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Hamade K, Fliniaux O, Fontaine JX, Molinié R, Petit L, Mathiron D, Sarazin V, Mesnard F. NMR and LC-MS-based metabolomics to investigate the efficacy of a commercial bio stimulant for the treatment of wheat (Triticum aestivum). Metabolomics 2024; 20:58. [PMID: 38773056 PMCID: PMC11108958 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-024-02131-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bio stimulants are substances and/or microorganisms that are used to improve plant growth and crop yields by modulating physiological processes and metabolism of plants. While research has primarily focused on the broad effects of bio stimulants in crops, understanding their cellular and molecular influences in plants, using metabolomic analysis, could elucidate their effectiveness and offer possibilities for fine-tuning their application. One such bio stimulant containing galacturonic acid as elicitor is used in agriculture to improve wheat vigor and strengthen resistance to lodging. OBJECTIVE However, whether a metabolic response is evolved by plants treated with this bio stimulant and the manner in which the latter might regulate plant metabolism have not been studied. METHOD Therefore, the present study used 1H-NMR and LC-MS to assess changes in primary and secondary metabolites in the roots, stems, and leaves of wheat (Triticum aestivum) treated with the bio stimulant. Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis effectively distinguished between treated and control samples, confirming a metabolic response to treatment in the roots, stems, and leaves of wheat. RESULTS Fold-change analysis indicated that treatment with the bio stimulation solution appeared to increase the levels of hydroxycinnamic acid amides, lignin, and flavonoid metabolism in different plant parts, potentially promoting root growth, implantation, and developmental cell wall maturation and lignification. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate how non-targeted metabolomic approaches can be utilized to investigate and monitor the effects of new agroecological solutions based on systemic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamar Hamade
- UMRT INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro, Laboratoire BIOPI, University of Picardie Jules Verne, 80000, Amiens, France
- AgroStation, Rue de La Station, 68700, Aspach-Le-Bas, France
| | - Ophelie Fliniaux
- UMRT INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro, Laboratoire BIOPI, University of Picardie Jules Verne, 80000, Amiens, France
| | - Jean-Xavier Fontaine
- UMRT INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro, Laboratoire BIOPI, University of Picardie Jules Verne, 80000, Amiens, France
| | - Roland Molinié
- UMRT INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro, Laboratoire BIOPI, University of Picardie Jules Verne, 80000, Amiens, France
| | - Laurent Petit
- UMRT INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro, Laboratoire BIOPI, University of Picardie Jules Verne, 80000, Amiens, France
| | - David Mathiron
- Plateforme Analytique, University of Picardie Jules Verne, 80000, Amiens, France
| | - Vivien Sarazin
- AgroStation, Rue de La Station, 68700, Aspach-Le-Bas, France
| | - Francois Mesnard
- UMRT INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro, Laboratoire BIOPI, University of Picardie Jules Verne, 80000, Amiens, France.
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Rahman A, Kulik E, Majláth I, Khan I, Janda T, Pál M. Different reactions of wheat, maize, and rice plants to putrescine treatment. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 30:807-822. [PMID: 38846465 PMCID: PMC11150351 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-024-01462-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Polyamines play an important role in growth and differentiation by regulating numerous physiological and biochemical processes at the cellular level. In addition to their roborative effect, their essential role in plant stress responses has been also reported. However, the positive effect may depend on the fine-tuning of polyamine metabolism, which influences the production of free radicals and/or signalling molecules. In the present study, 0.3 mM hydroponic putrescine treatment was tested in wheat, maize, and rice in order to reveal differences in their answers and highlight the relation of these with polyamine metabolism. In the case of wheat, the chlorophyll content and the actual quantum yield increased after putrescine treatment, and no remarkable changes were detected in the stress markers, polyamine contents, or polyamine metabolism-related gene expression. Although, in maize, the actual quantum yield decreased, and the root hydrogen peroxide content increased, no other negative effect was observed after putrescine treatment due to activation of polyamine oxidases at enzyme and gene expression levels. The results also demonstrated that after putrescine treatment, rice with a higher initial polyamine content, the balance of polyamine metabolism was disrupted and a significant amount of putrescine was accumulated, accompanied by a detrimental decrease in the level of higher polyamines. These initial differences and the putrescine-induced shift in polyamine metabolism together with the terminal catabolism or back-conversion-induced release of a substantial quantity of hydrogen peroxide could contribute to oxidative stress observed in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altafur Rahman
- Department of Plant Physiology and Metabolomics, Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Research Network, Brunszvik 2, Martonvásár, 2462 Hungary
- Department of Plant Physiology and Plant Ecology, Institute of Agronomy, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Budapest, 1118 Hungary
| | | | - Imre Majláth
- Department of Plant Physiology and Metabolomics, Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Research Network, Brunszvik 2, Martonvásár, 2462 Hungary
| | - Imran Khan
- Department of Plant Physiology and Plant Ecology, Institute of Agronomy, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Budapest, 1118 Hungary
| | - Tibor Janda
- Department of Plant Physiology and Metabolomics, Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Research Network, Brunszvik 2, Martonvásár, 2462 Hungary
| | - Magda Pál
- Department of Plant Physiology and Metabolomics, Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Research Network, Brunszvik 2, Martonvásár, 2462 Hungary
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Yang G, Jiang D, Huang LJ, Cui C, Yang R, Pi X, Peng X, Peng X, Pi J, Li N. Distinct toxic effects, gene expression profiles, and phytohormone responses of Polygonatum cyrtonema exposed to two different antibiotics. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 466:133639. [PMID: 38309169 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
The excessive usage of veterinary antibiotics has raised significant concerns regarding their environmental hazard and agricultural impact when entering surface water and soil. Animal waste serves as a primary source of organic fertilizer for intensive large-scale agricultural cultivation, including the widely utilized medicinal and edible plant, Polygonatum cyrtonem. In this study, we employed a novel plant stress tissue culture technology to investigate the toxic effects of tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) and sulfadiazine (SDZ) on P. cyrtonema. TCH and SDZ exhibited varying degrees of influence on plant growth, photosynthesis, and the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging system. Flavonoid levels increased following exposure to TCH and SDZ. The biosynthesis and signaling pathways of the growth hormones auxin and gibberellic acid were suppressed by both antibiotics, while the salicylic acid-mediated plant stress response was specifically induced in the case of SDZ. Overall, the study unveiled both common and unique responses at physiological, biochemical, and molecular levels in P. cyrtonema following exposure to two distinct types of antibiotics, providing a foundational framework for comprehensively elucidating the precise toxic effects of antibiotics and the versatile adaptive mechanisms in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; Key Laboratory of Forest Bio-resources and Integrated Pest Management for Higher Education in Hunan Province, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Dong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; Key Laboratory of Forest Bio-resources and Integrated Pest Management for Higher Education in Hunan Province, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Li-Jun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Chuantong Cui
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Runke Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Xin Pi
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Xia Peng
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Xiaofeng Peng
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Jianhui Pi
- Key Laboratory of Research and Utilization of Ethnomedicinal Plant Resources of Hunan Province, College of Biological and Food Engineering, Huaihua University, Huaihua 418099, China
| | - Ning Li
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; Key Laboratory of Forest Bio-resources and Integrated Pest Management for Higher Education in Hunan Province, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China.
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Jiang D, Yang G, Huang LJ, Chen K, Tang Y, Pi X, Yang R, Peng X, Cui C, Li N. Unveiling the toxic effects, physiological responses and molecular mechanisms of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) in exposure to organic ultraviolet filters. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133060. [PMID: 38016314 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to organic ultraviolet (UV) filters has raised concerns due to their potential adverse effects on environments. However, their toxic mechanisms on plants remain elusive. In this study, using integrative physiological and transcriptomic approaches we investigated the physiological and molecular responses to three representative UV filters, namely oxybenzone (OBZ), avobenzone (AVB), and octinoxate (OMC), in an agricultural model plant tobacco. The exposure to UV filters disrupts the functionality of photosystem reaction centers and the light-harvesting apparatus. Concurrently, UV filters exert a suppressive effect on the expression of genes encoding Rubisco and Calvin-Benson cycle enzymes, resulting in a decreased efficiency of the Calvin-Benson cycle and consequently hampering the process of photosynthesis. Exposure to UV filters leads to significant generation of reactive oxygen species within tobacco leaves and downregulation of oxidoreductase activities. Moreover, UV filters promote abscisic acid (ABA) accumulation by inducing the expression of ABA biosynthesis genes whereas repress indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) biosynthesis gene expression, which induce leaf yellowing and slow plant growth. In summary, the organic UV filters exert toxic effects on tobacco growth by inhibiting chlorophyll synthesis, photosynthesis, and the Calvin-Benson cycle, while generating excessive reactive oxygen species. This study sheds light on the toxic and tolerance mechanisms of UV filters in agricultural crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Forest Bio-resources and Integrated Pest Management for Higher Education in Hunan Province, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China.
| | - Guoqun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Forest Bio-resources and Integrated Pest Management for Higher Education in Hunan Province, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China.
| | - Li-Jun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China.
| | - Kebin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Forest Bio-resources and Integrated Pest Management for Higher Education in Hunan Province, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China.
| | - Yangcan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Forest Bio-resources and Integrated Pest Management for Higher Education in Hunan Province, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China.
| | - Xin Pi
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China.
| | - Runke Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China.
| | - Xia Peng
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China.
| | - Chuantong Cui
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China.
| | - Ning Li
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Forest Bio-resources and Integrated Pest Management for Higher Education in Hunan Province, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China.
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Czékus Z, Martics A, Pollák B, Kukri A, Tari I, Ördög A, Poór P. The local and systemic accumulation of ethylene determines the rapid defence responses induced by flg22 in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 287:154041. [PMID: 37339571 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2023.154041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Plant defence responses induced by the bacterial elicitor flg22 are highly dependent on phytohormones, including gaseous ethylene (ET). While the regulatory role of ET in local defence responses to flg22 exposure has been demonstrated, its contribution to the induction of systemic responses is not clearly understood. For this consideration, we examined the effects of different ET modulators on the flg22-induced local and systemic defence progression. In our experiments, ET biosynthesis inhibitor aminoethoxyvinyl glycine (AVG) or ET receptor blocker silver thiosulphate (STS) were applied 1 h before flg22 treatments and 1 h later the rapid local and systemic responses were detected in the leaves of intact tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Based on our results, AVG not only diminished the flg22-induced ET accumulation locally, but also in the younger leaves confirming the role of ET in the whole-plant expanding defence progression. This increase in ET emission was accompanied by increased local expression of SlACO1, which was reduced by AVG and STS. Local ET biosynthesis upon flg22 treatment was shown to positively regulate local and systemic superoxide (O2.-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production, which in turn could contribute to ET accumulation in younger leaves. Confirming the role of ET in flg22-induced rapid defence responses, application of AVG reduced local and systemic ET, O2.- and H2O2 production, whereas STS reduced it primarily in the younger leaves. Interestingly, in addition to flg22, AVG and STS induced stomatal closure alone at whole-plant level, however in the case of combined treatments together with flg22 both ET modulators reduced the rate of stomatal closure in the older- and younger leaves as well. These results demonstrate that both local and systemic ET production in sufficient amounts and active ET signalling are essential for the development of flg22-induced rapid local and systemic defence responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zalán Czékus
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, H-6726, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Atina Martics
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, H-6726, Szeged, Hungary; Doctoral School of Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Boglárka Pollák
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, H-6726, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - András Kukri
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, H-6726, Szeged, Hungary; Doctoral School of Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Irma Tari
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, H-6726, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Attila Ördög
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, H-6726, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Péter Poór
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, H-6726, Szeged, Hungary.
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Rahman A, Tajti J, Majláth I, Janda T, Prerostova S, Ahres M, Pál M. Influence of a phyA Mutation on Polyamine Metabolism in Arabidopsis Depends on Light Spectral Conditions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1689. [PMID: 37111912 PMCID: PMC10146636 DOI: 10.3390/plants12081689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to reveal the influence of phyA mutations on polyamine metabolism in Arabidopsis under different spectral compositions. Polyamine metabolism was also provoked with exogenous spermine. The polyamine metabolism-related gene expression of the wild type and phyA plants responded similarly under white and far-red light conditions but not at blue light. Blue light influences rather the synthesis side, while far red had more pronounced effects on the catabolism and back-conversion of the polyamines. The observed changes under elevated far-red light were less dependent on PhyA than the blue light responses. The polyamine contents were similar under all light conditions in the two genotypes without spermine application, suggesting that a stable polyamine pool is important for normal plant growth conditions even under different spectral conditions. However, after spermine treatment, the blue regime had more similar effects on synthesis/catabolism and back-conversion to the white light than the far-red light conditions. The additive effects of differences observed on the synthesis, back-conversion and catabolism side of metabolism may be responsible for the similar putrescine content pattern under all light conditions, even in the presence of an excess of spermine. Our results demonstrated that both light spectrum and phyA mutation influence polyamine metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altafur Rahman
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 2462 Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Judit Tajti
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 2462 Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Imre Majláth
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 2462 Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Tibor Janda
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 2462 Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Sylva Prerostova
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, 11720 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Mohamed Ahres
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 2462 Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Magda Pál
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 2462 Martonvásár, Hungary
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Solanum dulcamara L. Berries: A Convenient Model System to Study Redox Processes in Relation to Fruit Ripening. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020346. [PMID: 36829905 PMCID: PMC9952312 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study provides, for the first time, a physicochemical and biochemical characterization of the redox processes associated with the ripening of Solanum dulcamara L. (bittersweet) berries. Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (EPRS) and Imaging (EPRI) measurements of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were performed in parallel with the tissue-specific metabolic profiling of major antioxidants and assessment of antioxidant enzymes activity. Fruit transition from the mature green (MG) to ripe red (RR) stage involved changes in the qualitative and quantitative content of antioxidants and the associated cellular oxidation and peroxidation processes. The skin of bittersweet berries, which was the major source of antioxidants, exhibited the highest antioxidant potential against DPPH radicals and nitroxyl spin probe 3CP. The efficient enzymatic antioxidant system played a critical protective role against the deleterious effects of progressive oxidative stress during ripening. Here, we present the EPRI methodology to assess the redox status of fruits and to discriminate between the redox states of different tissues. Interestingly, the intracellular reoxidation of cell-permeable nitroxide probe 3CP was observed for the first time in fruits or any other plant tissue, and its intensity is herein proposed as a reliable indicator of oxidative stress during ripening. The described noninvasive EPRI technique has the potential to have broader application in the study of redox processes associated with the development, senescence, and postharvest storage of fruits, as well as other circumstances in which oxidative stress is implicated.
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Polyamine Oxidase-Generated Reactive Oxygen Species in Plant Development and Adaptation: The Polyamine Oxidase-NADPH Oxidase Nexus. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11122488. [PMID: 36552696 PMCID: PMC9774701 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11122488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolism and regulation of cellular polyamine levels are crucial for living cells to maintain their homeostasis and function. Polyamine oxidases (PAOs) terminally catabolize polyamines or catalyse the back-conversion reactions when spermine is converted to spermidine and Spd to putrescine. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a by-product of both the catabolic and back-conversion processes. Pharmacological and genetic approaches have started to uncover the roles of PAO-generated H2O2 in various plant developmental and adaptation processes such as cell differentiation, senescence, programmed cell death, and abiotic and biotic stress responses. Many of these studies have revealed that the superoxide-generating Respiratory Burst Oxidase Homolog (RBOH) NADPH oxidases control the same processes either upstream or downstream of PAO action. Therefore, it is reasonable to suppose that the two enzymes co-ordinately control the cellular homeostasis of reactive oxygen species. The intricate relationship between PAOs and RBOHs is also discussed, posing the hypothesis that these enzymes indirectly control each other's abundance/function via H2O2.
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Wang J, Xu G, Ning Y, Wang X, Wang GL. Mitochondrial functions in plant immunity. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 27:1063-1076. [PMID: 35659746 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2022.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are energy factories of cells and are important for intracellular interactions with other organelles. Emerging evidence indicates that mitochondria play essential roles in the response to pathogen infection. During infection, pathogens deliver numerous enzymes and effectors into host cells, and some of these effectors target mitochondria, altering mitochondrial morphology, metabolism, and functions. To defend against pathogen attack, mitochondria are actively involved in changing intracellular metabolism, hormone-mediated signaling, and signal transduction, producing reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species and triggering programmed cell death. Additionally, mitochondria coordinate with other organelles to integrate and amplify diverse immune signals. In this review, we summarize recent advances in understanding how mitochondria function in plant immunity and how pathogens target mitochondria for host defense suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyang Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guojuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, China
| | - Yuese Ning
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xuli Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Guo-Liang Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Takács Z, Czékus Z, Tari I, Poór P. The role of ethylene signalling in the regulation of salt stress response in mature tomato fruits: Metabolism of antioxidants and polyamines. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 277:153793. [PMID: 35995003 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Salt stress-induced ethylene (ET) can influence the defence responses of plants that can be dependent on plant organs. In this work, the effects of salt stress evoked by 75 mM NaCl treatment were measured in fruits of wild-type (WT) and ET receptor-mutant Never ripe (Nr) tomato. Salt stress reduced the weight and size of fruits both in WT and Nr, which proved to be more pronounced in mutants. In addition, significantly higher H2O2 levels and lipid peroxidation were measured after the salt treatment in Nr as compared to the untreated control than in WT. ET regulated the key antioxidant enzymes, especially ascorbate peroxidase (APX), in WT but in the mutant fruits the activity of APX did not change and the superoxide dismutase and catalase activities were downregulated compared to untreated controls after salt treatment contributing to a higher degree of oxidative stress in Nr fruits. The dependency of PA metabolism on the active ET signalling was investigated for the first time in fruits of Nr mutants under salt stress. 75 mM NaCl enhanced the accumulation of spermine in WT fruits, which was not observed in Nr, but levels of putrescine and spermidine were elevated by salt stress in these tissues. Moreover, the catabolism of PAs was much stronger under high salinity in Nr fruits contributing to higher oxidative stress, which was only partially alleviated by the increased total and reduced ascorbate and glutathione pool. We can conclude that ET-mediated signalling plays a crucial role in the regulation of salt-induced oxidative stress and PA levels in tomato fruits at the mature stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Takács
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, H-6726, Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Hungary.
| | - Zalán Czékus
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, H-6726, Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Hungary.
| | - Irma Tari
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, H-6726, Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Hungary.
| | - Péter Poór
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, H-6726, Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Hungary.
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Light Spectral Composition Modifies Polyamine Metabolism in Young Wheat Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158394. [PMID: 35955528 PMCID: PMC9369354 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Although light-emitting diode (LED) technology has extended the research on targeted photomorphogenic, physiological, and biochemical responses in plants, there is not enough direct information about how light affects polyamine metabolism. In this study, the effect of three spectral compositions (referred to by their most typical characteristic: blue, red, and the combination of blue and red [pink] lights) on polyamine metabolism was compared to those obtained under white light conditions at the same light intensity. Although light quality induced pronounced differences in plant morphology, pigment contents, and the expression of polyamine metabolism-related genes, endogenous polyamine levels did not differ substantially. When exogenous polyamines were applied, their roborative effect were detected under all light conditions, but these beneficial changes were correlated with an increase in polyamine content and polyamine metabolism-related gene expression only under blue light. The effect of the polyamines on leaf gene expression under red light was the opposite, with a decreasing tendency. Results suggest that light quality may optimize plant growth through the adjustment of polyamine metabolism at the gene expression level. Polyamine treatments induced different strategies in fine-tuning of polyamine metabolism, which were induced for optimal plant growth and development under different spectral compositions.
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Rossi FR, Gárriz A, Marina M, Pieckenstain FL. Modulation of polyamine metabolism in Arabidopsis thaliana by salicylic acid. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 173:843-855. [PMID: 34109645 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polyamines (PAs) play important roles in plant defense against pathogens, but the regulation of PA metabolism by hormone-mediated defense signaling pathways has not been studied in depth. In this study, the modulation of PA metabolism by salicylic acid (SA) was analyzed in Arabidopsis by combining the exogenous application of this hormone with PA biosynthesis and SA synthesis/signaling mutants. SA induced notable modifications of PA metabolism, mainly consisting in putrescine (Put) accumulation both in whole-plant extracts and apoplastic fluids. Put was accumulated at the expense of increased biosynthesis by ARGININE DECARBOXYLASE 2 and decreased oxidation by copper amine oxidase. Enhancement of Put levels by SA was independent of the regulatory protein NONEXPRESSOR OF PATHOGENESIS-RELATED GENES 1 (NPR1) and the signaling kinases MKK4 and MPK3, but depended on MPK6. However, plant infection by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 elicited Put accumulation in an SA-dependent way. The present study demonstrates a clear connection between SA signaling and plant PA metabolism in Arabidopsis and contributes to understanding the mechanisms by which SA modulates PA levels during plant-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco R Rossi
- Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús, Universidad Nacional de General San Martín-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Chascomús, Argentina
| | - Andrés Gárriz
- Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús, Universidad Nacional de General San Martín-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Chascomús, Argentina
| | - María Marina
- Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús, Universidad Nacional de General San Martín-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Chascomús, Argentina
| | - Fernando L Pieckenstain
- Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús, Universidad Nacional de General San Martín-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Chascomús, Argentina
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Polyamine Metabolism under Different Light Regimes in Wheat. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111717. [PMID: 34769148 PMCID: PMC8583935 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the relationship between polyamines and photosynthesis has been investigated at several levels, the main aim of this experiment was to test light-intensity-dependent influence of polyamine metabolism with or without exogenous polyamines. First, the effect of the duration of the daily illumination, then the effects of different light intensities (50, 250, and 500 μmol m–2 s–1) on the polyamine metabolism at metabolite and gene expression levels were investigated. In the second experiment, polyamine treatments, namely putrescine, spermidine and spermine, were also applied. The different light quantities induced different changes in the polyamine metabolism. In the leaves, light distinctly induced the putrescine level and reduced the 1,3-diaminopropane content. Leaves and roots responded differently to the polyamine treatments. Polyamines improved photosynthesis under lower light conditions. Exogenous polyamine treatments influenced the polyamine metabolism differently under individual light regimes. The fine-tuning of the synthesis, back-conversion and terminal catabolism could be responsible for the observed different polyamine metabolism-modulating strategies, leading to successful adaptation to different light conditions.
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Takács Z, Poór P, Tari I. Interaction between polyamines and ethylene in the response to salicylic acid under normal photoperiod and prolonged darkness. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 167:470-480. [PMID: 34419831 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The impact of salicylic acid (SA) on ethylene (ET) production and polyamine (PA) metabolism was investigated in wild type (WT) and ET receptor mutant Never ripe (Nr) tomato leaves under normal photoperiod and prolonged darkness. Nr displayed higher ET emanation compared to WT under control conditions and after SA treatments, but the ET signalling was blocked in these tissues. The accumulation of PAs was induced by 1 mM but not by 0.1 mM SA and was higher in WT than in Nr leaves. Upon 1 mM SA treatment, which caused hypersensitive response, illuminated leaves of WT showed high spermine (Spm) content in parallel with an increased expression of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase and Spm synthase (SlSPMS) suggesting that this process depended on the light. In Nr, however, Spm content and the expression of the SlSPMS gene were very low independently of the light conditions and SA treatments. This suggests that Spm synthesis needs functional ET perception. In WT leaves 1 mM SA enhanced putrescine (Put) synthesis by increasing the expression of Put biosynthesis genes, arginine and ornithine decarboxylases under darkness, while they were down-regulated in Nr. The activities of diamine (DAO) and polyamine oxidases (PAO), however, were generally higher in Nr compared to the WT after SA treatments. In Nr both SA applications increased the expression of SlPAO1 under normal photoperiod, while SlPAO2 was down-regulated in the dark suggesting a diverse role of PAOs in PA catabolism. These results indicated that ET could modulate the SA-induced PA metabolism in light-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Takács
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, University of Szeged, H-6726, Szeged, Közép fasor 52., Hungary
| | - Péter Poór
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, University of Szeged, H-6726, Szeged, Közép fasor 52., Hungary.
| | - Irma Tari
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, University of Szeged, H-6726, Szeged, Közép fasor 52., Hungary
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Czékus Z, Kukri A, Hamow KÁ, Szalai G, Tari I, Ördög A, Poór P. Activation of Local and Systemic Defence Responses by Flg22 Is Dependent on Daytime and Ethylene in Intact Tomato Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158354. [PMID: 34361121 PMCID: PMC8348740 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The first line of plant defence responses against pathogens can be induced by the bacterial flg22 and can be dependent on various external and internal factors. Here, we firstly studied the effects of daytime and ethylene (ET) using Never ripe (Nr) mutants in the local and systemic defence responses of intact tomato plants after flg22 treatments. Flg22 was applied in the afternoon and at night and rapid reactions were detected. The production of hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide was induced by flg22 locally, while superoxide was induced systemically, in wild type plants in the light period, but all remained lower at night and in Nr leaves. Flg22 elevated, locally, the ET, jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) levels in the light period; these levels did not change significantly at night. Expression of Pathogenesis-related 1 (PR1), Ethylene response factor 1 (ERF1) and Defensin (DEF) showed also daytime- and ET-dependent changes. Enhanced ERF1 and DEF expression and stomatal closure were also observable in systemic leaves of wild type plants in the light. These data demonstrate that early biotic signalling in flg22-treated leaves and distal ones is an ET-dependent process and it is also determined by the time of day and inhibited in the early night phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zalán Czékus
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, 6726 Szeged, Hungary; (Z.C.); (A.K.); (I.T.); (A.Ö.)
- Doctoral School of Biology, University of Szeged, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - András Kukri
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, 6726 Szeged, Hungary; (Z.C.); (A.K.); (I.T.); (A.Ö.)
| | - Kamirán Áron Hamow
- Department of Plant Physiology, Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 2462 Martonvásár, Hungary; (K.Á.H.); (G.S.)
| | - Gabriella Szalai
- Department of Plant Physiology, Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 2462 Martonvásár, Hungary; (K.Á.H.); (G.S.)
| | - Irma Tari
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, 6726 Szeged, Hungary; (Z.C.); (A.K.); (I.T.); (A.Ö.)
| | - Attila Ördög
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, 6726 Szeged, Hungary; (Z.C.); (A.K.); (I.T.); (A.Ö.)
| | - Péter Poór
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, 6726 Szeged, Hungary; (Z.C.); (A.K.); (I.T.); (A.Ö.)
- Correspondence:
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16
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Czékus Z, Iqbal N, Pollák B, Martics A, Ördög A, Poór P. Role of ethylene and light in chitosan-induced local and systemic defence responses of tomato plants. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 263:153461. [PMID: 34217837 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant defence responses can be triggered by the application of elicitors for example chitosan (β-1,4-linked glucosamine; CHT). It is well-known that CHT induces rapid, local production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) resulting in fast stomatal closure. Systemic defence responses are based primarily on phytohormones such as ethylene (ET) and salicylic acid (SA), moreover on the expression of hormone-mediated defence genes and proteins. At the same time, these responses can be dependent also on external factors, such as light but its role was less-investigated. Based on our result in intact tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.), CHT treatment not only induced significant ET emission and stomatal closure locally but also promoted significant production of superoxide which was also detectable in the distal, systemic leaves. However, these changes in ET and superoxide accumulation were detected only in wild type (WT) plants kept in light and were inhibited under darkness as well as in ET receptor Never ripe (Nr) mutants suggesting pivotal importance of ET and light in inducing resistance both locally and systemically upon CHT. Interestingly, CHT-induced NO production was mostly independent of ET or light. At the same time, expression of Pathogenesis-related 3 (PR3) was increased locally in both genotypes in the light and in WT leaves under darkness. This was also observed in distal leaves of WT plants. The CHT-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, as well as unfolded protein response (UPR) were examined for the first time, via analysis of the lumenal binding protein (BiP). Whereas local expression of BiP was not dependent on the availability of light or ET, systemically it was mediated by ET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zalán Czékus
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, Hungary; Doctoral School of Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Nadeem Iqbal
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, Hungary; Doctoral School of Environmental Sciences, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Boglárka Pollák
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, Hungary.
| | - Atina Martics
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, Hungary.
| | - Attila Ördög
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, Hungary.
| | - Péter Poór
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, Hungary.
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Pál M, Szalai G, Gondor OK, Janda T. Unfinished story of polyamines: Role of conjugation, transport and light-related regulation in the polyamine metabolism in plants. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 308:110923. [PMID: 34034871 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.110923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Polyamines play a fundamental role in the functioning of all cells. Their regulatory role in plant development, their function under stress conditions, and their metabolism have been well documented as regards both synthesis and catabolism in an increasing number of plant species. However, the majority of these studies concentrate on the levels of the most abundant polyamines, sometimes providing data on the enzyme activity or gene expression levels during polyamine synthesis, but generally making no mention of the fact that changes in the polyamine pool are very dynamic, and that other processes are also involved in the regulation of actual polyamine levels. Differences in the distribution of individual polyamines and their conjugation with other compounds were described some time ago, but these have been given little attention. In addition, the role of polyamine transporters in plants is only now being recognised. The present review highlights the importance of conjugated polyamines and also points out that investigations should not only deal with the polyamine metabolism itself, but should also cover other important questions, such as the relationship between light perception and the polyamine metabolism, or the involvement of polyamines in the circadian rhythm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Pál
- Department of Plant Physiology, Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Brunszvik u. 2, Martonvásár, H-2462, Hungary.
| | - Gabriella Szalai
- Department of Plant Physiology, Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Brunszvik u. 2, Martonvásár, H-2462, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Kinga Gondor
- Department of Plant Physiology, Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Brunszvik u. 2, Martonvásár, H-2462, Hungary
| | - Tibor Janda
- Department of Plant Physiology, Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Brunszvik u. 2, Martonvásár, H-2462, Hungary
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18
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Szegő A, Mirmazloum I, Pónya Z, Bat-Erdene O, Omran M, Kiss-Bába E, Gyöngyik M, Papp I. Downregulation of Polyamine and Diamine Oxidases in Silicon-Treated Cucumber. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1248. [PMID: 34205296 PMCID: PMC8235019 DOI: 10.3390/plants10061248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Silicon (Si) is a ubiquitous element in soil with well-known beneficial effects under certain conditions, in several plant species, if supplied in available form for uptake. It may alleviate damage in various stress situations and may also promote growth when no obvious stressors are applied. Effects of Si are often linked to mitigation of oxidative stress, in particular to the induction of antioxidant defense mechanisms. In the work presented, the impact of silicon provision on pro-oxidant systems was investigated in cucumber. Plants of the F1 cultivar hybrid 'Joker' were grown under in vitro conditions in the absence of any applied external stressor. Silicon provision decreased H2O2 content and lowered lipid peroxidation in the leaves of the treated plants. This was paralleled by declining polyamine oxidase (PAO) and diamine oxidase (DAO) activities. Several PAO as well as lipoxygenase (LOX) genes were coordinately downregulated in Si-treated plants. Unlike in similar systems studied earlier, the Si effect was not associated with an increased transcript level of gene coding for antioxidant enzymes. These results suggest an inhibitory effect of Si provision on pro-oxidant amine oxidases, which may decrease the level of reactive oxygen species by retarding their production. This extends the molecular mechanisms linked to silicon effects onto redox balance in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Szegő
- Department of Plant Physiology and Plant Ecology, Institute of Agronomy, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Ménesi Str. 44, 1118 Budapest, Hungary; (A.S.); (O.B.-E.); (M.O.); (E.K.-B.); (M.G.); (I.P.)
| | - Iman Mirmazloum
- Department of Plant Physiology and Plant Ecology, Institute of Agronomy, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Ménesi Str. 44, 1118 Budapest, Hungary; (A.S.); (O.B.-E.); (M.O.); (E.K.-B.); (M.G.); (I.P.)
| | - Zsolt Pónya
- Division of Applied Food Crop Production, Department of Agronomy, Institute of Agronomy, Kaposvár Campus, Hungarian University of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Guba Sándor Str. 40, 7400 Kaposvár, Hungary;
| | - Oyuntogtokh Bat-Erdene
- Department of Plant Physiology and Plant Ecology, Institute of Agronomy, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Ménesi Str. 44, 1118 Budapest, Hungary; (A.S.); (O.B.-E.); (M.O.); (E.K.-B.); (M.G.); (I.P.)
| | - Mohammad Omran
- Department of Plant Physiology and Plant Ecology, Institute of Agronomy, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Ménesi Str. 44, 1118 Budapest, Hungary; (A.S.); (O.B.-E.); (M.O.); (E.K.-B.); (M.G.); (I.P.)
| | - Erzsébet Kiss-Bába
- Department of Plant Physiology and Plant Ecology, Institute of Agronomy, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Ménesi Str. 44, 1118 Budapest, Hungary; (A.S.); (O.B.-E.); (M.O.); (E.K.-B.); (M.G.); (I.P.)
| | - Márta Gyöngyik
- Department of Plant Physiology and Plant Ecology, Institute of Agronomy, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Ménesi Str. 44, 1118 Budapest, Hungary; (A.S.); (O.B.-E.); (M.O.); (E.K.-B.); (M.G.); (I.P.)
| | - István Papp
- Department of Plant Physiology and Plant Ecology, Institute of Agronomy, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Ménesi Str. 44, 1118 Budapest, Hungary; (A.S.); (O.B.-E.); (M.O.); (E.K.-B.); (M.G.); (I.P.)
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Kaszler N, Benkő P, Bernula D, Szepesi Á, Fehér A, Gémes K. Polyamine Metabolism Is Involved in the Direct Regeneration of Shoots from Arabidopsis Lateral Root Primordia. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10020305. [PMID: 33562616 PMCID: PMC7915173 DOI: 10.3390/plants10020305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Plants can be regenerated from various explants/tissues via de novo shoot meristem formation. Most of these regeneration pathways are indirect and involve callus formation. Besides plant hormones, the role of polyamines (PAs) has been implicated in these processes. Interestingly, the lateral root primordia (LRPs) of Arabidopsis can be directly converted to shoot meristems by exogenous cytokinin application. In this system, no callus formation takes place. We report that the level of PAs, especially that of spermidine (Spd), increased during meristem conversion and the application of exogenous Spd improved its efficiency. The high endogenous Spd level could be due to enhanced synthesis as indicated by the augmented relative expression of PA synthesis genes (AtADC1,2, AtSAMDC2,4, AtSPDS1,2) during the process. However, the effect of PAs on shoot meristem formation might also be dependent on their catabolism. The expression of Arabidopsis POLYAMINE OXIDASE 5 (AtPAO5) was shown to be specifically high during the process and its ectopic overexpression increased the LRP-to-shoot conversion efficiency. This was correlated with Spd accumulation in the roots and ROS accumulation in the converting LRPs. The potential ways how PAO5 may influence direct shoot organogenesis from Arabidopsis LRPs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolett Kaszler
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 62. Temesvári krt, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (N.K.); (P.B.); (D.B.)
- Doctoral School of Biology, University of Szeged, 52. Közép fasor, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, 52. Közép fasor, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Péter Benkő
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 62. Temesvári krt, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (N.K.); (P.B.); (D.B.)
- Doctoral School of Biology, University of Szeged, 52. Közép fasor, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, 52. Közép fasor, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Dóra Bernula
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 62. Temesvári krt, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (N.K.); (P.B.); (D.B.)
- Doctoral School of Biology, University of Szeged, 52. Közép fasor, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, 52. Közép fasor, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Ágnes Szepesi
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, 52. Közép fasor, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Attila Fehér
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 62. Temesvári krt, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (N.K.); (P.B.); (D.B.)
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, 52. Közép fasor, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary;
- Correspondence: author: (A.F.); (K.G.); Tel.: +36-62-546-962 (A.F.); +36-62-544-307 (K.G.)
| | - Katalin Gémes
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 62. Temesvári krt, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (N.K.); (P.B.); (D.B.)
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, 52. Közép fasor, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary;
- Correspondence: author: (A.F.); (K.G.); Tel.: +36-62-546-962 (A.F.); +36-62-544-307 (K.G.)
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Benny J, Marra FP, Giovino A, Balan B, Caruso T, Martinelli F, Marchese A. Transcriptome Analysis of Pistacia vera Inflorescence Buds in Bearing and Non-Bearing Shoots Reveals the Molecular Mechanism Causing Premature Flower Bud Abscission. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E851. [PMID: 32722492 PMCID: PMC7465039 DOI: 10.3390/genes11080851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The alteration of heavy ("ON/bearing") and light ("OFF/non-bearing") yield in pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) has been reported to result from the abscission of inflorescence buds on high yielding trees during the summer, but the regulatory mechanisms involved in this bud abscission remain unclear. The analysis provides insights into the transcript changes between inflorescence buds on bearing and non-bearing shoots, that we indicated as "ON" and "OFF", and shed light on the molecular mechanisms causing premature inflorescence bud abscission in the pistachio cultivar "Bianca" which can be related to the alternate bearing behavior. In this study, a transcriptome analysis was performed in inflorescence buds of "ON" and "OFF" shoots. A total of 14,330 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), most of which are involved in sugar metabolism, plant hormone pathways, secondary metabolism and oxidative stress pathway, were identified. Our results shed light on the molecular mechanisms underlying inflorescence bud abscission in pistachio and we proposed a hypothetical model behind the molecular mechanism causing this abscission in "ON" shoots. Results highlighted how changes in genes expressed in nutrient pathways (carbohydrates and mineral elements) in pistachio "ON" vs. "OFF" inflorescence buds triggers a cascade of events involving trehalose-6-phosphate and target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling, SnRK1 complex, hormones, polyamines and ROS which end, through programmed cell death and autophagy phenomena, with the abscission of inflorescence buds. This is the first study reporting gene expression profiling of the fate of "ON" and "OFF" inflorescence buds associated with the alternate bearing in the pistachio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jubina Benny
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze—Ed. 4, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (J.B.); (B.B.); (T.C.)
| | - Francesco Paolo Marra
- Department of Architecture (DARCH), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze—Ed. 8, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonio Giovino
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification (CREA-DC), 90011 Bagheria, Italy;
| | - Bipin Balan
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze—Ed. 4, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (J.B.); (B.B.); (T.C.)
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Tiziano Caruso
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze—Ed. 4, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (J.B.); (B.B.); (T.C.)
| | - Federico Martinelli
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy;
| | - Annalisa Marchese
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze—Ed. 4, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (J.B.); (B.B.); (T.C.)
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Rubio-Rodríguez E, López-Laredo AR, Medina-Pérez V, Trejo-Tapia G, Trejo-Espino JL. Influence of spermine and nitrogen deficiency on growth and secondary metabolites accumulation in Castilleja tenuiflora Benth. cultured in a RITA ® temporary immersion system. Eng Life Sci 2020; 19:944-954. [PMID: 32624984 PMCID: PMC6999081 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201900040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of exogenous spermine (SPM) on Castilleja tenuiflora shoots developing under nitrogen deficiency (ND) stress was evaluated. Shoots cultivated in a temporary immersion system were subjected to four experimental treatments: (1) control; (2) exogenous SPM; (3) ND; and (4) ND+SPM. Shoots were longer in the ND+SPM treatment (6.3 ± 0.5 cm) than in the ND treatment (4.2 ± 0.5 cm). The total chlorophyll content was similar in the control and SPM treatments (0.41 µg mg-1 FM) and the highest values of total phenolic content were detected at 21 days in the ND+SPM treatment (84.1 ± 0.05 GAE g-1 DM). In the ND+SPM treatment, the phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity increased earlier than in ND treatment, and reached its maximum at day 21 (3.9 ± 0.2 µmol E-CIN h-1 mg-1 protein). Compared with the control, the ND and ND+SPM treatments resulted in increased secondary metabolites contents in both root and aerial parts. The strongest effect was in the roots, where the SPM and ND+SPM treatments both resulted in increased quercetin content (4.3-fold that in the control). Our results showed that SPM partially counteract the damage caused by ND and results in increased contents of valuable bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Rubio-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Biotecnología Centro de Desarrollo de Productos Bióticos del Instituto Politécnico Nacional Morelos México
| | - Alma Rosa López-Laredo
- Departamento de Biotecnología Centro de Desarrollo de Productos Bióticos del Instituto Politécnico Nacional Morelos México
| | - Virginia Medina-Pérez
- Departamento de Biotecnología Centro de Desarrollo de Productos Bióticos del Instituto Politécnico Nacional Morelos México
| | - Gabriela Trejo-Tapia
- Departamento de Biotecnología Centro de Desarrollo de Productos Bióticos del Instituto Politécnico Nacional Morelos México
| | - José Luis Trejo-Espino
- Departamento de Biotecnología Centro de Desarrollo de Productos Bióticos del Instituto Politécnico Nacional Morelos México
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22
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Szalai G, Tajti J, Hamow KÁ, Ildikó D, Khalil R, Vanková R, Dobrev P, Misheva SP, Janda T, Pál M. Molecular background of cadmium tolerance in Rht dwarf wheat mutant is related to a metabolic shift from proline and polyamine to phytochelatin synthesis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:23664-23676. [PMID: 32291640 PMCID: PMC7326835 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08661-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Plant height is among the most important agronomic traits influencing crop yield. Wheat lines carrying Rht genes are important in plant breeding due to their both higher yield capacity and better tolerance to certain environmental stresses. However, the effects of dwarf-inducing genes on stress acclimation mechanisms are still poorly understood. Under the present conditions, cadmium stress induced different stress responses and defence mechanisms in the wild-type and dwarf mutant, and the mutant with the Rht-B1c allele exhibited higher tolerance. In the wild type after cadmium treatment, the abscisic acid synthesis increased in the leaves, which in turn might have induced the polyamine and proline metabolisms in the roots. However, in the mutant line, the slight increment in the leaf abscisic acid content accompanied by relatively high salicylic acid accumulation was not sufficient to induce such a great accumulation of proline and putrescine. Although changes in proline and polyamines, especially putrescine, showed similar patterns, the accumulation of these compounds was antagonistically related to the phytochelatin synthesis in the roots of the wild type after cadmium stress. In the dwarf genotype, a favourable metabolic shift from the synthesis of polyamine and proline to that of phytochelatin was responsible for the higher cadmium tolerance observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Szalai
- Centre for Agricultural Research, 2462, Martonvásár, H-2462, Hungary
| | - Judit Tajti
- Centre for Agricultural Research, 2462, Martonvásár, H-2462, Hungary
| | | | - Denyicska Ildikó
- Centre for Agricultural Research, 2462, Martonvásár, H-2462, Hungary
| | - Radwan Khalil
- Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, 13518, Egypt
| | - Radomira Vanková
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 165 02, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Dobrev
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 165 02, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Svetlana P Misheva
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Tibor Janda
- Centre for Agricultural Research, 2462, Martonvásár, H-2462, Hungary
| | - Magda Pál
- Centre for Agricultural Research, 2462, Martonvásár, H-2462, Hungary.
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Poór P. Effects of Salicylic Acid on the Metabolism of Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species in Plants. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E341. [PMID: 32098073 PMCID: PMC7072379 DOI: 10.3390/biom10020341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Different abiotic and biotic stresses lead to the production and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in various cell organelles such as in mitochondria, resulting in oxidative stress, inducing defense responses or programmed cell death (PCD) in plants. In response to oxidative stress, cells activate various cytoprotective responses, enhancing the antioxidant system, increasing the activity of alternative oxidase and degrading the oxidized proteins. Oxidative stress responses are orchestrated by several phytohormones such as salicylic acid (SA). The biomolecule SA is a key regulator in mitochondria-mediated defense signaling and PCD, but the mode of its action is not known in full detail. In this review, the current knowledge on the multifaceted role of SA in mitochondrial ROS metabolism is summarized to gain a better understanding of SA-regulated processes at the subcellular level in plant defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Poór
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
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24
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Czékus Z, Poór P, Tari I, Ördög A. Effects of Light and Daytime on the Regulation of Chitosan-Induced Stomatal Responses and Defence in Tomato Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E59. [PMID: 31906471 PMCID: PMC7020449 DOI: 10.3390/plants9010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Closure of stomata upon pathogenesis is among the earliest plant immune responses. However, our knowledge is very limited about the dependency of plant defence responses to chitosan (CHT) on external factors (e.g., time of the day, presence, or absence of light) in intact plants. CHT induced stomatal closure before dark/light transition in leaves treated at 17:00 hrs and stomata were closed at 09:00 hrs in plants treated at dawn and in the morning. CHT was able to induce generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in guard cells in the first part of the light phase, but significant nitric oxide production was observable only at 15:00 hrs. The actual quantum yield of PSII electron transport (ΦPSII) decreased upon CHT treatments at 09:00 hrs in guard cells but it declined only at dawn in mesophyll cells after the treatment at 17:00 hrs. Expression of Pathogenesis-related 1 (PR1) and Ethylene Response Factor 1 were already increased at dawn in the CHT-treated leaves but PR1 expression was inhibited in the dark. CHT-induced systemic response was also observed in the distal leaves of CHT-treated ones. Our results suggest a delayed and daytime-dependent defence response of tomato plants after CHT treatment at night and under darkness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zalán Czékus
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Közép fasor 52., Hungary; (Z.C.); (I.T.); (A.Ö.)
- Doctoral School of Biology, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Közép fasor 52., Hungary
| | - Péter Poór
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Közép fasor 52., Hungary; (Z.C.); (I.T.); (A.Ö.)
| | - Irma Tari
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Közép fasor 52., Hungary; (Z.C.); (I.T.); (A.Ö.)
| | - Attila Ördög
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Közép fasor 52., Hungary; (Z.C.); (I.T.); (A.Ö.)
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25
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Nagai A, Torres PB, Duarte LML, Chaves ALR, Macedo AF, Floh EIS, de Oliveira LF, Zuccarelli R, Dos Santos DYAC. Signaling pathway played by salicylic acid, gentisic acid, nitric oxide, polyamines and non-enzymatic antioxidants in compatible and incompatible Solanum-tomato mottle mosaic virus interactions. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 290:110274. [PMID: 31779908 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Plants are exposed to a vast array of pathogens. The interaction between them may be classified in compatible and incompatible. Polyamines (PAs) are involved in defense responses, as well as salicylic acid (SA), gentisic acid (GA) and nitric oxide (NO), which can increase the content of reactive oxygen species (ROS), creating a harsh environment to the pathogen. ROS can also damage the host cell and they can be controlled by ascorbate and glutathione. Among phytopathogens, one of the major threats to tomato crops is tomato mottle mosaic virus (ToMMV). Resistance against this virus probably involves the Tm-22 gene. This work aimed to analyze signaling and antioxidant molecules in the defense response against ToMMV in Solanum pimpinellifolium and in S. lycopersicum 'VFNT'. In S. pimpinellifolium plants inoculated with ToMMV, an increase in NO, SA, GA, ascorbate and oxidized glutathione and a decrease in the content of PAs were observed. Characteristic symptoms of diseased plants and high absorbance values in PTA-ELISA indicated a compatible interaction. In VFNT-inoculated plants, less significant differences were noticed. Symptoms and viral concentration were not detected, indicating an incompatible interaction, possibly associated with the effector-triggered immunity (ETI) response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Nagai
- Laboratório de Fitoquímica, Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Priscila Bezerra Torres
- Laboratório de Fitoquímica, Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Amanda Ferreira Macedo
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular de Plantas, Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eny Iochevet Segal Floh
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular de Plantas, Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leandro Francisco de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular de Plantas, Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Zuccarelli
- Laboratório de Fisiologia do Desenvolvimento Vegetal, Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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26
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The Multifaceted Roles of Plant Hormone Salicylic Acid in Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Unfolded Protein Response. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20235842. [PMID: 31766401 PMCID: PMC6928836 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Different abiotic and biotic stresses lead to the accumulation of unfolded and misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), resulting in ER stress. In response to ER stress, cells activate various cytoprotective responses, enhancing chaperon synthesis, protein folding capacity, and degradation of misfolded proteins. These responses of plants are called the unfolded protein response (UPR). ER stress signaling and UPR can be regulated by salicylic acid (SA), but the mode of its action is not known in full detail. In this review, the current knowledge on the multifaceted role of SA in ER stress and UPR is summarized in model plants and crops to gain a better understanding of SA-regulated processes at the physiological, biochemical, and molecular levels.
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27
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Yu Z, Jia D, Liu T. Polyamine Oxidases Play Various Roles in Plant Development and Abiotic Stress Tolerance. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 8:E184. [PMID: 31234345 PMCID: PMC6632040 DOI: 10.3390/plants8060184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Polyamines not only play roles in plant growth and development, but also adapt to environmental stresses. Polyamines can be oxidized by copper-containing diamine oxidases (CuAOs) and flavin-containing polyamine oxidases (PAOs). Two types of PAOs exist in the plant kingdom; one type catalyzes the back conversion (BC-type) pathway and the other catalyzes the terminal catabolism (TC-type) pathway. The catabolic features and biological functions of plant PAOs have been investigated in various plants in the past years. In this review, we focus on the advance of PAO studies in rice, Arabidopsis, and tomato, and other plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Dongyu Jia
- Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30460-8042, USA.
| | - Taibo Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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28
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Wang W, Paschalidis K, Feng JC, Song J, Liu JH. Polyamine Catabolism in Plants: A Universal Process With Diverse Functions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:561. [PMID: 31134113 PMCID: PMC6513885 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Polyamine (PA) catabolic processes are performed by copper-containing amine oxidases (CuAOs) and flavin-containing PA oxidases (PAOs). So far, several CuAOs and PAOs have been identified in many plant species. These enzymes exhibit different subcellular localization, substrate specificity, and functional diversity. Since PAs are involved in numerous physiological processes, considerable efforts have been made to explore the functions of plant CuAOs and PAOs during the recent decades. The stress signal transduction pathways usually lead to increase of the intracellular PA levels, which are apoplastically secreted and oxidized by CuAOs and PAOs, with parallel production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Depending on the levels of the generated H2O2, high or low, respectively, either programmed cell death (PCD) occurs or H2O2 is efficiently scavenged by enzymatic/nonenzymatic antioxidant factors that help plants coping with abiotic stress, recruiting different defense mechanisms, as compared to biotic stress. Amine and PA oxidases act further as PA back-converters in peroxisomes, also generating H2O2, possibly by activating Ca2+ permeable channels. Here, the new research data are discussed on the interconnection of PA catabolism with the derived H2O2, together with their signaling roles in developmental processes, such as fruit ripening, senescence, and biotic/abiotic stress reactions, in an effort to elucidate the mechanisms involved in crop adaptation/survival to adverse environmental conditions and to pathogenic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Konstantinos Paschalidis
- Department of Agriculture, School of Agricultural Sciences, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Jian-Can Feng
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jie Song
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ji-Hong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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29
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Pál M, Ivanovska B, Oláh T, Tajti J, Hamow KÁ, Szalai G, Khalil R, Vanková R, Dobrev P, Misheva SP, Janda T. Role of polyamines in plant growth regulation of Rht wheat mutants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 137:189-202. [PMID: 30798173 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Besides their protective role, polyamines also serve as signalling molecules. However, further studies are needed to elucidate the polyamine signalling pathways, especially to identify polyamine-regulated mechanisms and their connections with other regulatory molecules. Reduced height (Rht) genes in wheat are often used in breeding programs to increase harvest index. Some of these genes are encoding DELLA proteins playing role in gibberellic acid signalling. The aim of the present paper was to reveal how the mutations in Rht gene modify the polyamine-regulated processes in wheat. Wild type and two Rht mutant genotypes (Rht 1: semi-dwarf; Rht 3: dwarf mutants) were treated with polyamines. Polyamine treatments differently influenced the polyamine metabolism, the plant growth parameters and certain hormone levels (salicylic acid and abscisic acid) in these genotypes. The observed distinct metabolism of Rht 3 may more likely reflect more intensive polyamine exodus from putrescine to spermidine and spermine, and the catabolism of the higher polyamines. The lower root to shoot translocation of putrescine can contribute to the regulation of polyamine pool, which in turn may be responsible for the observed lack of growth inhibition in Rht 3 after spermidine and spermine treatments. Lower accumulation of salicylic acid and abscisic acid, plant hormones usually linked with growth inhibition, in leaves may also be responsible for the diminished negative effect of higher polyamines on the shoot growth parameters observed in Rht 3. These results provide an insight into the role of polyamines in plant growth regulation based on the investigation of gibberellin-insensitive Rht mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Pál
- Department of Plant Physiology, Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 2462, Martonvásár, Hungary.
| | - Beti Ivanovska
- Department of Plant Physiology, Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 2462, Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Tímea Oláh
- Department of Plant Physiology, Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 2462, Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Judit Tajti
- Department of Plant Physiology, Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 2462, Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Kamirán Áron Hamow
- Department of Plant Physiology, Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 2462, Martonvásár, Hungary; Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Szalai
- Department of Plant Physiology, Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 2462, Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Radwan Khalil
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, 13518, Egypt
| | - Radomira Vanková
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Academy of Sciences, 16502, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Dobrev
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Academy of Sciences, 16502, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Svetlana P Misheva
- Department of Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Tibor Janda
- Department of Plant Physiology, Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 2462, Martonvásár, Hungary
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30
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Kohli SK, Bali S, Tejpal R, Bhalla V, Verma V, Bhardwaj R, Alqarawi AA, Abd Allah EF, Ahmad P. In-situ localization and biochemical analysis of bio-molecules reveals Pb-stress amelioration in Brassica juncea L. by co-application of 24-Epibrassinolide and Salicylic Acid. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3524. [PMID: 30837530 PMCID: PMC6401096 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39712-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Lead (Pb) toxicity is a major environmental concern affirming the need of proper mitigation strategies. In the present work, potential of combined treatment of 24-Epibrassinolide (24-EBL) and Salicylic acid (SA) against Pb toxicity to Brassica juncea L. seedlings were evaluated. Seedlings pre-imbibed in EBL (0.1 mM) and SA (1 mM) individually and in combination, were sown in Pb supplemented petri-plates (0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 mM). Various microscopic observations and biochemical analysis were made on 10 days old seedlings of B. juncea. The toxic effects of Pb were evident with enhancement in in-situ accumulation of Pb, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA), nuclear damage, membrane damage, cell death and polyamine. Furthermore, free amino acid were lowered in response to Pb toxicity. The levels of osmoprotectants including total carbohydrate, reducing sugars, trehalose, proline and glycine betaine were elevated in response to Pb treatment. Soaking treatment with combination of 24-EBL and SA led to effective amelioration of toxic effects of Pb. Reduction in Pb accumulation, reactive oxygen content (ROS), cellular damage and GSH levels were noticed in response to treatment with 24-EBL and SA individual and combined levels. The contents of free amino acid, amino acid profiling as well as in-situ localization of polyamine (spermidine) was recorded to be enhanced by co-application of 24-EBLand SA. Binary treatment of 24-EBL and SA, further elevated the content of osmoprotectants. The study revealed that co-application of combined treatment of 24-EBL and SA led to dimination of toxic effects of Pb in B. juncea seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhmeen Kaur Kohli
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India
| | - Shagun Bali
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India
| | - Ruchi Tejpal
- Department of Chemistry, UGC Sponsored Centre for Advanced Studies-II, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India
| | - Vandana Bhalla
- Department of Chemistry, UGC Sponsored Centre for Advanced Studies-II, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India
| | - Vinod Verma
- Department of Botany, DAV University, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144012, India
| | - Renu Bhardwaj
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India.
| | - A A Alqarawi
- Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Elsayed Fathi Abd Allah
- Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Parvaiz Ahmad
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia. .,Department of Botany, S.P. College, Srinagar, 190001, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
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31
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Poór P, Patyi G, Takács Z, Szekeres A, Bódi N, Bagyánszki M, Tari I. Salicylic acid-induced ROS production by mitochondrial electron transport chain depends on the activity of mitochondrial hexokinases in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2019; 132:273-283. [PMID: 30758749 PMCID: PMC7196940 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-019-01085-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The growth regulator, salicylic acid (SA) plays an important role in the induction of cell death in plants. Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by mitochondrial electron transport chain (mtETC), cytochrome c (cyt c) release from mitochondria and loss of mitochondrial integrity can be observed during cell death execution in plant tissues. The aim of this work was to study the putative role of hexokinases (HXKs) in the initiation of cell death using tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) leaves and mitochondria isolated from plants exposed to a sublethal, 0.1 mM and a cell death-inducing, 1 mM concentrations of SA. Both treatments enhanced ROS and nitric oxide (NO) production in the leaves, which contributed to a concentration-dependent loss of membrane integrity. Images prepared by transmission electron microscopy showed swelling and disorganisation of mitochondrial cristae and vacuolization of mitochondria after SA exposure. Using post-embedding immunohistochemistry, cyt c release from mitochondria was also detected after 1 mM SA treatment. Both SA treatments decreased the activity and transcript levels of HXKs in the leaves and the total mtHXK activity in the mitochondrial fraction. The role of mitochondrial hexokinases (mtHXKs) in ROS and NO production of isolated mitochondria was investigated by the addition of HXK substrate, glucose (Glc) and a specific HXK inhibitor, N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) to the mitochondrial suspension. Both SA treatments enhanced ROS production by mtETC in the presence of succinate and ADP, which was slightly inhibited by Glc and increased significantly by NAG in control and in 0.1 mM SA-treated mitochondria. These changes were not significant at 1 mM SA, which caused disorganisation of mitochondrial membranes. Thus the inhibition of mtHXK activity can contribute to the mitochondrial ROS production, but it is not involved in NO generation in SA-treated leaf mitochondria suggesting that SA can promote cell death by suppressing mtHXK transcription and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Poór
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Szeged, 6726, Hungary.
| | - Gábor Patyi
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Takács
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
| | - András Szekeres
- Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
| | - Nikolett Bódi
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
| | - Mária Bagyánszki
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
| | - Irma Tari
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
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Interaction of polyamines, abscisic acid and proline under osmotic stress in the leaves of wheat plants. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12839. [PMID: 30150658 PMCID: PMC6110863 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31297-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The exact relationship between polyamine, abscisic acid and proline metabolisms is still poorly understood. In the present study, the effects of putrescine and abscisic acid treatments alone or in combination with polyethylene glycol-induced osmotic stress were investigated in young wheat plants. It was observed that abscisic acid plays a role in the coordinated regulation of the proline and polyamine biosynthetic pathways, which compounds are related to each other through a common precursor. Abscisic acid pre-treatment induced similar alteration of polyamine contents as the osmotic stress, namely increased the putrescine, but decreased the spermidine contents in the leaves. These changes were mainly related to the polyamine cycle, as both the synthesis and peroxisomal oxidation of polyamines have been induced at gene expression level. Although abscisic acid and osmotic stress influenced the proline metabolism differently, the highest proline accumulation was observed in the case of abscisic acid treatments. The proline metabolism was partly regulated independently and not in an antagonistic manner from polyamine synthesis. Results suggest that the connection, which exists between polyamine metabolism and abscisic acid signalling leads to the controlled regulation and maintenance of polyamine and proline levels under osmotic stress conditions in wheat seedlings.
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Takács Z, Poór P, Borbély P, Czékus Z, Szalai G, Tari I. H 2O 2 homeostasis in wild-type and ethylene-insensitive Never ripe tomato in response to salicylic acid treatment in normal photoperiod and in prolonged darkness. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 126:74-85. [PMID: 29505970 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene proved to be an important modulator of salicylic acid (SA) signalling pathway. Since SA may regulate both the production and scavenging of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which show light-dependency, the aim of this study was to compare H2O2 metabolism in the leaves of SA-treated wild-type (WT) tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Ailsa Craig) and in ethylene receptor Never-ripe (Nr) mutants grown in normal photoperiod or in prolonged darkness. H2O2 accumulation was higher in the WT than in the mutants in normal photoperiod after 1 mM SA treatment, while Nr leaves contained more H2O2 after light deprivation. The expression of certain superoxide dismutase (SOD) genes and activity of the enzyme followed the same tendency as H2O2, which was scavenged by different enzymes in the two genotypes. Catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6) activity was inhibited by SA in WT, while the mutants maintained enhanced enzyme activity in the dark. Thus, in WT, CAT inhibition was the major component of the H2O2 accumulation elicited by 1 mM SA in a normal photoperiod, since the expression and/or activity of ascorbate (APX, EC 1.11.1.11) and guaiacol peroxidases (POD, EC 1.11.1.7) were induced in the leaves. The absence of APX and POD activation in mutant plants suggests that the regulation of these enzymes by SA needs functional ethylene signalling. While the block of ethylene perception in Nr mutants was overwritten in the transcription and activity of certain SOD and CAT isoenzymes during prolonged darkness, the low APX and POD activities led to H2O2 accumulation in these tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Takács
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Közép fasor 52., Hungary.
| | - Péter Poór
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Közép fasor 52., Hungary.
| | - Péter Borbély
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Közép fasor 52., Hungary.
| | - Zalán Czékus
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Közép fasor 52., Hungary.
| | - Gabriella Szalai
- Department of Plant Physiology, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-2462 Martonvásár, Brunszvik u. 2., Hungary.
| | - Irma Tari
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Közép fasor 52., Hungary.
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Tajti J, Janda T, Majláth I, Szalai G, Pál M. Comparative study on the effects of putrescine and spermidine pre-treatment on cadmium stress in wheat. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 148:546-554. [PMID: 29127816 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.10.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In several cases a correlation was found between polyamines and abiotic stress tolerance. However, the individual polyamines may have different effects, which also vary depending on the type of treatment. When applied as seed soaking or added hydroponically 0.5mM putrescine and spermidine, different changes were induced during 50µM cadmium stress in wheat plants. Seed-soaked plants were exposed to cadmium immediately after germination for 5 days, while plants pre-treated with polyamines hydroponically were stressed at age of 14 days for 7 days. Putrescine pre-treatment was beneficial both as seed soaking and applied hydroponically, while spermidine only had a protective effect in the case of seed soaking, enhancing the Cd-induced oxidative stress when were pre-treated hydroponically. The differences observed were related to the polyamine metabolism. The accumulation of endogenous putrescine beyond a certain amount may be in relation with the negative effect of hydroponic spermidine pre-treatment during Cd stress. The increased putrescine content was also correlated with the highest accumulation of Cd, salicylic acid and proline contents in plants treated with a combination of spermidine and Cd. However, the expression level of the gene encoding phytochelatin synthase was only influenced by hydroponically applied spermidine, which decreased it under cadmium stress. Changes in the activities of antioxidant enzymes, diamine and polyamine oxidases were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Tajti
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, POB 19, H-2462 Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Tibor Janda
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, POB 19, H-2462 Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Imre Majláth
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, POB 19, H-2462 Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Szalai
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, POB 19, H-2462 Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Magda Pál
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, POB 19, H-2462 Martonvásár, Hungary.
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Pál M, Csávás G, Szalai G, Oláh T, Khalil R, Yordanova R, Gell G, Birinyi Z, Németh E, Janda T. Polyamines may influence phytochelatin synthesis during Cd stress in rice. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 340:272-280. [PMID: 28715750 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Although the metabolism of phytochelatins and higher polyamines are linked with each other, the direct relationship between them under heavy metal stress has not yet been clarified. Two approaches were used to reveal the influence of polyamine content on cadmium stress responses, particularly with regard to phytochelatin synthesis: putrescine pre-treatment of rice plants followed by cadmium stress, and treatment with the putrescine synthesis inhibitor, 2-(difluoromethyl)ornithine combined with cadmium treatment. The results indicated that putrescine pre-treatment enhanced the adverse effect of cadmium, while the application of 2-(difluoromethyl)ornithine reduced it to a certain extent. These differences were associated with increased polyamine content, more intensive polyamine metabolism, but decreased thiol and phytochelatin contents. The gene expression level and enzyme activity of phytochelatin synthase also decreased in rice treated with putrescine prior to cadmium stress, compared to cadmium treatment alone. In contrast, the inhibition of putrescine synthesis during cadmium treatment resulted in higher gene expression level of phytochelatin synthase. The results suggest that polyamines may have a substantial influence on phytochelatin synthesis at several levels under cadmium stress in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Pál
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-2462 Martonvásár, POB 19, Hungary.
| | - Gabriella Csávás
- Faculty of Horticultural Science, Szent István University, H-1118 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Szalai
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-2462 Martonvásár, POB 19, Hungary
| | - Tímea Oláh
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-2462 Martonvásár, POB 19, Hungary
| | - Radwan Khalil
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Rusina Yordanova
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Science, Bulgaria
| | - Gyöngyvér Gell
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-2462 Martonvásár, POB 19, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Birinyi
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-2462 Martonvásár, POB 19, Hungary
| | - Edit Németh
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-2462 Martonvásár, POB 19, Hungary
| | - Tibor Janda
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-2462 Martonvásár, POB 19, Hungary
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Poór P, Takács Z, Bela K, Czékus Z, Szalai G, Tari I. Prolonged dark period modulates the oxidative burst and enzymatic antioxidant systems in the leaves of salicylic acid-treated tomato. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 213:216-226. [PMID: 28423344 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2017.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is an important plant growth regulator playing a role in the hypersensitive reaction (HR) and the induction of systemic acquired resistance. Since the SA-mediated signalling pathways and the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are light-dependent, the time- and concentration-specific induction of oxidative stress was investigated in leaves of tomato plants kept under light and dark conditions after treatments with 0.1mM and 1mM SA. The application of exogenous SA induced early superoxide- and H2O2 production in the leaves, which was different in the absence or presence of light and showed time- and concentration-dependent changes. 1mM SA, which induced HR-like cell death resulted in two peaks in the H2O2 production in the light but the first, priming peak was not detected in the dark. Unlike 0.1mM SA, 1mM SA application induced NADPH oxidase activity leading to increased superoxide production in the first hours of SA treatments in the light. Moreover, SA treatments inhibited catalase (CAT) activity and caused a transient decline in ascorbate peroxidase (APX), the two main enzymes responsible for H2O2 degradation, which led to a fast H2O2 burst in the light. Their activity as well as the expression of some isoenzymes of SOD and APX increased only from the 12th h in the illuminated samples. The activity of NADPH oxidase and expression SlRBOH1 gene encoding a NADPH oxidase subunit was much lower in the dark. In spite of low CAT and APX activity after SA treatments in the dark, the activation of guaiacol-dependent peroxidase (POD) could partially substitute H2O2 scavenging activity of these enzymes in the dark, which reduced the ROS burst and development of lesion formation in the leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Poór
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52., H-6726 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Zoltán Takács
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52., H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Bela
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52., H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zalán Czékus
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52., H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Szalai
- Department of Plant Physiology, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Brunszvik u. 2., H-2462 Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Irma Tari
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52., H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
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Takács Z, Poór P, Szepesi Á, Tari I. In vivo inhibition of polyamine oxidase by a spermine analogue, MDL-72527, in tomato exposed to sublethal and lethal salt stress. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2017; 44:480-492. [PMID: 32480581 DOI: 10.1071/fp16280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The spermine analogue N1,N4-bis-(2,3-butadienyl)-1,4-butanediamine (MDL-72527), an effective inhibitor of polyamine oxidases (PAOs), triggers a systemic response in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) exposed to sublethal (100mM) and lethal (250mM) NaCl concentrations. The accumulation of free polyamines (PAs), the terminal oxidation of PAs by diamine oxidases (DAOs) and PAOs, and the production of H2O2 by PA oxidases depends on the intensity of salt stress. Spermidine and spermine content increased significantly under sublethal salt concentrations, but remained low under lethal salt stress. Along with increased expression of the selected SlDAO1 and SlPAO1 genes in the leaves and roots, respectively, DAO and PAO activities and their product, H2O2, increased and initiated cell death by irreversible loss of electrolytes at 250mM NaCl. MDL-72527 significantly increased spermine, spermidine and/or putrescine contents as a result of reduced activity of PA oxidases; furthermore, it inhibited H2O2 and NO production during salt treatment. These results indicate that PAO contributed to H2O2 and NO production under salt stress, and the terminal activities of DAO and PAO play a role in cell death induction at 250mM NaCl. However, the inhibition of PAO by MDL-72527 does not increase the salt tolerance of plants, since electrolyte leakage increased significantly in the presence of the inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Takács
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, Hungary
| | - Péter Poór
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Szepesi
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, Hungary
| | - Irma Tari
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, Hungary
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Szalai G, Janda K, Darkó É, Janda T, Peeva V, Pál M. Comparative analysis of polyamine metabolism in wheat and maize plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2017; 112:239-250. [PMID: 28107732 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In the present work changes in polyamine contents were investigated after various hydroponic polyamine treatments (putrescine, spermidine and spermine at 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 mM concentrations) in two different crop species, wheat and maize. In contrast to putrescine, higher polyamines (spermidine and spermine) induced concentration-dependent oxidative damage in both crops, resulting in decreased biomass. The unfavourable effects of polyamines were more pronounced in the roots, and maize was more sensitive than wheat. The adverse effects of polyamine treatment were proportional to the accumulation of polyamine and the plant hormone salicylic acid in the leaves and roots of both plant species. Changes in polyamine content and catabolism during osmotic stress conditions were also studied after beneficial pre-treatment with putrescine. The greater positive effect of putrescine in wheat than in maize can be explained by differences in the polyamine metabolism under normal and osmotic stress conditions, and by relationship between polyamines and salicylic acid. The results demonstrated that changes in the polyamine pool are important for fine tuning of polyamine signalling, which influences the hormonal balance required if putrescine is to exert a protective effect under stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Szalai
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, POB 19, 2462 Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Katalin Janda
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, POB 19, 2462 Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Éva Darkó
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, POB 19, 2462 Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Tibor Janda
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, POB 19, 2462 Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Violeta Peeva
- Department of Photosynthesis, Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Street, Bldg. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Magda Pál
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, POB 19, 2462 Martonvásár, Hungary.
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