significantly lower with the nano-encapsulated form at lower doses. In the TA98 strain with S9, nano-encapsulated juglone did not exhibit mutagenic effects, unlike the free form. Since all results show that juglone encapsulation with polymeric nanoparticles reduced the toxic and mutagenic effects, it has a promising potential to be applied in medicine, food safety, and agriculture.
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Physiological and Biochemical Mechanisms Mediated by Allelochemical Isoliquiritigenin on the Growth of Lettuce Seedlings. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9020245. [PMID: 32070007 PMCID: PMC7076364 DOI: 10.3390/plants9020245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Isoliquiritigenin, a natural chalcone-type flavonoid, has been recognized as an allelochemical with phytotoxicity to lettuce; however, not enough attention has been paid to the mechanisms of this secondary metabolite. In this work, we investigated the physiological and biochemical mechanisms of isoliquiritigenin on lettuce seedlings. The results show that isoliquiritigenin has a concentration-dependent inhibitory effect on radicle elongation of lettuce seedlings, but no significant impact on lettuce germination. Microscopy analyses suggest that the surface morphology of lettuce radicle tips was atrophied and the intracellular tissue structure deformed at high concentrations. Isoliquiritigenin induced the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which led to loss of cell viability in the radicle cells. In addition, malondialdehyde (a product of lipid peroxidation) and free proline levels were found to have increased, while chlorophyll content in lettuce seedlings decreased. All these changes suggest that the primary allelopathic mechanism of isoliquiritigenin by which it inhibits radicle elongation in lettuce seedlings might be due to the overproduction of ROS, which causes oxidative damage to membrane lipids and cell death.
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Durán AG, Chinchilla N, Molinillo JM, Macías FA. Structure-activity relationship studies on naphthoquinone analogs. The search for new herbicides based on natural products. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2019; 75:2517-2529. [PMID: 30972945 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allelopathy and bioassays constitute fundamental tools in the search for new herbicide templates. The work described here is a continuation of a previous study focused on the structure-activity relationships between transport phenomena and phytotoxic activity. Different modifications were made to the naphthoquinone backbone and two key factors were identified as being responsible for changes in activity: lipophilicity and the nature of the functional group. The study of other naturally occurring and semi-synthetic naphthoquinones was also proposed. RESULTS A total of 12 5-O-acyl plumbagins and 18 analogs with unsaturated and aromatic substituents at positions 2 and 5 were synthesized. These compounds were evaluated in the wheat coleoptile bioassay and against Standard Target Species (STS) and three weeds, namely Echinochloa crus-galli L., Lolium rigidum Gaud. and Lolium perenne L. A strong structure-function relationship was observed for the different naphthoquinones and root and shoot length were the parameters that were most affected. CONCLUSION Strong inhibitory effects were observed for the isomeric forms 23 and 33 and the derivatives with a free hydroxyl group, i.e. 24 and 30, gave values higher than 70% inhibition for root length in barnyardgrass and perennial ryegrass. These results highlight the potential of these compounds as models in the development of herbicides based on natural products. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra G Durán
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Sciences, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), University of Cadiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Nuria Chinchilla
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Sciences, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), University of Cadiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - José Mg Molinillo
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Sciences, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), University of Cadiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Francisco A Macías
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Sciences, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), University of Cadiz, Cádiz, Spain
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Hájková M, Kummerová M, Zezulka Š, Babula P, Váczi P. Diclofenac as an environmental threat: Impact on the photosynthetic processes of Lemna minor chloroplasts. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 224:892-899. [PMID: 30986895 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.02.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Mechanisms of pharmaceuticals action on biochemical and physiological processes in plants that determine plant growth and development are still mostly unknown. This study deals with the effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac (DCF) on photosynthesis as an essential anabolic process. Changes in primary and secondary photosynthetic processes were assessed in chloroplasts isolated from Lemna minor exposed to 1, 10, 100, and 1000 μM DCF. Decreases in the potential and effective quantum yields of photosystem II (FV/FM by 21%, ΦII by 44% compared to control), changes in non-photochemical fluorescence quenching (NPQ), and a substantial drop in Hill reaction activity (by 73%), especially under 1000 μM DCF, were found. Limitation of electron transport through photosystem II was confirmed by increased fluorescence signals in steps J and I (by 50% and 23%, respectively, under 1000 μM DCF) in OJIP fluorescence transient. Photosystem I exhibited changes only in the redox state of P700 reaction centres (decrease in Pm by 10%, increase in reduced P700 by 5% under 1000 μM DCF). Similarly, RuBisCO activity was only lowered by 30% under 1000 μM DCF. In contrast, a significant increase in reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (by 116% and 157%, respectively) was observed under 10 μM DCF, and lipid peroxidation increased even at 1 μM DCF (by nearly seven times compared to the control). Results demonstrate the ability of environmentally relevant DCF concentrations to induce oxidative stress in isolated duckweed chloroplasts; however, photosynthetic processes were affected considerably only by the highest DCF treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markéta Hájková
- Department of Plant Physiology and Anatomy, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Brno, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Marie Kummerová
- Department of Plant Physiology and Anatomy, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Brno, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Štěpán Zezulka
- Department of Plant Physiology and Anatomy, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Brno, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Babula
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Peter Váczi
- Department of Plant Physiology and Anatomy, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Brno, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic.
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Lebedev VG, Krutovsky KV, Shestibratov KA. …Fell Upas Sits, the Hydra-Tree of Death †, or the Phytotoxicity of Trees. Molecules 2019; 24:E1636. [PMID: 31027270 PMCID: PMC6514861 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24081636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of natural products that can serve as natural herbicides and insecticides is a promising direction because of their greater safety for humans and environment. Secondary metabolites of plants that are toxic to plants and insects-allelochemicals-can be used as such products. Woody plants can produce allelochemicals, but they are studied much less than herbaceous species. Meanwhile, there is a problem of interaction of woody species with neighboring plants in the process of introduction or invasion, co-cultivation with agricultural crops (agroforestry) or in plantation forestry (multiclonal or multispecies plantations). This review describes woody plants with the greatest allelopathic potential, allelochemicals derived from them, and the prospects for their use as biopesticides. In addition, the achievement of and the prospects for the use of biotechnology methods in relation to the allelopathy of woody plants are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim G Lebedev
- Forest Biotechnology Group, Branch of Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Prospect Nauki, Pushchino, 142290 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Konstantin V Krutovsky
- Department of Forest Genetics and Forest Tree Breeding, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
- Laboratory of Population Genetics, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Gubkina Str. 3, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
- Laboratory of Forest Genomics, Genome Research and Education Center, Institute of Fundamental Biology and Biotechnology, Siberian Federal University, 50a/2 Akademgorodok, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia.
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Texas A&M University, 495 Horticulture Rd, College Station, TX 77843-2138, USA.
| | - Konstantin A Shestibratov
- Forest Biotechnology Group, Branch of Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Prospect Nauki, Pushchino, 142290 Moscow, Russia.
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Zezulka Š, Kummerová M, Babula P, Hájková M, Oravec M. Sensitivity of physiological and biochemical endpoints in early ontogenetic stages of crops under diclofenac and paracetamol treatments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:3965-3979. [PMID: 30552611 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3930-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Early stages of ontogenesis determining subsequent growth, development, and productivity of crops can be affected by wastewater and sludge contaminated with pharmaceuticals. Diclofenac (DCF) and paracetamol (PCT; both 0.0001 to 10 mg/L) did not affect seed germination and primary root length of onion, lettuce, pea, and tomato. Conversely, 20-day-old pea and maize plants exhibited decrease in biomass production, leaf area (by approx. 40% in pea and 70% in maize under 10 mg/L DCF), or content of photosynthetic pigments (by 10% and 60% under 10 mg/L PCT). Quantum yields of photosystem II were reduced only in maize (FV/FM and ΦII by more than 40% under 10 mg/L of both pharmaceuticals). Contents of H2O2 and superoxide increased in roots of both species (more than four times under 10 mg/L PCT in pea). Activities of antioxidant enzymes were elevated in pea under DCF treatments, but decreased in maize under both pharmaceuticals. Oxidative injury of root cells expressed as lowered oxidoreductase activity (MTT assay, by 40% in pea and 80% in maize) and increase in malondialdehyde content (by 60% and 100%) together with the membrane integrity disruption (higher Evans Blue accumulation, by 100% in pea and 300% in maize) confirmed higher sensitivity of maize as a C4 monocot plant to both pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Štěpán Zezulka
- Department of Plant Physiology and Anatomy (ÚEB-FAR), Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Brno, Kotlářská 267/2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Marie Kummerová
- Department of Plant Physiology and Anatomy (ÚEB-FAR), Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Brno, Kotlářská 267/2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Babula
- Dep. of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Hájková
- Department of Plant Physiology and Anatomy (ÚEB-FAR), Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Brno, Kotlářská 267/2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Oravec
- Laboratory of Metabolomics and Isotope Analyses, Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00, Brno, Czech Republic
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Sytykiewicz H, Kozak A, Leszczyński B, Sempruch C, Łukasik I, Sprawka I, Kmieć K, Kurowska M, Kopczyńska A, Czerniewicz P. Transcriptional profiling of catalase genes in juglone-treated seeds of maize (Zea mays L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). ACTA BIOLOGICA HUNGARICA 2018; 69:449-463. [PMID: 30587016 DOI: 10.1556/018.69.2018.4.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The major aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of juglone (JU; 5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone) treatments on the expression level of Cat1, Cat2 and Cat3 genes, encoding the respective catalase isozymes in maize (Zea mays L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seeds. In parallel, germination efficiency, catalase (CAT) activity and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content in juglone-exposed cereal seeds were assessed. Juglone applications significantly stimulated abundance of three target catalase transcripts as well as induced CAT activity and generation of H2O2 in both maize and wheat kernels. Furthermore, germination process of juglone-affected maize seeds was more severe suppressed than in case of wheat kernels. The role of juglone in triggering the oxidative stress as well as antioxidative responses in seeds of the studied model cereal species are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Sytykiewicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Prusa 14, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kozak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Prusa 14, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland
| | - Bogumił Leszczyński
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Prusa 14, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland
| | - Cezary Sempruch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Prusa 14, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland
| | - Iwona Łukasik
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Prusa 14, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland
| | - Iwona Sprawka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Prusa 14, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kmieć
- Department of Entomology, University of Life Sciences, Leszczyńskiego 7, 20-069 Lublin, Poland
| | - Monika Kurowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Prusa 14, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland
| | - Aldona Kopczyńska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Prusa 14, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland
| | - Paweł Czerniewicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Prusa 14, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland
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Balážová Ľ, Babula P, Baláž M, Bačkorová M, Bujňáková Z, Briančin J, Kurmanbayeva A, Sagi M. Zinc oxide nanoparticles phytotoxicity on halophyte from genus Salicornia. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 130:30-42. [PMID: 29957573 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This study deals with the effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) on halophyte from the genus Salicornia. The presence of ZnO nanoparticles (100 and 1000 mg/L) in the solid culture medium resulted in the negative effects on plant growth in the concentration-dependent manner. The shoot length of plant cultivated with 1000 mg/L ZnO NPs decreased by more than 50% compared to non-treated plants. The phytotoxicity was associated with the release of free zinc(II) ions, which was determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy and fluorescence microscopy. Another mechanism involved in ZnO NPs phytotoxicity was closely connected with generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which was accompanied by changes in activities and amounts of antioxidant enzymes. Histochemical evaluation showed that ROS were present also in the shoot of plant, which was not in direct contact with NPs. The reduction of activity and amount of antioxidant enzymes such as gamma-ESC, GR, SOD, PER, APX and higher concentration of ROS lead to lipid peroxidation, the latter being almost 3 times higher for the plant treated with 1000 mg/L NPs compared to control. The misbalance in zinc homeostasis and creation of ROS with subsequent oxidative stress led to the initiation of processes of programmed cell death, which was demonstrated by the loss of mitochondrial potential and increase of intracellular calcium (II) ions. Despite halophytes exhibit higher stress resistance than glycophytes, they are prone to negative changes if incubated in the environment containing ZnO nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ľudmila Balážová
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Botany, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81, Košice, Slovakia; Department of Natural Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého 1/3, CZ, 61242, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Babula
- Department of Natural Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého 1/3, CZ, 61242, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic, CZ, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Matej Baláž
- Department of Mechanochemistry, Institute of Geotechnics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 45, 040 01, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Miriam Bačkorová
- Department of Natural Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého 1/3, CZ, 61242, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenka Bujňáková
- Department of Mechanochemistry, Institute of Geotechnics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 45, 040 01, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Jaroslav Briančin
- Department of Mechanochemistry, Institute of Geotechnics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 45, 040 01, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Assylay Kurmanbayeva
- Plant Stress Laboratory, French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 84990, Israel
| | - Moshe Sagi
- Plant Stress Laboratory, French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 84990, Israel
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McCoy RM, Utturkar SM, Crook JW, Thimmapuram J, Widhalm JR. The origin and biosynthesis of the naphthalenoid moiety of juglone in black walnut. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2018; 5:67. [PMID: 30393541 PMCID: PMC6210188 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-018-0067-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Several members of the Juglandaceae family produce juglone, a specialized 1,4-naphthoquinone (1,4-NQ) natural product that is responsible for the notorious allelopathic effects of black walnut (Juglans nigra). Despite its documented ecological roles and potential for being developed as a novel natural product-based herbicide, none of the genes involved in synthesizing juglone have been identified. Based on classical labeling studies, we hypothesized that biosynthesis of juglone's naphthalenoid moiety is shared with biochemical steps of the phylloquinone pathway. Here, using comparative transcriptomics in combination with targeted metabolic profiling of 1,4-NQs in various black walnut organs, we provide evidence that phylloquinone pathway genes involved in 1,4-dihydroxynaphthoic acid (DHNA) formation are expressed in roots for synthesis of a compound other than phylloquinone. Feeding experiments using axenic black walnut root cultures revealed that stable isotopically labeled l-glutamate incorporates into juglone resulting in the same mass shift as that expected for labeling of the quinone ring in phylloquinone. Taken together, these results indicate that in planta, an intermediate from the phylloquinone pathway provides the naphthalenoid moiety of juglone. Moreover, this work shows that juglone can be de novo synthesized in roots without the contribution of immediate precursors translocated from aerial tissues. The present study illuminates all genes involved in synthesizing the juglone naphthoquinone ring and provides RNA-sequencing datasets that can be used with functional screening studies to elucidate the remaining juglone pathway genes. Translation of the generated knowledge is expected to inform future metabolic engineering strategies for harnessing juglone as a novel natural product-based herbicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M. McCoy
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, 625 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Sagar M. Utturkar
- Bioinformatics Core, Purdue University, 155 South Grant Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Joseph W. Crook
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, 625 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Jyothi Thimmapuram
- Bioinformatics Core, Purdue University, 155 South Grant Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Joshua R. Widhalm
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, 625 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
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Nowicka B, Żądło A, Pluciński B, Kruk J, Kuczyńska P. The oxidative stress in allelopathy: Participation of prenyllipid antioxidants in the response to juglone in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2017; 144:171-179. [PMID: 28942064 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2017.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Allelopathy is a phenomenon, where one species releases compounds able to inhibit the growth of other species. Juglone, 5-hydroxy-1,4-naphtoquinone, is an allelochemical produced by walnut trees. The main mode of juglone toxicity is the formation of semiquinone radicals, able to reduce O2 to superoxide. Prenyllipid antioxidants such as tocopherol and plastoquinone are important for antioxidant defense in photosynthetic organisms. Here we assess their participation in the response to juglone. The impact of 20 μM juglone on the content of photosynthetic pigments and prenyllipid antioxidants in green microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was measured over an incubation period of 7.5 h in low light and over 40 min under high light or in darkness. The decrease in pigment and prenyllipid content, accompanied by an increase in lipid hydroperoxides was observed over a longer incubation period with juglone. Simultaneous exposure to high light and juglone led to a pronounced decrease in carotenoids and prenyllipids, while there was no decrease in high light alone and no decrease or only a slight decrease in the series with juglone alone. The fact that semiquinone radicals are generated in juglone-exposed cells was confirmed using EPR spectroscopy. This article also shows that C. reinhardtii may be a suitable model for studies on some modes of phytotoxic action of allelochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrycze Nowicka
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Żądło
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Bartosz Pluciński
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jerzy Kruk
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Paulina Kuczyńska
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
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Kurtyka R, Pokora W, Tukaj Z, Karcz W. Effects of juglone and lawsone on oxidative stress in maize coleoptile cells treated with IAA. AOB PLANTS 2016; 8:plw073. [PMID: 27760740 PMCID: PMC5199135 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plw073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Naphthoquinones are secondary metabolites widely distributed in nature and produced by bacteria, fungi and higher plants. Their biological activity may result from induction of oxidative stress, caused by redox cycling or direct interaction with cellular macromolecules, in which quinones act as electrophiles. The redox homeostasis is known as one of factors involved in auxin-mediated plant growth regulation. To date, however, little is known about the crosstalk between reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by quinones and the plant growth hormone auxin (IAA). In this study, redox cycling properties of two naphthoquinones, juglone (5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone) and lawsone (2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone), were compared in experiments performed on maize coleoptile segments incubated with or without the addition of IAA. It was found that lawsone was much more effective than juglone in increasing both H2O2 production and the activity of antioxidative enzymes (SOD, POX and CAT) in coleoptile cells, regardless of the presence of IAA. An increase in the activity of Cu/Zn-SOD isoenzymes induced by both naphthoquinones suggests that juglone- and lawsone-generated H2O2 was primarily produced in the cytosolic and cell wall spaces. The cell potential to neutralize hydrogen peroxide, determined by POX and CAT activity, pointed to activity of catalase as the main enzymatic mechanism responsible for degradation of H2O2 Therefore, we assumed that generation of H2O2, induced more efficiently by LW than JG, was the major factor accounting for differences in the toxicity of naphthoquinones in maize coleoptiles. The role of auxin in the process appeared negligible. Moreover, the results suggested that oxidative stress imposed by JG and LW was one of mechanisms of allelopathic action of the studied quinones in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Kurtyka
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 28, PL-40 032 Katowice, Poland
| | - Wojciech Pokora
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, PL-80 308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Tukaj
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, PL-80 308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Waldemar Karcz
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 28, PL-40 032 Katowice, Poland
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Kummerová M, Zezulka Š, Babula P, Tříska J. Possible ecological risk of two pharmaceuticals diclofenac and paracetamol demonstrated on a model plant Lemna minor. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 302:351-361. [PMID: 26476323 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.09.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Lemna minor is often used in environmental risk assessment and it can be supposed that usually evaluated parameters will be reliable even for assessing the risk of pharmaceuticals. Subtle changes in duckweed plant number, biomass production, and leaf area size induced by 10-day-exposure to diclofenac (DCF) and paracetamol (PCT) (0.1, 10, and 100 μg/L), excepting 100 μg/L DCF, are in contrast with considerable changes on biochemical and histochemical level. Both drugs caused a decrease in content of photosynthetic pigments (by up to 50%), an increase in non-photochemical quenching (by 65%) and decrease in relative chlorophyll fluorescence decay values (by up to 90% with DCF). Both DCF and especially PCT increased amount of reactive nitrogen and oxygen species in roots. DCF-induced effects included mainly increased lipid peroxidation (by 78%), disturbation in membrane integrity and lowering both oxidoreductase and dehydrogenase activities (by 30%). PCT increased the content of soluble proteins and phenolics. Higher concentrations of both DCF and PCT increased the levels of oxidised ascorbate (by 30%) and oxidised thiols (by up to 84% with DCF). Glutathion-reductase activity was elevated by both pharmaceuticals (nearly by 90%), glutathion-S-transferase activity increased mainly with PCT (by 22%). The early and sensitive indicators of DCF and PCT phytotoxicity stress in duckweed are mainly the changes in biochemical processes, connected with activation of defense mechanisms against oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Kummerová
- Institute of Experimental Biology-Department of Plant Physiology and Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Brno, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Štěpán Zezulka
- Institute of Experimental Biology-Department of Plant Physiology and Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Brno, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Babula
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Tříska
- Laboratory of Metabolomics and Isotope Analyses, Global Change Research Center, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i., Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
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Widhalm JR, Rhodes D. Biosynthesis and molecular actions of specialized 1,4-naphthoquinone natural products produced by horticultural plants. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2016; 3:16046. [PMID: 27688890 PMCID: PMC5030760 DOI: 10.1038/hortres.2016.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The 1,4-naphthoquinones (1,4-NQs) are a diverse group of natural products found in every kingdom of life. Plants, including many horticultural species, collectively synthesize hundreds of specialized 1,4-NQs with ecological roles in plant-plant (allelopathy), plant-insect and plant-microbe interactions. Numerous horticultural plants producing 1,4-NQs have also served as sources of traditional medicines for hundreds of years. As a result, horticultural species have been at the forefront of many basic studies conducted to understand the metabolism and function of specialized plant 1,4-NQs. Several 1,4-NQ natural products derived from horticultural plants have also emerged as promising scaffolds for developing new drugs. In this review, the current understanding of the core metabolic pathways leading to plant 1,4-NQs is provided with additional emphasis on downstream natural products originating from horticultural species. An overview on the biochemical mechanisms of action, both from an ecological and pharmacological perspective, of 1,4-NQs derived from horticultural plants is also provided. In addition, future directions for improving basic knowledge about plant 1,4-NQ metabolism are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua R Widhalm
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, 625 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2010, USA
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| | - David Rhodes
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, 625 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2010, USA
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